Work Book 2. As Level Jan 2023

1
PHYSICS
AS LEVEL
1. WAVES
2. ELECTRICITY
3. PARTICLE PHYSICS
COMPILED BY:
AMINA SABAHAT
LAHORE GRAMMAR SCHOOL
BEACONHOUSE SCHOOL (ALJT)
CREACENT MODEL HIGH SCHOOL
AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT
2
CONTENTS
SR. TOPIC NOTES MCQ’S THEORY
# QUESTIONS ANSWERS QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1 WAVES 14 26 60 70 86
2 WAVES 17 61 69 - -
(EM WAVES)
3 SUPERPOSITION 90 97 116 117 132

STATIONARY 91
WAVES
4 SUPERPOSITION 135 142 158 159 181

INTERFERENCE
5 SUPERPOSITION 185 190 205 206 217

DIFRACTION
6 CURRENT 219 241 264 319 383

ELECTRICITY
7 DC CIRCUITS 219 265 318 319 383
8 PARTICLE AND 396 410 427 428 460

NUCLEAR
PHYSICS

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14
WAVES

15
WAVES
• A wave is a disturbance that moves
• The source of any wave is vibration or oscillation
• Wave is a mechanism of transfer of energy from one point to the other without the physical transfer
of any material.
• Examples: light waves, sound waves, radio waves water waves, waves on a string etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF WAVES:
ON THE BASIS TYPE 1 TYPE 2
OF
PARTICLE Transverse Wave: Longitudinal Wave:
MOTION Particle motion is perpendicular to the Particle motion is parallel to the direction
direction of transfer of wave energy. of transfer of wave energy.
Also known as amplitude waves. Also known as pressure or density waves.
Water waves, waves on a rope etc. Sound waves. Waves from a stretched
spring etc.
MEDIUM OF Mechanical wave: EM waves:

PROPAGATION Mechanical waves are produced in a Travel in the form of varying electric and
deformable or elastic material. magnetic fields.
Require medium for their transmission. They don’t require medium for their
Water, sound etc. transmission.
Spectrum of sun

16
ENERGY Progressive waves: Stationary waves:

TRANSFER Energy is transferred from one point to No energy transfer. Energy is trapped
another point. within the wave.
Sound, water, EM Waves Sound waves in a pipe, waves produced
on string instruments like guitar strings
etc.

17
https://www.toppr.com/ask/en-
bt/content/story/amp/displacement-
relation-in-a-progressive-wave-74475/
E.M WAVES:
• E.M waves travel in the form of varying electrical and magnetic fields. They do not need a medium for
their transmission.
• Radio, micro, infra red, visible, ultra violet, x rays, gamma rays.

18
• They all travel with the same speed in vacuum. c = 3.0 x 108ms –1
• They are travel in the form of transverse waves.
• They all carry energy.
• They are neutral in nature and are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields.
• They all can be polarized.
• They vary in wavelength and frequency.
TERMS RELATED WITH WAVE MOTION:

• AMPLITUDE: Maximum displacement of a particle in the wave from their equilibrium position (mean
position).
19
• TIME PERIOD: Time for one complete wave to pass through a given point.
OR
Time taken for one complete cycle or oscillation or vibration.
• FREQUENCY: Number of waves passing through a point per unit time.
• OR
• Number of complete cycles or oscillations or vibrations per unit time.
• WAVELENGTH: Distance between two successive points in phase.
• PHASE: Two particles on the wave in the same state of disturbance at the same time are in phase.
• In a progressive wave two points in phase have same displacement, direction, velocity and energy.
• PHASE DIFFERENCE: Fraction of a wave by which one wave leads or lags the other is known as
phase difference.
• The phase difference between two points in a wave, Φ = 2Πx / λ or Φ = 2Πt / T
GRAPHS IN WAVES:
• A wave can be represented graphically in two basic types of graphs.
• Both transverse and longitudinal waves have same graphical representation.
1. Displacement – distance graph. (wave motion):
• It represents the position of all the particles on a wave at a particular instant of time. (wave picture)
• All the particles on a progressive wave will attain the same amplitude at different instants of time.
• All the particles have same vibrational frequency which is also equal to the frequency of the wave.
• Following information can be obtained from a displacement – distance graph
1. Instantaneous displacement 2. Amplitude 3. Wavelength

20
2. Displacement – time graph. (particle motion):

• It gives the respective displacements of one particle at different instants of time.
• The following information is obtained from a displacement – time
1. Instantaneous displacement 2. Amplitude 3. Time period 4. Frequency
WAVE VELOCITY:
• It is the velocity with which a wave moves.
• It depends on the elasticity and inertia of the medium.
• It is not the same as the velocity of the particle.
• It is given by the expression, v = f λ
• Velocity = Δ distance / Δ time = λ / T = fλ
THE WAVEFRONT:
• The wavefront is an imaginary line or surface on which the disturbance has the same phase at all
points.
• A ray is perpendicular to the wavefront. It gives the direction of wave/ energy propagation.

21
• Two successive wavefronts are essentially one wavelength apart.
ENERGY, E:
• As the waves travel through a medium, energy is transmitted as vibrational energy from particle to
particle of the medium.
• It is the energy received by a surface at right angles when a wave hits it.
• E  f 2 a 2 , where f = frequency and a = amplitude.
• For a constant source of wave, f is constant E  a
2
• Unit: joule, J
INTENSITY, I:
• It is power received per unit area.
• Intensity is defined as energy received by a surface per unit time per unit area perpendicular to the
direction of the wave.
power, P
• I= ,
area
energy
• I=
time  area
• I α P α E α f2a2
For a constant source, f is constant, I  a
2
•
• Also I  f 2 a 2  I  a 2 C (for a source of fixed vibration)
1 1
• Also I   2
r 2
r
1
• Hence, f 2 a 2 2
r
• unit: Wm-2
PROPERTIES OF WAVES:
REFLECTION:
• Bouncing back of a wave into its own medium on hitting a smooth surface.
REFRACTION:
• Bending of a wave from its path on entering from one medium to another due to change of speed and
wavelength.
22
POLARIZATION:
• Restriction of a wave into a particular plane is known as polarization.
• The condition for a wave to be plane polarized is for the vibrations to be in just one direction normal
to the direction in which the wave is traveling.
• Only transverse can be polarized.
• The intensity of the plane polarized EM waves transmitting through polaroid films or filters can be
calculated using Malus’s Law
• Malus’s Formula I = I0 cos2θ
• As I α a2
• a2 = a02cos2θ

23
SUPERPOSITION:
• When two or more waves of same type exist simultaneously at a point, the resultant displacement is
the vector sum of individual displacements of waves at that point.
• Example: Diffraction, interference.
DOPPLERS EFFECT:

24
MOVING SOURCE AND STATIONARY OBSERVER:

• Frequency of sound wave changes as the source moves towards/ away from the observer.
• Frequency increases as source moves towards the stationary observer.
• As the source moves towards the observer, wavelength is decreased, hence frequency is increased.
• As the source moves away from the observer, wavelength is increased and hence the frequency is
decreased.

