Summarization of Calculus (1)

2023-2024
BY
JIHAD AL-HASANAT

Main reference:

1
Calculus by Anton. 10/E.

Chapter (0)
Before Calculus
Review:

The sets of numbers :

N 1,2,3,... .
Z  ..., 3, 2, 1,01,2,3,... .
a 
Q  , a, b  Z |, b 0 .
 b 
R Q  Q c .

The intervals :

Let a,b  R, a  b .

x   a,b   a  x b , representation : 

x   a, b   a x  b , represent ation : 

x   a, b   a  x b , representa tion 

x   a, b   a  x  b , represent ation : 


x   a ,   a x , representa tion : 


x    , b  x b , representa tion : 

x   a,   ax , representa tion : 

x    , b   x  b , represent ation : 


x    ,     x   , representa tion : 


2
0.1) Functions

Definition:
A function (y) in (x) is an algebraic rule y = f(x) that associates
each input (x) from a set (A) called Dom(f) , with a unique output
(y) in a set (B) called range (f).

 20  20
Example) Let f ( x)  x 2 , Dom( f ) R , If x , evaluate y  f( ).
10 10
 20  20 2 ( 20) 2 400
Solution) f( ) ( )   40.
10 10 ( 10 ) 2 10
note :

x is called independent variable and y = f(x) is the dependent

variable .

The natural Domain and the sketch :

Definition:

The set (A) of all possible inputs (x) is called Dom(f) .

The set (B) of all possible outputs (y) is called Range(f) .

The set (C) of all possible pairs (x ,y) plotted on the x y-plane is
called Sketch(f) .

Example (1):

Sketch y  f ( x) x 2 , Dom( f )  R, and evaluate Range(f).

x  R  y  x 2 0   Range(f)   0 ,  .

note : Sometimes the domain is restricted and given .

Example (2):

Let f ( x )  x 2 , x   3,4  , evaluate Range( f ).

 3 x 4  9 x 2
16  Range(f)   9,16 . 
How to evaluate the Natural Domain or simply Domain and
the Range?

3
 In general :
1 )Polynomials: Pn(x) an x n  an 1 x n 1  ...  a1 x  a0 , an 0  Domain R.
Pn ( x)
2 )Rationals:R(x)   Domain {x  R, Qm ( x) 0} R  {Qm ( x) 0} R /{Qm ( x) 0}.
Qm ( x)
 R, m is odd. 
3 )Roots: T(x) m Pn(x)  Domain  .
{ x  R, Pn(x) 0}, m is even.

Example: Evaluate the domains for:

1 )x 2  5 x  6 , Solution) Domain R.

Re call: sign f(x) ax 2  bx  c, a 0 , has there are three cases for its sign
 b D
cccording to sign of a and D b 2  4ac, and the sorts of the roots x  .
2a

D 0 D 0 D 0

2 )n x 2  5 x  6 (n is even),
5 1
Solution) x 2  5 x  6 0 , D 1  0 , x  2 ,3.
2

 Domain   ,2   3,.

x 2  8 x  15
3) ,
x2  5x  6

Solution) x 2  5 x  6 0  ( x  2)( x  3) 0  x 2 ,3  Domain R   2 ,3 .

(x  1 )(x  2 )
4) , Domain R  1 .
(x  1 )

:Basic graphs

y c, Domain  R, Range   c

y  x, Domain R, Range  R

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y  x 2 , Domain R, Range   0, 
y  x 3 , Domain  R, Range  R

y  x , Domain  0,  , Range   0, 
3
y  x , Domain R, Range  R

1 1
y  ,Domain R \  0 ,Range R \ 0 y  2 ,Domain R \  0 ,Range  0,
x x

y  a 2  x 2 ,Do   a, a  ,Ra   a,0

y  a 2  x 2 ,Do   a, a  ,Ra  0, a 

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y  x , Domain R, Range  0, 

y sin x,Domain  R,Range   1,1

y cos x, Domain R, Range   1,1

  
y tan x, Domain R \  x (2n 1) , n 0,1,2,... , Range R
 2 
notes :

1) If a 0  Dom(ax  b) Range( ax  b ) R.

b
2) If a 0  Range ( ax  b , x  ) Range( ax  b )  0, .
a
Ex) Range ( 8 x  16 , x 2)  Range( 8 x  16 )  0, .

Question: Evaluate the range for: x2  9

f ( x)  .
x 3
( x  3)( x  3)
Solution) f ( x)  x  3, x 3 .
x 3
Now Dom[ f ( x)] Dom[ x  3]   3 R   3  Range[ f ( x)] Range[ x  3]  (3  3) R   6 .

VLT test: The sketch at the plane is a sketch of a function (y)

in (x) iff
any vertical line does not intersect it more than once.

Example: The following graph does not represent y function of x .

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The x – intercepts and the y – intercept

The x – intercepts : (a , 0 ) , with f(a) = 0 .

The y – intercepts : (0 , b ) , with b= f(0) .

Question: How to evaluate the intercepts algebraically ?

For x-intercepts, solve f(x) = 0 ,if possible, and for y-intercept
evaluate f(0) if exists.

Example:

Consider f(x)  x 2  6 x  8 , evaluate the int ercepts.

Solution)

 f ( x) 0  x 2
 6 x  8 0  ( x  2)( x  4) 0  x 2,4  x  int ercepts are   2,0 , 4,0 .
 y  f (0) 8  y  int ercept is  0,8 
Rule: For the quadretic function f(x) ax 2  bx  c, a 0.
 b  b   b  
i)If a  0 then f is co ncave up with vertex ( ,f( )) and Range(f)   f( ),  
2a 2a  2 a  
 b  b   b  
ii)If a 0 then f is concave down with vertex ( ,f( )) and Range(f)   , f ( )
2a 2a  2a  
Example:
Consider f(x)  x 2  6 x  8 .
1) Evaluate the range. 2)Graph f(x).

Solution )
  b  
1) Range(f)   f( ) ,   f (3),    1,  
  2 a  
2 ) Sketch:

Piecewise functions:

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Example:
  9  x 2 , 3 x  3
Sketch and evaluate the range for : f ( x)  .
 2, x 3 
Solution)

 Range   3,0  2 

The absolute value function :

Ex : 5 5,    .

 g ( x), g ( x) 0
Rule ) g ( x )  
  g ( x), g ( x) 0

Ex: Re define and sketch f(x)  x 2  6 x  5 .

2
 x 2  6 x  5, x 2  5x  6 0   x 2  6 x  5, x 1 or x 5
Sol ) x  6x  5  2   .
  ( x  6x  5), x 2  5x  6 0   x 2  6 x  5, 1  x 5 

More about the absolute value function:

1)  a  a
2) ab  a b
a a
3)  , b 0
b b
4) a  b  a  b , ( Triang le inequality )

Rules:
1) [ g ( x) ]2  g ( x), g ( x) 0

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2) [ g ( x )]2  g ( x ) , g ( x)  R

Example: Sketch f ( x)  x 2  14 x  49 .

Sol ) f ( x)  ( x  7) 2  x  7 .

Rule: Let a  0, x a  x  a or x a.

Example: Solve x 2  6.5 2.5 .

x 2  6.5 2.5 or x 2  6.5  2.5  x 2 9 or x 2 4  x 3 or

x 2

 Solution set   2,3 .

Rule:

Let a  0, 1) x a   a  x a.
2) x a  x  a or x a.

Example(1): Solve x  6 2 .

Sol )  2  x  6 2  4 x 8  Solution set    4,8 

Example(2): Solve x 2  6.5  2.5 .

Sol )  2.5  x 2  6.5  2.5  4 x 2 9  2  x 3

 2x and x 3  x  2 and x 3

 Solution set    3, 2    2,3 .

Example(3) Solve x 2  6.5 2.5 .

Sol ) x 2  6.5 2.5 or x 2  6.5  2.5  x 2 9 or x 2 4

 x 3 or x 2

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 Solution set    ,  3    2,2   3,  .
Example(4): Evaluate the domains for:

x 4
1) y  ,
x  5
Solution)
x  5 0  x 5  Domain R   5

2) y  6  4  2 x ,
Solution)
6  4  2 x 0  4  2 x 6   6 4  2 x 6   1 x 5  Domain   1,5

Families of functions ( 0.2

:Definition

The family of functions is a set of functions that varies only by

constants , these constants are generated from a parameter or
.more

:Examples

The constants. y c . (1

The linear functions: y ax  b . (2

2.1) y ax .

2.2) y  x  b .

y x n . .The positive power functions (3

y  x n , n 3,5,7,.. . .The positive odd power functions (3.1

10
y  x n , n 2,4,6,8,.. . .The positive even power functions (3.2

1
y n
 x  n . (Note
x

y x  n . .The negative power functions (4

y  x  n , n 1,3,5,7,.. . .The negative odd power functions (4.1

y  x  n , n 2,4,6,8,.. . .The negative even power functions (4.2

The basic trigonometric functions with amplitude & period .(5

5.1) y  A sin Bx.

5.1.1 ) y  A sin x, Amplitude  A.

Ex) Sketch :
1sin x, 0  x 2π & 2 sin x, 0  x 2π.

11
  2π 
5.1.2) y sin Bx, Basic period 0 , 
 B

Ex) Sketch :
sin x, 0  x 2π & sin 2 x, 0  x π.

