DATA COLLECTION

AND BASIC CONCEPTS

IN SAMPLING DESIGN
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE
APPLICATION
 DATA COLLECTION

• The process of gathering and measuring information on

variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion
that enables one to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
 SOURCES OF DATA
1. Primary Sources - provide a first-hand account of an event or
time period and are considered to be authoritative. They represent
original thinking, reports on discoveries or events, or they can
share new information. Often these sources are created at the time
the events occurred but they can also include sources that are
created later. They are usually the first formal appearance of
original research.
• Primary Data - are data documented by the primary source. The
data collectors documented the data themselves.
 SOURCES OF DATA
2. Secondary Sources - offer an analysis, interpretation or a
restatement of primary sources and are considered to be
persuasive . They often involve generalization, synthesis,
interpretation, commentary or evaluation in an attempt to
convince the reader of the creator's argument. They often attempt
to describe or explain primary sources.
• Secondary Data - are data documented by a secondary source. The
data collectors had the data documented by other sources.
METHODS OF COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA
1. Direct personal interviews- the researcher has direct contact with the interviewee.
The researcher gathers information by asking questions to the interviewee.
2. Indirect/Questionnaire Method- this methods of data collection involve sourcing
and accessing existing data that were originally collected for the purpose of the
study.
3. Focus Group- a group interview of approximately six to twelve people who share
similar characteristics or common interests. A facilitator guides the group based on
a predetermined set of topics.
4. Experiment- a method of collecting data where there is direct human intervention
on the conditions that may affect the values of the variable of interest.
5. Observation- a technique that involves systematically selecting, watching and
recoding behaviors of people or other phenomena and aspects of the setting in
which they occur, for the purpose of getting (gaining) specified information. It
includes all methods from simple visual observations to the use of high level
machines and measurements, sophisticated equipment or facilities such as:
Radiographic, biochemical, X-ray machines, Microscope, Clinical examinations,
Microbiological examinations.
KEY DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF A GOOD QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Keep the questionnaire as short as possible.

2. Decide on the type of questionnaire (Open Ended or Closed Ended).
3. Write the questions properly.
4. Order the questions appropriately.
5. Avoid questions that prompt or motivate the respondent to say what you
would like to hear.
6. Write an introductory letter or an introduction.
7. Write special instructions for interviewers or respondents.
8. Translate the questions if necessary.
9. Always test your questions before taking the survey. (Pre-test)
 TYPE OF QUESTIONS

• Open-ended Question- a type of question that does not include

response categories. The respondent is not given any possible
answers to choose from. This type of question is usually
appropriate for collecting subjective data. It permit free responses
that should be recorded in the respondent’s own words.
• Closed-ended Question- a type of question that includes a list of
response categories from which the respondent will select his
answer. It is useful if the range of possible responses is known.
This type of question is usually appropriate for collecting objective
data.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OPEN-
ENDED AND CLOSE-ENDED QUESTIONS
 METHODS OF COLLECTING SECONDARY DATA

1. Published report on newspaper and periodicals.

2. Financial Data reported in annual reports.
3. Records maintained by the institution.
4. Internal reports of the government departments.
5. Information from official publications.
QUIZ: Copy and answer the following problem in ¼ sheet of
paper.
• Determine if the following source would be a primary or a secondary source and
the method used in collecting the data.
______________1. Government Records
______________2. Dictionary
______________3. Artifact
______________4. A TV show explaining what happened in Philippines.
______________5. Autobiography about Rodrigo Duterte.
______________6. Enrile diary describing what he thought about the world
war II.
______________7. Audio and video recordings
______________8. Speeches
______________9. Newspaper
______________10. Review Articles