25

26
WAVES 2018-2022 (MCQ’S)

1
M/
12/
18
M/
12/
18

27
J/
11/
18
J/
11/
18

28
J/
11/
18
J/
12/
18

29
J/
12/
18
J/
13/
18
J/
13/
18

30
10
J/
13/
18
11
J/
13/
18
12
N/
18/
11

31
13
N/
18/
11
14
N/
18/
11
15
N/
18/
11

32
16
N/
18/
12
17
N/
18/
12
18
N/
18/
12
19
N/
18/
13

33
20
N/
18/
13
21
N/
18/
13
22
N/
18/
13

34
23
M/
19/
12
24
M/
19/
12
25
M/
19/
12

35
26
J/
19/
11
27
J/
19/
11

36
28
J/
19/
11
29
J/
19/
11
30
J/
19/
12

37
31
J/
19/
12
32
J/
19/
12

38
33
J/
19/
12
34
J/
19/
13
35
J/
19/
13

39
36
J/
19/
13
37
J/
19/
13

40
38
N/
11/
19
39
N/
11/
19

41
40
N/
11/
19
41
N/
12/
19

42
42
N/
12/
19
43
N/
12/
19
44
N/
12/
19

43
45
N/
13/
19
46
N/
13/
19

44
47
N/
13/
19
48
N/
13/
19
49
M/
11/
20
50
M/
11/
20

45
51
M/
11/
20
52
M/
11/
20
53
J/
11/
20

46
54
J/
11/
20
55
J/
12/
20

47
56
J/
12/
20
57
J/
12/
20

48
58
J/
13/
20
59
J/
13/
20
60
J/
13/
20

49
61
N/
11/
20
62
N/
11/
20
63
N/
12/
20

50
64
N/
12/
20

51
65
N/
12/
20
66
N/
13/
20

52
67
N/
13/
20
68
N/
13/
20
69
N/
13/
20

53
70
M/
12/
21
71
M/
12/
21
72
M/
12/
21

54
73
J/
11/
21
74
J/
11/
21

55
75
J/
12/
21
76
J/
12/
21
77
J/
12/
21

56
78
J/
13/
21
79
J/
13/
21

57
80
J/
13/
21
81
J/
13/
21
82
N/
11/
21

58
83
N/
11/
21
84
N/
12/
21
85
N/
12/
21
86
N/
13/
21

59
87
N/
13/
21
88
N/
13/
21
89
M/
12/
21
90
M/
12/
21

60
91
M/
12/
21
WAVES 2018-2022 (MCQ’S ANSWERS)

1 A 11 D 21 B 31 D 41 D
2 C 12 D 22 D 32 B 42 D
3 B 13 C 23 D 33 C 43 C
4 B 14 A 24 C 34 C 44 C
5 C 15 D 25 D 35 C 45 B
6 D 16 D 26 A 36 B 46 B
7 D 17 B 27 A 37 D 47 B
8 C 18 D 28 B 38 C 48 A
9 D 19 D 29 D 39 C 49 B
10 B 20 B 30 A 40 A 50 A
51 B 61 B 71 B 81 D 91 C
52 D 62 A 72 C 82 D
53 A 63 D 73 B 83 B
54 B 64 D 74 A 84 A
55 A 65 C 75 A 85 C
56 C 66 D 76 B 86 B
57 A 67 B 77 A 87 D
58 B 68 B 78 B 88 C
59 D 69 A 79 A 89 D
60 D 70 B 80 A 90 B

61
WAVES EM 2018-2022 (MCQ’S)

1
M/
12/
18
M/
12/
18
J/
11/
18

62
J/
11/
18
J/
12/
18
J/
12/
18
N/
18/
11
8
N/
18/
12
N/
18/
13

63
10
M/
19/
12
11
J/
19/
12
12
J/1
19/
13
13
N/
11/
19
14
N/
12/
19

64
15
N/
12/
19
16
N/
13/
19
17
M/
12/
20
18
J/
11/
20

65
19
J/
11/
20
20
J/
12/
20
21
J/
13/
20

66
22
N/
11/
20
23
N/
12/
20

67
24
N/
13/
20
25
M/
12/
21
26
J/
11/
21
27
J/
12/
21
28
J/
12/
21

68
29
J/
13/
21
30
N/
11/
21
31
N/
12/
21
32
N/
12/
21
33
N/
13/
21

69
34
M/
12/
22
WAVES EM (ANSWERS) 2018-2022

1 C 11 D 21 A 31 D
2 B 12 A 22 C 32 A
3 A 13 D 23 A 33 B
4 D 14 B 24 D 34 A
5 B 15 B 25 D
6 D 16 C 26 A
7 A 17 D 27 B
8 D 18 A 28 B
9 B 19 C 29 B
10 C 20 A 30 D

70
WAVES 2018 -2022 (THEORY)

1
J/
21/
18

71
J/
22/
18

72

73

74
N/
18/
12

75
N/
19/
21

76

77
M/
20/
22

78

79
J/
20/
23

80

81
N/
20/
21

82
M/
21/
22

83
N/
21/
21

84

85
10
N/
22/
21

86
WAVES 2018-2022 (ANSWERS)

1
J/
21/
18

87
J/
22/
18
N/
18/
12

88
N/
19/
21
M/
20/
22
J/
20/
23

89
N/
20/
21
M/
21/
22
N/
21/
21
10
N/
21/
22

90
SUPERPOSITION
SUPERPOSITION
THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION:
• If two or more waves of same type exist simultaneously at a point in a medium, the resultant
displacement of the waves is the vector sum of the individual displacements at the point.

91
Applications:
Interference, diffraction and stationary waves etc.
STATIONARY OR STANDING WAVES:

Stationary or standing waves are formed by two progressive waves of same magnitude and frequency, but
traveling in opposite directions.

92
http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/spcg/tutorial/tutorial/Tutor
ial_files/standingstring1.gif
http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/Sta
ndingWaves/string-standing-2.gif
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-
AzcHlX3hmSc/VHEcZxwE8GI/AAAAAAAA054/E
B8MiI0qmq4/s600/2-13-sound141121.018.gif
PROPERTIES OF STATIONARY WAVES:

93
• There is no sign of progressive wave in either direction.

