Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Unit 0
Unit 0
TEXT
EXERCISES
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Look through the text and say if these statements are true or false
(according to the author of the article).
1. Most people are happy to give up their own language and learn a world
language.
2. Latin used to be a lingua franca.
3. Everybody is pleased about the rise of English.
4. If your language dies out, you lose an important part of your culture.
5. Multilingualism is a dangerous thing.
6. Learning languages can help you in the modern world.
Ex. 2. Pairwork.
In some countries people are getting angry about the use of English
words in their own language. For example, not everybody likes фаст фуд,
хот дог, провайдер in Russian. How do you feel about this? Does it matter?
Can it be stopped?
Discuss in pairs and tell the class about the conclusion you have come
to. The following phrases can be useful.
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KEY STRUCTURES AND WORD STUDY
Ex. 4. (A) Study the model and translate the following sentences into
Russian.
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6. Миллионы компьютеров выпускаются в мире ежегодно.
Ex. 7. (A) Complete the following using much, many, little, few, a lot of.
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10. _________ people enjoy walking in rainy weather.
11. ________ famous English writers described country life.
12. I’ve got ________ work to do.
13. Her parties are always boring, that’s why ________ people come to them.
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7. Очень мало студентов интересуется этой проблемой.
8. Он привел несколько примеров использования этого прибора.
(the use of this machine)
READING I
Pre-reading questions:
1. What kind of food is popular in your country?
2. What foreign food and drinks are popular in your country?
Everyone loves to eat. People in every country enjoy this activity. There
are so many different kinds of food in the world – there is Chinese food,
Italian food, South American food, Indian food, and many others. It’s fun to
eat and compare different types of cuisine. Italian food is sometimes very
spicy, but South American food is usually much spicier. Indian food can be
the spiciest food of all – sometimes it is so hot that it can make your mouth
burn.
Some wonderful food comes from Oriental countries. Chinese food is
popular in many parts of the world. Lots of people love Chinese - style
vegetables because they are so crispy. Because we cook Chinese - style
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vegetables for a much shorter time, they are crispier than American - style
vegetables.
In fact, they are probably the crispiest cooked vegetables you can find.
It is always fun to eat desserts. Desserts in Oriental countries are often
less sweet than desserts in Western countries. For example, European cakes
and pastries are richer and sweeter than Chinese custard or Japanese rice cake.
The United States has some of the sweetest desserts you can find – apple pie
with ice-cream, banana splits, and chocolate brownies, to name a few.
Some people don’t like American-style food. They think it is often less
tasty and sometimes less nutritious than food in other countries.
Americans eat more ‘fast food’ than people in other countries. Fast foods take
a short time to prepare. Hamburgers, hot dogs, pizza, canned and frozen food
are all examples of fast foods. Often Americans feel they are too busy to
spend a lot of time cooking.
Of course, in some other countries, like France, cooking is still an ‘art
form’. Some people believe that French cuisine is the best in the world.
1. Mexican food contains a lot of spices. North American people think it’s
very hot.
a. opposite of «cold»
b. warm
c. not tasty
d. spicy
2. Oranges are sweet, but lemons are sour.
a. very sweet
b. opposite of sweet
c. tasty
d. small
3. If you eat a healthy diet, you won’t get sick very often.
a. delicious
b. hot
c. nutritious
d. rich
4. For breakfast I want fried eggs. First, break the eggs, then fry them in a hot
pan.
a. broken
b. French
c. cooked in hot water
d. cooked in hot butter or oil
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5. Give me a well-done steak for dinner. I don’t want it red. I want it very
brown.
a. well-prepared
b. cooked for a short time
c. cooked for a long time
d. delicious
6. My friend wants a rare steak. He doesn’t want it brown. He wants it very
red.
a. dark
b. colour
c. cooked for a long time
d. cooked for a short time
7. Most of the time we eat dinner at home. It’s rare for us to eat at restaurants.
a. often
b. usual
c. unusual
d. cooked for a short time
8. Give me a big slice of pizza. I’m hungry today.
a. pie
b. Italian food
c. fast food
d. piece
9. Slice the pizza eight ways. Eight people want to share it.
a. cut
b. piece
c. give
d. tear
10. This soup is too hot. Let’s wait a few minutes before we eat it.
a. spicy
b. burnt
c. opposite of «cold»
d. Mexican.
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Many fast food restaurants are being opened in our country (McDonald’s,
Pizza Hut, etc.) Do you like going to such restaurants or prefer traditional
dishes of Russian cuisine?
Discuss in pairs and tell the class about the conclusion you’ve come to. Use
the phrases expressing opinion and attitude.
READING II
Pre-reading questions:
1. Are newspapers and especially Sunday papers very popular in the UK?
2. Britain has a reputation for having a lot of rain. Which city, New York or
London, has more average rainfall?
A WARNING TO BEGINNERS
George Mikes is the author of the funniest book ever written about the British.
He was born in Hungary but made Britain his home. In "How to Be an Alien"
he describes the strange things British people do and say - the things that
make them different from other Europeans...
In England everything is the other way round. You must understand that
when people say 'England", they sometimes mean 'Great Britain' (England,
Scotland and Wales), sometimes 'the United Kingdom' (England, Scotland,
Wales and Nothern Ireland), sometimes 'the British Isles' (England, Scotland,
Wales, Nothern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland) - but never just England.
On Sundays in Europe, the poorest person wears his best clothes and the life
of the country becomes happy, bright and colourful; on Sundays in England,
the richest people wear their oldest clothes and the country becomes dark and
sad.
In Europe nobody talks about the weather; in England, you have to say
'Nice day, isn't it?' about two hundred times every day, or people think you
are a bit boring.
In Europe you get Sunday newspapers on Monday. In England, a strange
country, you get Sunday newspapers on Sunday.
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In Europe people like their cats but in England they love their cats more
than their family.
In Europe, people eat good food. In England people think that good
manners at the table are more important than the food you get to eat. The
English eat bad food but they say it tastes good.
In Europe important people speak loudly and clearly; in England they learn
to speak slowly and quietly so you cannot understand them.
In Europe, clever people show that they are clever by talking about
Aristotle, Horace and Montaigne; in England only stupid people try to show
how clever they are. The only people who talk about Latin and Greek writers
are those who have not read them.
In Europe, almost every country, big or small, fights wars against those
people who think they are the best. The English already know which country
is really the best.
Europeans cry and quickly get angry; instead of this the English just laugh
quietly at their problems.
In Europe people are either honest with you or they lie to you; in England
people almost never lie, but they are almost never quite honest with you
either.
Many Europeans think that life is a game; the English think cricket is a
game.
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GRAMMAR. REVISION
Ex. 17. Open the brackets using the comparative or superlative forms of
the adverbs.
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6. Whose singing did you like (well), Mary’s, Olga’s or Helen’s?
7. There is no better death than dying to save the one you love (much) of all.
Ex. 18. Fill in the adverbs in brackets in the comparative (with than) or
superlative forms.
When Mary arrived home that evening, two hours …later than… (late)
usual, she found the children playing much ……. (quiet) normally. She was
used to her kids behaving much ……. (noisy) this. Dennis, the youngest, and
the one who usually acted ……. (naughty), was behaving ……. (well) she
had ever seen him do before. Susan, the eldest, who usually stayed up …….
(late) all her brothers and sisters, had gone to bed ……. (early) usual and the
rest of the children were peacefully watching the TV. It is true that her
children are quite strange, but this was …….. (odd) she had ever seen them
acting.
It was when she entered the kitchen that she realised why.
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12.There is a telephone box __ the corner of the street.
13.Write your name __ the back __ this piece __ paper.
14.The boy was learning ___ but there was still a lot to learn.
15.The headquarters of the UN is __ New York.
16.I have to walk __ and __ a lot of stairs every day. My flat is __ the third
floor and there is no lift.
17.Ann’s brother lives __ a small village __ the south coast __ England.
18.Have you ever worked __ a farm?
19.When did he arrive __ Britain?
Ex. 21. Review the Simple (Indefinite) tenses. Can you explain their use
in each example?
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NOTE: The Future Simple tense can be used after the conjunctions «if» and
«when» if they introduce object clauses, e.g.
I don’t know (what?) if he will phone us tonight.
Ex. 22. Practise the 3rd person singular in the Present Simple tense form.
Ex. 23. Work in pairs. Imagine your friend has just come back from
holiday and you are asking him about it. Use the prompts to make up
questions. Let your partner answer them.
1. how / travel ?
2. the weather / fine?
3. how long / stay there?
4. stay in a hotel?
5. go alone?
6. what / do in the evenings?
7. meet any interesting people?
Ex. 24. Work in pairs. (A) Ask each other questions and give true
answers about yourself using the following adverbs of frequency.
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hardly ever occasionally regularly usually
(B) Sum up your findings about your partner beginning “He/She often
(sometimes/hardly ever, etc.) …”
Ex. 25. Open the brackets using the Future Simple tense form.
Ex. 26. Use the proper tenses in the following situations about the future.
Mind the clauses of time.
1. The Owens … (move) to a new flat when their baby … (be) born.
2. I … (give) him your message as soon as he … (phone).
3. We … (visit) the Duty Free shop before our flight … (be) called.
4. I … (not tell) you anything until he … (come).
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5. She … (get) a surprise when she … (open) the door.
6. We … (go) to the cinema when John … (be) ready.
7. We … (read) a story before the lesson (finish).
8. We … (go) out as soon as I … (do) the washing up.
9. After the sun … (set), it … (get) dark.
10. I … (stay) with you till the train … (arrive).
11. I … (not take) the driving test till I … (be) ready.
12. I … (collect) her from the station as soon as she … (phone) me.
13. I … (not answer) Ann’s letter until I … (hear) from you.
14. We … (not go) out until the weather … (change).
Ex. 27. Translate into English using the proper tenses in clauses of time
and condition.
