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2
3


(2 + 𝑗5) + (−3 + 𝑗2) (2 + 𝑗2)(−2 + 𝑗2)

(𝑗3) + (2) (𝑗3)(2)


2 1+𝑗
𝑗(2 + 𝑗)(3 − 4𝑗) ln (1−𝑗)
𝑗
1+𝑗 3
(1+𝑗)3 Ln(√3 + 3𝑗)
5𝑗(2+2𝑗) 4+𝑗
(1−𝑗)(2+𝑗)(3−𝑗) (7 − 7𝑗√3)
1+𝑗 1−𝑗
+ 1+𝑗 (1 − 𝑗)2−𝑗
1−𝑗

1+𝑗
𝑗 (1 + 𝑗√3)
−𝑗 √−𝑗
3 − 𝑗4 𝑗𝑗
𝜋
2𝑒 𝑗 ⁄4 𝑗 −𝑗
𝜋
−2𝑒 𝑗 ⁄4 sin(𝑗)
−2𝑒 −𝑗𝜋 cos(𝑗)
cos(𝛼) − 1; 𝛼 ∈ ℝ
𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜋 ; 𝑘 ∈ ℤ


𝑟, 𝜃 ∈ ℝ+

|𝑧| < 𝑟 𝑅𝑒{𝑧} < 𝑟

|𝑧 − 𝑧0 | < 𝑟 |𝐼𝑚{𝑧}| < 𝑟
|𝑅𝑒{𝑧}| < 𝑟 𝐼𝑚{𝑧} < 𝑟

4
 |𝑅𝑒{𝑧}| > 𝑟 {|𝑧 − 5 + 2𝑗| ≤ 1}
𝑅𝑒{𝑧} > 𝑟 {|𝑧 + 3 − 𝑗| > 3}
|𝐼𝑚{𝑧}| > 𝑟 𝑅𝑒{𝑧} = 2
𝐼𝑚{𝑧} > 𝑟 𝐼𝑚{𝑧} ≤ 0
𝜋
𝑅𝑒{|𝑧|} < 𝑟 {|∡(𝑧)| ≤ 3 ; 𝑦 > 0}
|∠𝑧| < 𝜃 𝜋 3𝜋
{ 4 ≤ ∡(𝑧) ≤ ; 𝑥 > 0; 𝑦 < 3}
4
𝑅𝑒{𝑧} + 2𝐼𝑚{𝑧} = 1

 𝑧, 𝑤 ∈ ℂ 𝑧 𝑤

|𝑧| = 2 ∠𝑤 = 𝜋⁄4 𝑧+𝑤 =1

|𝑧| = 2 |𝑤| = 3 𝑧+𝑤 =4
∠𝑤 = −𝜋⁄3 ∠𝑧 = 𝜋⁄4 𝑧+𝑤 = 4

 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦

(3 − 4𝑗)2 − 2(𝑥 − 𝑦𝑗) = 𝑥 + 𝑗

3 + 2𝑥𝑗 + 3𝑦𝑗 = 8𝑗 + 𝑥
(1 + 𝑗)𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑗 = 4 + 2𝑗
(𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗)(2 + 3𝑗)
(−1)1/5
𝑎 = −3 + 𝑗𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 + 4𝑗
𝑧 ∗ 𝑤 ∗ = 2𝑗 − 1 𝑤 = 3 − 4𝑗

𝑗𝑢 + (1 + 𝑗)𝑤 = 3 + 𝑗 6𝑤 + (4𝑗 − 1)𝑥 = −3 − 7𝑗

{ {
(1 + 𝑗)𝑢∗ − (6 − 𝑗)𝑤 ∗ = 4 (𝑗 − 1)𝑤 ∗ − 𝑥 ∗ = 7𝑗 − 5

 𝑧 ∈ ℂ:
|𝑧 + 𝑗| = 5 |𝑗 + 𝑧 ∗ | = 5
{ 3𝜋 { 3𝜋
∡(𝑧 ∗ + 2) = − 4 ∡(𝑧 + 2) = − 4
𝜋
|𝑧 + 3| = 5 ∡(𝑧 + 𝑘) =
{ 𝜋
{ 2
∡(𝑧 − 1) = − 2 2𝜋
∡(𝑧 − 𝑘) = , 𝑘 > 0, 𝑐𝑡𝑒
3

5


|𝑧 − (1 + 𝑗)| = |𝑧 − (3 − 𝑗)| |𝑧 − (1 − 𝑗)| = |𝑧 − (3 + 𝑗)|

𝑧∗
𝑤 = 1−𝑧2 𝑧 ∈ ℂ\{−𝑗, 𝑗}

𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 ∗ 2 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 ∗ + 9 = 0

𝑧 4 + (1 + 𝑗)𝑧 2 + 5𝑗 = 0

𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℝ
2
𝑧 + (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗)𝑧 + (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑗) = 0

(𝑧 − 𝑧1 )(𝑧 − 𝑧2 ) = 𝑧 2 − (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )𝑧 + 𝑧1 𝑧2

6


𝑧
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
|𝑧 − 2 + 𝑗| = |𝑧 − 𝑗 + 3|
|𝑧 + 𝑧 ∗ + 4𝑗(𝑧 − 𝑧 ∗ )| = 6

|𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗| = |𝑧 − 3 + 𝑗| |𝑧 − 1 + 𝑗| = |𝑧 − 3 − 𝑗|

𝑤 = 𝑗𝑧 + 4 − 𝑗3 6𝑥 + 𝑦 = 22

𝑤 = (1 − 𝑗)𝑧 𝑦>1 𝑧
𝑢+𝑣 >2 𝑤

𝑤 = 𝑗𝑧 + 𝑗 𝑥>0 𝑧
𝑣>1 𝑤

𝑤 𝑥>0
0<𝑦<2 𝑧 𝑤 = 𝑗𝑧 + 1

𝑤 = (𝑗 + √3)𝑧 + 𝑗√3 − 1

𝑦=0
𝑥=0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 1

7
 𝑤 = 𝛼𝑧 + 𝛽 𝑧 =1+𝑗 𝑤=𝑗
𝑧 = −1 𝑤 = 1+𝑗
𝛼 𝛽
𝑤
𝐼𝑚{𝑧} > 0
𝑤 |𝑧| < 2

3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑓(𝑧) = 3𝑒 𝑗 2 𝑧 + √2𝑒 𝑗 4

8


1
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧

9
 𝑤 = 1⁄𝑧

3 7
|𝑧 + 4 + 𝑗| = 4
|𝑧 − 𝑎| ≤ 𝑎 𝑎 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 > 0

𝑧=0 𝑤 = 𝑗 𝑧 = −𝑗 𝑤=1
𝑧 = −1 𝑤=0 𝑤
𝑅𝑒{𝑧} = 𝑐𝑡𝑒 𝐼𝑚{𝑧} = 𝑐𝑡𝑒

1+𝑗
𝑤= 𝑧

𝑧 = 1, 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑗 𝑧=0
|𝑧| < 1
𝑥=𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 =1

𝑧+1
𝑤 = 𝑧−1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1 𝑥≤0 (0, −1) (0,1)

𝑧+𝑗
𝑤 = 𝑧−3 𝑧 𝑥=𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥<0
𝑧 𝑤

𝑧−𝑗
𝑤 = 𝑧+𝑗 𝑤
|𝑧| = 2 𝑧

2𝑗𝑧
𝑤 = 𝑧+𝑗
𝑧=0 𝑧=𝑗 𝑧
𝑤=0 𝑤=𝑗 𝑤
1 1
|𝑧 − 2| < 2 |𝑧| < |𝑧 − 𝑗| 𝑤

10
 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑤
|𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗| = 1
−1 1 𝑤