Similarly:
5.2) y  A cos Bx.

5.2.1) y  A cos x.
5.2.2) y cos Bx.

1
6)The basic rational power function
y  x n ,n  0 .

1
Note) y x n x ,n  0 .
n

1
y  x n , n 3,5,7,.. . .The odd reciprocal power functions (6.1

1
y  x n ,n 2,4 ,6 ,.. . , x  0. .The even reciprocal power functions (6.2

The rational basic trigonometric functions (7

1 cos x sin x 1 1
,y cot x   y  tan x  , y sec x  , y csc x  .
tan x sin x cos x cos x sin x

H .W ) Evaluate their domains and ranges and then sketch.

(New functions from old. 0.3

:Arithmetic operations (1

1.1)( f g )( x)  f ( x) g ( x). Domain  Dom( f )  Dom(g ).

1.2)( f  g )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x). Domain  Dom( f )  Dom(g ).

12
 1.3)( f g )( x)  f ( x ) g ( x), g ( x) 0. Domain [ Dom( f )  Dom(g ) ]\
 g ( x) 0 .
1.4)(cf )( x ) cf ( x ), c  R. Domain  Dom( f ).
1.5 )f (x)  f(x) , where the power is defined.
r
r
Domain  Dom( f ).
1.6) f ( x )  f ( x ) . Domain  Dom( f ).

Example:

Let f(x)  x 2  16 , g(x)  25  x 2 , evaluate the rules and domains for :

1)( f  g )( x).


Sol ) Rule : x 2  16  
25  x 2 , Domain   5, 4   4,5 .

2)( 2 f g )( x).

 4 x 2  64  a a
Sol )  Rule : 2
, Domain   5, 4   4,5 . Note)  ,a,b  0 .
 25  x  b b

x 1
H .W)Evaluate Dom[ ]. An swer 1,   25
x 5
:Composition (2

:Definition

( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x) ) .

Dom (inner ). Dom (result rule)  Rule] Domain composition  

that is, Domain f  g   Dom ( f ( g ) )  Dom ( g ).

Ex1 ) Let f ( x )  x 2  10 x, g(x)  x  25 .

i) Evaluate : ( f  g)(x) .
Solution)
( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x))  f ([ x  25 ]) [ x  25 ]2  10[ x  25 ]  x  100x  2500  25 
ii) The composition , (g  f )(x)  :
a. x 2  10 x b. x  5 c.  9 x  25 d. x  5

Answer  b. x  5 .

13
 1
Ex 2 )Let f(x )  , g(x)  x , h(x) sin x, evaluate ( f  g  h )(x).
x 1
 1 
Solution)( f  g  h)( x)  f ( g (h( x)))  f ( g (sin x))  f ( sin x )  .
 sin x  1 

Ex.3 )Let f ( x)  2  x , g(x)  3  4 x , evaluate dom(f  g) .

Solution )
Re sult rule  f  g  2  3  4 x .
1 5 1 5
Dom( Re sult) : 2  3  4 x 0  2  3  4 x   2 3  4 x 2 
 x    , .
4 4 4 4
1 5 1 5
Dom(inner ) Dom(g(x)) Dom( 3  4 x ) R  Dom(f  g)  ,   R  , .
4 4  4 4

  3 
Answer   R  1,  
  2 
1 1
H.W)Let f(x)  , g(x)  ,evaluate dom(g  f) .
x 1 x 2

:Translation: Consider the following table (3

Old New Example Example Effect

x x2 Shift for f 2 units

left

Domain decreases
by 2

x x 2 Shift for f 2 units

right

Domain increases
by 2

x x 2 Shift for f 2 units

up

Range increases
by 2

x x  2 Shift for f 2 units

down

Range decreases
by 2

:In general

14
 Old New Effect

f ( x) f ( x  c) Shift for f c units

left

Domain decreases
by c

f ( x) f ( x  c) Shift for f c units

right

Domain increases
by c

f ( x) f ( x)  c Shift for f c units

up

Range increases by
c

f ( x) f ( x)  c Shift for f c units

down

Range decreases
by c

Ex ) Sketch : 1) f  x  2  3, 2) f | x  4  3| .

Solution)
1) x  x  2  x  2  3.

2) x  x4  x4  3 x  4  3.

:Reflections: Consider the following Sketches(4

1) x   x .

15
 2) x   x .

:In general

 y  f(  x), refle ction of the graph about the y  axis. 

y  f ( x)   
 (the doma in is re flected) 
 y  f(x),       x  axis. 
y  f ( x)   
 (the range is reflected) 
x 5
Ex )Sketch : 1)  8  6 x  x 2 , 2) .
x 3

Solution)
6 6
1) f ( x)  8  6 x  x 2  Completing square   8  [ x 2  6 x]  8  [ x 2  6 x  ( ) 2  ( ) 2 ]
2 2
6
 8  ( x 2  6 x  9  9)  8  [( x  ( )) 2  9]  8  ( x  3) 2   9  ( x  3) 2  1.
2

x 5
2) f ( x )   long division 
x 3
x 3 x 5
2
 f ( x) 1  .
x 3

5
H.W) Sketch : y  4 x , y 1  2  x 2 .

16
 Rule) y  f ( x)   y  f(c  x), reflection of the graph about the x c. 

Ex)Sketch: y 3 5  x .

3 3
Solution) x 5  x , c 5.

:Symmetry

: Thm

1) Symmetric about the y  axis  replacin g x by  x does not change the equation.
y x  replacing  y ( x) x  y x 2 .
2 2 2

2) Symmetric about the x  axis  replacin g y by  y does not change the equation.
x  y  replacing  x (  y )  y  x  y 2 .
2 2 2

3) Symmetric about the origin  replacin g x by  x and

replacing y by  y at the same time do not change the equation.
y x 3  replacing   y ( x)3   y  x 3  y  x3 .

:Example

Define symmeties for : x  y 4 , y  x 4 , y  x 5.

Ansewrs)[ about x  axis, about y  axis , about the origin ]

:Even and odd functions

Even : f ( x)  f(x), [ symmetric about the y  axis]

17
 Odd : f (  x)  f(x), [ symmetric about the origin]

Famous even functions:y (c, x ( even number )

, cos x, sec x, x ,  a 2  x 2 ).
1
( )
Famous odd functions : y ( x ( odd number )
, x odd number
, sin x, tan x, cot x, csc x).

Rule)
1 )Even Even  Even and Odd Odd  Odd
2 )cons tan t(Even)  Even and cons tan t(Odd)  Odd.
3 )For multiplication and division consider even as (  ) and odd as (  ).

Question: Identify as even, odd or neither:

1)( x 9  2 sin x) ( x 3  x), 2) x100  3 cos x  7, 3) x  1,

3 2 2 3
4)( x ) ( 2 x  x ), 5)( x  x ).

Answers)1) Even, 2) Even, 3) Neither, 4)Odd, 5) Neither.

:Inverse functions and inverse Trigonometric functions (0.4

3 3
f ( x)  x
2    8  g
( x) 
 x  2 , ( g ( x)  f 1
( x))

1 1 1
Note: (f  f )(x)  x, x  Dom( f ) and (f  f)(x)  x, x  Dom( f ) .

f ( x)  f(y)  x  y . ,Def: ( 1-1 ) function

.HLT is used for (1-1) functions

:Example

If f(x)  x 2 , x  R is not (1  1) meanwhile f (x)  x 2 , x  0 is (1  1).

Thm) f  1(x) exists iff f is ( 1  1 ) iff f is monotone (increa sin g or decrea sin g).

:Example

f(x) x 2 , x  0, is ( 1  1 ), and incree sin g thus the inverse exists,

1
in fact f ( x)  x , x 0.

Evaluating inverse

1 1
Use: (f  f )(x)  x, or simlply : f (f )  x.

18
 x 1
Example) Evaluate f  1 : 1) f 4 x3  5. 2) f  . 3) f [ x2  6 x  5 ,x 3].
x 1

Solution)
1 x 5 x 5
1) f ( f )  x  4( f  1 )3  5 x  x  5 4( f  1 )3  ( f 1 3
)  f  1 ( x) 3 .
4 4
2 2
2)[ Long division]  f 1   ...  f  1   1.
x 1 1 x
3)[Complete the square]  f [ ( x  3) 2  4 ,x 3]  ...  f 1
 x  4  3,
1
But sin ce x 3  f  x  4  3.

Notes :
1 )Dom(f )  Range( f  1 ), Dom(f 1
)  Range(f).
1
2 )Sketch(f ) & Sketch( f ) are reflections of each other about y  x.

:Example

If f ( x )  x  10  5, x 10, evaluate Dom( f -1 ).

1
Solution) Dom( f ) Range( f )  [5,).

Def)Inverse trigonometric functions.