Ex. 28. Use the proper tense forms in clauses of time/condition and
object clauses.
Model: I don’t know if she … (phone) but if she … (phone/do) I’ll ask her to
give me a lift to the University.
I don’t know if she will phone but if she phones (does) I’ll ask her
to give me a lift to the University.
1. Ann doesn’t know if her friends … (call) at her place but if they …. she …
(show) them her latest picture.
2. I wonder if we … (go) on holiday to Spain but if we …. we … (visit) my
favourite museum of Dali.
3. We don’t know if the weather … (change) for the better but if it ... we …
(go) fishing.
4. She isn’t sure if everybody … (arrive) on time and wonders when they …
(reach) the hotel.
5. It isn’t clear if the weather … (change) and if it … the plane … (be) late.
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6. Bob doesn’t know when he … (return) home after a football match but
when he … he … (get in touch) with you.
7. Jim is afraid he … (come) much too early and he wonders if he … (have)
to wait for the other guests to come.
is/am/are
was/were + doing
will be
Ex. 29. Review the Continuous tenses. Can you explain their use in each
example?
Ex. 30. Answer the following questions using the Continuous tense
forms. (Present, Past or Future)
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6. Why do you think you won’t get much sleep tonight? (write a course paper
on history)
Ex. 31. Open the brackets using the Present Continuous or the Present
Simple according to the meaning of the sentence.
Ex. 32. Open the brackets using the Past Simple or Past Continuous.
Mrs May, our District Nurse, … (drive) home at 3 a.m. one night after an
urgent visit to a sick patient.
She … (drive) along a deserted country lane, when she … (see) a new kind
of animal. She … (stop) her car and … (get out). The animal … (be) clearly
visible in the blaze of her headlights. It … (look) like a hedgehog with a tall
white hat. It … (cross) the road without paying any attention to Mrs May.
When Mrs May … (go) close to it, she … (notice) that there was a plastic
yoghurt pot on the hedgehog’s head. The poor creature had got its head stuck
in the plastic pot. Her instincts of a nurse … (tell) her she would have to
rescue it, so she … (pull) at the pot, but the hedgehog … (pull), too. After a
struggle, she … (pull) the pot off the hedgehog’s head. Mrs May … (think)
the hedgehog … (look) rather sad, when she … (notice) that the pot was half
full of strawberry yoghurt. She … (give) it back to the hedgehog. The creature
… (seize) it, … (put) it on its head again, and triumphantly … (continue) its
journey across the road.
(B) Simon … (walk) home from work the other day when he … (notice)
something shining on the pavement on the other side of the road. A car …
(come) down the street, so he waited until it had driven past, then he …
(cross) over. When he … (get) to the other side he saw that it was a tiny coin!
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He … (look) around to make sure no one … (look), then he … (bend) down
to pick it up. Imagine his surprise when he … (not/can) move it! He … (be)
just about to give up when he … (hear) a strange sound behind him. Someone
… (laugh) at him, but he couldn’t see who it … (be). Two little boys … (hide)
behind a hedge, laughing at anyone who tried to pick up the coin they had
stuck to the pavement with glue!
Ex. 33. Match the tense forms 1-8 with the correct description of their
use a-h.
1. “ I really need a drink.” – “OK, I’ll buy / ’m buying you one. What would
you like?”
2. “You look dreadful.” – “I know. I’m seeing / ’ll see the doctor tomorrow
at 4 o’clock.”
3. “Did you remember to water the plants today?” – “Oh, I forgot; I’ll
water / ’m watering them now.”
4. I’ve already told you why I can’t see you tonight. I’m having / ’ll have
guests.
5. I’m sorry. I promise I’ll stay / ’ll be staying out of trouble in the future.
6. I’m sure he’ll understand / ’s going to understand if you explain it to him
clearly.
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7. “I’ve burnt the dinner.” – “Never mind. I’ll go / ’m going to the restaurant
and get a takeaway pizza.”
8. “I forgot to invite Fergus to the party.” – “That’s OK. I’ll see / ’ll be
seeing him this afternoon.”
9. If I have / will have enough money, I will buy a new bicycle.
10. Excuse me, Colin. Will you be going / Will you go to the library this
morning?
11. I’m not sure when I go / ’ll go on holiday this year.
12. If we go / will go to Greece in the summer, we will visit the islands.
13. We can’t get into the office until Jane arrives / will arrive with the key.
14. I doubt if they are / will be on time.
Ex. 35. Speak about (A) tomorrow’s (next week’s, etc.) routine and (B)
your plans for tomorrow (next week, etc.)
has/have
had + done
will have
Ex. 36. Review the Perfect tense forms. Can you explain their use in each
example?
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1. I didn’t know he’d gone to Spain.
2. She had finished her work by 3 o’clock yesterday (by the time
I came back).
Perfect 3. When we arrived at the country house the rain had already
Past
stopped.
4. She told us she had known him since 1994 (for the past few
days, years).
5. As soon as (after, when) they had left Moscow Fred arrived to
visit them.
1. He’ll have taken his exam by 12 o’clock (in an hour, by the
Perfect
NOTE:
1. The Present Perfect versus Past Simple.
The Present Perfect always has The Past Simple tells us only about
connection with the present, e.g. the past, e.g.
Helen hasn’t been ill this year. Helen was ill last year.
Have you seen Mary this morning? Did you see Mary this morning?
(it is still morning) (it is afternoon now)
Lucy has lived in London for Lucy lived in London for 10 years.
10 years. Then she moved to …
(She still lives now) (She no longer lives there)
2. The Past Perfect is not used to denote a succession of actions. In this case
the Past Simple is used, e.g.
He got up, went to the bathroom, sat down to breakfast, read a newspaper
and went to work.
3. The Past Simple is used after the conjunctions after, before, when if a
succession of actions is implied, e.g.
She had a short rest before she went on with her work.
When I wrote the letter I posted it.
Ex. 37. Put the verb in brackets into the Present Perfect tense form.
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5. I know London perfectly well. I … (be) there several times.
6. I can’t find my bag. I think, somebody … (take) it by mistake.
7. «Do you speak Spanish?» – «No, I … (never / study) it».
Ex. 38. Answer the questions using the prompts with yet, just and
already.
Ex. 39. (A) Review the use of for and since with Perfect forms.
for since
We use for when we refer to a period We use since when we refer to
of time. (two hours, six weeks, etc.) the start of the period. (8 o’clock,
Monday, 2008, etc.)
I’ve known her for 20 years. I’ve known her since 1995.
for since
two hours a week 8 o’clock 1996
20 minutes 50 years Monday Christmas
five days a long time 13 May lunchtime
six months ages September they were at school
We haven’t been to the cinema for Sarah has lived in London since
ages. 2002.
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1. It hasn’t rained ________ autumn.
2. Tom’s father has worked in the same company _______ 20 years.
3. How long have you lived in London?
I’ve been living in London ________my childhood.
4. __________Christmas the weather has been quite good.
5. Please, hurry up! We’ve been waiting _______ an hour.
6. Kevin has been out of work _________he left school.
Ex. 40. (A) Compare When+Past Simple? and How long+Present Perfect?
Ex. 41. (A) Compare the meaning of been and gone in Perfect forms.
1. Mary’s hair looks nice. She has just _______ to the hairdresser’s.
2. John has ________ to Brazil and he’s staying there.
3. She has ___________ in hospital since Monday.
4. Where is Tom? He has _______ home.
5. Carol knows a lot about films. She has _______ to the cinema a lot.
6. Ted isn’t at work. He has ________ ill for a week.
7. George is outside his friend’s house. Nobody answers. They have ______
out.
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Ex. 42. Translate into English using the Present Perfect.
Ex. 44. Put the verb in brackets into the Present Perfect or Past Simple.
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5. We ________ (not eat) anything yesterday because we ______ (not feel)
hungry.
6. Robert Burns _______ (write) lots of poems.
7. The car looks very clean. _________ you (wash) it?
8. Thousands of people _________ (visit) the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
for the last few years.
Ex. 45. Translate into English using either the Present Perfect or Past
Simple.
Ex. 47. Use the verb in brackets in either the Past Perfect or Past Simple.
The biggest event in Tom’s life ……. (happen) by chance. He ……. (be)
22 and he …….. (just/leave) college. He …….. (get) his degree and he was
looking for a job. He …….. (want) to be a journalist but he ……. (know) he
……. (not/have) enough experience. You see, as a student, he …….. (spend)
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most of his time in the university theatre. He …….. (write) to all the
newspapers but he …….. (not/receive) any replies. Then one day, the phone
…….. (ring). It was a woman who …….. (offer) him a job as an actor. She
…….. (see) him in a play at the university and …….. (enjoy) the
performance. He …….. (take) the job and since then he’s been very
successful. Last night he …….. (discover) he …….. (win) an award for his
performance in the play.
Ex. 48. Translate the following sentences using the correct tense form.
Ex. 49. Complete the sentences logically using appropriate past tense
forms.
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Ex. 50. Put the verb in brackets into the Future Perfect tense form.
Ex. 51. Put the verb in brackets into the Present Simple, Future Simple
or Future Perfect tense forms.
Ex. 52. Translate into English using the Future Perfect tense form.
Ex. 53. Fill in the proper present or future tense forms or be going to.
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Dear Mum,
By the time you ………. (receive) this letter I ………. (finish) my final
exams and, whether they went well or not, I ……… (celebrate).