• Particles in stationary wave execute SHM with same frequency except at the edges.
• The amplitude of the vibration varies from a maximum to a zero.
• The wave is divided into a number of equal segments.( nodes and antinodes).
• All particles in same segment vibrate with same phase and are Π radians out of phase with the particles
in the adjacent segments.
• Consecutive nodes or antinodes are half wavelength apart.
• Consecutive nodes and antinodes are quarter wavelength apart.
• Large amounts of energy are stored in stationary waves and become trapped in the wave, there is no
energy transmission.
COMPARISON OF STATIONARY AND PROGRESSIVE WAVE MOTION:
STATIONARY PROGRESSIVE
Amplitude Varies from zero to maximum at antinodes Same for all particles in the path of the wave
and nodes are always stationary. at different instants of time.
Frequency Particles vibrate in SHM with same frequency All particles vibrate in SHM with frequency of
as the wave except at nodes. the wave.
Wavelength 2 x distance between a pair of adjacent nodes Distance between adjacent particle having
or anti nodes same phase
Phase All particles in one segment are in same All particles within one wavelength have
phase, π radians phase difference with the different phases.
particles in neighboring segment.
Waveform Does not advance. Advances with the velocity of wave
Energy Energy trapped within the wave pattern. Energy translation in the direction of wave
travel
STATIONARY WAVES IN A STRETCHED STRING (BOTH ENDS FIXED):
• The string appears to vibrate transversely with no signs of progressive wave.
• Pattern formed due to constructive (antinodes) and destructive (nodes) interference.
• String can vibrate in several modes depending on the position of disturbance.
T
• The velocity is given by v = T = tension, μ = mass per unit length.

• Modes of vibration: First harmonic or Fundamental frequency, f0 = v/λ0 = v/2L
• First overtone, f1 = v/λ1 = v/L = 2f0,
• Second overtone, f2 = v/λ2 = 3v/2L = 3f0
• Hence the frequencies for the stationary waves on a string with both ends fixed will be f0. 2f0, 3f0

94
STATIONARY WAVES IN STRING WITH ONE END FIXED:
STATIONARY WAVES IN CLOSED PIPE:

• First harmonic or Fundamental frequency, f0 = v/λ0 = v/4L,
• First overtone, f1 = 3v/4L = 3f0,
• Second overtone, f2 = 5v/4L = 5f0
STATIONARY WAVES IN OPEN PIPE:
• First harmonic or fundamental frequency, f0 = v/λ0 = v/2L
• First overtone, f1 = v/λ1 = v/L = 2f0,
• Second overtone, f2 = v/λ2 = 3v/2L = 3f0

95
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AzcHlX3hmSc/VHEcZxwE8GI/AAAAAAAA054/EB8MiI0qmq4/s600/2-13-
sound141121.018.gif

96

97
SUPERPOSITION STATIONARY WAVES 2014-2022 (MCQ’S)

1
M/
12/
18
J/
11/
18

98
J/
12/
18
J/
12/
18

99
J/
12/
18

100
J/
13/
18
N/
18/
11
N/
18/
12

101
N/
18/
12
10
N/
18/
13
11
M/
19/
12

102
12
M/
19/
12
13
J/
19/
11
14
J/
19/
11

103
15
J/
19/
12
16
J/
19/
13
17
N/
11/
19

104
18
N/
12/
19
19
N/
13/
19

105
20
N/
13/
19
21
M/
12/
20

106
22
J/
11/
20
23
J/
11/
20

107
24
J/
12/
20
25
J/
12/
20
26
J/
13/
20

108
27
J/
13/
20

109
28
N/
11/
20
29
N/
11/
20

110
30
N/
12/
20
31
N/
13/
20

111
32
M/
12/
21
33
J/
11/
21

112
34
J/
11/
21
35
J/
12/
21
36
J/
13/
21

113
37
N/
11/
21
38
N/
11/
21

114
39
N/
12/
21
40
N/
12/
21
41
N/
13/
21

115
42
N/
13/
21
43
M/
12/
22

116
SUPERPOSITION STATIONARY WAVES 2018 – 2022 (ANSWERS)

1 D 11 D 21 C 31 B 41 A
2 B 12 C 22 B 32 C 42 A
3 A 13 D 23 B 33 A 43 C
4 C 14 D 24 D 34 C
5 A 15 D 25 D 35 C
6 B 16 B 26 B 36 C
7 A 17 B 27 C 37 D
8 A 18 C 28 C 38 A
9 A 19 C 29 A 39 D
10 D 20 D 30 B 40 C

117
SUPERPOSITION STATIONARY WAVES 2018-2022

1
M/
22/
18

118

119
J/
22/
18

120
N/
18/
13

121

122
J/
19/
23

123

124
J/
20/
22

125

126
N/
20/
21

127
M/
21/
22

128

129
N/
22/
21

130
M/
22/
22

131

132
SUPERPOSITION STATIONARY WAVES 2018-2022 (ANSWERS)

1
M/
22/
18
J/
22/
18

133
N/
18/
13
J/
19/
23
J/
20/
22

134
N/
20/
21
M/
21/
22
N/
22/
21
M/
22/
22

135
INTERFERENCE
• Superposition of two or more waves to give a resultant wave whose amplitude is given by the principle
of superposition.
CONDITIONS FOR OBSERVABLE INTERFERENCE:
• The sources must be coherent.
• They have roughly the same amplitude.
• For transverse waves, they must be either un-polarized or polarized in the same plane.
• The separation between two sources must be small.
• Two waves can interfere to give regions of maxima or minima.
COHERENT SOURCES:
• Sources are said to be coherent if they have a constant phase difference which necessarily implies that
their frequencies must be the same. (zero or 180 degrees)
• Wave sources which maintain a constant phase relationship are described as coherent sources.
• Example: Two speakers fed from the same source act as coherent sources of sound waves.
TYPES OF INTERFERENCE:
• Constructive and Destructive.

136
CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE:
• Two waves superposing in a manner that they reinforce each other to give maximum amplitude,
maxima. i.e. Crests overlapping crests and troughs overlapping troughs.
CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE:
• Waves from two sources must meet at a point, let S1 and S2, interfere at a point P.
• If S2P = S1P, a maximum is obtained at P
• The path difference S2P - S1P = 0
• A maximum is also obtained when S2P - S1P = λ or 2 λ.
• For constructive interference, path difference = n λ, where n = 0,1,2,3 …..
• For constructive interference, phase difference = 2nΠ, where n = 0,1,2,3 …..
Path difference = n λ, phase difference = 2nΠ, Resultant amplitude = sum of
where n = 0,1,2,3 ….. where n = 0,1,2,3 ….. individual amplitudes.
Path difference = (n – 1)λ, phase difference = 2(n – 1)Π,

where n = 1,2,3 ….. where n = 1,2,3 …..
DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE:
• Two waves superposing in a manner to cancel the effect of each other thus giving zero amplitude,
minima. i.e. crest over trough.
CONDITIONS FOR DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE:
• Waves from two sources meeting at a point, let S1 and S2, interfere at a point P.
• A minimum is obtained if the path difference S2P - S1P = λ/2
• A minimum is also obtained when S2P - S1P = 3λ/2 or 5λ/2.
• For destructive interference, path difference = (n + ½) λ, where n = 0,1,2,3
• For destructive interference, phase difference = (2n + 1)Π, where n = 0,1,2,3
path difference = (n + ½) λ, phase difference = (2n + 1)Π, Resultant amplitude = difference of
where n = 0,1,2,3 where n = 0,1,2,3 individual amplitudes.
path difference = (n - ½) λ, phase difference = (2n - 1)Π,

where n = 1,2,3 where n = 1,2,3
TWO SOURCE INTERFERENCE:
RIPPLE TANK EXPERIMENT:
• Two ball ended vibrators produce two sets of circular waves in ripple tank.
• These waves superpose each other giving regions (waves in phase) of maximum disturbance (antinodal
lines) and zero disturbance (nodal lines, waves π radians out of phase).