Inverse Domain range Sketch

function
sin  1 x [ 1,1]  
[ , ]
2 2

cos  1 x [ 1,1] [0,  ]

19
 tan  1 x (  , )  
( , )
2 2

1  2
Ex )Evaluate 1) sin  1 ( ), 2) cos  1 (  1 ), 3) sec  1 ( ).
2 3

Answers:
1 1 π
1 )Let x sin  1 (  )  sin x  ,x is i n the fourth quadrant  x   ,
2 2 4
2) .
5
3) .
6

Notes )

1 1 1
1) sec  1 ( x ) cos  1 ( ), csc  1 ( x ) sin  1 ( ), cot  1 ( x ) tan  1 ( ).
x x x

1  : Example
sec  1 (2) cos  1 ( )  .
2 3


2) sin  1 ( x )  cos  1 x  , x    1,1
2

3) sin(sin  1 ( x))  x, x    1,1 & .......... . and so on.

Ex' s )
1 1
A) sin(sin  1 ( ))  .
2 2

 
B ) cos  1 (cos( ))  .
8 8

3 2 2
C ) tan  1 (tan( ))  tan  1 (tan( )) 
5 5 5

4
Question ) Evaluate cos(sin  1 ( )).
5

4 4
Solution) Let x sin  1 ( )  sin x  .
5 5

3 4 3
But sin 2 x  cos2 x 1  cos x  , so cos(sin  1 ( )) cos x  .
5 5 5

20
4 ) sin  1 (  x)  sin  1 x, x    1,1 and so for csc  1 x, tan 1 x, cot  1 x. [odd functions].

Ex) tan  1 (  3 )  tan  1 3  .
3

:Exponential and logarithmic functions (0.5

Def)The exp onential function is of th e form f(x) a x , a  0,a 1,x  R,

with domain  R and range  R 

Exponent rules :

1) a x a y a x  y . 2)a x a y a x  y . 3)(a x ) y a x  y .

x 1
y
4)a  a x ( a ) x .
y y 5) a 0 1. 6)a  x  .
ax

7)(a  b) x a x  b x . 8)(a b) x a x b x .

Re sults :

1 1
1)a  1  . 2) a x a .
x 3) a  b  a  b .
a
4) a b  a  b .

Consider the table :

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x
2 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 102
4
x
3 3 9 27 81 243 729 218 6561
7
x
5 5 25 125 625 312
5

217  7 0  6 2712
Ex) Simplify : .
2  13  2 32

Solution)

21
 12
217  7 0  6 2712 217  1  (27) 6 217  (33 ) 2 217  36 217  729
  13 32  2  13  232   
2 13  232 2 2 2  1332 219

729 729
217-19 (729)  2-2 (729)  [ 2
] [ ]
2 4

Q)Sketch the family , f(x) a x .

a 1
0 a 1

1
Ex)Sketch f(x) ( )  x  3.
5

Solution) First f(x) (5 1 )  x  3  5 x  3.

5 x  5 x  3.

Note)f(x) e x is call ed the n atural exp onential , e 2.7 .

Rule)a x a y  x  y.

Ex.1) Solve : (3 2 ) 4 x  2 ( 256) x 1.

22
 1 1
Sol : (3 2 ) 4 x  2 ( 256) x 1  (2 3 ) 4 x 2 (28 ) x1  (2 3  ( 4 x  2 ) ) ( 28 ( x 1) ) 

4
x
2 4 2
(2 3 3
) ( 28 x 8 )  3 x  3 8 x  8  x 1.3

Ex.2) Solve : 4 x  9  2 x  8 0.

2 x x x 2 x
Sol : 4 x  9  2 x  8 0  [2 ]  9  2  8 0  [2 ]  9  [2 ]  8 0 
([2 x ]  1)([2 x ]  8) 0  ([2x ]  1 0) Or ([2 x ]  8) 0 
([2x ] 1) Or ([2 x ] 8)  x 0,3.

Def)If f(x) a x , then f  1(x) log a x, a  0,a 1,x  R  , with dom R  and range R

Note) y a x iff x log a y.

Ex) Evaluate log 2128 .

Solution ) x log 2 128  2 x 128  x 7.

Q)Sketch the family f(x) log a x.

a 1
0 a 1

Note.1 )f(x) e x  f  1(x) log e x ln x, is called the natural log arithm.

Note.2 )f(x) 10 x  f  1(x) log10 x log x, is called the common log arithm.

Note.3 )For Dom[log a (g ( x ) )], solve g ( x )  0.

23
Ex.1) Evaluate Dom[log 4 (  2 x  10)].
Solution) (  2 x  10 )  0  x 5  Dom   ,5.

Ex.2) Evaluate Dom(ln(ln x  2)).

Solution )
 1 
( ln x  2 )  0 and x  0  ln x   2 and x  0  x  e  2 and x  0  Dom  2 ,   .
e 

H .W)Evaluate Dom( sin  1 ( ln x)).

1 
Answer { ,e }.
e 

Logarithmic rules :

1) log a ( x  y )  log a x  log a y 2) log a ( x  y )  log a x  log a y

3) log a ( x) y  y log a ( x ) 4) log a b  log b c  log a c

ln b
5) log a b 
ln a

Re sults :

1
1) log a a 1, ln e 1 2) log a 1 0, ln 1 0 3) log a  log a b,
b
1
ln  ln b.
b

729
Ex.1) Evaluate log3 ( ).
3

Solution)

729 1
log 3 ( )  log 3 (729)  log 3 ( 3 )  log 3 (36 ) 
3 log 3 (3 2
) 6log 3 (3) 

1 1 11
log 3 (3)  6(1)  (1)  .
2 2 2

Ex.2 )Write : 2 log 7 a  3 log 7 b  4 log7 c  5 log7 d, in one log arithm.

Sol ) 2 log 7 a  3 log7 b  4 log 7 c  5 log 7 d log 7 [

a2  c4
].
b3  d 5

24
  x2 y 
Ex.3 )Write : log9  3  as simple log arithms.
 zw 

 x2 y  1 1 1
Sol) log9  3   3 log 9 x  log 9 y  log9 z  log9 w .
 zw  2 3 3

1
Re call )( f  f )(x)  x, .....

Re sults) 1] loga a x ln e x x. 2]a log a x eln x x, x 0.

1
Ex )Simplify : 1) log 7 78 , 2)7 log 7 9 , 3) ln e , 4)e 2
ln 25
,

ln 729
5) .
ln 3

1
1 ln 729 ln 36
Sol : 1 )8, 2 )9 , 3 ) ln e ln e 2
 , 4 ) 5, 5)  
2 ln 3 ln 3
6 ln 3
6.
ln 3

Re call ) y a x iff x log a y.

Q) Solve :
3
1) log x 3 9  .
2
3 1 3 2 1 2 2 4
Solution) [ x 2 3 9 9 3  {x 2 }3 (9 3 ) 3  x 9 9 3 9 ]

2) log 3 ( x  4)  log 3 ( x  4) 2.

Solution) log3[(x  4 )  ( x  4)] 2  log [ x 3

2
 16] 2  [ x 2  16] 32 9

 [ x 2 ] 25  x 5, But x  5 does not belong to the dmain, so x 5 only.

Chapter (1)

Limits and continuity

1.1 & 1.2) Basics and computing limits:

Limit rules

1) lim Pn ( x) Pn (a ).
x a

25
 2) If lim f ( x) L & lim g ( x)  M, then :
x a x a

lim[bf r ( x)(  ) cg s ( x)]  bLr(  )cM s .

x a

Ex) lim 4 17  5 x 2 .
1
x
5

Notes )

 
i ) x  a  x  a, ii) x  a  x  a . iii ) x a  x  a .

:Questions

 x 2  9,x  2 
 
1 )Evaluate lim f(x), (if exists) for f(x)  (  2.5 )x ,x 2 
x 2
 sin (x  2 )  5,x  2
 
? ? ?
Solu ) lim f ( x) lim f ( x)  sin( 2  2)  5 (2) 2  9   5  5, (Yes )  lim f ( x)  5.
x 2
x 2 x 2

 2 x 2 
 ax  4 , x  2
 x 2 
2) Let f ( x)  8 x , x 2 
 x  (1  3a), x  2 
 
 

Evaluate the value of the constant (a) which make the limit at x=2
.exist

 2 x 2   x  2
Sol )Note  ax  4
x  2
, x  2   ax 2  4
x  2
2

  ax  4 . 
   

Now lim f ( x) lim f ( x)   (2)  (1  3a)  a( 2) 2  4  a 1.

x 2 x 2

lim( f ( x) g ( x)).
x a

If lim f L & lim g  M, then: lim (f(x) g(x)) has four cases:
x a x a x a

L 0
A)  N ( Exists ).
M 0

L 0
B) 0.
M 0

26
 L 0
C) (Infinite lim its ).
M 0

L 0
D) ( In det er min ate form .)
M 0

Infinite lim its :

1 1
( lim ( )  Two basi c examples are : lim ( )  and )
x 0 x x 0 x

L 0
In general there are three cases for .
M 0

f
sign ( )
g
lim it . lim it  . lim it [ D.N .E ].

Examples)

1 1
1) lim ( 2
), sign( 2
)
t  4 t  t  20 t  t  20

 Limit : D.N.E.

x 1 x 1
2) lim ( 2
), sign( 2 )
x 5 x  10 x  25 x  10 x  25

 Limit .

Def ) f(x) has inf inite lim it as x  k, k  it has vertical asymptote ( x  k ).

Quick method for evaluating vertical asymptotes:

x  zeros of denemonator and not zeros of numorator.