I ……… (start) looking for a job at the end of the summer because I
……… (go) on holiday around Europe for a month, starting next week. Sue
………. (probably/come) with me, although she’s not sure yet. If she does,
I’m sure we ……… (have) a great time. I ………. (see) her this evening, as
usual, so I expect she ……….. (tell) me her decision then.
Anyway, my first exam ……… (start) at 9 o’clock tomorrow so I ……..
(drive) down to the library to do some last-minute revision. Even though I
……… (study) Russian for four years by the time these exams are over, I feel
I’ve still got a lot to learn about the language.
Give my love to Sam and Rover,
Yours,
Jason
REPORTED SPEECH
Ex. 54. Review the rules for imperative sentences (requests, warnings,
instructions, prohibition)
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7. «Will you buy tickets to the cinema, please?», my friend asked me.
8. «Be careful when crossing the street», the mother said to her little son.
9. «Can you open your suitcase?», the customs officer asked us.
Ex. 56. Review the rules for reported statements paying attention to the
Sequence of Tenses and time words.
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NOTE:
1. If the reported statement is out-of-date, the tenses change. If the reported
statement is up-to-date, the tenses can remain the same, e.g.
“They are leaving next week,” he said. →
He said they were leaving the following week. (out-of-date)
He said they are leaving next week. (up-to-date)
2. The Past Perfect and Past Continuous usually remain the same in Reported
Speech, e.g.
“I was watching TV while Ann was reading a book.” →
He said he was watching TV while Ann was reading a book.
Ex. 58. Jim received Ann’s message while she was on holiday. Read
Ann’s words and report them.
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1. “The weather is hot.”
2. “The hotel is nice and the food is delicious.”
3. “I go swimming every day.”
4. “I will always remember this place.’
5. “I don’t want to go back to work.”
6. “I’m learning Spanish.”
7. “I’ve got a lovely sun tan.”
8. “I’m coming back again next year.”
9. “I’ve bought many souvenirs.”
Ex. 59. Review the rules for reported and indirect questions.
Ex. 60. Fiona went for an interview last week. First read, then report
Mr Roberts’ questions.
Ex. 61. Turn the following into indirect questions. Omit question marks
where necessary.
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3. Are we going out tonight? I want to know …
4. Is this correct? I doubt …
5. Whose car is this? I wonder …
6. Does this train stop at Leeds? Could you tell me …
***
Ex. 62. Change the following from Direct into Reported Speech.
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22. «Have you taken the sick man to hospital?» I asked them.
23. «I believe they will have made their minds by the end of the party,» she
said.
24. «I‘ve just seen my close friend,» my brother said to me. «I haven’t seen
him since he left for America.»
II. The definite article the is used when the nouns are modified by a limiting
attribute, situation, e.g.
We'll always remember the May of 1945.
She came on the Friday when David was born.
It happened in the spring of 1999.
He'll never forget the day when he met her.
The (that) night was warm and beautiful.
III. The indefinite article a/an is used when the nouns are modified by a
descriptive attribute, e.g.
A cold May is a usual thing in Moscow.
It was a beautiful autumn.
She spent a sleepless night.
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I. 1. …. autumn has come and early in …. morning …. sheets of …. ice
cover …. puddles on the road. 2. …. rain never stopped at …. night, and
…. morning started with …. dull rain typical of …. late autumn. 3. We
had …. cold winter last year with a lot of …. snow. …. frost didn’t let go
even during …. day. 4. It was …. late afternoon on …. foggy September
day when he left the town in his car. 5. We are expecting them on ….
Friday evening, some time after seven.
II. The year is divided into four seasons: …. spring, …. summer, …. autumn
and …. winter. In …. spring Nature awakens from her long winter sleep.
The trees are filled with new life, …. earth is warmed by …. rays of ….
sun, and the weather gets gradually milder. The fields and meadows are
covered with fresh green grass. …. sky is blue and cloudless. At …. night
millions of stars shine in …. darkness.
III. When …. summer comes …. weather gets warmer and sometimes it’s
very hot. It’s farmer’s busy season – he works in his fields from ….
morning till …. night. The grass must be cut and the hay must be made,
while …. dry weather lasts. Sometimes …. skies are overcast with ….
heavy clouds. There are …. storms with …. thunder, …. lightning and ….
hail.
(From London Linguaphone Course)
***
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Ex. 65. Translate the following sentences into English. Pay attention to
the use of articles with nouns modified by numerals.
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UNIT I. APPEARANCE AND CHARACTER
Pre-reading questions:
1. What questions do we usually ask if we want to know the appearance
of someone we have never seen?
2. What do ballet dancers (boxers, models, etc) look like?
3. Describe your friend’s appearance.
Skim the text (when you skim the text you just look through the text quickly.
You should try to understand important ideas, general meaning).
Work in pairs:
Find out:
Fifth avenue was shining in the sun when they left the Brevoort. The sun
was warm, even though it was February, and everything looked like Sunday
morning – the buses and the well-dressed people walking slowly in couples
and the quiet buildings with the windows closed.
Michael held Frances’s arm tightly as they walked toward Washington
Square in the sunlight. Michael unbuttoned his coat and let it flap around him
in the mild wind.
“Look out,” Frances said as they crossed Eighth Street. “You’ll break
your neck». Michael laughed and Frances laughed with him.
“She’s not so pretty,” Frances said. “Anyway, not pretty enough to take a
chance of breaking your neck.”
Michael laughed again. “How did you know I was looking at her?”
Frances patted his arm lightly and pulled him along a little faster toward
Washington Square. “Let’s not see anybody all day,” she said. “Let’s just
hang around with each other. You and me. I want to go out with my husband
all day long. I want him to talk only to me and listen only to me.”
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“What can stop us?” Michael asked.
“The Stevensons. They expect us to drop by around one o’clock and
they’ll drive us to the country.”
“The cunning Stevensons,” Mike said. ‘To be quite honest about it, I hate
to go somewhere with them. They can go driving in the country by
themselves.”
“Let me arrange a program» Frances said. A planned Sunday in New
York for a young couple with money to throw away.” “I am not against it at
all.”
“First let’s go to the Metropolitan Museum of Art,” Frances suggested,
because Michael had said during the week he wanted to go. Then we can take
the bus down to Radio City and watch them skate. And later we’ll go down to
Cavanagh’s and get a steak as big as a blacksmith’s apron, with a picture at
the Filmarte that everybody says – say, are you listening to me?”
“Sure,” he said. He took his eyes off the hatless girl with the dark hair, cut
dancer-style like a helmet, who was walking past him.
“You always look at other women,” Frances said. “Everywhere. Every
place we go.”
“No, darling,” Michael said, “I look at everything. God gave me eyes and
I look at women and men in subway excalations and morning pictures and the
little flowers of the field. I casually inspect the universe.”
“I’m a happily married man.” Michael pressed her elbow tenderly.
“Example for the whole twentieth century – Mr. and Mrs. Mike Loomis. Hey,
let’s have a drink”, he said, stopping.
“We just had breakfast.”
“Now listen, darling,” Mike said, choosing his words with care, «it’s a
nice day and we both felt good and there’s no reason why we have to break it
up. Let’s have a nice Sunday.”
“All right. I don’t know why I started this. Let’s drop it. Let’s have a good
time. Let’s enjoy ourselves!”
They joined the people walking between the crowded benches, under the
scrubby citypark trees.
“I try not to notice it,” Frances said, “but I see that look in your eye and
that’s the way you looked at me the first time. It makes me feel terrible. I
think I would like to have a drink now,” Frances said.
They walked over to a bar on Eighth Street, without saying anything. He
sighed and closed his eyes and rubbed them gently with his fingertips. “I like
the way women look. One of the things I like best about New York is the
battalions of women. When I think of New York City I think of all the girls
on parade in the city. I don’t know whether it’s something special with me or
whether every man in the city walks around with the same feeling inside him,
but I feel as though I am at a picnic in the city. I like to sit near the women in
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the theatres, the famous beauties who’ve taken six hours to get ready and look
it. And the young girls at the football games, with the red cheeks, and when
the warm weather comes, the girls in their summer dresses”. He finished his
drink. “That’s the story.”
She began to cry silently into her handkerchief, bent over just enough so
that nobody else in the bar would notice. “Someday,” she said, crying, “you
are going to make a move. You don’t even know that I need you badly.”
Michael didn’t say anything. He watched the bartender slowly peel a lemon.
Frances stopped crying then. Two or three snuffles into the handkerchief and
she put it away and her face didn’t tell anything to anybody. Frances regarded
Michael coolly across the table. “Do you want me to call the Stevensons?”
she asked. “It’ll be nice in the country.” “Sure,” Michael said. “Call them. I
promise you’ll be pleased to meet them.” She got up from the table and
walked across the room toward the telephone. Michael watched her walk,
thinking what a pretty girl, what nice legs.
(after Irwin Shaw)
NOTE: Irwin Shaw (1913-1984) was born Irwin Gilbert Shamforoff in Bronx
in New York to Jewish immigrants from Russia. His parents changed their
family name to Shaw and moved to Brooklyn, where the young Irwin spent
most of his childhood. At the age of 21 Shaw started his career as a writer.
During World War II Shaw served in the US Army. Shaw’s war experiences
in Europe gave basis for his novel “The Young Lions” (1948) which became
a huge success. In 1951 he left the United States living 25 years in Europe.
There he continued to write several bestsellers including “Two Weeks in
Another Town” (1960), “Rich Man, Poor Man” (1970) and “Evening in
Byzantium” (1973), “Nightwork” (1975).