𝑤
𝑧
𝑤=𝑒
𝑥>0
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋
1
𝜋 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < ∞
2

𝑤 = 𝑧2

𝑧−𝑗
𝑤 = 𝑧+𝑗 𝑅1 𝑧
|𝑅𝑒{𝑧}| ≤ 1 |𝐼𝑚{𝑧}| ≤ 1

11
 𝑅1
𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧)

𝑤 𝑅1

𝑧−𝑗
𝑤 = 𝑧−1

𝑤 𝑧

2𝑧+2𝑗
𝑤= 𝑅1: 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 1 𝑅2: |𝑧| ≤ 1
𝑧−1
𝑧

𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑤
𝑅1 ∩ 𝑅2
𝑅1 𝑅2

(1+𝑗3)𝑧−1−𝑗
𝑤= 1 1 𝑅1: 𝐼𝑚{𝑧} ≥ 1
𝑧+1+𝑗
2 2

𝑅2: |𝑧 − 2 − 𝑗| ≤ 2 𝑧

12
 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑤
𝑅1 ∩ 𝑅2
𝑅1 𝑅2

1−𝑗𝑧
𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧−𝑗
𝑤

𝑧−1
𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = −(1 + 𝑗) 𝑧+1
𝑤

13

𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑧 𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑧

𝑧𝑒 𝑧
sin(4𝑧)
𝑧𝑧 ∗
cos(2𝑧)

𝑎 𝑏
𝑤 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑗(𝑏𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦)
𝑑𝑤
𝑎 𝑏 𝑤 𝑤 𝑧
𝑑𝑧

𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥(1 − 𝑦)

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑗𝑣

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑗𝑣 𝑧 𝑧

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)

3 2
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 − 3𝑥 𝑦 𝑓(0) = 𝑗

𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 cos(𝑦) − 𝑦 sin(𝑦))

𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓(𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦) = 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑗𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑧

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = sin(𝑥) cosh(𝑦)

𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑢 + 𝑗𝑣 𝑧

14
𝑧 2 𝑒 2𝑧
sin(2𝑧)

𝑤 = 𝑧2 − 1
𝑤 = 2𝑧 3 − 21𝑧 2 + 72𝑧 + 6
1
𝑤 = 8𝑧 + 2𝑧 2

15


1
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧−𝑗

|𝑧| < 1
|𝑧| > 1
|𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗| < √2

1
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 +1 |𝑧| < 1

𝑧
𝑧 2 +1
𝑧+1
𝑧 2 +1

1
𝑧0 = 1
1+𝑧
1
𝑧0 = 𝑗2
𝑧(𝑧−𝑗4)
1
𝑧0 = 1 + 𝑗
𝑧2

1
𝑓(𝑧) =
𝑧 4 −1
𝑧=0
𝑧 =1+𝑗
𝑧 = 2 + 𝑗2

𝑧=𝑗

16
 1
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 3 𝑒 𝑧

𝑧=0
𝑧=𝑎

1
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧(𝑧−1)2
𝑧=0
𝑧=1

1
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 sin (𝑧)

𝑧=0
𝑧=∞
𝑧=𝑎

𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(2−𝑧)
|𝑧| < 1
1 < |𝑧| < 2
|𝑧| > 2
|𝑧 − 1| > 1
0 < |𝑧 − 2| < 1

𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧+2)
𝑧0 = 0 1 < |𝑧| < 2

𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧+2)
𝑧0 = 1 + 𝑗

𝑓(𝑧)

17
 ∞ ∞
1
1) 𝑓(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑘 (𝑧 + 3)𝑘 3) 𝑓(𝑧) = ∑ 2𝑘 (𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗)𝑘
2
𝑘=2 𝑘=−4
∞
(−𝑗)𝑘+1 ∞
2) 𝑓(𝑧) = ∑
𝑘(𝑧 − 1)𝑘 4) 𝑓(𝑧) = ∑ 5−𝑘 (𝑧 + 𝑗)𝑘
𝑘=−1
𝑘=2

𝑓(𝑧)

1 sin(𝑧−1)
𝑧 4 −𝑧 2 (1+𝑗)+𝑗 𝑧 4 −𝑧 2 (1+𝑗)+𝑗
𝑧−1 𝑧−1
𝑧 4 −𝑧 2 (1+𝑗)+𝑗 [𝑧 4 −𝑧 2 (1+𝑗)+𝑗]3

cos 𝑧 𝑧

𝑧2 𝑒 1−𝑧
1 𝑧−1
(𝑧+𝑗)2 (𝑧−𝑗) 𝑧 2 +1
𝑧 𝑧+𝑗
𝑧 4 −1 (𝑧+2)2 (𝑧−3)
sin 𝑧 1
𝑧 2 +𝜋 𝑧 2 (𝑧 2 −4𝑧+5)

𝑧=0
1−cos 𝑧
𝑧

𝑒 𝑧2

𝑧3

18
 1
𝑓(𝑧) = 1+𝑧 4
𝑧

𝑒𝑧
(1+𝑧 2 )2
𝑧=𝑗
sin 𝑧 3
( ) 𝑧=0
𝑧2
𝑧4
(𝑧+1)3
𝑧 = −1

2𝑧+1
𝑧 2 −𝑧−2
𝑧+1 2
(𝑧−1)
1
𝑧 2 (1−𝑧)
cos 𝑧
𝑧=0
𝑧
3𝑧 2 +2
(𝑧−1)(𝑧 2 +9)
𝑧
𝑧=𝜋
sin 𝑧
𝑧 3 −𝑧 2 +𝑧−1
𝑧 3 +4𝑧 1
(𝑧 2 +1)2
𝑧=𝑗
𝑧 6 +4𝑧 4 +𝑧 3 +1
(𝑧−1)5

19


∫𝐶(𝑧 + 1)𝑑𝑧 = 0 𝐶
𝑧 =0 𝑧 = 1 𝑧 = 1+𝑗 𝑧=𝑗

2𝑧
∮𝐶 (𝑧−1)(𝑧+2)(𝑧+𝑗) 𝑑𝑧 𝐶
𝑧 = 1 𝑧 = −2 𝑧 = −𝑗

𝑧4
∮𝐶 (𝑧−1)3 𝐶
𝑧=1

∫𝐶(𝑧 2 + 3𝑧)𝑑𝑧 𝐶
𝑧
𝑧=2 𝑧 = 𝑗2
𝑧=2 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑗2 𝑧 = 𝑗2
|𝑧| = 2 𝑧=2 𝑧 = 𝑗2

∮𝐶(5𝑧 4 − 𝑧 3 + 2) 𝑑𝑧 𝐶
𝑧
|𝑧| = 1
0 1 1+𝑗 𝑗
𝑦 = 𝑥2 0 1+𝑗 𝑦2 = 𝑥
1+𝑗 0

1
∮𝐶 𝑧−4 𝑑𝑧 𝐶
𝑧=4
𝐶
𝐶

20
 2𝑧
∮𝐶 (2𝑧−1)(𝑧+2) 𝑑𝑧 𝐶
|𝑧| = 1
|𝑧| = 3

5𝑧
∮𝐶 (𝑧+1)(𝑧−2)(𝑧+𝑗4) 𝑑𝑧 𝐶
|𝑧| = 3
|𝑧| = 5

𝑧 3 +𝑧
∮𝐶 (2𝑧+1)3 𝑑𝑧 𝐶
4𝑧
∮𝐶 (𝑧−1)(𝑧+2)2 𝑑𝑧 𝐶 |𝑧| = 3

𝑧 3 −𝑧 2 +𝑧−1
∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 𝐶
𝑧 3 +4𝑧
|𝑧| = 1
|𝑧| = 3