Example) Evaluate vertical asymptotes for

x2
1 )f(x)  .
x2  9
Sol ) x 2  9 0 and x  2 0  x 3 and x   2  (x 3 ).

x 3
2 )f(x)  .
x2  9
x 2  9 0 and x  3 0  x 3 and x   3  (x 3 ).

27
 In det er min ate form .

Ex ' s ) :

x 1 0
1) lim ( 32
) .
x  1 x  x  x 1 0

x 1 x 1 x3  x 2  x 1
L  lim  lim , by lon g divisi on Q(x)   x 2  1.
x  1 x 3  x 2  x  1 x  1 (x  1 )Q(x) x 1

x 1 1 1
So L  lim 2  lim 2  .
x  1 (x  1 )(x  1 ) x  1 x  1 2

t 4 0
2 ) lim ( ) .
t  4 t 5  1 0
t 4 t 4 t  5 1 (t  4)[ t  5  1]
lim[ ]  lim[  ]  lim [ 
t  4 t 5  1 t   4 t 5  1 t  5 1 t   4 ( t  5 ) 2  12
(t  4)[ t  5  1]
lim[  lim[ t  5  1] 2.
t  4 (t  4) t  4

3
x 1 0
3) lim ( ) .
x  1 x 1 0

3
x 1
3
x  1 [ 3 x ]2  [ 3 x ]  1 x 1
lim ( )  xlim ( )( 3 2 3 )  xlim
  1 ( x  1)([ x ]2 
3 3

x  1 x 1 1 x 1 [ x ]  x 1 x  1)

1 1
lim ( ) .2
x  1 [ x ]  x 1 3
3 3

3
x 1 0 2
4) lim ( )  ...  .
x  1 x2  1 0 3

3
x x 1
5) lim ( )  ...  .
x 1 x 1 6

Limits at infinity ( End behavior of a function ) & Infinite (1.3

:limits at infinity

:Limits at infinity for powers

  , x   OR x   and n is even .
1) lim x n  
   , x   and n is odd . 

28
:Examples

a ) lim x 2 , b) lim x 3 , c) lim x 2 , d ) lim x 3  .

x  x  x   x 

:limit at infinity for polynomials

2) lim (an x n  an  1 x n  1  ...  a2 x 2  a1 x  a0 )  an lim x n

x   x  

 3 lim x5 . lim ( 3 x5  4 x 4  2 x 2  2)  :Example

x   x  

a
3) lim ( k
) 0, a, b, k  R , k  0.
x  x b

2
lim( ) 0. :Example
x x 3

:limit at infinity for rationals

a0  a1 x  ...  an x n an x n a
4) lim ( m
)  lim ( m
)  n lim x n m .
x   b  b  ...  b x x  b x bm x 
0 1 m m

:Examples

2  5x  5x 5 1
a) lim ( )  lim ( )  lim ( )  .
x 15 x  3 x  15 x x  15 3

2 x 5  x 2  17 2x5 ( 2 x 2 ) .
b) lim ( 3
)  lim ( 3
)  xlim
x  x  x2 x  x  

x 1 x 1
c) lim ( 4
)  lim ( 4 )  lim ( 3 ) 0.
x   x  x x  x x  x

( 2 x  1 )10  x 8 (2 x)10 1024

d) lim ( )  lim ( )  xlim ( )  256.
x   9
1  x  4x 10 x   4x 10    4

: Def

If the lim it of f(x) at inf inity is ( L ),

we say that f(x) has a horizental asymptote ( y  L ).

29
 5x 2  2
Example) Evaluate horizental asymptotes for for f(x)  .
x2  9
Solution) lim f ( x) 5  (y 5 )
x  

limits at infinity for the radicals


Note) is in det er min ate form.


x2  2x
Ex) Evaluate : lim .
x  x

x2  2 x x2  2x x2  2 x x2  2x
Solution) lim lim lim  lim 
x  x x 
x2 x  x2 x  x2
x2
lim 1
x  x2

Note)     is in det er min ate form.

Ex) Evaluate : lim (x  x 2  2 x ).

x  

x x2  2x
Solution ) lim (x  x 2  2 x )  lim (x  x 2  2 x )( )
x   x 
x x2  2x

2x
x 2  ( x 2  2 x) 2x lim 
 lim  xlim  x  
2 2
x  
x 2
x  2x  
x 2
x  2x x x (1  )
x

2x 2x 2x
lim  lim  lim 
x  
2 2 x   2 x  2
x x 1 x  x 1 x  ( x) 1 
x x x

2x 2x 2
lim  lim  lim 1.
x  2 x  2 x   2
x  x 1 x(1  1  ) 1 1
x x x

: limit at infinity for the sine and the cosine

5) lim sin x  D.N.E and so ...

x  

30
:limit at infinity for roots

1   , x  . 
 
6) lim x    , x   and n is odd .
n

 D.N.E , x   and n is even. 

 
:Examples

1 1
2) lim (3 x )  D.N .E
2
1) lim (3 x ) 
5
x  x 

:limit at infinity for exponents

  , a 1 . 
6) lim a x  
x 
 0 ,0  a  1
Examples:
1) lim(3) x . 1
2) lim( ) x 0.
x  x  3

 0 , a 1 . 
7) lim a x  
x  
  ,0  a  1
Examples:
1) lim (3) x 0. 1
2) lim ( ) x .
x   x   3

:limit at infinity for logarithms

  , x   and a  1 OR x  0 and 0  a  1 .
 
8) lim loga x    , x  0 and a  1 OR x   and 0  a  1
 D.N.E , x   . 
 
Examples:
1) lim (log3 x) D.N .E. 2) lim(log 3 x) .
x  x 

3) lim (log 1 x) .

x 0 3

4) lim(log 1 x )  .
x
5) lim (log3 x)  .
3 x 0

1.4)Continuity:

lim f ( x)  f (a). f(x) is continuous at x a iff :Def

x a

31
  x  2 ,x  23
 
 115 
Let f(x)  ,x 23  , discuss the continuity of f at x 23. :Example
 x 
 x  18,x  23 
 

? ? ? ?
Solution) lim f ( x) lim f ( x)  f ( 23)  5 5 5(Yes )  xlim
 23
f ( x)  f ( 23)
x  23 x  23

 f(x) is continuous at x 23.

Cases of discontinuity:

1) Jump discont. 2) Re movable discont. 3)Gap discont.

4) Infinite discont.

Continuity on an interval:

. Def
f(x) is continuous on int erval iff f(x) is continuous at all po int s in this int erval.

 x  2, x  7 
 
 x  4 , 3  x 7 
Let f(x)  1  , discuss the continuity of f on  0 ,10. (H.W
 , 1  x 3 
x 1 
 5, x 1 

f(x) is continuous on R. f(x) is continuous everywh ere iff :Def

Notes:

1 ) the following are continuous everywhere, (Pn(x), sin x, cos x, a x ).

2 ) the following a re contin uous everywhere axcept at the zeros of the
denomonators, (R(x), tan x, cot x, sec x, csc x).

x
Let f ( x)  2
, show f is continuous everywhere. H.W
x  x 1

32
: Example: The set of points of discontinuity for
x 2
f ( x)  2
, is  2 ,  7 .
x  5 x  14

Continuity theorem:

Let f ( x), g ( x) be continuous functions on an int erval k , m  R, then :

1) kf ( x )(  )mg ( x ) , are continuous functions on this int erval.

2) kf ( x) mg ( x ) , is continuous function on this int erval except g( x) 0.

:Continuity of compositions

Thm: If g(x) is continuous at (a , everywhere ) and f(x) is

continuous at g(a) , everywhere ) then (fog)(x) is continuous at (a ,
. everywhere )

 x2, x 5 
 x  2 , x  23  
Example)f(x)   , g(x)  x ,
 x  18, x 23    24, x  5
5 
discuss continuity of (g  f)(x) at x 23.
Final answer : Continuous.

:Note.1

.The well-defined root of a polynomial is continuous on its domain

 2, . Example: x  2, is continuous on

:Note.2

.The absolute of a polynomial is continuous everywhere

.Example: f(x)= | 4 - x2 | is continuous everywhere

Continuity of inverses:

Thm: f(x) is a (1-1) continuous function on its domain, then f -

1
(x) is a continuous function on the range of f(x) which is its
. domain

1.5) Continuity of trigonometric functions:

33
.Thm: All trigonometric functions are continuous on their domains

1 1 1 1 3 3 1
lim ( cos 2 x  )    
x
π
3
3  cot x 4 3 1 4 3 3 1 12 3  4 :Example
3

1  cos x sin x
lim ( ) 0 . lim ( ) 1 and :Thm
x 0 x x 0 x

:Examples

tan 2 x 0
1) lim ( ) .
x 0 3x 0

tan y 2 sin y 2 1 sin y 2 1 2

Let y 2 x  L lim ( )  lim ( )  lim ( )   1 .
y 0 y 3 y 0 y cos y 3 cos 0 y 0 y 3 1 3
3( )
2

tan 5 x 0
2) lim( ) .
x 0 sin 2 x 0

tan 5 x tan 5 x
[ ] lim[ ]
x x 0 x 5
L  lim  ...  .
x  0 sin 2 x sin 2 x 2
[ ] lim[ ]
x x 0 x

tan 3x 2  sin 2 7 x 0
3) lim ( 2
) .
x 0 x 0

tan 3x 2 sin 2 7 x
L lim  lim
x 0 x2 x 0 x2

tan y sin 7 x 2 sin y sin z 2

lim  [lim ] 3 lim  [lim ]
y 0 y x  0 x y  0 y cos y x  0 z ... 3  49 52.
3 7

Note) 0   is in det er min ate form.