137
http://i.stack.imgur.com/I92rE.gif
http://physics.okstate.edu/hauenst/class
/ph2414/suppl/waves2/2slit3D.gif
THE MICROWAVE EXPERIMENT:

• Microwaves from a transmitter are sent out to impinge onto two vertical stilts made by aluminum
plates. (coherent source).
• The two waves thus interfere constructively and destructively and are detected by a microwaves
detector connected to a micro-ammeter or a CRO with time base off.

138
YOUNG’S DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT:

139
• Apparatus used: Monochromatic source of light, single slit, double slit (acts as two coherent sources),
screen observed using a graduated eye piece.
• Alternate bright and dark fringes obtained on the screen resulting from constructive and destructive
interference.
• At centre a bright fringe is obtained. Other bright fringes appear at same distance from the centre but
their intensity gradually decreases.
• If slit width is small and slit separation is such that many fringes are produced, then the intensity of
fringes remains same.
• The fringe separation Y is given by the expression; Y = λD / a,
• Where ‘D’ is the distance between slits and screen and ‘a’ is slit separation.
• The intensity distribution for fringes:
i. If the waves from two sources of same amplitude A,
ii. The intensity of each wave  A 2
ii. Resultant amplitude of two waves is 2 A at bright fringe and zero at dark fringe
iv. For Maxima: intensity  4A 2 , for minima: intensity = 0
• Total effect redistributes into dark and bright fringes.
• Energy is still conserved.
• For ideal cases the intensity of all the bright fringes is same with respect to each other. Also all the dark
fringes have same intensity.

140
CHANGES IN THE INTERFERENCE PATTERN:

• If single slit moves nearer to double slit, the brightness increases as intensity of light increases.
• If slit separation increases, the fringe separation decreases, and vice versa
• For white light interference, the central fringe is white with colored fringes on sides. Blue to red.
• With one slit closed, a different pattern known as diffraction pattern obtained.
• If single slits are opened wide, no interference pattern is obtained, sources no more coherent.
• With two separate sources instead of double slit arrangement, no inference pattern is obtained as
sources are no more coherent.
• Slits covered with Polaroid will either produce no pattern at all in case of perpendicular polaroid films
or a clear pattern in case parallel polaroid films.

141

142
SUPERPOSITION INTERFERENCE 2018-2022 (MCQ’S)

1
M/
12/
18
2
M/
12/
18

143
J/
11/
18
J/
11/
18

144
J/
12/
18
J/
13
18
7
N/
18/
11
N/
18/
12

145
N/
18/
13

146
10
M/
19/
12

147
11
J/
19/
11
12
J/
19/
12

148
13
J/
19/
12
14
J/
19/
13

149
15
J/
19/
13
16
N/
11/
19

150
17
N/
12/
19
18
N/
13/
19

151
19
M/
12/
20
20
M/
12/
20
21
J/
11/
20
22
J/
12/
20

152
23
J/
12/
20
24
J/
13/
20

153
25
N/
11/
20
26
N/
12/
20

154
27
N/
12/
20
28
N/
13/
20
29
M/
12/
21

155
30
M/
12/
21
31
J/
11/
21

156
32
J/
11/
21
33
J/
12/
21
34
J/
13/
21

157
35
N/
11/
21
36
N/
12/
21
37
N/
13/
21
38
M/
12/
22

158
39
M/
12/
22
SUPPERPOSITION + INTERFERENCE 2018-2022 (ANSWERS)

1 D 6 A 11 D 16 C 21 A
2 C 7 C 12 B 17 D 22 B
3 B 8 A 13 A 18 C 23 A
4 A 9 C 14 D 19 C 24 D
5 C 10 D 15 B 20 D 25 A
26 A 31 D 36 A
27 C 32 B 37 D
28 A 33 B 38 D
29 B 34 A 39 D
30 C 35 C

159
SUPERPOSITION INTERFERENCE THEORY 2018-2022

1
J/
23/
18

160
N/
18/
11

161

162

163
M/
19/
22

164

165
J/
19/
21

166

167
N/
19/
21

168

169
N/
19/
22

170

171
J/
20/
21

172

173
N/
20/
22

174

175
J/
22/
21

176

177
10
J/
23/
21

178

179
11
N/
23/
21

180

181
SUPERPOSITION INTERFERENCE 2014-2022 (ANSWERS)

1
J/
23/
18
N/
18/
11
N/
19/
22

182
J/
19/
21
N/
19/
21
N/
19/
22

183
J/
20/
21
N/
20/
22
J/
22/
21

184
10
J/
23/
21
11
N/
23/
21

185
DIFFRACTION
• Diffraction is the spreading of waves through an aperture or round an obstacle. It is observable when
the width of the aperture is of the same order as the wavelength λ of the waves. D less than or equal
to λ. For visible light there is an exception d = 100 λ.
• Examples: Sound waves spread round corners, light waves spread round obstacles, water waves can
spread round apertures (ripple tank experiment).

186
DIFFRACTION PATTERN:
• Diffraction pattern is obtained due to superposition of waves from coherent sources on the same
wavefront, after the wavefront has been distorted by the slit which acts as an obstacle. Light, sound
water waves etc can be diffracted.
• For visible light, bright central band having dark bands on either sides are obtained.

187
DIFFRACTION GRATING:

188
• It consists of a large number of fine, equidistant, closely spaced parallel lines of equal width, ruled on
glass or polished metal by a diamond point.
• Formula for diffraction of different orders,
d sin = n . Where ‘d’ is slit size, ‘n’ is number of order, ‘λ’ is wavelength and ‘θ’ the angle
between the given order and the direction of incident ray.
• n = 0 is the central bright band, n =1 is first order, n = 2 is second order.
1
• If the grating has N lines per mm, then d = in meters
N
• Example: N = 500 lines per millimeters. Then d = 1/500 = 0.002 mm =0.002 x 10-3 m = 2.0 x 10 -6m
For maximum number of orders, d = nλ
d = ________ m
• Width of central bright band is twice that of any other bright band.
• For the same source of light, I is proportional to the square of the width of the slit (d2).
• Decreasing the slit width by half doubles the width of the central band and I becomes ¼.
• The position of first maximum is approximately between the first and second order minima.
• For maximum number of orders to be found, θ is taken equal to 900
• The total number of orders produced or visible = (2n+1)