1
∮𝐶 𝑧 3 (𝑧 2 +2𝑧+2) 𝑑𝑧 𝐶 |𝑧| = 3

𝑧
∮𝐶 𝑧 2 +1 𝑑𝑧 𝐶
1
|𝑧| =
2
|𝑧| = 2

𝑧 2 +3𝑗𝑧−2
∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 𝐶
𝑧 3 +9𝑧
|𝑧| = 1
|𝑧| = 4

(𝑧 2 +2)(𝑧 2 +4)
𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧 2 +1)(𝑧 2 +6)

∮𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 𝐶
|𝑧| = 2

21
 |𝑧 − 𝑗| = 1
|𝑧| = 4

1
∮𝐶 𝑧 2 (1+𝑧 2 )2 𝑑𝑧 𝐶
1
|𝑧| =
2
|𝑧| = 2

3𝑧 2 +2 (𝑖) |𝑧 − 2| = 2
∮𝐶 (𝑧−1)(𝑧 2 +4) 𝑑𝑧 𝐶 {
(𝑖𝑖) |𝑧| = 4

𝑧 2 −2𝑧 (𝑖) |𝑧| = 3

∮𝐶 (𝑧+1)2 (𝑧 2 +4) 𝑑𝑧 𝐶 {
(𝑖𝑖) |𝑧 + 𝑗| = 2

1
(𝑖) |𝑧| =
1 2
∮𝐶 (𝑧+1)3 (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2) 𝑑𝑧 𝐶 {(𝑖𝑖) |𝑧 + 1| = 1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) rectángulo con vértices en ± 𝑗, 3 ± 𝑗

∞ 1 ∞ 𝑥2
∫−∞ 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 ∫−∞ (𝑥 2 +1)2 (𝑥 2 +2𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥

∞ 1 2𝜋 1
∫−∞ (𝑥 2 +1)2 𝑑𝑥 ∫0 𝑑𝜃
3−2 cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃

∞ 1 ∞ 1
∫0 (𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 +4)2
𝑑𝑥 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4 +1

2𝜋 cos 3𝜃 ∞ 1
∫0 𝑑𝜃 ∫−∞ (𝑥 2 +4𝑥+5)2 𝑑𝑥
5−4 cos 𝜃

2𝜋 4 2𝜋 cos 𝜃
∫0 𝑑𝜃 ∫0 𝑑𝜃
5+4 sin 𝜃 3+2 cos 𝜃

22


𝑥(𝑡) = sin(𝜔0 𝑡) 𝜔0

𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = 1 + sin(𝜔0 𝑡) + 2 cos(𝜔0 𝑡) + cos (2𝜔0 𝑡 + 4 )

𝑓(𝑡)
2𝜋 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 0 < 𝑡 < 2𝜋

𝑓(𝑡) 2𝜋 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡
−𝜋 < 𝑡 < 𝜋 𝑓(𝑡)

𝑓(𝑡) 2𝜋
0 < 𝑡 < 2𝜋
1
𝑡 0≤𝑡≤ 𝜋
2
1 1
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝜋 𝜋≤𝑡≤𝜋
2 2
1
{𝜋 − 𝑡 𝜋 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
2

𝑓(𝑡) −2𝜋 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 3𝜋

𝑓(𝑡) 2𝜋
−𝜋 < 𝑡 < 𝜋
−1 −𝜋 < 𝑡 < 0
𝑓(𝑡) = {
1 0<𝑡<𝜋

23
 𝑓(𝑡) 2𝜋 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2
−𝜋 < 𝑡 < 𝜋

𝑓(𝑡) = |sin(𝑡)|

𝑔(𝑡) ℎ(𝑡) 2𝜋
2
−𝜋 < 𝑡 < 𝜋 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡

𝑔(𝑡) 4

𝑥(𝑡)

1
𝑘=0
2
𝑐𝑘 = 𝜋
sin ( 2 𝑘)
𝑘≠0
{ 𝜋𝑘

𝑔(𝑡) 𝑥(𝑡)

1
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡 − 1) −
2

𝑑𝑘 𝑔(𝑡)

24
 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑇𝑝 = 4
𝜋
𝜔0 = 2

𝑔(𝑡)
𝑒𝑘 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑑𝑘

2𝜋
−4𝜋 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 4𝜋

−𝜋 (−𝜋 < 𝑡 < 0)

𝑓(𝑡) = {
𝑡 (0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋)
𝑡+𝜋 (−𝜋 < 𝑡 < 0)
𝑓(𝑡) = {
0 (0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋)
𝑡
𝑓(𝑡) = 1 − 𝜋 (0 < 𝑡 < 2𝜋)
𝜋
0 −𝜋 < 𝑡 < − 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓(𝑡) = 2 cos(𝑡) −2 < 𝑡 < 2
𝜋
{ 0 <𝑡<𝜋
2
1
𝑓(𝑡) = cos (2 𝑡) (−𝜋 < 𝑡 < 𝜋)

𝑓(𝑡) = |𝑡| (−𝜋 < 𝑡 < 𝜋)

0 (−𝜋 < 𝑡 < 0)
𝑓(𝑡) = {
2𝑡 − 𝜋 (0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋)

25
 𝑓(𝑡)
2
2𝜋 −𝜋 < 𝑡 < 𝜋 𝑓(𝑡) = (𝜋 − 𝑡)

𝑞(𝑡)
𝑡 𝑞(𝑡)

𝑓(𝑡) 2𝜋 0 < 𝑡 < 2𝜋

5 sin(𝑡) (0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋)
𝑓(𝑡) = {
0 (𝜋 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋)

𝑓(𝑡)

𝑓(𝑡)

𝜋2 (0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋)
𝑓(𝑡) = { , 𝑓(𝑡 + 2𝜋) = 𝑓(𝑡)
(𝑡 − 𝜋)2 (𝜋 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋)

𝑓(𝑡) 2𝜋
0≤𝑡≤𝜋
𝜋
𝑡 (0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ )
𝑓(𝑡) = { 2
𝜋
𝜋−𝑡 ( ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋)
2

𝑓(𝑡) −2𝜋 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 4𝜋

26
 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑓(𝑡)

𝑓(𝑡) 2𝜋
0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
𝑡
2− (0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋)
𝑓(𝑡) = { 𝑡 𝜋
(𝜋 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋)
𝜋

𝑓(𝑡) −4𝜋 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 4𝜋
𝜋
2
𝜋 3
𝑓 (𝑡 − 2 ) − 2

𝑓(𝑡) 4 𝑓(𝑡 + 4) = 𝑓(𝑡)

−2 < 𝑡 < 2

0 (−2 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 0)
𝑓(𝑡) = {
1 (0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2)

𝑓(𝑡) −6 < 𝑡 < 6

𝑓(𝑡) 2

3𝑡 (0 < 𝑡 < 1)
𝑓(𝑡) = {
3 (1 < 𝑡 < 2)

𝑓(𝑡 + 2) = 𝑓(𝑡)

𝑓(𝑡) −4 < 𝑡 < 4

27
 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 (−𝑙 < 𝑡 < 𝑙)
𝑓(𝑡 + 2𝑙) = 𝑓(𝑡)

𝑓(𝑡) 2𝑙

𝐾
− (𝑙 + 𝑡) (−𝑙 < 𝑡 < 0)
𝑓(𝑡) = { 𝑙
𝐾
(𝑙 − 𝑡) (0 < 𝑡 < 𝑙)
𝑙

−3𝑙 < 𝑡 < 3𝑙

10 −5 < 𝑡 < 5

0 (−5 < 𝑡 < 0)

𝑓(𝑡) = {
3 (0 < 𝑡 < 5)