VOCABULARY
even adv даже. He didn’t even help me carry my heavy bag, he was that
angry with me.
look vi 1.выглядеть, казаться. How did she look when you saw her? She
looked pleased (happy, sad, ill, well, older, worn out, tired, etc). Phr What
does she look like? Как она выглядит? (Какая у нее внешность?) She is
tall, very good-looking. 2. look like (= be like) sb. походить, быть похожим
на кого-л. He looks like his father. He looks like a scientist. 3. look for sb/sth
искать кого-л/что-л) 4. look after sb/sth присматривать за кем-л/чем-л.
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pull vt тащить, тянуть. The woman was pulling the child by the hand. Don’t
pull the door, push it. Phr pull oneself together – взять себя в руки,
встряхнуться.
honest adj честный. An honest man (face, look, smile, decision). Phr to be
honest with sb – быть откровенным, честным с кем-н; dishonest adj –
нечестный, бесчестный; (dis) honesty n (не) честность, (не)
порядочность, бессoвестность. She was dismissed for dishonesty. Она
была уволена за воровство.
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join vt 1. присоединяться (к) May I join you in the game (in the
conversation; on the trip; for an excurtion; etc.); 2. вступать (в); стать
членом (клуба, общества и т.д.) join a sports club (society, etc.); join the
army
way n 1.путь, дорога. A long (short, hard, etc) way. You have taken the
right (wrong) way. Phr on the (one’s) way home (to some place) – по дороге
домой; on the (one’s) way back – на обратном пути; Phr by the way –
кстати, между прочим. 2. средство, способ, метод, манера, образ
действия. I don’t like the way you look at other people. She doesn’t like my
way of laughing. What is the quickest way of learning to drive a car? In (such
a, this, friendly etc.) way – таким образом If you treat them in such a way
they will be hurt.
badly adv сильно, очень. I need your advice badly. He is badly ill. To be
badly off – нуждаться, быть в трудном положении. He is badly off for
friends – с друзьями у него дело плохо; у него мало друзей.
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be (dis) pleased быть (не) довольным (чем-л). He is very pleased with
himself. Он очень доволен собой. I am pleased to meet you. They were very
pleased with his report.
Word combinations
EXERCISES
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 2. Find in the text the English for the following words and phrases.
Хотя это был февраль, хорошо одетые люди, крепко держать чью-то
руку, расстегнуть пальто, в любом случае, целый день, хитрый,
проходящая мимо, исследовать вселенную, стараться не замечать,
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вздохнуть, потереть глаза кончиками пальцев, тихонько плакать в
носовой платок.
Ex. 3. Are the following statements about the text true or false? Say why.
Select the meaning that you think is closest to the meaning in the text for each
of these words and expressions.
1 battalions
2 to make a move
3 to regard
Shine, leave, hold, let, break, take, drive, say, give, sigh, marry, try, feel,
think, know, bend
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1. Michael laughed and Frances laughed with him.
2. She wants to go out with her husband all day long.
3. Frances suggested going to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
4. He took his eyes off the hatless girl with the dark hair.
5. I look at everything.
6. They walked between the crowded benches, under the scrubby citypark
trees.
7. When I think of New York City I think of all the girls on parade in the
city.
8. Frances sees that strange look in her husband’s eyes.
Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences with phrasal verbs with “out”
into Russian.
Model: He asked question after question and didn’t wait for an answer.
He asked question after question without waiting for an answer.
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1. Ann sat in front of the TV but didn’t watch it.
2. I always try not to make mistakes when I speak English.
3. He left the house and didn’t say good-bye.
4. They found the station easily. They didn’t ask anyone about the way.
5. When she left for London she didn’t give me her new address.
6. Kate started crying and didn’t answer my question.
7. She entered the room and looked out of the window. She didn’t turn on the
lights.
Ex. 11. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs where necessary.
1. I want to be honest ………. you and tell you what I think ………. your
work.
2. She was very pleased ……….her son’s behaviour. He looked like a
grown up.
3. She was speaking slowly looking ………. the right words.
4. Look ……….. There is a car coming.
5. I need your advice ……….. The situation is so strange I can’t do ……….
your help.
6. Shall I find you ………. if I drop ………. tomorrow afternoon?
7. The sun was warm even though ………. it was March, and everything
looked ………. Sunday morning – the quiet buildings and the well-dressed
people walking slowly ………. couples.
8. Stop acting like a baby. Pull yourself ………..
9. Look, the child has a glass of hot water ………. his hand. Take it ……
….…. him quickly.
10.………. the door she turned ………. and caught him looking ………. her
………. a strange way.
11.She doesn’t look her age………. all.
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Ex. 12. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form.
Translate the sentences into Russian.
advice (2), enjoy, need (2), pleased, pull(2), honest (2), without, look, way
(2), expect, arrange (2), feel, feelings, even, at all.
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5. Все произошло как раз так, как мы и ожидали – он все сделал по-
своему.
6. Я советую вам взять себя в руки. Если вы плохо себя чувствуете,
сядьте и закройте глаза.
7. Я заходила к ним вчера по дороге домой, но не застала никого дома.
8. Он выглядит так молодо, но я знаю, что он многообещающий физик.
Все об этом говорят.
9. Очень советую посмотреть фильм, который идет в нашем кинотеатре.
Получите удовольствие.
10. Что она здесь ищет? Какая странная женщина. Мне не нравится, как
она смотрит на нас.
11. Я не могу заставить тебя много заниматься. Но ты знаешь другой
путь выучить иностранный язык?
12. Я ожидала, что ты поможешь мне организовать эту конференцию.
Мне так нужна помощь.
13. У меня было такое чувство, что кто-то идет за мной.
14. Мы приятно провели время в Турции. Были очень рады встретить
старых друзей, которые отдыхали там уже две недели и
посоветовали нам посмотреть собор Св. Николая (St. Nicolas
Cathedral).
15. В такую жаркую погоду опасно ходить на пляж, даже с зонтиком.
16. Почему вы не верите мне? Я же была с вами откровенна.
17. Посмотрите на эту женщину, которая тащит ребенка за руку. Он
выглядит ужасно. Ему нужно сесть.
18. Мне не нравится, как ты соришь деньгами. Ты еще не привел в
порядок свое дело (business), а уже покупаешь дорогие машины и
всякие ненужные вещи.
LANGUAGE WORK
47
not… at all – совсем не, вовсе не (употребляется в конце
предложения); e.g. It isn’t cold at all, it’s quite warm
quite – вполне, совсем, совершенно, довольно-таки; e.g. I’m quite
happy!
not quite – не вполне, не совсем (употребляется в середине
предложения); e.g. I don’t quite understand what you mean.
Ex. 15. Study the words and fill in the gaps according to the meaning:
A. 1. You are late again. We … here for half an hour. 2. We must … till it
stops raining before we go out. 3. I … Julian to dinner yesterday but he did
not come. 4. The train is late, so we’ll have to… . 5. Don’t … me to call on
you tonight. 6. You can’t … them to do the work in a day, it’s too difficult for
them. 7. The visitors were kept … in the reception room as the director was
busy. 8. The sea was rough and the sailors … the storm at any moment. 9.
Oliver did not … anything good from his brother who had always disliked
him. 10. Let’s … at the entrance to the theatre. Shall we?
B. 1. Мы не ожидали вас так рано. 2. Давайте еще немного подождем
Павла у входа в метро, ладно? 3. Кого ты ждешь? – Двоюродную сестру.
Я ожидала, что она придет в 12, а сейчас уже 20 минут первого. 4. Я не
48
ожидаю ничего хорошего от его визита. 5. Если я не позвоню в 2 часа, не
ждите меня. 6. Не ждите, что все будут счастливы увидеть этого
человека. 7. Извините, что заставил вас ждать. Я попал в автомобильную
пробку. 8. Мы ждали, что в выходные приедет моя сестра со всем своим
семейством, но они так и не приехали.
PHRASAL VERBS
Ex. 17. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the
phrasal verbs.
49
6. I was thinking of something else while she was speaking and I …… really
___________ what she was saying.
7. He _________ drinking.
8. There’s often a spectator’s balcony at airports, where people can watch the
planes _________ and landing.
9. My father was forgetful and I _________ him; I forget everything.
10. I _____ him _____ his brother. They are extremely alike.
11. The dentist _______ two of his teeth.
12. Do you _______ me ___ a fool?
13. He _______ his grandmother; she had red hair too.
READING I
Miss Martha Meacham kept a little bakery on the corner. Miss Martha
was forty and rather rich. She had two false teeth and a good heart. Many
people had got married who had not so many chances as Miss Martha.
Two or three times a week a customer came to her bakery in whom she
began to take an interest. He was a middle-aged man wearing glasses and a
brown beard. His clothes were worn, but he looked neat and had good
manners.
He always bought two loaves of stale bread. Fresh bread was five cents a
loaf. Stale loaves were two for five. He never bought anything but stale bread.
Miss Martha was trying to guess his occupation.
Once Miss Martha saw a red-and-brown spot on his fingers. She thought
then that he was an artist and very poor. She was sure he lived in a small
room, where he painted his pictures, and ate stale bread and thought of the
good things to eat in Miss Martha’s bakery.
*
Заколдованные хлебцы (witch ведьма, колдунья); loaf (pl loaves) булка, буханка
50
She wasn’t curious but she wanted to know more about the customer. One
day, to find out his occupation, she brought from her room a painting she had
bought at a sale and hung it on the wall.
Two days later the customer came again.
«Two loaves of stale bread, if you please,» he said as usual and added,
«you’ve got a new picture , madam.»
«Yes,» said Miss Martha, «I like art and …paintings.» «Do you think it’s
a good picture?» she asked pointing to it.
«No, I’m afraid it isn’t. I don’t like the colours.» Yes, her guess was right.
He was an artist, just as she had suspected.