189

190
SUPPERPOSITION DIFFRACTION 2018-2022 (MCQ;S)

1
M/
12/
18
J/
13
18
N/
18/
11
N/
18/
11

191
N/
18/
12
N/
18/
12
7
N/
18/
13
8
N/
18/
13

192
M/
19/
12
10
J/
19/
11

193
11
J/
19/
11
12
J/
19/
12
13
J/
19/
13

194
14
J/
19/
13
15
N/
11/
19

195
16
N/
11/
19
17
N/
11/
19
18
N/
12/
19
19
N/
13/
19
20
M/
12/
20

196
21
J/
11/
20
22
J/
11/
20
23
J/
12/
20

197
24
J/
12/
20
25
J/
13/
20

198
26
J/
13/
20
27
N/
11/
20
28
N/
11/
20

199
29
N/
12/
20
30
N/
12/
20
31
N/
13/
20
32
N/
13/
20

200
33
M/
12/
21
34
M/
12/
21
35
J/
11/
21

201
36
J/
11/
21
37
J/
12/
21
38
J/
12/
21
39
J/
13/
21

202
40
J/
13/
21
41
N/
11/
21
42
N/
11/
21

203
43
N/
12/
21
44
N/
12/
21

204
45
N/
13/
21
46
N/
13/
21

205
47
M/
12/
22
48
M/
12/
22
SUPERPOSITION DIFFRACTION 2014-2022(ANSWERS)

1 B 6 C 11 C 16 A 21 B
2 D 7 C 12 C 17 B 22 C
3 C 8 B 13 C 18 B 23 B
4 C 9 B 14 D 19 C 24 A
5 B 10 B 15 A 10 B 25 A
26 C 31 D 36 B 41 D 46 B
27 A 32 C 37 B 42 C 47 C
28 B 33 D 38 C 43 B 48 B
29 B 34 D 39 B 44 A
30 C 35 A 40 B 45 C

206
SUPPERPOSITION DIFFRACTION 2018-2022
J/
21/
18

207
N/
18/
12

208
J/
19/
22

209

210
N/
19/
23

211
M/
20/
22

212

213
N/
20/
23

214

215
J/
21/
21

216

217
SUPERPOSITION DIFFRACTION 2014-2022 (ANSWERS)

1
J/
21/
18
N/
18/
12
J/
19/
22
4
N/
19/
23

218
M/
20/
22
N/
20/
23
J/
21/
21

219
CURRENT OF ELECTRICITY/ DC CIRCUITS

220
CURRENT OF ELECTRICITY/ DC CIRCUITS

• Electricity of moving charges.
ELECTRIC CURRENT: I
• Current is defined as rate of flow of charge carriers.
• I = ∆Q / ∆t
• Unit: Ampere (A)

221
• The ampere is defined as the value of the current which when flowing in two long, parallel, straight
wire of infinite length and negligible cross-section placed one meter apart in vacuum, causes a force
of 2 x 10 –7 N m –1 to act on the wires.
• ∆Q = I x ∆t
• Unit: Coulombs (C)
• Coulombs = Ampere x second
• If a current of 1 ampere flows through a conductor for 1 second, then charge flowing is 1 coulomb.
• Iaverage = Qtotal / timetotal
• Iav = (I1 + I2) / 2
• In case of number of electrons provided, Q = Ne, I = Ne/t
• Also charge flow rate = N/t = I/e
• Direction of conventional current is from positive terminal of a battery to the negative terminal.
• Electrons flow in the opposite direction (from negative terminal to the positive terminal).

222
MECHANISM OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN METALS:

• Conduction in metals is due to free electrons. Approximately 10 29 free electrons in each cubic meter
of copper.
• Mean Free Path:
The mean distance between successive collisions of the electrons with the ions is known as the mean
free path.
• On heating resistance of the metals increases due to decrease in mean free path.
• Due to thermal agitation of electrons and ions, more frequent collisions take place.
• The resistance of metals increases with the increase in temperature. Mean free path decreases due to
increase in amplitude of vibration of the ions.
• The electrons move randomly if no potential difference is applied across the conductor.
DRIFT VELOCITY OF ELECTRONS:

• The velocity of current is basically the velocity in which energy is transferred.
• Drift velocity is the actual velocity of the electrons.
• It is much smaller than the speed of current and is taken in the direction opposite to that of the
electric field in the metal.
DRIFT VELOCITY OF ELECTRONS
• It is the velocity of electrons themselves in a wire carrying current.
• I = neAv
• v = I/neA
• n = N/V
• Q = Ne = nVe = nAde
• d = vd x t
• t = d/vd
• I = Q/t
• I = nAde /(d/vd)

223
• I = nAedv/d = neAv
https://youtu.be/zHxrbjTSgTs
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE:
• Potential difference between two points in a circuit is defined as energy dissipated / energy required /
Work done per unit positive charge in moving it from one point to another across a conductor.
• Electrical energy is converted into some other form of energy.
• Potential difference = energy dissipated / charge
• Potential difference = power dissipated / current
• V = Ep / q =P / I
• Unit: Volts = JC-1
• One volt is the potential difference if one joule of energy is dissipated to move one coulomb of charge
from one point to another across a conductor.
• Conventional Current flows from higher potential to lower potential.
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (E.M.F):
• The electromotive force of a source / battery is defined as the energy supplied / provided per unit
positive charge to move it around a complete circuit including the source.
• E.M.F = EP / q
• Constant source of energy supply.
• Some other form of energy is converted into electrical energy.
• E =v + V = Ir + IR (r = internal resistance of the cell).
• The term voltage can be used for both potential difference and electromotive force.

224
https://youtu.be/cbSKkrzdXe4

225

226

227
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE:
• The resistance of a conductor is the ratio of the potential difference across the conductor to the current
flowing through that conductor.
• R=V/I
• Unit: ohms (Ω)
• One ohm is the resistance of a conductor when a current of 1A flows through it for the
potential difference of 1V.
RESISTIVITY:
• The resistivity of a material is equal to the resistance between two opposite faces of a cube of the
material whose sides are of unit length.
• The resistivity of a material is directly proportional to its length, l and inversely proportional to its
cross-sectional area, A.

228
RA
• =
l
• unit: Ωm
• It is constant for a given material but different for different materials.

229
OHM’S LAW:
• The steady current flowing through a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference applied across its ends, provided the temperature and other
physical conditions are kept constant.
• V𝜶I
• V= constant x I
• V = I R, if temperature is kept constant.
• The conductors that obey ohm’s law are Ohmic conductors and which do not obey are non-
Ohmic conductors.
230
• V /I =R is not the representation of Ohm’s law but the definition of the resistance R.
• Characteristic graphs.
Non Ohmic Conductor:

231
IMPORTANT TIP:
• In case of finding out resistance from a point on a curve instead of straight line I – V graph.
• A straight line will be drawn from that point to the origin and then gradient of that line will be used to
find the corresponding resistance.
RESISTANCE:
• the ratio of potential difference to the current flowing through that conductor.
• Opposition to the flow of current.
• Device is resistor.
• Two types of combinations.
• 1. Series, 2. Parallel.

