FUNDAMENTAL OF NURSING

UNIT-III
TOPIC – PHYSICAL NEEDS
TEST (1/29/2024)
Time duration: 45 min. Max Marks:25
1. ONE WORD ANSWER (1×4=4)
A. Lithotomy position is given to the ----------------patient.
B. Side rail is a----------------device.
C. Pillow is a------------------device
D. Bed is also known as----------------and----------------------.
2. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (2×3=6)
A. Define comfort and comfort devices
B. Define body mechanics
C. Define active and passive exercise
3. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (3×5=15)
A. Write the stages of bed sore and their management.
B. Enlist the types of positions and their purposes.
C. Define personal hygiene and its components.
 ANSWER KEY

4. ONE WORD ANSWER (1×4=4)

E. Lithotomy position is given to the -Delivery patient.
F. Side rail is a-safety-device.
G. Pillow is a-comfort-device
H. Bed is also known as-pressure ulcers-and-decubitus ulcers-.

5. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (2×3=6)

D. Define comfort and comfort devices
Ans. comfort is a state of free from pain and discomfort, tension and
anxiety.
Comfort is concerned with rest, exercise, and relaxation of body with the
bed and whole environment.
Comfort devices are invented articles which would add comfort to the
patient when used in the appropriate manner, for relieving the discomfort
and helping to maintain correct posture.
Comfort devices are the mechanical devices to promote comfort to the
patient.
E. Define body mechanics
Ans. body mechanics is defined as the coordinated use of muscles, joints
and nervous system in order to perform positive efficient work. Good
body mechanism is used in day to day activity and every bodies life.
F. Define active and passive exercise.
Ans. Active exercise is when patient move their limbs within range of
motion by themselves without assistance.
 Passive exercise is when a patient’s limb movement or exercise is done
by some assistance or physical therapist.

6. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (3×5=15)

D. Write the stages of bed sore and their management.
Ans.

Stage 1: The area looks red and feels warm to the touch. The

skin is intact. Includes epidermis
 Stage 2: The area looks more damaged and may have an open
sore, scrape, or blister. The skin is broken. May affect epidermis
and dermis.
 Stage 3: The area has a crater-like appearance due to damage
below the skin's surface. The fatty tissue is exposed.
subcutaneous layer is involved.
 Stage 4: The area is severely damaged and a large wound is
present. The muscle, tendons, ligaments, or bone may be
affected.
Management:
 Repositioning of the patient.
 Treatment of concurrent conditions which may delay healing.
 Pressure-relieving support surfaces such as beds, mattresses,
overlays or cushions.
 Local wound management using modern or advanced wound
dressings and other technologies.
 Patients with identified Grade 1 pressure ulcers are at a
significant risk of developing more severe ulcers and should
receive interventions to prevent deterioration.
 Pain relief:
- Pain is often significant and disabling for those with
pressure ulcers.
- Paracetamol may be sufficient but patients often require
stronger analgesia.
 - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may increase
peripheral edema and are inappropriate for patients with
pressure ulcers.
- Pain relief may need to be increased for dressing changes.
- Patients may require referral to a pain clinic.
 Infection control :
- All pressure ulcers are colonized with bacteria. Most local
infection can be managed using antimicrobial wound
products; systemic antibiotics should not be used routinely
for local infection.
- Reduce risk of infection and enhance wound healing by
hand washing, wound cleaning and debridement. Protect
from exogenous sources of contamination.
- At the time of dressing, cleaning wounds with sterile water.
saline or a topical antiseptic can reduce the bacterial burden
and the risk of infection.
- If purulent material or foul odor is present, more frequent
cleaning and possibly debridement are required.
- The simplest method for debriding necrotic tissue involves
careful use of a sterile scalpel with adequate analgesia or
anesthesia. Alternative approaches include include the use of
topical hydrating products, such as hydrogels, cadexomer
iodine beads or larval therapy.
- Systemic antibiotics are required for patients with clinical
evidence of systemic sepsis, spreading cellulites or
underlying osteomyelitis.

E. Enlist the types of positions and their purposes.

Ans.

1. Dorsal/supine position

Purpose-
  usual position
 For examination of chest and abdomen.
2. Dorsal recumbent position
Purpose-
 For catheterization, vaginal and rectal examination.
 Vaginal operations and insertion of tempons
 Patients with abdominal or pelvic operations.
 Patients with gastric or chest conditions.
3. Lithotomy position
Purpose-
 During gynecological examination, treatment and
operations.
 For delivery of the baby.
 Rectal examinations and operations.
4. Lateral position
Purpose-
 For giving back care, enema and colonic irrigation.
 Examination of perineum or rectum inserting suppositories,
 Taking rectal temperature.
 Change of position.
5. Prone position
Purpose-
 In post-operative cases of tonsils, vesicovaginal fistula and
spinal cases.
 To prevent bed sores.
 To relieve abdominal distension.
  For patients having injuries and burns on back
6. Sim’s position
Purpose-
 For unconscious patient.
 For rectal examination.
 Relaxation in antenatal exercises.
7. Knee-chest position
Purpose-
 Used in sigmoidoscopy.
 For vaginal and rectal examination.
 First aid treatment in cord prolapse or retroverted uterus.
 As exercise for postpartum and gynecology patients.
8. Trendelenburg’s position
Purpose-
 In emergency situation like shock and hemorrhage.
 For vaginal surgeries.
 To display intestines from pelvic cavity.
 During operations of the pelvis organs.
 To arrest the bleeding from lower limbs.
9. Fowler’s position

Purpose-

 To relieve dyspnea.
 To improve circulation
 To prevent thrombosis.
 To relieve edema of the chest and abdomen.
  To promote comfort.
 During NG tube insertion, feeding and oral medication.
F. Define personal hygiene and its components.
Ans. Personal hygiene is a common term which is commonly used in
nursing, medical and public health practices as well as at home. It
includes maintaining the cleanliness and hygiene of the body.
Personal hygiene is defined as a concept of promoting sanitary practices
and promotion of health and healthy practices.
COMPONENTS OF PERSONAL HYGIENE

Write two lines regarding each component.

q
1. Oral hygiene
2. Hand washing
3. Skin care
4. Hair hygiene
5. Foot care
6. Armpit and bottom hygiene

● menstrual hygiene