When he came to her bakery, he talked for a while with Miss Martha. He
was always very polite and nice to her. And he kept on buying stale bread,
never a cake, never a pie.
It seemed to her that he began to look thinner. She wanted to add
something good to eat to his stale bread, but she did not dare.
One day the customer came in as usual, laid the money on the counter and
asked for his stale loaves. At that moment a noise was heard outside. A crowd
had gathered in the street. The customer rushed to the door to see what had
happened. Miss Martha took the chance. On the shelf behind the counter there
was a pound of fresh butter. With a bread knife Miss Martha made a deep cut
in each of the loaves, put a big piece of butter there and pressed the loaves
tight again. When the customer turned round, she was wrapping them up.
Miss Martha smiled. She was sure he would be touched and grateful to her for
what she had done. She could not think of anything else that day.
She didn’t know how much time had passed when she heard a knock.
Somebody was knocking at the door loudly and impatiently. Miss Martha
hurried to the front door. There were two men there. One was a young man
she had never seen before. The other was her artist. He looked excited. His
face was red, his hat was on the back of his head, his hair was in disorder. At
first Miss Martha didn’t even recognize him. «Fool!» he shouted. Miss
Martha was very much surprised at his behaviour. She’d never expected he
could be so rude. His companion tried to draw him away.
«Now, don’t be silly, calm down,» he said.
«I shan’t go before I tell her. You’ve spoilt my work. You are a foolish
old cat, that’s what you are,» the customer shouted angrily at Miss Martha.
She got frightened. She couldn’t understand why he hated her so. She
thought he had gone mad. The young man pulled the customer by the hand.
He drew the angry man out of the shop and came back alone. There was
silence for a moment, and then he began to speak.
«I’m his friend. I believe I must tell you, ma’am, what made him so angry
and why he behaved like that. Well, the matter is that he is a draftsman. He
has been working hard for three months drawing a plan for a new town hall. It
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was a prize competition. A draftsman always makes his drawing in pencil
first. When it’s done, he rubs out the pencil lines with stale bread. He’s been
buying bread here. Well, today… well, you know, ma’am that butter you
added to the loaves… The moment he touched the drawing… I didn’t even
believe him at first. It was certainly thoughtless of you. Of course you meant
well. But the drawing is no good now. He’ll have to tear it up and throw it
away.»
Miss Martha ‘s heart was broken. Life was so cruel and unfair to her.
Notes:
Pairwork
Discuss with a partner what made the customer take part in the prize
competition.
READING II
Pre-reading questions:
What makes a person beautiful? A perfect face? A good body? A healthy
attitude to life? A good character?
52
I realised how cruel life can be for an unattractive child when everybody
in my class was invited to a tenth birthday barbecue on the beach. Everybody,
that is, except for me. At first I thought there had been a mistake and that my
invitation had been lost. But when I made inquiries to the hostess, she didn't
beat about the bush: "Sorry, Susie. You are too fat to wear a swimsuit on the
beach and you can't see without those horrible glasses anyway."
I went home and cried for hours. My mother was ready with comforting
embraces, yet even she couldn't force herself to reassure me I was lovely. I
used to spend a long time staring at my brother and twin sisters and feeling
extremely unlucky.
My inferiority complex became obvious in my aggressive manner. This,
of course, only made things worse. Tea invitations stopped, I walked home
from school alone and often found drawings that looked like me in the
classroom wastepaper bin. I hated everyone because everyone seemed to hate
me.
When I was 14, my mother decided that I should go to the church youth
club. I stood alone watching the dancing, feeling embarrassed, ugly and
awkward. Then a miracle happened.
A skinny boy called Peter, with glasses and spots, asked me to dance.
He also had a brace on his teeth. We didn't talk much but he asked if I
would be there the following week. I have to be grateful to Peter for changing
my life. He stopped me feeling hideous (very ugly).
Encouraged, I put myself on a diet, begged my mother for contact lenses
and grew my hair. Then another miracle occurred. I grew taller and, as that
happened, I started looking slimmer. The brace was finally removed and my
teeth were even. I was never going to be a beautiful swan, but I was going to
try.
(from The Sunday Times)
Pairwork
53
How do you choose your friends? What influences you in your choice? Put
these ideas in order of importance (1= most important, 9= less important) and
discuss your decision with a partner. (sense of humour, physical appearance,
money, taste in music/TV/films, dress sense, interests, personality,
intelligence, similar education/family background).
READING III
WORDS AND FEELINGS
People use both words and gestures to express their feelings. Can you
be sure you really know what these words and gestures mean? After all, they
can be interpreted in many different ways.
It is true that smile means more or less the ame in any language, even
though the things that make people smile may be very different. Laughter and
crying also have universal meanings. It is equally sure that there are many
similarities in the ways in which humans and animals show their feelings.
Dogs and tigers, for instance, show their teeth in the same way we do when
they are angry.
Fear and surprise are other emotions that are often shown in much the
same way all over the world. A phare like “He went pale and began to
tremble” suggests that the man was either afraid or had just had a nasty shock
in any language. In the same way “Her mouth fell open and she stared at me”
also suggests that something has just happened or been said which the women
did not expect.
Nevertheless, even surprise is not always easy to recognize. In Chinese,
this emotion can be described in a phrase like “they stretched out their
tongues”. In the language, like English, however, sticking out your tongue
usually has a different meaning. It suggests disgust, as if you have just tasted
something unpleasant or seen something horrible.
Even in the same culture, people differ in their ability to interpret and
express feelings. Experiments in the United States have shown that women
they are usually better than men at recognizing fear, anger, love and hate in
people’s faces. The same studies suggest that body language – the way we
suggest our feelings in our physical movements and posture – is another
problem. Older people in North America seem to find it easier to interpret
than younger people.
In another famous experiment, it was clear evidence that the most difficult
feeling of all to interpret is physical pain. University students were shown part
54
of a film in which woman in China was suffering while giving birth to a baby.
They could see only her face. She later died. However, more than ninety
percent of the audience believed she was experiencing great physical
pleasure.
Psychologists such as E.G.Beier have also shown that some people often
give completely the wrong impression of how they feel. For example, they try
to show affection but actually communicate dislike. When they try to show
interest, it seems to others that they are indifferent. This can happen even
among close friends or members of the same family. In other words, what you
think you communicate through words and body language may be the exact
opposite of what other people actually understand.
1. Give an example from the text of the way in which one emotions is
expressed differently in two different cultures.
2. Give an example of how people can give other people the opposite
impression of the feeling they are really trying to express.
3. Describe as fully as possible the experiment that showed which
particular feeling is the most difficult to recognise.
short
slim
fat
Note: Another word for slim is thin, but slim has a more positive meaning, e.
g. John is lovely and slim, but his brother is terribly thin. Skinny also has the
55
same meaning but is very negative. It is not very polite to say someone is fat;
overweight is more neutral and polite. A sporty person can offen be described
as muscular.
When you want somebody to describe the appearance of someone you have
never seen you ask: What does he(she) look like?
hair hair
hair
Special features
A person can have very pale skin (=white skin), dark skin, broad
shoulders. A man can have a beard and/or a moustache or sideburns. A
woman can wear her hair in plaits (braids AmE) or in a bun. A person can
have wrinkles on his/her face or dimples on the cheeks. A nose can be
turned-up, ears can be sticking-out.
‘What does she look like?’ ‘She’s quite tall, with short fair hair.’
‘How tall is she?’ ‘About 1 metre 65’.
‘How much does she weigh?’ ‘I don’t know and it may be rude to ask.
Probably about 45 kilos.’
Ex. 21. Complete these sentences in a suitable way. (More than one
answer is possible).
56
5. Her brother has got very broad …………… .
6. Last time I saw him he had grown a ……………. .
7. He’s got very muscular……………….. .
8. Both men were very good………………… .
9. All of them have got dark …………….. .
Ex. 22. Replace the word in italics in each sentence with a word which is
either more suitable or more polite.
What ……………………………………. ?
How …………………………………….. ?
How much ……………………………… ?
Ex. 25. Work in pairs. Did you know? Does it happen nowadays?
57
It has been scientifically proved that once men wore as much makeup as
women! They outlined their eyes, dyed their hair and coloured their eyebrows
with grey, black, or green paint. No wonder archaeologists stumble upon
cosmetic jars when they open up pharaohs' tombs.
One person has decided to have a tattoo done, the other is trying to persuade
him/her not to.
Use some of these ideas:
DESCRIBING CHARACTER
Intellectual ability
Positive Negative
warm and friendly cold and unfriendly
58
kind unkind
nice, pleasant horrible, unpleasant
generous mean
optimistic pessimistic
cheerful miserable
relaxed, easy-going tense (=nervous; worries a lot; not calm)
strong weak
sensitive insensitive
honest dishonest
sociable/outgoing reserved
extroverted introverted
hard-working lazy
punctual (always on time) not very punctual; always late
reliable unreliable
flexible inflexible (=a very fixed way of thinking;
unable to change)
ambitious unambitious (no desire to be successful
and get a better job)
Jane is very tense at the moment of her exams, but she’s usually quite
relaxed and easy-going about most things.
I think the weather influences me a lot; when it’s sunny I feel more cheerful
and optimistic; but when it’s cold and raining I get very miserable.
He seems a bit unfriendly at first, but now I’ve got to know him I realize he’s
very warm and kind.
The shop assistant told me that the dress I tried on looked better on people
younger than me. I thought that was very insensitive of her, but at least she
was being honest, I suppose.