232
SERIES COMBINATION:
• V: divides.
• I: same.
• V = V1 + V2 + V3 + ……………….
• IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + …………..
• Rseries = R1 + R2 + R3
• Overall resistance increases.
• Overall current decreases.
• For n – identical resistors with value “R” each. Rseries = nR

233
PARALLEL COMBINATION:
• V: same.
• I = divided
• 1 /Rparallel = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 + ….
• Overall resistance decreases.
• Overall current increases.
• For only two resistors in parallel,

Rparallel = R1R2 /(R1 + R2)
• For n – identical resistors in parallel with value “R” each.
Rparallel = R/n

234

235
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR ENERGY AND POWER:

Electrical Energy:
Ep = qV = IVt = I2Rt =V2t /R = Pt
Electrical Power:
P = Ep /t =IV=I2R =V2/R
POTENTIAL DIVIDER:
• An arrangement of resistors to obtain a fraction of the potential difference provided by a voltage
supply.
R1
• V1 = VTOTAL
RTOTAL

236
R2
• V2 = VTOTAL
RTOTAL
𝑹−
• General expression: 𝑽− = 𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
• Different components can be used to form potential dividers. e. g : fixed resistors, variable resistors,
LDRs or thermistors. etc.
POTENTIAL DIVIDER
• The method of defining resultant voltage is also known as ratio method.
• In case of rheostat or resistance wire of total length Ltotal, potrntial difference across a given portion of
length L-.
L−
• V− = VTOTAL
LTOTAL
POTENTIOMETER:
• Potentiometer is a physical application of a potential divider.
• It is used for finding out the values of unknown emf’s of test cells using Null method.

237
• It can also be used to compare the values of potential difference across the portion of the wire and
resistors placed parallel to the wire.

238
CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER INTO AMMETER AND VOLTMETER:

• G to A. shunting. Very small resistance in parallel.
• G to V. multiplying. Large resistance in series.
CONNETIONS OF CELLS:
• Two types of connections.
1. Cells in Series:
E =E1 + E2 + E3 = nE
Total internal resistance = nr,
Used to provide a higher voltage.
2. Cells in Parallel:
E remains same in all cells.
Effective internal resistance decreases.
Used to obtain maximum current.
MAXIMUM POWER THEOREM:
• Maximum power in the external resistor is obtained when R = r.
KIRCHOFF’S LAWS:
FIRST LAW: (LAW OF CONSERVATION OF CHARGE)
• Also known as Law of Conservation of Charge.
• The algebraic sum of the currents entering a point in a circuit is zero.
• i.e the algebraic sum of current entering a junction is equal to algebraic sum of current leaving from
that junction.
• ∑I=0
• I = I 1 + I2 + I3

239
SECOND LAW: (LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY)

• Also known as Law of Conservation of Energy.
• Round a closed loop, the algebraic sum of the e.m.f.s is equal to the algebraic sum of the products of
the current and resistance.
• ∑ E = ∑IR
• ∑ E = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + …..
• RULE: Any quantity (emf or current) in the direction of loop is taken as positive, against the loop is
taken as negative.
MULTIPLE LOOP AND KIRCHOFFE’S LAWS:

• Apply following steps while solving Kirchoffe’s Laws.
1. Choose a junction and apply kirchoffe’s 1st Law. ∑ I = 0
2. Choose a loop and apply kirchoffe’s 2nd Law. ∑ E = ∑IR . While applying 2nd law, consider
following rules.
a. Any quantity (emf or current) in the direction of loop is taken as positive, against the loop is
taken as negative.
b. Any quantity (emf or current) in a given section of loop will be taken the way as they are (as
they show in that particular section of the loop).

240

241
CURRENT ELECTRICITY 2018-2022 MCQ’S

1
M/
12/
18
M/
12/
18
M/
12/
18
4
M/
12/
18

242
J/
11/
18
J/
11/
18
7
J/
12/
18

243
J/
13/
18
10
J/
13/
18

244
11
N/
18/
11
12
N/
18/
11
13
N/
18/
11

245
14
N/
18/
12
15
N/
18/
13
16
N/
18/
13

246
17
M/
19/
12
18
M/
19/
12
19
M/
19/
12

247
20
J/
19/
11
21
J/
19/
11

248
22
J/
19/
11
23
J/
19/
12
24
J/
19/
12

249
25
J/
19/
13
26
J/
19/
13
27
N/
11/
19

250
28
N/
11/
19
29
N/
11/
19
30
N/
11/
19

251
31
N/
12/
19
32
N/
12/
19
33
N/
12/
19
34
N/
13/
19
35
M/
12/
20

252
36
M/
12/
20
37
J/
12/
20
38
J/
11/
20
39
J/
11/
20

253
40
J/
12/
20
41
J/
12/
20

254
42
J/
12/
20
43
J/
13/
20

255
44
J/
13/
20
45
J/
13/
20
46
N/
11/
20
47
N/
11/
20

256
48
N/
12/
20
49
N/
12/
20
50
N/
13/
20

257
51
N/
13/
20
52
M/
12/
21
53
M/
12/
21
54
J/
11/
21

258
55
J/
11/
21
56
J/
11/
21
57
J/
11/
21
58
J/
12/
21

259
59
J/
12/
21
60
J/
12/
21

260
61
J/
13/
21
62
J/
13/
21
63
N/
11/
21

261
64
N/
11/
21
65
N/
11/
21
66
N/
12/
21

262
67
N/
12/
21
68
N/
12/
21
69
N/
13/
21

263
70
N/
13/
21
71
M/
12/
22
72
M/
12/
22
73
M/
12/
22

264
CURRENT ELECTRICITY 2018-2022 (MCQ’S ANSWERS)

1 C 11 A 21 A 31 B 41 B
2 D 12 B 22 C 32 C 42 A
3 A 13 B 23 B 33 C 43 C
4 A 14 D 24 A 34 C 44 D
5 C 15 A 25 A 35 D 45 B
6 D 16 C 26 A 36 D 46 A
7 B 17 D 27 B 37 C 47 D
8 A 18 A 28 B 38 B 48 D
9 D 19 D 29 B 39 C 49 A
10 B 20 B 30 A 40 D 50 C
51 C 61 C 71 D
52 D 62 A 72 B
53 C 63 C 73 C
54 A 64 A
55 C 65 D
56 B 66 B
57 D 67 B
58 A 68 C
59 B 69 D
60 A 70 B