−12 < 𝑡 < 12

𝑥(𝑡)
𝑇=8
𝑥(𝑡)
𝑐1 = 𝑐−1 = 2
∗
𝑐3 = 𝑐−3 = 4𝑗

𝑥(𝑡)
∞

𝑥(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑐̃𝑘 cos(𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑘 )

𝑘=0

28
 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑇=8
𝑥(𝑡)

𝑐1 = 𝑐−1 = 𝑗
𝑐5 = 𝑐−5 = 2

𝑥(𝑡)
∞

𝑥(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑐̃𝑘 cos(𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑘 )

𝑘=0

𝑐𝑘

1.5 0 ≤ 𝑡 < 1
𝑥(𝑡) = {
−1.5 1 ≤ 𝑡 < 2

𝜔0 = 𝜋

𝑥1 (𝑡) 𝜔1
𝑐𝑘

𝑥2 (𝑡) = 𝑥1 (1 − 𝑡) + 𝑥1 (𝑡 − 1)

𝜔2 𝑥2 (𝑡) 𝜔1

𝑑𝑘 𝑥2 (𝑡) 𝑐𝑘

𝑥(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑇=2 𝑐𝑘
𝑐0 = 0 𝑐𝑘 = 0 |𝑘| > 1
1 2
∫ |𝑥(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡
2 0
=1

29
 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 −1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
4

sin(𝜋𝑡) (0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2)
𝑥(𝑡) = {
0 (2 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 4)

1
𝑇𝑝 = 2
𝑦(𝑡) = cos(4𝜋𝑡)
𝑦(𝑡) = sin(4𝜋𝑡)
𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)𝑦(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡)
𝑦(𝑡)
𝑧(𝑡)

30
 𝑧(𝑡)
𝑧(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑇=4 𝑐𝑘
𝑐𝑘 = 0 |𝑘| > 1
𝜋𝑘
𝑑𝑘 = 𝑒 −𝑗 2 𝑐−𝑘
1 4 1
∫ |𝑥(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡
4 0
=2

𝑥(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) 𝑇𝑃
𝑐𝑘
𝑑𝑘 𝑐𝑘 𝑇𝑝
𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) + 𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑡0 )
ℰ𝓋{𝑥(𝑡)} ℰ𝓋{∙}
𝑅𝑒{𝑥(𝑡)}
𝑑2 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑥(3𝑡 − 1)

𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑇=6 𝑐𝑘
𝑐𝑘 = 0 𝑘=0 𝑘>2
𝑥(𝑡) = −𝑥(𝑡 − 3)
1 3 1
6
∫−3|𝑥(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡 = 2
𝑐1

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝐵𝑡 + 𝐶) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

4 𝑥(𝑡)

31
 0 𝑘=0
𝜋
𝑐𝑘 = { sin( 𝑘)
(𝑗)𝑘 4
𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟
𝜋𝑘
𝜋
sin( 𝑘)
𝑐𝑘 = (−1)𝑘 8
2𝜋𝑘

𝑗𝑘 |𝑘| < 3
𝑐𝑘 = {
0 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟
1 𝑘 𝑝𝑎𝑟
𝑐𝑘 = {
2 𝑘 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟

𝑡 (0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1)
𝑥(𝑡) = {
2−𝑡 (1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2)

𝑇=2 𝑐𝑘

𝑐0
𝑑𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝑥(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡)

2 𝑘=0
|𝑘|
𝑐𝑘 = { 1
𝑗( ) 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟
2

𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

32


33
 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑎|𝑡| 𝑎>0

𝑎
𝑡+𝑎 (−𝜏 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 0)
𝜏
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑎
− 𝑡+𝑎 (0 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝜏)
𝜏
{ 0 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜

𝑥(𝑡) 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)

𝑡 − 𝑡0
𝑎𝑥 ( )
𝑇

𝑥(𝑡) 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)

𝑥𝐷 (𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) ± 𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑡0 )

1
𝑋𝐷 (𝑗𝜔) 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑡0 = 2

𝑡
𝑢(𝑡) ∗ 𝑟 (𝑇)

1 1
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑢 (𝑡 + ) − 𝑢 (𝑡 − )
2 2

𝑇
𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑇 cos(𝜔0 𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) ∗ 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )

𝜋𝑡 𝜋𝑡
sa ( 𝑇 ) ∗ sa ( 𝑇 )

34
 ∞

𝑥(𝑡) = ∑ 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑛𝑇)

𝑛=−∞

𝑥(𝑡) = ∑ 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑛𝑇)

𝑛=−𝐾

∞ ∞
∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑋(0) ∫ 𝑋(𝜔)𝑑𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑥(0)
−∞ −∞

𝜋 𝜋
1 + cos(𝑎𝑡) (− ≤𝑡≤ )
𝑥(𝑡) = { 𝑎 𝑎
0 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜

ℱ{𝑥(𝑡) cos(𝜔0 𝑡) cos(𝜔0 𝑡)}

𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = ℱ{𝑥(𝑡)}

𝑥𝑎 (𝑡) 𝑋𝑎 (𝑗𝜔)
10 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑛
𝑥𝑎 (𝑡) 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑥𝑎 (𝑓 )
𝑠

𝑥𝑎 (𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)

1 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑢 (𝑡 + ) − 𝑢 (𝑡 − )
2 2
1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥 (2𝑡 + ) (2𝑡 + 1) − 𝑥 (2𝑡 − ) (1 − 2𝑡)
2 2

35
 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)
𝑡−1
𝑥2 (𝑡) = 𝑥 ( )
2
𝑦3 (𝑡)

1 1
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑢 (2 − 𝑡) 𝑢 (𝑡 + 2) 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑟(𝑡) cos(𝑡) 𝑟(𝑡) ∗ r(𝑡)

𝑟(𝑡) cos(𝜋𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡) ∗ u(𝑡)
𝑟(𝑡) sin(10𝜋𝑡) 𝑢(1 − 𝑡 2 )
𝑡
𝑟 (𝑇) sin(𝑡) 𝑡𝑢(𝑡) u(1 − 𝑡)
𝑢(𝑡) ∗ r(𝑡) (1 − 𝑡)𝑢(𝑡)𝑢(1 − 𝑡)
(1 − 𝑡)𝑢(𝑡)𝑢(−1 − 𝑡)

𝑥1 (𝑡) 𝑥2 (𝑡) 𝐴1 𝐴2
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥1 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑥2 (𝑡) 𝐴1 𝐴2

ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑎 > 0

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑏 > 0

sin(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)
ℎ(𝑡) = 𝜋𝑡
sin(𝜔𝑖 𝑡)
ℎ(𝑡) 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝜋𝑡

𝑠(𝑡)
𝑝(𝑡) = cos(𝜔0 𝑡)
𝑟(𝑡) = s(𝑡) 𝑝(𝑡)

36
 𝑡
sin(𝑡) sin (2)
𝑥(𝑡) =
𝜋𝑡 2

𝑒 −2(𝑡−1) 𝑢(𝑡 − 1)
𝑒 −2|𝑡−1|

𝛿(𝑡 + 1) + 𝛿(𝑡 − 1)
𝑑
{𝑢(−2 − 𝑡) + 𝑢(𝑡 − 2)}
𝑑𝑡

𝜋
sin (2𝜋𝑡 + 4 )
𝜋
1 + cos (6𝜋𝑡 + 8 )

𝑋1 (𝑗𝜔) = 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔) + 𝜋𝛿(𝜔 − 4𝜋) + 𝜋𝛿(𝜔 + 4𝜋)

37
 2 (0 ≤ 𝜔 ≤ 2)
𝑋2 (𝑗𝜔) = {−2 (−2 ≤ 𝜔 ≤ 0)
0 (|𝜔| > 2)

𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = |𝑋(𝑗𝜔)|𝑒 𝑗∢𝑋(𝑗𝜔)

|𝑋(𝑗𝜔)| = 2{𝑢(𝜔 + 3) − 𝑢(𝜔 − 3)}

3
∢𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = − 𝜔 + 𝜋
2

𝑡 𝑥(𝑡) = 0

𝑥(𝑡) 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)
𝑋(𝑗𝜔)
𝑥1 (𝑡) = 𝑥(1 − 𝑡) + 𝑥(−1 − 𝑡)
𝑥2 (𝑡) = 𝑥(3𝑡 − 6)
𝑑2
𝑥3 (𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑥(𝑡 − 1)

𝑋1 (𝑗𝜔) = 𝑢(𝜔) − 𝑢(𝜔 − 2)

𝜔
𝑋2 (𝑗𝜔) = cos(2𝜔) sin ( 2 )
sin(2𝜔) 𝜋
𝑋3 (𝑗𝜔) = 𝐴(𝜔)𝑒 𝑗𝐵(𝜔) 𝐴(𝜔) = 𝐵(𝜔) = 2𝜔 + 2
𝜔
1 |𝑘| 𝑘𝜋
𝑋4 (𝑗𝜔) = ∑∞
𝑘=−∞ (2) 𝛿 (𝜔 − )
4

1
0 (𝑡 < − )
2
1 1 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 + (− ≤ 𝑡 ≤ )
2 2 2
1
{ 1 (𝑡 > )
2

38
 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)
1
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) − 2

0 (|𝑡| > 1)
𝑥(𝑡) = {𝑡 + 1
(−1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1)
2

𝑋(𝑗𝜔)

𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡)

2
sin(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 ( )
𝜋𝑡

∞ 4
sin(𝑡)
2
𝐴=∫ 𝑡 ( ) 𝑑𝑡
−∞ 𝜋𝑡

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) ∗ ℎ(𝑡)

𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑥(3𝑡) ∗ ℎ(3𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) ℎ(𝑡) 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)

𝐻(𝑗𝜔)
𝑔(𝑡)

𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑦(𝐵𝑡)

𝐴 𝐵

39
 2
𝑒 −|𝑡| ⟷
1 + 𝜔2

𝑡𝑒 −|𝑡|

4𝑡
(1 + 𝑡 2 )2

𝑥(𝑡)

𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = 𝛿(𝜔) + 𝛿(𝜔 − 𝜋) + 𝛿(𝜔 − 5)

ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡) − 𝑢(𝑡 − 2)

𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) ∗ ℎ(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)

𝑥(𝑡)
ℱ −1 {(1 + 𝑗𝜔)𝑋(𝑗𝜔)} = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) 𝐴 𝑡
∞
∫−∞|𝑋(𝑗𝜔)|2 𝑑𝜔 = 2𝜋

𝑥(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) 𝑋(𝑗𝜔 )

𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) = 0 𝑡≤0
1 ∞
∫ 𝑅𝑒{𝑋(𝑗𝜔)}𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔 = |𝑡|𝑒 −|𝑡|
2𝜋 −∞

𝑥(𝑡)

40
 ∞ 𝜋
sin (𝑘 4 ) 𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = ∑ 𝜋 𝛿 (𝑡 − 𝑘 4 )
𝑘=−∞ (𝑘 4 )

sin(𝑡)
𝑔(𝑡) 𝑥(𝑡) = ( ) 𝑔(𝑡)
𝜋𝑡
𝑋(𝑗𝜔)
𝑋(𝑗𝜔)

(sin2 (3𝜔)) cos(𝜔)

𝐻(𝑗𝜔) =
𝜔2

1
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) =
𝑗𝜔 + 3

𝑥(𝑡)

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡)

[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 cos(𝜔0 𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡) 𝑎 > 0

𝑒 −3|𝑡| sin(2𝑡)
1 + cos(𝜋𝑡) (|𝑡| ≤ 1)
𝑥(𝑡) = {
0 (|𝑡| > 1)

41
∑∞ 𝑘
𝑘=0 𝑎 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑘𝑇) |𝑎| < 1
[𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 sin(4𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡)
sin(𝜋𝑡) sin(2𝜋(𝑡−1))
[ ][ ]
𝜋𝑡 𝜋(𝑡−1)

𝑥1 (𝑡)
𝑥2 (𝑡)
2 (0 < 𝑡 < 1)
𝑥(𝑡) = {1 − 𝑡
0 𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟

2 sin(3(𝜔−2𝜋))
𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = (𝜔−2𝜋)
𝜋
𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = cos (4𝜔 + 3 )
𝑋1 (𝑗𝜔)
𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = 2[𝛿(𝜔 − 1) − 𝛿(𝜔 + 1)] + 3[𝛿(𝜔 − 2𝜋) + 𝛿(𝜔 + 2𝜋)]
𝑋2 (𝑗𝜔)

42
 −𝑡 (0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1)
𝑥0 (𝑡) = {𝑒
0 𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟

𝑥0 (𝑡)

𝑅𝑒{𝑋(𝑗𝜔)} = 0
𝐼𝑚{𝑋(𝑗𝜔)} = 0
𝑎 𝑒 𝑗𝑎𝜔 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)
∞
∫−∞ 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)𝑑𝜔 = 0
∞
∫−∞ 𝜔𝑋(𝑗𝜔)𝑑𝜔 = 0
𝑋(𝑗𝜔)

43
𝑋(𝑗𝜔) 𝑥(𝑡)

∢𝑋(𝑗𝜔)
𝑋(𝑗0)
∞
∫−∞ 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)𝑑𝜔
∞ 2 sin(𝜔) 𝑗2𝜔
∫−∞ 𝑋(𝑗𝜔) 𝜔
𝑒 𝑑𝜔
∞ 2
∫−∞|𝑋(𝑗𝜔)| 𝑑𝜔
𝑅𝑒{𝑋(𝑗𝜔)}
𝑋(𝑗𝜔)

44
 𝑥(𝑡)
ℎ(𝑡) 𝑋(𝑗𝜔) 𝐻(𝑗𝜔)
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 𝑢(𝑡) ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
−2𝑡

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −(𝑡−2) 𝑢(𝑡 − 2) ℎ(𝑡)

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) ∗ ℎ(𝑡) 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)𝐻(𝑗𝜔)

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡 − 1) − 2𝑢(𝑡 − 2) + 𝑢(𝑡 − 3)

∞

𝑥̃(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑘𝑇)

𝑘=−∞

45
 𝑇>0 𝑐𝑘 𝑥̃(𝑡)
𝑋(𝑗𝜔) 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑋(𝑗𝜔)
𝑐𝑘

1 2𝜋𝑘
𝑐𝑘 = 𝑋 (𝑗 )
𝑇 𝑇

𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) cos(𝑡) 𝑔(𝑡)

1 |𝜔| ≤ 2
𝐺(𝑗𝜔) = {
0 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟

𝑥(𝑡)
𝑋1 (𝑗𝜔) 𝑥1 (𝑡)

𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑥1 (𝑡) cos(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = cos(𝑡)

ℎ1 (𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡)
ℎ2 (𝑡) = −2𝛿(𝑡) + 5𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
ℎ3 (𝑡) = 2𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

cos(𝑡)

sin(4(𝑡 − 1))
ℎ(𝑡) =
𝜋(𝑡 − 1)

𝜋
𝑥1 (𝑡) = cos (6𝑡 − 2 )
1 𝑘
𝑥2 (𝑡) = ∑∞
𝑘=0 (2) sin(3𝑘𝑡)