59
inquiring - inquisitive nosy (colloquial)
generous - extravagant
innocent - naive
ambitious - pushy (colloquial)
1 clever introverted
2 extroverted tight-fisted
3 rude courteous
4 cruel gregarious
5 generous kind-hearted
6 unsociable half-witted
Ex. 29. Do you think that the speaker likes or dislikes the people s/he is
talking about?
Reword the sentences above to give the opposite impression. Example: Di’s
very stingy.
Ex. 28. What prefix forms the opposite of each of these words? (You need
three different prefixes -in, dis-, un-).
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kind; reliable; flexible; sensitive; friendly; ambitious; honest; pleasant
Ex. 29. How would you describe the person in each of these descriptions?
Ex. 30. What nouns can be formed from these adjectives? Use a
dictionary to help you.
Ex. 31. Work in pairs. What, in your opinion, are a) the best three
qualities b) the worst three qualities a person can have.
Verb + Noun/Pronoun(the boy, …, me, us, you, him, her, them) + Infinitive
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the action expressed by the Infinitive. In Russian this grammar pattern is not
always translated with the help of the Infinitive (like after the verbs tell, ask,
order, advise, recommend, allow, remind, invite, etc. sb to do sth), a
subordinate object clause is necessary in many cases. We shall deal with the
cases difficult for Russian-speaking students.
Compare:
They told him to stop. Они велели ему остановиться. (infinitive)
They wanted him to stop. Они хотели, чтобы он остановился. (object clause)
I. The Infinitive with the particle «to» is used in this pattern after the verbs
want, expect, would like / would love, (would) prefer, (would) hate.
Study the following examples:
NOTE: After the verbs like / love / hate both the Infinitive and the -ing form
are possible, e.g.
I like (= find it proper or right) my brother to keep his desk in order.
Мне нравится, когда брат поддерживает порядок на своем столе.
I like (= enjoy) her playing the piano.
Мне нравится, как она играет на пианино.
In American English the Infinitive is more common.
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1. They will enjoy the film. Their friends expect …
2. He always goes to the parties without her. She doesn’t want …
3. This boy behaves badly. Poor mother! I would hate my son …
4. She loses so much time reading these awful reports. I wouldn’t like …
5. Susan is very sorry you can’t see her off tonight. She’d love …
6. I think it’s a good idea to keep the news secret for some time. I would
prefer you …
7. Jill doesn’t look very well – not well enough to go to work. I don’t expect
…
8. Do you want me to come with you or stay at home? I’d prefer you …
Ex. 34. Paraphrase the following in one sentence using Complex Object.
1. Why did he drive away? She didn’t want it. 2. Please, help me with my
computer. I want it. 3. Though we didn’t expect it, they moved aside. 4. She
listens to music all the time. Her parents don’t like it. 5. Why doesn’t he take
part in this conference? The professor would like it. 6. He will certainly pass
the exam. We all expect it. 7. Why did she leave so early? They didn’t expect
it. 8. Don’t speak to strangers. Your mother doesn’t want it. 9. Shall I switch
off the light? Would you like it? 10. He broke the vase. We didn’t expect it.
11. Should they come tomorrow? Do you want it? 12. She asks so many silly
questions! I hate it! 13. Should he make corrections? Would you like it?
14. She plays the flute beautifully! Everybody loves it.
Ex. 35. Make up and finish the sentences with Complex Object using
your own ideas.
Model:
my parents/grandparents
would (not) like my teacher
I (don’t) want my girl/boy friend to do what?
(don’t) expect my friends
our neighbours
Ex. 36. Imagine that you are preparing a foreign language party. What
party is it? What do you (not) want / would (not) like / (not) expect your
teachers / other students to do? Make up 5 sentences with Complex
Object.
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- I don’t want Helen to play the piano. I hate her playing it.
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Я чувствую, что в кухне что-то горит.
NOTE: Sometimes the verbs see, feel, hear are not verbs of sense perception,
they have a different meaning. In this case no Complex Object is used, we
can only use a subordinate object clause, e.g.
I see (=understand) that he doesn’t want to go there.
Я видел (=понимал), что он не хочет туда ехать.
1. I saw him looking for his pen. 2. I heard him make arrangements for his
journey. 3. We wanted to listen to them talking about their holidays.
4. I watched them rehearsing the play. 5. I felt that he didn’t understand me.
6. Didn’t you hear the clock striking? 7. I felt the car skidding. 8. I hear he has
passed his exams. 9. The police noticed him entering the bank with a shotgun.
10. I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document,
photograph it and put it back. 11. I hear her father has died. 12. We heard a
voice singing a tune. 13. I smelt something burning downstairs. 14. I saw that
she didn’t realize the danger. 15. You can watch me riding a horse from here.
16. They observed tourists buying souvenirs at the stands. 17. I could hear
him whispering something to his companion. 18. You must come and listen to
her singing. 19. I felt my heart sink.
Ex. 39. Combine the two sentences into one using a complex object.
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4. Jane came into the room. Nobody noticed it.
5. At the bus stop he got off. I saw it with my own eyes.
6. She sang at the party last night. Did you hear?
7. The police car suddenly stopped at the corner. Everybody saw it.
8. The boys broke the window and ran away. I saw it.
9. He stole into the room. Nobody heard him.
Model II: The police observed that he was parking near the bus stop.
The police observed him parking near the bus stop.
1. The professor noticed that some students were sitting at the lecture with
closed eyes.
2. I can smell that something is burning.
3. Out of the window she saw that her grandchildren were crossing the street.
4. The customs officer observed the tourists. They were entering the
building.
5. In his sleep he felt that somebody was stroking his head.
6. I noticed that she was writing something in her note-book.
7. The gardener was mowing the lawn. I watched him.
8. She was explaining the task to her son. I listened to it.
9. He heard that somebody was crying for help.
Ex. 40. Use either the Infinitive or Participle I of the verbs in brackets
as the second element of the complex object.
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5. Мы наблюдали, как ремонтировали дорогу.
6. Вы почувствовали, как (что) земля дрогнула?
7. Я видел, как какой-то человек показывал ей дорогу на вокзал.
8. Когда я садился в поезд, я вдруг почувствовал, как кто-то коснулся
моего плеча.
9. Мать не заметила, как я выключил свет, открыл окно и выпрыгнул в
сад.
Ex. 42. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1. I could see a man … (sit) on the balcony and … (read) a newspaper. Then I
saw him … (get) up and … (go) indoors. 2. I turned round and saw a snake
slowly … (slither) towards me. 3. I could hear a car … (come) fast along the
main road. I heard the driver … (brake) hard. 4. I thought I heard someone …
(break) a window in the next room. 5. I heard the bomb … (explode), and felt
the whole building … (shake). 6. I heard them … (talk) in a low voice, and
then suddenly I heard someone … (shout) “Help!” 7. Through my binoculars
I could see the girl across the street … (sunbathe) on her balcony. But she
noticed me … (look) at her. Then I saw her … (blush), … (pick) up her
magazine, and … (go) indoors. 8. Last night as I was going to bed I could
hear the neighbours … (shout) and … (throw) crockery at each other. Then, a
few minutes later, I heard a door … (slam), and everything went quiet.
9. – “Now you say someone took your wallet out of the back pocket of your
trousers while you were standing in the bus queue. Are you sure it didn’t just
fall out?” – “No, I’m quite sure – I actually felt someone … (take) it out of
my pocket” – “And when you turned round, there was a young man running
away down the street. Is that correct?” – “Yes, I saw him … (run) away.” –
“And did anyone else see all this … (happen)?”
a) Read the story of what you saw and heard. With your partner,
practice retelling it, using wherever possible:
I saw / heard
I could see / hear
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I was standing on my balcony on the It was breakfast time. I was getting
first floor. Some children were dressed. There was bacon frying
playing in the street. downstairs in the kitchen, and Mrs
Then a car came down the road, and Jones was hoovering the hall.
stopped on the other side, just The doorbell rang. Mrs Jones
opposite my house. There were two stopped the hoover and opened the
men in the car. One got out. He said door. She was talking to a man. Then
to the other, “This won’t take long.” she shouted to her husband, “It’s for
He rang the doorbell of the house you.”
opposite. Mrs Jones opened the door There was a pause. I went to listen
and the man went inside. A few from the top of the stairs: now the
minutes later there was a shot from two men were exchanging angry
inside the house. words in a foreign language.
Immediately after that, the door Then somebody fired a shot. The
opened suddenly and the man came whole house shook. Mrs Jones
running out. He got into the car, and screamed. A cold sweat began to run
they drove away. down my back. I went downstairs.
Someone in the house opposite was Mr Jones was lying motionless on
screaming. the floor. There was blood coming
from a wound in his chest.
b) Form new pairs (one A and one B). Compare in as much detail as you
can what you both saw and heard.
Ex. 44. Read this fragment of a story. Answer the questions and do the
tasks after it.
... The woman was well-dressed and in her late twenties. She was
sitting at one of the corner tables with an older man. He was talking to her
intensely, but in a very low voice.
“No,” she suddenly said.
She threw a glass of wine in his face. Then she jumped up, and ran out of
the restaurant. The older man ran after her.
“Jennifer. For God’s sake, stop. Try to understand,” he shouted.
It was raining and the street was badly lit. A car had just turned the corner
and was coming towards her very fast. The driver probably didn’t see her.
And she didn’t seem to notice the car as she ran out into the middle of the
street...
1. What do you think they were talking about? Try to imagine something
one or the other actually said.
2. What do you think happened after she ran out into the street?
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3. Imagine you happened to witness this situation. Describe what you saw
and heard.
4. What do you think are some other ‘fragments’ of this story – either
something that had happened before or later.
Ex. 45. Have you ever witnessed any accident? anything unusual?
Speak / write about it using the following patterns.