265
DC CIRCUITS MCQ’S (2018-2022)

1
M/
12/
18
M/
12/
18
M/
12/
18

266
J/
11/
18
J/
11/
18
J/
11/
18

267
J/
11/
18
J/
11/
18

268
J/
11/
18
10
J/
12/
18
11
J/
12/
18

269
12
J/
12/
18
13
J/
12/
18

270
14
J/
12/
18
15
J/
13/
18

271
16
J/
13/
18
17
J/
13/
18

272
18
J/
13/
18
19
J/
13/
18
20
J/
13/
18

273
21
N/
18/
11
22
N/
18/
11

274
23
N/
18/
11
24
N/
18/
12

275
25
N/
18/
12
26
N/
18/
12
27
N/
18/
12

276
28
N/
18/
13
29
N/
18/
13
30
N/
18/
13

277
31
N/
18/
13
32
M/
19/
12

278
33
M/
19/
12
34
M/
19/
12

279
35
M/
19/
12
36
J/
19/
11
37
J/
19/
11

280
38
J/
19/
11
39
J/
19/
12
40
J/
19/
12

281
41
J/
19/
12
42
J/
19/
13

282
43
J/
19/
13
44
J/
19/
13

283
45
J/
19/
13
46
N/
11/
19
47
N/
11/
19

284
48
N/
11/
19
49
N/
11/
19

285
50
N/
11/
19
51
N/
12/
19

286
52
N/
12/
19
53
N/
12/
19

287
54
N/
12/
19
55
N/
13/
19

288
56
N/
13/
19
57
N/
13/
19

289
58
N/
13/
19

290
59
N/
13/
19
60
M/
12/
20

291
61
M/
12/
20
62
M/
12/
20

292
63
M/
12/
20
64
J/
11/
20
65
J/
11/
20

293
66
J/
11/
20
67
J/
12/
20
68
J/
12/
20

294
69
J/
12/
20
70
J/
13/
20

295
71
J/
13/
20
72
J/
13/
20

296
73
N/
11/
20
74
N/
11/
20

297
75
N/
11/
20
76
N/
11/
20

298
77
N/
12/
20
78
N/
12/
20

299
79
N/
12/
20
80
N/
12/
20

300
81
N/
13/
20
82
N/
13/
20

301
83
N/
13/
20
84
M/
12/
21

302
85
M/
12/
21
86
M/
12/
21

303
87
M/
12/
21
88
M/
12/
21

304
89
J/
11/
21
90
J/
11/
21

305
91
J/
11/
21
92
J/
12/
21

306
93
J/
12/
21
94
J/
12/
21

307
95
J/
12/
21
96
J/
13/
21

308
97
J/
13/
21
98
J/
13/
21

309
99
J/
13/
21
100
N/
11/
21
101
N/
11/
21

310
102
N/
11/
21
103
N/
11/
21

311
104
N/
12/
21
105
N/
12/
21

312
106
N/
12/
21
107
N/
13/
21

313
108
N/
13/
21
109
N/
13/
21
110
M/
12/
22

314
111
M/
12/
22
112
M/
12/
22

315
113
M/
12/
22

316
114
M/
12/
22
115
M/
12/
22

317
116
M/
12/
22

318
DC 2018-2022 (MCQ’S ANSWERS)

1 C 11 B 21 A 31 C 41 A
2 D 12 A 22 A 32 C 42 D
3 C 13 A 23 B 33 B 43 C
4 A 14 C 24 A 34 A 44 B
5 A 15 B 25 B 35 D 45 B
6 C 16 A 26 B 36 B 46 B
7 B 17 C 27 C 37 C 47 D
8 B 18 D 28 B 38 A 48 D
9 D 19 D 29 A 39 C 49 C
10 A 20 D 30 D 40 A 50 D
51 A 61 B 71 D 81 B 91 B
52 C 62 B 72 A 82 D 92 A
53 C 63 C 73 A 83 C 93 C
54 A 64 D 74 B 84 C 94 A
55 C 65 B 75 B 85 B 95 C
56 D 66 D 76 A 86 C 96 A
57 A 67 C 77 B 87 D 97 C
58 A 68 A 78 B 88 A 98 B
59 B 69 A 79 D 89 C 99 C
60 B 70 C 80 D 90 B 100 D
101 A 111 A
102 A 112 C
103 C 113 A
104 B 114 A
105 A 115 B
106 A 116 C
107 D
108 A
109 A
110 B

319
DC CIRCUITS + CURRENT ELECTRICITY 2018-2022

1
M/
22/
18

320

321
J/
21/
18

322

323
J/
22/
18

324

325
J/
23/
18

326

327
N/
18/
21

328

329
N/
18/
22

330

331
N/
18/
23

332
N/
18/
23

333

334
M/
19/
22

335

336
10
J/
19/
21

337

338
11
J/
19/
22

339

340
12

341
13
J/
19/
23

342

343
14
N/
19/
21

344

345
15
N/
19/
22

346

347
16
N/
19/
23

348

349
17
M/
20/
22

350

351
18
J/
20/
21

352

353
19
J/
20/
22

354

355
20
J/
20/
23

356

357
21
J/
20/
23

358
22
J/
20/
23

359
23
N/
20/
21

360

361
24
N/
20/
22

362

363
25
N/
20/
23

364

365
26
M/
21/
22

366

367

368
27
J/
21/
21

369

370
28
J/
22/
21

371

372
29
J/
23/
21

373

374
30
N/
21/
21

375

376
31
N/
22/
21

377

378
32
N/
23/
21

379

380
33
M/
22/
22

381

382

383
DC CIRCUITS + CURRENT ELECTRICITY 2018-2022 (ANSWERS)

1
M/
22/
18
J/
21/
18

384
J/
22/
18
J/
23/
18

385
N/
18/
22
N/
18/
22
7
N/
18/
23
8
N/
18/
23

386
N/
19/
23
10
J/
19/
21

387
11
12
J/
19/
23
13
J/
19/
23

388
14
N/
19/
21
15
N/
19/
22

389
16
N/
19/
23
17
M/
20/
22

390
18
J/
20/
21
19
J/
20/
22
20
J/
20/
23

391
21
J/
20/
23
22
J/
20/
23
23
N/
20/
21

392
24
N/
20/
22
25
N/
20/
23
26
M/
21/
22

393
27
J/
21/
21
28
J/
21/
22
29
J/
21/
23

394
30
N/
21/
21
31
N/
21/
22

395
32
N/
21/
23
33
M/
22/
22

396
PARTICLE PHYSICS

397
PARTICLE PHYSICS
NUCLEON NUMBER (A):
• Total number of protons and neutron inside the nucleus.
• Also called the mass number.
PROTON NUMBER (Z):
• Total number of protons inside the nucleus.
• Also known as atomic number.
NUCLIDE:
• A nucleus represented in terms of its element, proton number and nucleon number is called a
nuclide.
• AZX (X – NUCLEUS, A – NUCLEON NUMBER, Z – PROTON NUMBER).
ISOTOPES:
• Atoms with same proton number but different nucleon number.
• They have different number of neutrons.
• Example: 11H, 12H. 13H
UNIFIED ATOMIC MASS:
• It is equivalent to one twelfth the mass of an atom of carbon – 12.
• 1u = 1.66 x 10 -27Kg
ELECTRON VOLT:
• 1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19J
• 1M eV = 1.6 x 10-13J
MASS AND ENERGY:
• Mass and energy are linked to each other through Einstein’s mass and energy relationship.
• E = mc2 or ΔE = Δmc2

398

399

400

401
RADIOACTIVITY
• Spontaneous and random emission of certain types of radiations (α, β-, β+ and γ) from an
unstable nucleus is called Radioactivity.
• All elements with atomic number greater than 82 are unstable.
• Elements with atomic number less than 82 can also have radioactive isotopes.
• All these radiations are emitted from inside the nucleus.