46
 sin(4(𝑡+1))
𝑥3 (𝑡) = 𝜋(𝑡+1)
sin(2𝑡) 2
𝑥4 (𝑡) = ( )
𝜋𝑡

𝑑2 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑑𝑦(𝑡)
2
+6 + 8𝑦(𝑡) = 2𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑑 2 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑑𝑦(𝑡) 𝑑 2 𝑥(𝑡)

+ √2 + 𝑦(𝑡) = 2 − 2𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2

𝑗𝜔 + 4
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) =
6 − 𝜔 2 + 5𝑗𝜔

𝑥(𝑡)
𝑦(𝑡)
ℎ(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 𝑡𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑎 − 𝑗𝜔
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) =
𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔
𝑎>0

𝐻(𝑗𝜔) ∢𝐻(𝑗𝜔)

𝑎=1

47
 𝑡
cos ( ) + cos(𝑡) + cos(√3𝑡)
√3

𝑥(𝑡) = [𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 −3𝑡 ]𝑢(𝑡)

𝑦(𝑡) = [2𝑒 −𝑡 − 2𝑒 −4𝑡 ]𝑢(𝑡)

48


𝑥(𝑡) = 3𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 2𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝑡 cos(𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡)
4 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝛿(𝑡) − 3 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) + 3 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

2𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 5
𝑋(𝑠) = , 𝜎 > −1
(𝑠 + 1)2 (𝑠 + 2)

𝑒𝑠
𝑋(𝑠) = , 𝜎 > −1
𝑠+1

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑦(𝑡) = [𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 ]𝑢(𝑡)

𝑠 = −2
𝑠=4
𝑥(𝑡) = 1 𝑦(𝑡) = 0
𝑡 = 0+

49
 ℎ(𝑡)
𝐻(𝑠) 𝐻(𝑠) 𝑠 = −2

ℱ{ℎ(𝑡)𝑒 −3𝑡 }
+∞
∫−∞ ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑡ℎ(𝑡)
𝑑
ℎ(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
ℎ(𝑡)
𝐻(𝑠) = 𝐻(−𝑠)
lim 𝐻(𝑠) = 2
𝑠→∞

𝑑2 𝑑
2
𝑥(𝑡) + 6 𝑥(𝑡) + 9𝑥(𝑡) = sin(𝑡), (𝑡 ≥ 0)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 =0 𝑡=0
𝑑𝑡

𝑑3 𝑑2 𝑑
3
𝑥(𝑡) + 5 2
𝑥(𝑡) + 17 𝑥(𝑡) + 13𝑥(𝑡) = 1, (𝑡 ≥ 0)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥
𝑥= =1 =0 𝑡=0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2

𝑒(𝑡)
𝑠1 𝑡=0
𝑞(𝑡)
𝑖(𝑡) 𝑡
−4
𝑅 = 160Ω 𝐿 = 1𝐻 𝐶 = 10 𝐹 𝑒(𝑡) = 20𝑉

50
 𝑠1 𝑡=0
𝑖1 (𝑡) 𝑖2 (𝑡) 𝑡

𝐼1 (𝑠)
𝐼2 (𝑠)
𝑖2 (𝑡) 𝑖1 (0) = 𝑖2 (0) = 𝑞1 (0) = 0

𝑠1 𝑡=0 𝑖1 (𝑡) 𝑡>0

𝐸0 = 10𝑉

51
 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑑2 𝑑 𝑑
9 2 𝑥(𝑡) + 12 𝑥(𝑡) + 13𝑥(𝑡) = 2 𝑢(𝑡) + 3𝑢(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑥(𝑡)
𝑢(𝑡)

𝑑2 𝑑
2
𝑥(𝑡) + 5 𝑥(𝑡) + 6𝑥(𝑡) = 5𝑢(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑡=0
𝑖(𝑡)
𝑡
𝑖(𝑡)

52
 𝑠−1
(𝑠+2)(𝑠2 +4)
(𝑠+2)(𝑠−2)
(𝑠+1)(𝑠−1)(𝑠+4)
𝑠−1
(𝑠+2)(𝑠+4)
6
(𝑠2 +𝑠+1)(𝑠+1)2
5(𝑠+10)
(𝑠+5)(𝑠2 −𝑠+10)

2 − 3 cos(𝑡)
(3𝑡 − 1)2
𝑡 + 3 sin(2𝑡)

1 + 3𝑒 −𝑡 sin(2𝑡)
𝑡 2 𝑒 −2𝑡
3 − 2𝑒 −3𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 cos(2𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = cos(𝑎𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = sin(𝑎𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) = sa(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) = sa(𝑎𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡 + 3)𝑢(𝑡 + 3)
𝑒 −3|𝑡|

53
𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡)
𝑒 −𝑒𝑡
𝑒 −3|𝑡| 𝑢(−𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 1)

𝑋(𝑠)

𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡 − 𝑡0 )

𝐴 𝑡0
𝐺(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑔(𝑡)} = 𝑋(𝑠) 𝐺(𝑠)

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝛽𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝛽∈ℂ
𝑋(𝑠) 𝜎 > −1

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 sin(2𝑡) 𝑢(−𝑡)

𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑎 > 0
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑎 < 0
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑎 > 0
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑎 < 0
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) 𝑎 > 0
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) 𝑎 < 0
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) 𝑎 > 0
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) 𝑎 < 0

54
 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥1 (𝑡) − 𝑥2 (𝑡)

1
𝑋1 (𝑠) = 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝜎 > −1
𝑠+1
1
𝑋2 (𝑠) = 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝜎 > −1
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2)

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥1 (𝑡) − 𝑥2 (𝑡)

𝑥1 (𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑥2 (𝑡) = −𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡)
𝑎∈ℝ

𝑠
𝑥(𝑡) cos(𝜔0 𝑡) ℒ{𝑥(𝑡)} = 𝑋(𝑠)

1 1
+
𝑠+1 𝑠+3
𝑠+1
𝑠2 −1
𝑠3 −1
𝑠2 +𝑠 1

𝑥(𝑡)
𝑠=2

𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡)

(𝑠 − 1)
𝑋(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 3)(𝑠 2 + 𝑠 + 1)

55
 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑠 = −1 𝑠 = −3
2𝑡
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑥(𝑡) 𝐺(𝑗𝜔) 𝑥(𝑡)

2(𝑠 + 2)
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝜎 > −3
𝑠2 + 7𝑠 + 12

𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) = 0 𝑡>0
𝑥(𝑘/10) = 0 𝑘 ∈ ℕ+
𝑥(1/20) = 𝑒 −15

𝑥(𝑡) 𝑋(𝑠) 𝑋(𝑠)

𝑋(𝑠)
𝑋(𝑠)
𝑋(𝑠)

𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑎𝑥(−𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝛽𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑠
𝐺(𝑠) = (−1 < 𝜎 < 1)
𝑠2 − 1

𝑎 𝛽

𝑥(𝑡) 𝑋(𝑠)
𝑥(𝑡)
𝑋(𝑠) 𝑠
𝜋
−𝑗
𝑋(𝑠) 𝑠 = √2𝑒 4
∞
∫−∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 1
𝑋(𝑠)

56
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)

𝑑
𝑥(𝑡) = −2𝑦(𝑡) + 𝛿(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
𝑦(𝑡) = 2𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝑋(𝑠) 𝑌(𝑠)
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)

𝑦(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡)

𝑑3 𝑑2 𝑑
3
𝑦(𝑡) + (1 + 𝑎) 2
𝑦(𝑡) + 𝑎(𝑎 + 1) 𝑦(𝑡) + 𝑎2 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑎
𝑔(𝑡)

𝑑
𝑔(𝑡) = ℎ(𝑡) + ℎ(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝐺(𝑠)

𝑥(𝑡) = 1
𝑥(𝑡) = sin(𝜔𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) = cos(𝜔𝑡)

𝑥1 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑥2 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑎(𝑡+1) 𝑢(𝑡 + 1)