III. After the verbs of knowing and thinking, such as know, think, consider,
believe, find, suppose, imagine, trust and some others, the Infinitive in the
Complex Object is usually the verb to be. It can be omitted after the verbs
think, consider, find. (The use of this construction after most verbs of mental
activity is more characteristic of literary style). Study the examples:
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Ex. 47. Translate into Russian.
Ex. 48. Open the brackets making up a sentence with a complex object.
Ex. 49. Speak / Write about the following using your own ideas.
my best friend
know my father
find studying languages
I (don’t) consider sport to be what?
believe myself
think tourism
a University diploma
Ex. 50. Translate into English.
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2. Вы думаете, ему уже есть 50? (over 50)
3. Я полагаю (верю), что это ошибка.
4. Она всегда знала, что он многообещающий писатель. (promising
writer)
5. Я считаю, что она прекрасная мать.
6. Я не знал, что он так любит читать. (be fond of)
7. Я думал, что она смотрит телевизор в гостиной.
8. Мы считаем, что это его лучшая картина.
9. Вы полагаете, он интересуется компьютером?
10.Я не считаю, что это очень важная новость.
IV. The English verbs make, have, get, which are called causative verbs
(they show that one person causes a second to do something for the first
person), and the verb of permission or suggestion let are followed by
Complex Object. After them the Infinitive is used without “to”, except the
verb get.
Study the examples, paying attention to the Russian translation:
I can’t get (what?) him to clean his room. ( = I can’t make him clean it.)
Я не могу заставить его убирать свою комнату.
I can’t let (what?) you stay up so late. ( = I can’t allow you to stay up so
late.)
Я не могу позволить тебе ложиться спать так поздно.
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1. I’ll let you watch TV so late just this once. 2. Nobody made you rewrite
this essay. 3. Have him keep his promises! 4. Did she let him use her car?
5. What made you cry? 6. Her question made his blood rush to his cheeks.
7. I shall have him come to class whether he likes it or not. 8. What made him
give up his hobby? 9. They got me to move my car. 10. Let me explain why I
was late. 11. Let him not smoke in my presence! 12. Who made you wash up?
13. I can’t get her to tell me everything about that party. 14. Let’s not (Don’t
let’s) argue about such trifles! 15. I had my parents let me go on that trip to
the mountains. 16. Let’s go out to dinner, shall we? 17. I can’t make him
study harder.
Ex. 52. Paraphrase the following sentences using make, have, let.
Ex. 53. Make up sentences according to the pattern, using your own
ideas.
I my …
My parents myself
My teacher(s) (can’t) make(s) / don’t (doesn’t) make him do what?
Computer (can’t) let(s) / don’t (doesn’t) let me
The coming exam her
My …’s job …
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4. Дайте мне знать, когда она придет.
5. Давайте не будем обсуждать поведение этого человека.
6. Не смеши меня.
7. Я не могу заставить его бросить курить.
3. Надеюсь, я не заставил вас долго ждать.
4. Не давай ей носить тяжелые вещи.
***
Ex. 55. Complete the sentences using a complex object (where possible)
or an object clause.
1. My mother wants ... (you, come and stay) with us next week. 2. I saw ...
(he, come) into the hall. 3. The teacher made ... (her pupils, read) the long text
again. 4. We see ... (you, be) right. 5. He wants ... (you, return) the book
tomorrow. 6. I didn’t hear ... (the bell, ring). 7. I hear ... (he, be) a good writer.
8. Do you want ... (I, translate) the article? 9. I’d prefer ... (you, come)
tomorrow. 10. What makes ... (you, think) so? 11. I hear ... (you, move) here
not long ago. 12. I feel ... (you, not understand) me. 13. He felt ... (someone,
push) him slightly. 14. I’d like ... (you, meet) my sister. 15. Let ... (I, go)!
Ex. 56. Finish the sentence with a complex object to complete the
situation logically.
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10. She doesn’t want to pay. She asks her parents.
She expects ................................
11. Why did he take my sweater? Did you let him?
Did you let .................................. ?
12. I don’t want to write to them. Could you do it?
I’d like ........................................
13. Nobody should know about it. It’s a secret.
I’d hate .......................................
14. He is guilty. I believe it.
I believe ......................................
15. She was too interested in fashions. I knew it.
I knew .........................................
Ex. 57. Open the brackets using a complex object in the sentences about
the text from “The Girls in Their Summer Dresses”.
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7. She expected … (he; appreciate the picture).
8. She wanted … (he, fall in love with her, propose to her, marry her).
9. Miss Martha heard … (somebody; knock at the door).
10. She didn’t expect … (the man; behave like that, be so excited and rude, go
mad).
11. The man’s friend made … (he; leave the shop).
12. He tried to make … (he; calm down).
13. Miss Martha never expected … (life; be so cruel and unfair).
Ex. 59. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using a
complex object where possible.
A. (the Past)
I. introduced by the conjunction «as».
In clauses of time “(just) as” indicates almost simultaneous, short actions, or
means while/when. Correspondingly, we use either the Simple Past or the
Past Continuous in the clause, e.g.
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Just as I turned the corner, I saw a terrible accident. (exactly at that
moment)
He saw her as he was getting off the bus. (while)
Ex. 60. Answer the following questions according to the model. Make use
of the prompts in brackets.
1. When did she say she wanted to go on holiday? (get the money for her new
book)
2. When did he smile? (get that message)
3. When did she feel happy? (hear from him at last)
4. When did we hear his music? (turn on the radio)
5. When did we hear some people cry for help? (come to the bank of the
river)
6. When did you close the window? (start raining)
7. When did you see your friends playing football? (pass our local sport
ground)
Ex. 61. Translate the following sentences using the conjunction “as” .
1. Как только она услышала его голос, она вспомнила, где видела его
раньше.
2. Она вспомнила о сообщении, которое забыла отправить, как только
увидела компьютер.
3. Как только мы вошли в дом, начался ливень.
4. По мере того как они рассказывали о своем отдыхе в Италии, нам
самим захотелось увидеть все это своими глазами.
5. Как только машина остановилась, журналисты бросились
фотографировать новую чемпионку.
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Ex. 62. Answer the following questions according to the model. Make use
of the prompts in brackets.
Model: When did they recognize the stranger? (as soon as, pronounce a few
words)
As soon as the stranger had pronounced a few words, they recognized
him.
1. When did she advise them to pull themselves together? (when, learn the
sad news about their son)
2. When did he shoot at the robber? (as soon as, open the boot of his car)
3. When did you teach her a lesson? (after, lie to me several times)
4. When did you get out of your car? (as soon as, hear someone cry for help)
5. When did she remember who that strange person was? (as soon as, look
into the room)
6. When did you arrange to meet on Saturday? (after, decide to ski in the
mountains)
7. When did they set him free? (when, confess everything)
Ex. 63. Translate the following sentences using the conjunctions «as soon
as», «after», «when».
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He knew what had happened, before they had told him.
( = They hadn’t yet told him anything, when he understood what had
happened.) Он понял, что произошло, прежде чем они ему
рассказали.
NOTE: Mind that there is no negation after the conjunctions till / until,
whereas the corresponding Russian conjunctions require the negative form of
the verb.
Ex. 65. Answer the following questions according to the model. Make use
of the prompts in brackets.
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IV. introduced by the conjunction «while».
Speaking about the past we can only use the Past Continuous in the clause of
time, which either describes the background of the action in the main clause,
or an action parallel with the action in the main clause, e.g.
Ex. 66. Complete the sentences using the Past Indefinite (Simple Past) or
the Past Continuos (Past Progressive).
1. At 6.00 p.m., Bob sat down at the table & began to eat. At 6.05, Bob (eat)
______ dinner.
2. While Bob (eat)______, Ann (come) _________ through the door.
3. In other words, when Ann (come) ________ through the door, Bob (eat)
_______ dinner.
4. At 7.00 p.m., Bob took his newspaper. While Bob ________ (read) the
newspaper, Ann _________ (watch) TV.
5. Bob went to bed at 10.30. At 11.00 Bob (sleep) _________.
6. While Bob (sleep) _________, the phone (ring) _________.
7. In other words, when the phone (ring) ________ , Bob (sleep) _____.
8. Bob left his house at 8.00 and (begin) _________ to walk to class. While
he (walk) ________ to class, he (see) ________ Mrs. Smith.
9. When Bob (see) ________ Mrs. Smith, she (stand) ________ on her front
porch. She (hold) ___________ a broom. Mrs. Smith (wave) _____ at Bob
when she (see) him.
B. (the Future)
When we speak about the Future, using clauses of time, we should remember
that we can only use the Simple Present, Present Continuous or Present
Perfect to emphasize a completed action, a result. We cannot use any future
tenses, e.g.
Ex. 67. Complete the following sentences using the Present Perfect to
emphasize the result in the clauses of time.
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Model: She will wait until (the rain, stop).
She will wait until the rain has stopped.
1. Jane will do the shopping until (she, buy all the food for her birthday
party).
2. We will have dinner only after (we, phone Kate).
3. There will be serious traffic problems in our city until (they, build new
modern roads).
4. Please, call me as soon as (you, buy the tickets).
5. I think it will be better after (she, apologise to you).
6. When (you, make it up), you will find life more amusing.
7. I’ll find somewhere to live until (you, take your words back).
8. I’ll come straight back home after (I, do the shopping).
9. I think Jane will get the job after (she, graduate from our University).
Ex. 68. Translate into English. Pay attention to the conjunctions and
tenses in the clauses of time.
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Suffixes change word class, e.g. from verb to noun or noun to adjective, but
they can also change meaning.
-able / -ible
The suffix -able (also -ible in some words) is used to form many adjectives
from nouns or verbs: enjoyable, comfortable, knowledgeable (=knows a lot),
suitable.