402

403

404
Spontaneous Emission:
• Emission process is unaffected by external triggers (Temperature, pressure, electric field,
magnetic field, Light intensity, humidity etc.)
• The process is not affected by chemical combinations either.
• Every radioactive has a certain half-life though.
Random Emission:
• Emission process is unpredictable in time and nature.
• Which nucleus in the given radioactive sample would decay next by which radiation is
unpredictable.
• It also means that the particles in the process are not emitted at regular intervals.
100C 500C

405
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER:
1. Photons 2. Leptons 3. Hadrons
• Photons and leptons are elementary particles.
• Hadrons are composed of elementary particles called quarks.
• All matter is assumed to belong to either the quark group or the lepton group.

406
Photons:
• Electromagnetic radiations travelling in the form of discrete energy packets are known as
photons.
• Energy of a photon is given by the formula, E = hf
• During a nuclear reaction, energy is converted into mass and vice versa according to
Einstein mass – energy relationship. E = Δmc2
Leptons:
• Leptons are the particles which do not experience strong nuclear force.
• Electrons, muons and neutrinos are leptons.
Hadrons:
• Hadrons are the particles which experience the strong nuclear force.
• Protons, neutrons and mesons are hadrons.
• Particles with mass greater than protons are called baryons.
• Particles with mass lighter than protons are called mesons.
• Hadrons are further composed of elementary particles called quarks.
Quarks:
407
• According to quark theory, the quarks are proposed as the building blocks of the hadrons
(baryons and mesons).
• Six flavors of quarks.
• Six flavors of antiquarks.
• 3 quarks make a baryon.
• A pair of a quark and an antiquark makes a meson.

408

409
Electrons and Positrons:

• Electrons have charge –e and mass me.
• Positrons have charge +e and mass me.

410
PARTICLE & NUCLEAR PHYSICS MCQ’S (2018 – 2022)

1
M/
12/
18
M/
12/
18
J/
11/
18
4
J/
11/
18

411
J/
11/
18
J/
12/
18
J/
12/
18
J/
12/
18
J/
13/
18

412
10
J/
13/
18
11
N/
18/
11
12
N/
18/
11
13
N/
18/
12
14
N/
18/
12

413
15
N/
18/
13
16
N/
18/
13
17
N/
18/
13
18
M/
19/
12
19
M/
19/
12
20
J/
19/
11

414
21
J/
19/
11
22
J/
19/
12
23
J/
19/
12
24
J/
19/
12
25
J/
19/
13
26
J/
19/
13

415
27
N/
11/
19
28
N/
11/
19
29
N/
12/
19
30
N/
12/
19

416
31
N/
12/
19
32
N/
13/
19
33
N/
13/
19

417
34
M/
12/
20
35
M/
12/
20
36
M/
12/
20

418
37
J/
11/
20
38
J/
11/
20
39
J/
12/
20
40
J/
12/
20
41
J/
13/
20

419
42
J/
13/
20
43
N/
11/
20
44
N/
11/
20

420
45
N/
11/
20
46
N/
12/
20
47
N/
12/
20

421
48
N/
13/
20
49
N/
13/
20
50
M/
12/
21

422
51
M/
12/
21
52
J/
11/
21
53
J/
11/
21
54
J/
12/
21
55
J/
12/
21

423
56
J/
13/
21
57
J/
13/
21
58
N/
11/
21
59
N/
11/
21
60
N/
12/
21

424
61
N/
12/
21
62
N/
13/
21
63
N/
13/
21

425
64
N/
13/
21
65
M/
12/
22

426
66
M/
12/
22
67
M/
12/
22

427
PARTICLE & NUCLEAR PHYSICS 2018-2021 (MCQ’S ANSWERS)
1 D 11 D 21 D 31 B 41 A 51 B
2 B 12 B 22 C 32 D 42 C 52 B
3 C 13 C 23 C 33 A 43 D 53 A
4 D 14 A 24 D 34 D 44 A 54 C
5 D 15 C 25 A 35 D 45 A 55 A
6 C 16 A 26 A 36 C 46 C 56 C
7 B 17 A 27 B 37 B 47 D 57 D
8 B 18 D 28 D 38 C 48 D 58 C
9 C 19 D 29 B 39 B 49 B 59 B
10 A 20 A 30 C 40 A 50 B 60 C
61 B
62 B
63 D
64 B
65 C
66 B
67 D

428
PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS 2018-2022 (QUESTIONS THEORY)

1
M/2
2/
18

429
J/
21/
18

430
J/
22/
18

431
J/
23/
18

432
N/
18/
22

433
M/
19/
22

434
J/
19/
21

435
J/
19/
22

436
J/
19/
23

437
10
N/
19/
21

438
11
N/
19/
22

439
12
N/
19/
23

440
13
M/2
0/
22

441
14
J/
20/
21

442

443
15
J/
20/
22

444
16
J/
20/
23

445
17
N/
20/
21

446

447
18
N/
20/
22

448
19
N/
20/
23

449

450
20
M/
21/
22

451
21
J/
21/
21

452

453
22
J/
22/
21

454

455
23
J/
23/
21

456
24
N/
21/
21

457
25
N/
22/
21

458

459
26
M/
22/
22

460
PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS 2018-2022 (ANSWERS THEORY)

1
M/
22/
18
J/
21/
18
J/
22/
18
J/
23/
18
N/
18/
22

461
M/
19/
22
J/
19/
21
J/
19/
22
9
J/
19/
23
10
N/
19/
21

462
11
N/
19/2
2
12
N/
19/
23
13
M/
20/
22
14
J/
20/
21

463
15
J/
20/
22
16
J/
20/
23
17
N/
20/
21

464
18
N/
20/
22
19
N/
20/
23
20
M/
21/
22

465
21
J/
21/
21
22
J/
22/
21
23
J/
23/
21

466
24
N/
21/
21
25
N/
22/
21
26
M/
22/
22

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1

3 SUPERPOSITION 90 97 116 117 132

4 SUPERPOSITION 135 142 158 159 181

5 SUPERPOSITION 185 190 205 206 217

6 CURRENT 219 241 264 319 383

7 DC CIRCUITS 219 265 318 319 383

8 PARTICLE AND 396 410 427 428 460

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

MEDIUM OF Mechanical wave: EM waves:

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

ENERGY Progressive waves: Stationary waves:

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

TERMS RELATED WITH WAVE MOTION:

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

2. Displacement – time graph. (particle motion):

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

• Two successive wavefronts are essentially one wavelength apart.

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

MOVING SOURCE AND STATIONARY OBSERVER:

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

WAVES 2018-2022 (MCQ’S)

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT

AMINA SABAHAT PIRZADA LGS 55 – MAIN, BEACONHOUSE ALJT, CRESCENT