1
4) lim [ x sin ( )] 0   .
x  x

1 sin y
___________________________________________ Let y   L lim  1.
y 0 x y
_______________________________

Chapter (2)

The Derivative

34
2.1 & 2.2) Basics & The derivative function:

Def:

f(x0  h)  f(x0 )
1 ) For any function f(x) and xo  Dom(f), if lim
h h 0

exists, then we say that f(x) is differntiable at x  x0

dy
and denote this lim it by : |x x  f
(x0 ).
dx 0
2 ) In general the derivative functon f (x)
 is defined
dy f(x  h)  f(x)
 f (x)
  lim is called the d
dx h 0 h
and Dom(f 
) is all x  Dom(f) forwhich the above
Ex)Let f(x)  x , evaluate the derivtive function f 
2
(x) .

f(x  h)  f(x) ( x  h) 2  x 2 x 2  2 xh  h 2  x 2
Sol ) f 
(x)  lim  lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h

h[2 x  h]
 lim  lim
h 0
[2 x  h] 2 x  0 2 x.
h 0 h

:Notes

d(dependent) [ dependent]
. Two important notation for derivatives: or(1
d(independent)

:for example

dy df(x)
A)y  f(x)  y  f 
(x) or  .
dx dx

dm dg(m)
B)m  g(k)  m  g ( k) or  .
dk dk

f (u )  f ( x)
. f ( x) lim the limit of the derivative can be written as (2
u x u x

Ex)Let f(x)  x 2 , evaluate the derivtive function f 

(x) .

f (u )  f ( x) u 2  x2 (u  x)(u  x)
Sol ) f ( x) lim lim lim lim(u  x) x  x 2 x.
u x u x u  x u x u  x u x u x

2.3) & 2.4) & 2.5) Differentiation rules:

1 ) f(x)  c  f (x) 0. ( Example : f(x)  5

7  f
(x) 0 )

2 ) f(x)  ax  b  f (x) a. (Example : f(x)  ( 3  8 x) 16  f 

(x)  0.5 )

35
 R.

.
 f ( 1) 100(  1) 99 [ 100].

)
5

5.

1
28 ). Answer [ ].
7

1 16
4 ) f(x)  cg(x)  f (x) cg (x). (Example : f(x)   x  f
(x)  8 x15 )
2

 f (x)
  g (x) h(x).

 f (x)
 6 x 2  20 x 4 .
3 df(w)  2
w  18w  7 , evaluate |w1. [ answer     18 ]
dw 2 3
5 2
 x  6 x  11, solve  0.
f (x) [ answer : x 2,3]
2

6 ) The product rule : f(x)  g(x) *h(x)  f (x)

 g (x)*h(x)  g(x) * h(x).
1
1 
 ( x 2 )( x 2  2 x)  ( x  2)(2 x  2).
Example : f(x) ( x  2 )(x2  2 x)  f (x)
2

g(x) g (x)*h(x) g(x)*h(x)

7 ) The quotient rule :f(x)  , h(x) 0  f (x)
  , h(x) 0.
h(x) h 2(x)
x3  x  1 7 (3x 2  1)(7  3x)  ( x 3  x  1)( 3) 7
Example : y(x)  , x   y(x)  2
, x
7  3x 3 (7  3 x ) 3

c  ch(x)
f(x)  , h(x) 0  f (x)
  2 , h(x) 0.
h(x) h (x)
c 7 15
ample :Let g(x)  , x  , if g (  2 )  , evalaute the cons tan t c . [c 5]
7  3x 3 169
9 )Trigonome tric functions derivatives.

1 ) f(x)  sin x  f 
(x) cos x.

2 ) f(x)  cos x  f 
(x)  sin x.

3 ) f(x)  tan x  f 
(x) sec2 x.

4 ) f(x)  cot x  f 
(x)  csc 2 x.

5 ) f(x)  sec x  f (x) sec x tan x.

6 ) f(x)  csc x  f 
(x)  csc x cot x.

36
Re call)Common trigonometric identites.

1 ) sin 2 x  cos 2 x 1.

2) sin 2 x 2 sin x cos x.
3) cos 2 x cos 2 x  sin 2 x.

dy
Ex.1) Let f(x)  x 2  tan x , evaluate | π.
dx x3

dy 2
Solution ) | π  ( 2 x  sec 2 x) |    4.
dx x 3 x
3
3

dy sin x
Ex.2)Compute for: i) y  . ii ) y  x  x csc x .
dx cos x  1

Solution)
cos x(cos x  1)  sin x( sin x  0) cos 2 x  cos x  sin 2 x 1
i ) y  2
 2
 .
(cos x  1) (cos x  1) 1  cos x
ii ) y1  [(1)(csc x)  ( x)( csc x cot x) 1  csc x  x csc x cot x.

10 ) f(x)  a x  f (x) a x ln a.
Examples :
i ) f(x) 5 x  f ( x ) 5 x ln a.

dy
ii ) y  x  7 x  | x2  (1  7 x  x  7 x ln 7) | x2  (1  7 2  2  7 2 ln 7) 49  ln 7 98.
dx

11 ) f(x)  e x  f (x) e x .
Example :
f(x)  xe x  e x  11  f ( x ) [1  e x  xe x ]  e x  0  xe x .

1
12 ) f(x)  log a x  f (x)  .
x ln a
Examples :
1 1
i ) f(x) log5 x  f ( x)   .
x ln 5 ln 5 x
1
log 4 x ( x  1)  [log 4 x](1)
ii ) f(x)  
 f ( x)  x ln 4
x 1 
( x  1) 2
x  1 x ln 4(log 4 x) x  1  x ln 4(log 4 x) ln x
 x  1  x ln 4 x
x ln 4 x ln 4  x ln 4  ln 4  x  ln x  1 .
( x  1) 2 ( x  1) 2 x ln 4( x  1) 2 ( x  1) 2 ln 4 x

37
 1
13 ) f(x) ln x  f (x)  .
x
Example :
1 3x  1
y 3 x  ln x  y3   .
x x

14 )Inverse trigonometric functions derivatives.

1
1 ) f(x)  sin  1 x  f 
(x)  , x 1.
1  x2

1
2 ) f(x)  cos 1 x  f
(x)  , x 1.
1  x2

1
3 ) f(x)  tan  1 x  f
(x)  , x  R.
1  x2

1
4 ) f(x)  cot  1 x  f 
(x)  , x  R.
1  x2

1
5 ) f(x)  sec  1 x  f
(x)  , x 1.
x x2  1

1
6 ) f(x)  csc  1 x  f
(x)  , x 1.
x x2  1

Examples :

1 2
dy 1  .
i ) y sin  1 x  | 1 ( )| 1 1 2 3
dx x2 1  x 2 x2 1 ( )
2

1 1 1 ( x  1) 2 tan  1 x  x ln x
tan x  ln x 2
ln x x x 1  x( x  1) 2

ii ) h( x)   1  h ( x) 
tan x [tan  1 x]2 [tan  1 x]2

( x 2  1) tan  1 x  x ln x ( x 2  1) tan  1 x  ln x x
  .
x( x 2  1)[tan  1 x]2 ( x 3  x)[tan  1 x ]2

Note:

The geometric meaning for a derivative for f(x) at (x 0,f(x0)) is the

slope of the tangent
line for it at the point , that is, Slope(tangent)=f ’(x0) , with equation:
y-f(x0)=f’(x0)(x-x0).
Clearly: y(x0)=f(x0), and (x0,f(x0)) is called the tangency point.

38
.Note that in general slope of the line is also

. tanƟ (1

.a = coefficient of x for its equation (y=ax+b) (2

.Slope of any parallel line to it(3

.Minus the reciprocal of slope for any line perpendicular to it (4

The difference of y divided by the difference of x, for any two (5

.points on it

Example.1: Compute the equation of tangent line for f(x) =

2
. x  2 x  4 , at x = 0

Solution )
f (0) ( 2 x  2) |x 0 2, f (0) 4.
Equation: [ y  4 2(x  0 )]  y 2 x  4.

.Example.2: If y=4x+3 is a tangent line for f(x) = a  x 2 , evaluate a

Solution) Slope(tan gent )  f 

(x)  [2 x] .

But slope( tan gent) (coefficient of x) 4  2 x 4  x 2.

Also y(x)  f ( x), at x 2  4(2)  3 a  2 2  a 7.

:Thm

If f(x) is differentiable at x = x0 , then it is continuous at it , or

equivalently

.If f(x) is discontinuous at x = x0 , then it is not differentiable at it

:Note

if we want to discuss the differentiation of a piece-wise function at

the difference point , we must discuss continuity first and if
continuous , then discuss the differentiation by checking the equality
.of derivatives from left and from right

 x 2  1, x 1 
Ex.1 )Let f(x)   , evaluate f (x).