Quite often, -able (-ible) has the meaning “can be done”. For example,
something that is washable “can be washed”. Other examples include:
drinkable, comprehensible ( = can be comprehended or understood), reliable
( = can be relied on or trusted, e.g. a car or other machine that never goes
wrong or breaks down).
Words ending -able quite often express the opposite meaning by adding the
prefix un-: undrinkable, unreliable, unbreakable, unsuitable,
uncomfortable.
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The suffix -ful often means ‘full of’ + the meaning of the adjective: careful,
you are full of care; if you are helpful you are full of help. Other examples:
painful (hurts a lot), useful, and thoughtful ( = someone who is thoughtful is
kind and always thinks about others; a thoughtful action shows care for
others).
The suffix -less means ‘without’ + the meaning of the adjective: if you are
careless, you do something ‘without care’. Other examples are: painless,
useless, thoughtless, jobless and homeless ( = with nowhere to live).
Ex. 69. Write down an adjective (or adjectives) formed from these
nouns or verbs.
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12.It seems terrible to me that there are so many ………….. people living in a
city with thousands of empty houses.
Ex. 71. How many of these words can form opposites with the suffix
-less?
Can you think of words which mean the opposite of the other words (the ones
without -less)?
Ex. 72. Think of three adjectives which could describe each of these
people or things. (You can use the same adjective more than once).
1. the weather
2. someone who is a very bad driver
3. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
4. a large city
5. Albert Einstein
6. a new car
7. a speech
8. yourself
The use of articles with the names of parts of the body is similar to the use of
articles with ordinary class nouns, e.g.
She has a weak heart.
The heart of the patient needs an operation.
When the heart stops, the man dies.
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Yet, in other set expressions, you will find both the indefinite and definite
article with these nouns that can never be changed and should be memorized
because they are part of phraseological units, e.g.
He likes to have a finger in every pie. ( = have interest in everything)
He doesn’t have the heart to propose to her. ( = have enough courage)
1. Give me a hand and we shall finish the work in no time. 2. The young man
has a good head for figures. 3. The child made a face when she saw the
bottle of medicine. 4. A hunter needs a dog with a good nose. 5. Will you
keep an eye on the child? 6. The pupil is at the foot of the class. 7. She is
known as a woman with a heart of gold. 8. I don’t have the heart to tell him
the whole truth. 9. I have no voice in the matter. 10. You have described him
to a hair. 11. He is a good man at heart. 12. Now she’s got a foot in the
door in show business, I think her talent will carry her a long way.
Ex. 74. Fill in the gaps with the words given in brackets with an
appropriate article (where necessary).
Ex. 75. Fill in the blanks with the definite article or possessive pronoun.
1. The old man put … hand on … shoulder of his grandson and they slowly
walked away. 2. The doctor took the sick man by … hand and felt … pulse.
3. Take the child by … hand when crossing the street. 4. I was watching …
face of the man. … face was red with anger. 5. The boatman pulled the man
out of the water by … hair. 6. … hair is golden like her mother’s.7. I looked
at the man sitting in front of me. … neck was strong, it was … neck of a
boxer. 8. She liked … face; it was … face of a man who knew his mind. 9. He
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gave the door a hard push with … shoulder. 10. The singer was famous not
only for … voice, he was a fine actor as well. 11. … voice behind the closed
door asked us what we wanted. 12. He put … foot in the door and it wouldn’t
close.
Ex. 76. Use the verbs in brackets in the proper tense form.
Louise was making a new start. She finally … (leave) work and …
(renovate) the house. She and her husband, Bob, … (live) in their large house
for 25 years and it always … (be) a very happy, though slightly untidy, family
home. Now the last of their children … (leave) and they could, at last, afford
to renovate the house.
Louise … (decide) to go to an auction and buy some antique furniture. In
the corner of the auction room she … (find) a beautiful Edwardian wardrobe
with a large oval mirror in the middle of the door.
She still … (imagine) how the wardrobe … (look) in her quest room when
a man behind her … (ask) if she … (be) all right. “Oh, yes. I’m fine. I just …
(look) at the wardrobe.”
The man … (tell) Louise that if she … (want) to buy the wardrobe she
should come the next morning at ten. The next day Louise … (buy) it.
While Louise … (dust) the inside of the wardrobe, she … (find) an
envelope, grimy with age. Louise … (open) the envelope and … (begin) to
read.
My dearest Emily,
If you … (read) this it must be because I … (lose) my life. I am prepared now
to go off to war, although the thought … (fill) me with horror. It is bad
enough to be apart from you, and from my own dear family, but I … (do) this
for the King and country…
The author of the letter promised to love Emily forever and asked her to
marry another man if he was killed.
Tears … (fall) from Louise’s eyes as she … (put) the letter aside. Then
she … (smile). The letter was unopened. Louise … (hope) that the young man
… (get) through the war and …. (return) to Emily.
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WRITING: COMPARISON ( A ? B )
(a) We all wanted to go to the (i) Liz and Peter / They both study
mountains. Spanish.
(b) All of us wanted to go to the (j) Both of them study Spanish at
mountains. University.
(c) All the students wanted to go to (k) Both Liz and Peter study Spanish.
the mountains.
(d) We were all eager to go to the
mountains.
(e) Some people like mountains, (l) One of the friends (Liz) speaks
others (other people)don’t. Spanish well, the other (Peter)
(f) Two of us liked the trip, the doesn’t.
others didn’t. (m) You can ask for help either Liz or
Peter.
(g) None of us fell ill during the trip. (n) Neither of them studies Chinese.
(h) None of us was/were ill. (o) Neither Liz nor Peter studies
Chinese.
(p) They study neither Chinese nor
Japanese.
(q) They don’t study either Chinese or
Japanese.
Ex. 78. Paraphrase the sentences using the words in bold type from the
table above.
1. Stephen, Mary, Ben, Michael, Betty and John are fond of classical music.
2. People speak Spanish and Portuguese in Latin America.
3. Europeans go in for different sports, e.g. soccer, rugby, swimming, horse-
racing, etc.
4. My friend speaks French and Italian. I don’t speak French or Italian. I
(don’t) speak …
5. It was cold, it was wet.
6. Peter, Mary, Dan, Sally, and Clara didn’t take part in the discussion.
7. Five students worked last summer. Peter and Mary helped to arrange the
conference. Dan, Sally and Clara were interpreters.
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8. She didn’t do the cooking, she didn’t do the washing up.
9. I have two dictionaries. The English-Russian dictionary is new. The
Russian-English dictionary is old.
10. He bought the suits and the ties in Paris.
11. Maybe they will spend their holidays in Greece, maybe they will spend
them in Italy. They …
12. The Chinese write characters, the Japanese write characters.
13. These shoes are too tight, those shoes are too stylish, and those are too
expensive. I like …
14. My friend attended the lecture, and I attended the lecture.
15. There were many businessmen at the conference. They spoke different
languages, such as French, English, German, Spanish. Nobody spoke
Arabic. … businessmen spoke Arabic.
Ex. 79. Study the ways of expressing similarity and difference when
making a comparison.
We want to compare the prices of all the radios before we decide which to
buy.
If you compare this one with the others, you’ll see a difference.
Our new flat is very big in comparison with our old flat.
Our new flat is very big compared to/with our old flat.
(= If you compare it ...)
SIMILARITY DIFFERENCE
(a) Like my father I am quite tall. (h) Unlike my father I wear my hair
I am quite tall, like my father. long.
(b) I am as tall as my father. (i) I am taller than my sister.
(c) I am the same height as my
father.
(d) She is/looks/acts/dresses (...) like (j) I am different from my relatives.
her sister.
(e) She and her sister are / look / act / (k) I differ from my mother.
dress (...) alike.
(f) She is similar to her mother in
character.
(g) She and her mother have a lot in (l) My cousin and I have little/
common. nothing in common.
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Ex. 80. Use the same (as), similar (to), different (from), (un)like, alike,
have …in common in the following sentences. There may be more than
one possible variant.
1. Joan and Jack both come from Cambridge. In other words, they come
from ……. town.
2. This city is ……. my hometown. Both are quiet and conservative.
3. You and I don’t agree. Your ideas are ……. mine.
4. Ants are fascinating. An ant colony is ……. a well-disciplined army.
5. He never wears ……. clothes two days in a row.
6. In terms of shape, cabbage looks ……. lettuce.
7. A male mosquito is not ……. size ……. a female mosquito. The female is
larger.
8. I’m used to strong coffee. I think the coffee most North Americans drink
tastes ……. dishwater.
9. A crocodile and an aligator look ……. . They are ……. in appearance.
10. Most of my friends are future businessmen. I am not. ……. my friends, I
study law.
11. “Flour” and “flower” have ……. pronunciation, but they have nothing
……. . They have ……. meanings.
Ex. 81. Study the facts about TOM, PHIL, and PAUL and make
comparisons, completing the following sentences.
1. Tom is _________________________________________________Phil.
2. They ________________________________________________ single.
3. ______________________________________________ is /are married.
4. Tom and Paul are quite ___________________________________ , but
Paul is _____________________________________________ .
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5. Phil is quite ______________________________________________ the
other two.
6. _________________________________________________ like sport.
7. ____________________________________________________ is lazy.
8. Phil and Paul have almost nothing _____________________________ .
9. Paul is ___________________ ambitious _________________ Phil.
10. Tom and Paul have _________________________________________ .
11. ________________________________________ Phil lives alone.
12. Tom and Paul have _________________________________ interests.
Ex. 82. Complete this comparison of John Smith and Roger Dromard
using the appropriate linking words:
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