𝑎∈ℝ 𝑎>0

𝑥1 (𝑡) 𝑥2 (𝑡)

57
 ℒ𝑏 {𝑥1 (𝑡)}ℒ𝑏 {𝑥2 (𝑡)}
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑥1 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑥2 (𝑡)
ℒ𝑢 {𝑥1 (𝑡)}ℒ𝑢 {𝑥2 (𝑡)}
𝑔(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 + 1)

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝛿(𝑡 + 1) + 𝛿(𝑡) + 𝑒 −2(𝑡+3) 𝑢(𝑡 + 1)
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑑2 𝑑
𝑥(𝑡) + 4 𝑥(𝑡) + 5𝑥(𝑡) = 8 cos(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

𝑑
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 𝑥(𝑡) = 0 𝑡=0

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑒 −5𝑡 sin(5𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) + 𝑒 3𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 2|𝑡|
𝑥(𝑡) = |𝑡|𝑒 −2|𝑡|
𝑥(𝑡) = |𝑡|𝑒 2𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡)
1 0≤𝑡≤1
𝑥(𝑡) = {
0 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜
𝑡 0≤𝑡≤1
𝑥(𝑡) = {
2−𝑡 1≤ 𝑡 ≤2
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝛿(𝑡) + 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝛿(3𝑡) + 𝑢(3𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡)

1
𝜎>0
𝑠2 +9
𝑠
𝜎<0
𝑠2 +9
𝑠+1
(𝑠+1)2 +9
𝜎 < −1

58
 𝑠+2
−4 < 𝜎 < −3
𝑠2 +7𝑠+12
𝑠+1
−3 < 𝜎 < −2
𝑠2 +5𝑠+6
(𝑠+1)2 1
𝜎>2
𝑠2 −𝑠+1
𝑠2 −𝑠+1
(𝑠+1)2
𝜎 > −1

𝑥(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −3𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) ∗ (𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡))
𝑥(𝑡) = 0 𝑡 > 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 0 𝑡 < −1

𝑦(𝑡) 𝑥1 (𝑡) 𝑥2 (𝑡)

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥1 (𝑡 − 2) ∗ 𝑥2 (−𝑡 + 3)

𝑥1 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑥2 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑌(𝑠)

59
 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑋(𝑠)
𝑋(𝑠)
𝑋(𝑠) 𝑠
𝑋(𝑠) 𝑠 = −1 + 𝑗
𝑒 2𝑡 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑋(0) = 8

𝑋(𝑠)

𝐻(𝑠)

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) ℎ(𝑡)

𝑌(𝑠) 𝑦(𝑡)
𝑦(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) ℎ(𝑡)

(1 − 𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 )𝑢(𝑡) 𝑥(𝑡)

60
(2 − 3𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 −3𝑡 )𝑢(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)

𝑑2 𝑑
2
𝑦(𝑡) − 𝑦(𝑡) − 2𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑋(𝑠) 𝑌(𝑠) 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)

𝐻(𝑠) ℎ(𝑡)

𝐻(𝑠)
ℎ(𝑡)

𝑠+1
𝐻(𝑠) =
𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 2

𝑦(𝑡) 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −|𝑡| −∞<𝑡 <∞

ℎ(𝑡) 𝐻(𝑠)

𝐻(1) = 0.2
𝑢(𝑡)
𝑡𝑢(𝑡)
𝑑2 𝑑
ℎ(𝑡) + 2 𝑑𝑡 ℎ(𝑡) + 2ℎ(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2
𝐻(𝑠)

𝐻(𝑠)

61
 𝑑3 𝑑2 𝑑
𝑦(𝑡) + 6 𝑦(𝑡) + 11 𝑦(𝑡) + 6𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑡 > 0−

𝑑 𝑑2
𝑦(0− ) = 1, 𝑦(𝑡)| = −1, 𝑦(𝑡)| =1
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=0− 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑡=0−

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

62
ℎ(𝑡)

𝑑
ℎ(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑡
∫−∞ ℎ(𝜏) 𝑑𝜏

𝑥(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑒 −𝑛𝑇 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑛𝑇)

𝑛=0
𝑇>0

𝑋(𝑠)
𝑋(𝑠)

𝑠+2
𝑋(𝑠) =
𝑠−2
𝑥(𝑡) = 0, 𝑡>0

2 1
𝑦(𝑡) = − 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
3 3

𝐻(𝑠)
ℎ(𝑡)

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑠−1
𝐻(𝑠) =
𝑠+1

𝑦(𝑡)
∞
∫−∞|𝑥(𝑡)|𝑑𝑡 <∞

63
 𝐻(𝑠)
𝐻(𝑠)

𝐻1 (𝑠)
𝐻(𝑠) 𝐻(𝑠) 𝐻1 (𝑠)

𝐻(𝑠)

ℎ(𝑡)
𝐻(𝑠) 𝐻(𝑠)
−1 + 𝑗 3+𝑗

ℎ(𝑡)𝑒 −3𝑡
𝐻(𝑠) 𝜎 > −1
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)

lim 𝐻(𝑠) = 1
𝑠→∞
𝐻(𝑠)
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = 0 𝜔
3𝑡 3𝑡
𝑒 sin(𝑡) 𝑒 cos(𝑡)

64


1
𝑥[𝑛] = {1, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2}
↑
2𝑥[𝑛]
𝑥[−𝑛]
𝑥[−2 − 𝑛]
𝑥[2 − 𝑛]
𝑥[−2 + 𝑛]
𝑥[2 + 𝑛]

𝑥[𝑛] = {1, 2, 3, 4} 𝑥[𝑛]

↑
{1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 0}
↑
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
↑
{4, 3, 2, 1}
↑
{4, 3, 2, 1}
↑

𝑢𝑟 [𝑛]
𝑢[𝑛]
𝑥1 [𝑛] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0}
𝑥2 [𝑛] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4 3, 2, 1, 0}
𝑥3 [𝑛] = {0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0}
𝑥4 [𝑛] = {4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
↑
𝑥5 [𝑛] = {−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
↑

𝑥[𝑛] = sin(𝜔𝑛)𝑢[𝑛]
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛 + 4] − 𝑢[𝑛 − 2]
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑢[−𝑛 − 2]
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑢𝑟 [𝑛] − 2𝑢𝑟 [𝑛 − 5] + 𝑢𝑟 [𝑛 − 10]
1 −|𝑛|
𝑥[𝑛] = (− 2)

65
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑢𝑟 [𝑛 + 5]𝑢[−𝑛 − 5]

𝑧
1 𝑛+2
∑∞
𝑛=−2 (3) 𝑧 −𝑛
1+(−1)𝑛
∑∞
𝑛=0 [ ] 𝑧 −𝑛
2
1 −𝑛+2
∑∞
𝑛=2 (3) 𝑧𝑛
1 |𝑛| 𝜋
∑∞
𝑛=−∞ (3) cos [ 4 𝑛] 𝑧 𝑛

𝑢[𝑛 − 2]
𝑥[𝑛] =
4𝑛

𝑥[𝑛] = (−1)𝑛 𝑢[𝑛] + 𝑎𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]

𝑎 𝑛0 𝑋(𝑧) 1 < |𝑧| < 2

1 𝑛 𝜋
𝑥[𝑛] = {(2) cos [ 4 𝑛] 𝑛≤0
0 𝑛>0

1−1
𝑧 −1 (1− )
2
1 1−1
(1− 𝑧 −1 )(1− )
3 4

(1−𝑧 −1 )(1−2𝑧 −1 )
(1−3𝑧 −1 )(1−4𝑧 −1 )