 7  5 x, x  1
 2 x, x 1 
 
  ?, x 1  .
Solution) f (x)
  5, x 1
 

39
 First : Is f(x) continuous at x 1 ?
2
Is 7  5( 1 ) 1  1 ? Yes  f(x) is continuous at x 1.
So f may be differrentable at x 1 or not and to decide we will check:

Second : Is f _( 1 )  f ( 1 ) ?

Is (  5)  2 ? No  f(x) is not differentiable at x 1.

 2 x, x 1 
 
  D.N .E , x 1
 f (x)
  5, x 1 
 

 x 2  a, x 1
Ex.2 )Let f(x)   , if f (1 ) exists evaluate (a,b). Answer : (a, b) (8, 2).
 7  bx, x  1
Re lation between continuity and differentiability in sketch.

diffrentiable continuous but not differentiable (corner) discontinuous

Note: ( the converse of the theorem is not true )

Example: f'(2) does not exists for f(x) = x 2 , despite it is

.continuous at it

:Notes

A function f(x) is differentiable on (a , b) if it is differentiable at (1

.any point in (a,b)

A function f(x) is differentiable everywhere if it is differentiable on (2

.R

: The higher derivatives

dny
y  f(x) and we differentiated it (n) times implies the nth derivative is : f (n)(x)  .
dx n
:Example( 1)

. Evaluate f(n)(x) for all n , where f(x)= x5 +x3 +x

Solution )

f 5 x 4  3x 2  1, f  ( f )20 x 3  6 x, f 60 x 2  6, f ( 4)

120 x,

( 5)
f 120, f ( n ) 0, n 6.

40
 d3y
Ex) Evaluate : |x 2 , where y x ln x  x  3.
dx3

Sol )
dy 1
i) ( x ln x ) 1  0 1 ln x  x  1 ln x.
dx x

d2y 1 d3y 1
ii )  . iii )  2 .
dx 2 x dx 3
x

d3y 1 1
Therefore |
3 x 2
 2  .
dx 2 4

Example(3)

Let g(x) = sec x , compute the slope of the tangent line to g '(x) at x
. = 300

Re call

1) x  x(1800 ).
x 0
2) x 0  .
1800

 
Solution ) Slope ( g )( )  g ( ).
6 6

g ( x) (sec x) (sec x tan x)sec x tan x  tan x  sec x  sec2 x.

 2 1 1 2 2 2 10
Slope  g ( )   [ ]  .
6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Example(4)
sec(π  Δx)  1
Evaluate: 1 ) lim . [sec π tan π 0]
Δx  0 Δx

2 cot u  2 cot x
2) lim . [ 2( csc2 x)]
u x u x

2.6) The Chain Rule:

dy dy dt
Rule.1) y  f (t ) & t  g ( x)    .
dx dt dx
dy dy dt
Ex) y t 2  2t & t 2 x 2  1    (2t  2)  (4 x) ( 2[2 x 2  1]  2)  ( 4 x) 
dx dt dx
( 4 x 2  4)  (4 x) 16 x 3  16 x.

dy
Rule.2 ) y (fog)(x)   f (g(x))  g (x).
dx

41
 dy
Example.1: Evaluate for y  (x 2  1 )10 .
dx

dy
[10( x 2  1)9  (2 x)] 20 x( x 2  1)9 .
dx

dy
Example.2: Evaluate for :
dx

1) y 3 (sin x  x 3  1) 4 , 2) y sin x 3 , 3) y sin 3 x, 4) y csc4 ( x ).

Solution)

43
1) y sin x  x 3  1(cos x  3x 2 ),
3

2) y  3 x 2 cos x 3 ,
3) y 3 sin 2 x cos x,

1
1   2 csc 4 ( x ) cot x
4) y{4 csc3 ( x )}{ csc x cot x }{ x 2 })  .
2 x

9
1 (10 x  10)( x  ln x)
Example.3: y ( x  ln x)10  y10( x  ln x) 9 (1  )  .
x x

Example.4:
1 1
g ( x ) csc 1 (ln x )  g ( x)  (ln x ) .
2 x
ln x (ln x)  1 ln x ln 2 x  1

d
Example.5): Evaluate f
(x 3 ) if ( f(x 3 ) )  12 x 4 .
dx

d
Sol ) ( f(x3 ) )  12 x 4  3x 2 f (x 3 ) 12 x 4  f 
(x3 )  4 x 2 .
dx

g ( x )
Result: ( g ( x ) )  .
2 g ( x)

dy 2x x
Example.1: y  x2 1    .
dx 2 x 2  1 2
x 1

dy
Example.2: Evaluate | x 2 for :
dx

i) y  f(x) , f (  2 ) 4 f(  2 ) 64.

42
 dy f ( x) 64 dy 64
Solution )  , f ( 2) 64, f (  2)  16  | x  2  8.
dx 2 f ( x) 4 dx 2 16

dy πx
Question)Evaluate |x2 for y t 2  2t & t cot ( ).
dx  12

dy dy dt x 
Solution ) First :   ( 2t  2)  ( csc 2 ( ))( )
dx dt dx  12  12

x x 
( 2 cot( )  2)  (  csc 2 ( ))( ).
 12  12  12

dy  2  2   (2 3  2)
Second : | x 2 (2 cot( )  2)(  csc 2 ( ))( ) (2 3  2)( 2 2 )( )  .
dx  12  12  12 12 3

g ( x)
Re sult) f(x) ln[g ( x)]  f (x)  .
g ( x)
(sin x) cos x
Example : y ln(sin x)  f ( x)   cot x.
sin x sin x

Chapter (3)
TOPICS IN DIFFERENTIATION

:The Implicit differentiation (3.1

Functions defined implicitly ( x2 + y2 = 1 )

dy
Example.1: Evaluate for:
dx

1) 4 x 2  8 y 2  sin x  2 tan y 3.

cos x 
Solution ) 8 x  16 y y   cos x  [ 2 sec 2 y ] y  0  y  
16 y  2 s

2) x 2 y 3  5 y  1  x  4 y 3 .
1 2
Solution ) 2 xy 3  x 2 3 y 2 y   5 y   0 1  12 y 2 y   y 
3x 2 y 2 

dy
Example.2: Evaluate |x 2 for y 2  x  1 0...(*)
dx

Solution ) 2 y y 1 0...(**)

In ...(*), x 2  y 2  2  1 0  y 1.

43
 dy dy 1
 |x 2  |y 1  In...(* * ), either 2(  1 )y  1 0 or 2(1) y  1 0  y .
dx dx 2
d2y
Example.3: Evaluate for 4 x 2  2 y 2 9.
dx 2

Solution) Let 4 x 2  2 y 2 9...(*)

2x
First : 8 x  4 y y 0  y ...(**)
y

2 y  2 xy
Second : y  ...(* * *).
y2

2x
2 y  2 x[ ]
y 2 y 2  4x2
Substitute...(**)  y  .
y2 y3

 (4 x 2  2 y 2 ) 9
Substitute...(*)  y 3
 3 .
y y

3.2 )&3.3 )Logarithmic differentation and derivative of inverse function.

[.] [.] [.]

1) y ln[...]  A1 ln[.]  A2 ln[.]  ...  An ln[.]  y  A1  A2  ...  An .
[.] [.] [.]

x 3 sin x
Ex) y ln[ ], evaluate y.
9
( 5  x)4

x 3 sin x
Solution ) First : y ln[ ]  3 ln[ x]  ln[sin x]  4 ln[5  x].
9
( 5  x)4 9

1 cos x 4  1 3 4
 y 3( )   ( )   cot x  .
x sin x 9 5  x x 45  9 x

2) y [...]  ln[ y ] ln[...]  A1 ln[.]  A2 ln[.]  ...  An ln[.]  Im plicit differentiat ion 

1 [.] [.] [.] [.] [.] [.]

 y  A1  A2  ...  An  y  y ( A1  A2  ...  An )
y [.] [.] [.] [.] [.] [.]

[.] [.] [.]

y [...]( A1  A2  ...  An ).
[.] [.] [.]

x 3 sin x
Ex) y [ ], evaluate y .
9
( 5  x)4

x 3 sin x x 3 sin x
y [ ]  ln[ y ] ln[ ] 3 ln[ x]  ln[sin x]  4 ln[5  x] 
4 4
9
( 5  x) 9
( 5  x) 9

44
 y 3 4 3 4
   cot x   y  y (  cot x  )
y x 45  9 x x 45  9 x

x 3 sin x 3 4
y [ 9 ](  cot x  ).
(5  x ) 4 x 45  9 x

1 f ( x)
3) y [ f ( x)]g ( x )  ln[ y ]  g ( x) ln[ f ( x)]  y  g ( x) ln f ( x)  g 
y f ( x)
f ( x) f ( x)
y  f ( x) g ( x ) ( g ( x) ln f ( x)  g ( x) )  y  f ( x) g ( x ) ( g ( x) ln f ( x)  g ( x) ).
f ( x) f ( x)

Example) y [ x 2  1]sin x , evaluate y.

Solution ) f  x 2  1, g sin x.
2x 2 x sin x
 y  ( x 2  1) sin x (cos x ln( x 2  1)  sin x 2
)  y( x 2  1)sin x (ln( x 2  1) cos x  2 ).
x 1 x 1

Thm)

sup pose that the domain of y  f(x) is an open int erval onwhich
f  has the same sign ,then f is 1  1, x  ( f -1 )(y) exists and x  (f -1 )(y)
is differentiable at all values of y in the range of f(x) with derivative :
dx 1
| y f ( x )  .
dy dy
| xf  1 ( y )
dx
Ex) Consider : y  f ( x) 2 x 5  3 x  4 ,

1) Show f ( x ) is ( 1  1 ) .

2) Evluate ( f 1
)(9) .

solution )
1) f (x) 10 x 4  3  0  f has th e same sign, so f is 1  1.

1 1 1
2) y 9  2 x 5  3x  4 9  x 1  ( f  1 )(9)    .
 4
f (1) 10(1)  3 13

3.4) L' Hopital rule :

0 
The in det er min ate forms: , , 0 ,    , 1 , 0 0 , ( ) 0 .
0 

0
1 )The Indter min ate form ( ).
0

45
Thm) Suppose that f and g are defined on an open int erval containig a except
f f f
possibly at a and that lim f lim g 0, If lim exists or  then : lim lim
x a x a x a g  x a g x a g 

Notes ) 1 )Do not apply only if the lim it is indter min ate.


2 )It ' s also true if x  a,  .

3 )We may apply it more than once.

Ex ) Evaluate if exists :

3
(x  7 )4  sin (x  7 ) 0
1) lim  .
x 7 x 2  49 0

(x  7 )4  sin (x  7 )
3 [3 (x  7 )4  sin (x  7 )]
Solution) lim lim
 L' Hop  x 7 
x 7 x 2  49 [ x 2  49]
1
4
[ ( x  7) 3  1  {cos (x  7 )}  1]
1
lim 3  .
x 7 [2 x] 14

4

x 0 3
2) lim  .
1
sin ( ) 0
x

x
7

4
4 4  1
x 3 
lim 1 x 3
 1
Solution) lim  L'Hop  lim 3 x  3 1  0.
x  1 1 1 x cos ( )
3
1
sin ( ) x 
 2 cos ( ) x
x x x

8x  4 x 0
3) lim  .
x 0 x 0

8x  4x 8 x ln 8  4 x ln 4 8
Solution) lim  L' Hop  lim ln 8  ln 4 ln[ ] ln2.
x 0 x x 0 1 4

tan x
4) lim ... 

x 0
x2


2 )The Indter min ate form ( )


Ex ) Evaluate if exists :

46
 ex  
1) lim  .
x  x2  

ex ex  ex
Solution ) lim  L'Hop  lim  
 L ' Hop. again  lim .
x  x2 x  2x x  2

ln x
2) lim ... 0
x 0 csc x

ln ( sin x)
3) lim ...  1.
x 0 ln ( tan x)

3 )The Indter min ate form ( 0  )

Ex ) Evaluate if exists :

1) lim x ln x 0   .
x 0

1
ln x [ ]
Solution) lim x ln x  Fraction form  lim 1  L'Hop  lim x 
x 0
x 0 
1
x x 0
[ 2 ]
x
lim (  x) 0.
x 0

2) lim ( 1  tan x) sec 2 x ... 1.


x
4

3 )The Indter min ate form ( ( )  ())

Ex) Evaluate if exists :

1
1) lim (cscx  )   .
x 0 x

1 1 1
Solution) lim (cscx  )  Fraction form  lim (  )
x 0 x x  0 sin x x
x  sin x
lim ... 0.
x 0 x sin x

2) lim[ln( x 2  2)  ln (x 2  1 )]   .
x 

47
 2
Solution ) lim[ln( x 2  2)  ln (x 2  1 )]  Fraction form  lim[ln( x  2 )] 
x 
x  x2 1

x2  2 2x
ln[lim( )]  L'Hop  ln[lim( )]  ln[lim 1]  ln[1] 0.
x  2 x
2
x  x 1 x 

4 )The Indter min ate forms ( ()0 ,00 ,1)

ln (f(x))
Indter min ate lim it : Lim [ f(x)]g(x) e L , where L Lim[ ]
1
g(x)

Ex) Evaluate if exists :

1 x
1) lim (l  ) 1.
x  x

1
ln ( 1  )
1 x ]  L' Hop 
Solution) lim (l  ) x e L , where L lim[
x  x x  1
x

1
1
( x)
1 1 1
 2 lim[1  ] 1  lim (l  ) x e1 e.
x ] x  x x
lim[ x 
x 1
( 2 )
x

2
2) lim (cos( )) x ... 1 .
x  x

a
3) lim (l  )bx ... e ab .
x  x

Chapter (4)

The Derivative in graphing and applications

4.1) & 4.2) Analysis of functions ( I & II) increasing,

Decreasing, Relative extrema , Concavity and Inflection
points :

Def: ( increasing & Decreasing and constant functions )

48
 Increasing Decreasing
Constant

Def: f(x) has critical point: ( x,f(x) ) if f (x) 0 or f 

(x) D.N.E .

Note: f  D.N.E at end po int s.

Example:
x3 5 x 2
Evaluate critical po int s for :f(x)    6 x  11, x    1 , 2.5.
3 2

f(x) is ploynomial  f(x) is differenti able everywhere

except at endpo int s  x  1, 2.5
f
(x) 0  x 2  5 x  6 0 , x  (  1 , 2.5 ).

 x 2 ,3, but 2  (  1 , 2.5 ) and 3  (  1 , 2.5 )  x 2 only.

Consequently critical ponts are :

119 19 77
(  1,f (  1)) (  1, ) , ( 2, f ( 2)) ( 2, ), ( 2.5, f ( 2.5)) ( 2.5, ).
6 3 12

:Note

If f changes increasing and decreasing at point then it is critical, but the

( converse need not be true

. Thm: The 1st derivative test for increasing and decreasing

:Steps

.Evaluate the x-coordinates for critical points (1

.Discuss the sign of the derivative between x-coordinates criticals (2

Apply [f’ is positive ] implies increasing and [f’ is negitive ] implies (3

.decreasing

:Example

Evaluate the intervals on which the following functions are increasing

.and the intervals on which they are decreasing

49
 2  x 1, x 3 
1) x  3x  7, 2)  .
 x  2, x  3
Solution) 1) x 2  3 x  7,

3
f 2 x  3 0  x  ,
2

 3 3 
A)f is decre sin g on   ,  . B ) f is incre sin g on  ,   .
 2 2 

 x 1, x 3 
2)  , f(x) is discontinouous at x 3  f ( 3 ) D.N.E  x 3 is criical.
 x  2, x  3
1, x 3 
 
f  D.N .E , x 3 0,
1, x  3 
 

A] f(x) is increa sin g on  .3 . B ] f(x) is increa sin g on  3,  .

Def: Relative extrema :

Relative minimum Relative maximum Relative minimum

Relative maximum

:Steps

As evaluating inc. and dec. intervals except reading points (x,f(x))

.not intervals

: Example: Evaluate the relative extrema points for

5 2
f(x) 3 x 3  15 x 3 , x  [1,3]

x 1,3 end po int s  critical.

50
 5 x  10
 
f (x) 1
0  5 x  10 0  x 2  (1,3)  critical.
x 3

1
f
(x) D.N .E  x 0  x 0  (1,3)  not critical.
3

3 3
A] f(x) has relativ e min imum at ( 2 , f (2) ) ( 2 , 3 32  15 4 ).

3 3
B] f(x) has relative max imum at ( 1 ,f(1 )) ( 1,  12 ) and ( 3 ,f( 3 ) ) ( 3 , 6561  15 9 ).

Def: concavity :

Concave down concave down concave up

concave up

Thm: The 2nd derivative test for concavity

:Steps

Evaluate x-coordinates for critical points for the 1 st derivative f’’= (1

. 0 or f’’ D.N.E

Discuss the sign of the 2nd derivative between these x-coordinates (2

.criticals

Apply f’’ is positive implies concave up and f’’ is negative (3

.implies concave down

:Example

Evaluate the intervals on which the following functions are concave

:down and the intervals on which they are concave up for
1 4 1 2 x π π
1) x  x  8 x  1, 2)1  tan ( ), x  [  , ] .
12 2 2 2 2

Solution )

1 1 1
1) f  x 4  x 2  8 x  1  f  x 3  x  8  f  x 2  1 0  x 1.
12 2 3

51
A] f is concave up on  ,  1  1, .

B] f is con cave down on   1,1.

x π π
2) f 1  tan ( ), x  [  , ] .
2 2 2

π π
x  , end point s  f  D.N.E  f  D.N.E .
2 2

1 2 x   
f  sec ( ), x    , .
2 2  2 2

1 x x x
f  sec 2 ( ) tan( ) 0  tan( ) 0 
2 2 2 2
x        
( ) 0,  x 0,  x 0    , , x     , .
2 2  2 2 2  2 2

    
A] f is con cave up on   ,0 . B ] f is concave down on  0 , .
 2   2

Def: inflection point (x,f(x)) :

1) f(x) is cont at (x,f(x)).

2) f(x) changes concavity through (x,f(x))

:Steps

As evaluating concavity intervals except reading points (x,f(x)) not

.intervals

:Example(1)

Use the second derivative test to evalaute the inflection point(s) for
4x  x2 . = f( x )

52
Solution)
 x 2  4 x, x 0 or x 4
f ( x )  4 x  x 2  
 4 x  x 2 , 0  x 4 

 2 x  4, x 0 or x  4
 
f ( x)  D.N .E , x 0,4 
 4  2 x, 0  x  4 
 

Note that f(x) is continuous at x 0 ,4 but not differe ntiable at them.

 2, x 0 or x  4
 
f ( x)  D.N .E , x 0,4  0.
  2, 0  x 4 
 

f(x) is continuous at (0,f(0))=(0,0) and at (4,f(4))=(4,0) and f(x)

changes concavity through them, so f(x) has (0,0) , (4,0) as inflection
points.

Example(2): Evaluate the constants which make f(x) = x 3 +a x2 + 6x

,+ b

.have an inflection point at ( 2, -16 )

Solution]
( 2 ,  16 ) is po int on f ( x )  f( 2 )  16  8  4a  12  b  16
 4a  b  36 ...( 1 )

( 2,  16 ) is inf lection po int for f ( x)  f 

( 2 ) 0.

f ( x) 3x 2  2ax  6  0  f ( x) 6 x  2a  f (2 ) 12  2a 0  a  6.

In...(1)   24  b  36  b  12.

:Example(3)

:Sketch f( x ) such that

f (1)  2, f (x)  0 , f (x)  0 if x  1, f 
(x)  0 if x  1.

53
Note)

1) f ( n )(x) 0  f ( n 1) ( x) is increa sin g.

2) f ( n )(x) 0  f ( n 1) ( x) is decrea sin g.

Example(5): Use the following graph for f ’(x) to evaluate the x-

coordinate at which f(x) has a relative minimum and the interval
. on which f(x) is concave up

Solution] 1) x 3. 2) 2, .

.Thm: The 2nd derivative test for relative extrema

1 )f (x) 0 and f 
(x) 0  (x,f(x)) is relative min imum.

2 )f (x) 0 and f 
(x)  0  (x,f(x)) is rela tive max imum.

3 )f (x) 0 and f (x) 0  (x,f(x)) is inf lection po int .

Example: Evaluate the relative extrema points using the 2 nd

1 4 1 2
x  x  3. = derivative test , if possible , for f( x )
4 2

Solution ]
 x3  x 0  x( x 2  1) 0  x 0, x 1.
f (x)

 3 x 2  1.
f (x)

f 
( 0 )  1 0  ( 0 ,3 ) is rel ative max imum.

11
f 
(  1 ) 2  0  (  1, ) is rel ative min imum.
4

11
f 
( 1 ) 2  0  ( 1, ) is relative min imum.
4

4.3) Analysis of function ( III ) Graph of Rational function,

Cusps points & vertical tangency:

54
When we graph functions we must take into account ( symmetry ,
periodicity , x &y intercepts , monotonicity and extrema , concavity
and inflection , asymptotes and end behavior ).
2x2  8
Example: Sketch f(x)  .
x 2  16
Solution]
2x2  8
1) x  int ercepts : f(x)  0  x 2  (2,0).
x 2  16
1 1 1
2) y  int ercept : f( 0 )   y   (0, ).
2 2 2

3 )symmetry: f(x) is even (symmetric about the y  axis).

4 )Vertical asymptotes : x 2  16 0 but not 2 x 2  8 0  x 4

2x2  8 2x2
5 )Horizental asymptotes : lim  lim  2  y 2.
x   x 2  16 x   x 2

N o t e)Ve r t i ca l as ym p t o t es fo r a f
t o g et h er wi t h cr i ti ca l pont s for f
i n crea si n g, decrea s i n g , co n cavi t y

6 )Increa sin g, decrea sin g and extrema po int s :

Vertical asymptotes : x 4
4 x( x 2  16)  (2 x 2  8)(2 x)  48 x
f ( x)    0  x 0.
2
( x  16) 2
( x 2  16) 2

A)f(x) is increa sin g on   , 4  ,   4 ,0.

B)f(x) is decrea sin g on  0,4   4, .
1
C)f(x) has relative max imum at ( 0 ,f( 0 )) ( 0 , ).
2

7 )Concavity up, concavity down and inf lection po int s :

Vertical asymptotes : x 4

 48( x 2  16) 2   48 x[2( x 2  16)(2 x )] 48( x 2  16)[4 x 2  ( x 2  16)]
f ( x)   
( x 2  16) 4 ( x 2  16) 4
48[3x 2  16)]
2 3
0  3 x 2  16 0, impossible.
( x  16)

55
 A)f(x) is concve up on   , 4   4, .
B)f(x) is concve down on   4,4.

x 2 0 4 
f(x) 0 1  2
2
Description x  int ercepts y  int ercept and Vertical asymptotes Horizentalal asymptote
local max imum

x2  1
H.W: Sketch f(x)  .
x
Definition)

Let f(x) be continuous at x  x0 , then :

1 )(x0 ,f(x0 )) is vertical tan gency po int if either A] lim f (x)  or B] lim f 
(x)  .
x  x0 x  x0

2 )(x0 ,f(x0 )) is Cusp po int if :

either A] lim f (x)  and lim f 

(x) .
x  x0 x  x0

or B] lim f (x)  and lim f (x)  .

x  x0 x  x0

56
 1
Example: Evaluate the vertical tan gency point of f(x)  x 5 .

4
1 5 1
 
Sol ] f (x) x  , [5 5 x 4 0  x 0].
5 5
5 x 4

    and f(x) is continuous at x 0.

lim f (x)
x 0

So ( 0 ,f( 0 )) ( 0,0 ) is the vertical tan gency point for f ( x).

Example: Sketch f(x)  3

(x  4 )2 .
2 1
2  2
f (x) [( x  4) 3 ] ( x  4) 3   3 , [3 3
x  4 0  x 4].
3 3 x 4
lim f (x)    and lim f (x)   .
x 4 x 4

A] f(x) is continuous at x 4,

so ( 4,f( 4 )) ( 4,0 ) is the cusp po int for f ( x).
B ] f(x) has local min imum at ( 4 ,f( 4 )) ( 4 ,0 ).

:The Absolute extrema(4.4

Def: We say that f(x) has absolute maximum at x = a in its

domain if f(a ) > = f(x) for all x in the domain and that f(x) has
absolute minimum at x = a in its domain if f(a ) >= f(x) for all x
in the domain.

57
Note : If f is continuous and takes his absolute minimum and
: maximum then

.Range (f)=[ Absolute minimum value, Absolute maximum value ]

Example.1: Evaluate the absolute extrema points and the range

f ( x)  x 3  3 x  4 , x    2 ,3. : for

Solution]
f ( x) x 3  3 x  4 , x    2 ,3.

x  2 ,3 end point s  critical.

f
(x) 3 x 2  3, x    2,3.

f
(x) 0  x 1  (  2,3)  critical.

A] f(x) has local extremum at :

(  2 , f (  2) ) (  2 ,  6 ), ( 1 , f (  1) ) (  1 ,  2 ) , (1, f (1)) (1, 6), and (3, f (3)) (3,14).

Therefore :
1) f(x) has absoute min imum at (  2 ,  6 ) and (1, 6).

2) f(x) has absolute max imum at (3,14).

3) Range[ f(x)] [ 6,14].

: Example.2: Evaluate the absolute extrema points for

f ( x) x 3  3x  4, x    2, .

Solution ]

x  2 end po int  critical.

f
(x) 3 x 2  3, x    2, .

f
(x) 0  x 1  ( 2, )  critical.

A] f(x) has local extremum at :

(  2 , f(  2 )) (  2 ,  6 ), (1,f( 1 )) ( 1,  6 ) and (  1 , f(  1 )) (  1 ,  2 ).

Therefore :
1) f(x) has absoute min imum at (  2 ,  6 ) and (1, 6).

2 )f(x) has no absolute max imum. (Why?)

58
4.5) Roll's theorem and the mean value theorem:

M.V.T:

1 )f(x) is continuous on  a,b .

2 )f(x) is differentiable on  a, b .
f(b)  f(a)
Re sult)there is c   a,b such that f 
(c)  .
b a

1
f(x)  x  , x   3,4 , that M.V.T mea ns. : Example :Evaluate ( c ) for
x

1 f(b)  f(a)
Solution) f ( x) 1  , x   3,4 ,  
f (c) 
x2 b a

1 1
(4  )  (3  )
1 f( 4 )  f( 3 ) 4 3 1  ( 1  1 ) 1  1  c 2 12  c  12 .
1 2  
c 4 3 1 3 4 12

But c   3,4   c  12 2 3.

.Roll's thm

1 )f(x) is continuous on  a,b .

2 )f(x) is differentiable on  a, b  .
3 )f(a)  f (b).
Re sult)there is c   a,b such that f 
(c) 0.

: Example.1: Confirm and then find ( c ) for

f ( x)  cos x, x   π 2 , 3π 2 ,

that Roll’s thm means

59
Solution)
 π 3π 
1 )f(x) is the cos inefunction, so it is continuous on  ,  .
2 2 
 π 3π 
2 )f(x) is the cos ine function, so it is differenti able on  ,  , with f 
(x)  sin x.
2 2 
 3
3 )f( ) 0  f ( ).
2 2
 3
Re sult)there is c   a,b  such that f (c)
 0   sin c 0  c   ( , ).
2 2

THE END

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