66
 𝑧 −2 (1−𝑧 −1 )
1 1
(1− 𝑧 −1 )(1+ 𝑧 −1 )
4 4

𝑥[𝑛]
1
𝑥[𝑛]
2

1
1 − 4 𝑧 −2
𝑥[𝑛] =
1 5 3
(1 + 4 𝑧 −2 ) (1 + 4 𝑧 −1 + 8 𝑧 −2 )

𝑋(𝑧)

𝑥[𝑛] 𝑋(𝑧)
1
𝑧=2
1 𝑛
𝑥1 [𝑛] = ( ) 𝑥[𝑛]
4

1 𝑛
𝑥2 [𝑛] = ( ) 𝑥[𝑛]
8

𝑥[𝑛]

1
1 − 3 𝑧 −1
𝑋(𝑧) = 𝑅𝑂𝐶: |𝑧| > 2
(1 − 𝑧 −1 )(1 + 2𝑧 −1 )

67
𝑋(𝑧) = cos(𝑧)
𝑋(𝑧) = sin(𝑧)

1 + 𝑧 −1
𝑋(𝑧) =
1
1 + 3 𝑧 −1

1 1
|𝑧| > |𝑧| <
3 3

1
1 − 3 𝑧 −1
𝑋(𝑧) =
(1 − 𝑧 −1 )(1 + 2𝑧 −1 )

1 256 − 𝑧 −8
𝑋(𝑧) = [ ] , 𝑅𝑂𝐶: |𝑧| > 0
256 1 − 1 𝑧 −1
2

1 0≤𝑛≤𝑘
𝑥[𝑛] = {
0 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜

𝑔[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] − 𝑥[𝑛 − 1]

𝑔[𝑛]
𝑥[𝑛] 𝑥[𝑛] = ∑𝑛𝑘=−∞ 𝑔[𝑘]

68
 𝐴 𝐴∗ 2|𝐴||𝑝1 |𝑛 cos[𝑛∠𝑝1 + ∠𝐴] 𝑢[𝑛]
+ ⇒
1 − 𝑝1 𝑧 −1 1 − 𝑝1∗ 𝑧 −1 = 2|𝑝1 |𝑛 𝑅𝑒{𝐴} cos[𝑛∠𝑝1 ] − 2|𝑝1 |𝑛 𝐼𝑚{𝐴} sin[𝑛∠𝑝1 ]

𝑔[𝑛] = 𝑢𝑟 [𝑛] − 2𝑢𝑟 [𝑛 − 𝑎] + 𝑢𝑟 [𝑛 − 2𝑎]

𝑥[𝑛]

1 0≤𝑛≤𝑘
𝑥[𝑛] = {
0 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜

𝑘 𝑛0 𝑎

𝑔[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] ∗ 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]

𝑔[𝑛]

4 1
1− 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2
3 2
1 1
𝑧 −1 (1− 𝑧 −1 )(1− 𝑧 −1 )
2 3
1
𝑧−
2
1 3
𝑧 2 + 𝑧−
2 16
𝑧+1
4 1 2
𝑧+ − 𝑧 −2 − 𝑧 −3
3 2 3

𝐻(𝑧)
ℎ[𝑛]
ℎ[𝑛]
ℎ[𝑛]
lim 𝐻(𝑧) = 1
𝑧→∞
𝐻(𝑧)
3
𝐻(𝑧) |𝑧| =
4

69
 1 𝑛
𝑥1 [𝑛] = (4) 𝑢[𝑛 + 5]
𝑥2 [𝑛] = 𝛿[𝑛 + 3] + 𝛿[𝑛] + 2𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛]
1 |𝑛|
𝑥3 [𝑛] = (2)

𝑥[𝑛] 𝑦[𝑛]

𝑦[𝑛 − 1] + 2𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛]

𝑦[−1] = 2
1 𝑛
𝑥[𝑛] = (4) 𝑢[𝑛]
1 𝑛
𝑛≥0 𝑦[−1] = 2 𝑥[𝑛] = (4) 𝑢[𝑛]

𝑟 = |𝑧|

1 𝑛+1
∑∞
𝑛=−1 (2) 𝑧 −𝑛

1 −𝑛+1
∑∞
𝑛=1 (2) 𝑧𝑛
1+(−1)𝑛
∑∞
𝑛=0 [ ] 𝑧 −𝑛
2

1 |𝑛| 𝜋
∑∞
𝑛=−∞ (2) cos [ 4 𝑛] 𝑧 −𝑛

1 𝑛
𝑥[𝑛] = ( ) 𝑢[𝑛 − 3]
5

1 𝑛 𝜋
𝑥[𝑛] = {(3) cos [ 4 𝑛] 𝑛≤0
0 𝑛>0
𝑋(𝑧)

70
 𝑧

1
𝑧 −1 (1− 𝑧 −1 )
2
1 1
(1− 𝑧 −1 )(1− 𝑧 −1 )
3 4

(1−𝑧 −1 )(1−2𝑧 −1 )
(1−3𝑧 −1 )(1−4𝑧 −1 )

𝑧 −2 (1−𝑧 −1 )
1 1
(1− 𝑧 −1 )(1+ 𝑧 −1 )
4 4

𝑥[𝑛] 𝑋(𝑧)
1
𝑋(𝑧) 𝑧 = 2 𝑥[𝑛]

𝑥[𝑛]

1
1 − 4 𝑧 −2
𝑋(𝑧) =
1 5 3
(1 + 4 𝑧 −1 ) (1 + 4 𝑧 −1 + 8 𝑧 −2 )

𝑋(𝑧)

𝑥[𝑛] 𝑋(𝑧)
1
𝑧=2

1 𝑛
𝑥1 [𝑛] = ( ) 𝑥[𝑛]
4

1 𝑛
𝑥2 [𝑛] = ( ) 𝑥[𝑛]
8

𝑥[𝑛]

71
 1
𝑎𝑛 𝑢[𝑛] ⟹ ; |𝑧| > |𝑎|
1 − 𝑎𝑧 −1

1
1 − 3 𝑧 −1
𝑋(𝑧) = ; |𝑧| > 2
(1 − 𝑧 −1 )(1 + 2𝑧 −1 )

𝑋(𝑧)
𝑥[𝑛]

1 + 𝑧 −1
𝑋(𝑧) =
1
1 + 3 𝑧 −1

1
|𝑧| >
3
𝑥[0] 𝑥[1] 𝑥[2]
1
|𝑧| <
3
𝑥[0] 𝑥[−1] 𝑥[−2]

1 1024 − 𝑧 −10
𝑋(𝑧) = [ ], |𝑧| > 0
1024 1 − 1 𝑧 −1
2

𝑛−1 2≤𝑛≤7
𝑔[𝑛] = {13 − 𝑛 8 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 12
0 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟

𝑛0

𝑔[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] ∗ 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]

𝑥[𝑛] 0≤𝑛≤5

72
 𝑋(𝑧)
𝐺(𝑧)

1 𝑛
𝑦[𝑛] = ( ) 𝑢[𝑛]
9

𝑋(𝑧)
[𝑋(𝑧)+𝑋(−𝑧)]
= 𝑌(𝑧 2 )
2
𝑋(𝑧) 𝑧

4 1
1− 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2
3 2
1 1
𝑧 −1 (1− 𝑧 −1 )(1− 𝑧 −1 )
2 3
1
𝑧−
2
1 3
𝑧 2 + 𝑧−
2 16

𝑧+1
4 1 2
𝑧+ − 𝑧 −2 − 𝑧 −3
3 2 3

ℎ[𝑛] 𝑋(𝑧)
ℎ[𝑛]
ℎ[𝑛]
lim 𝐻(𝑧) = 1
𝑧→∞
𝐻(𝑧)
𝐻(𝑧)
3
|𝑧| =
4

𝑥[𝑛] 𝑦[𝑛]

73
 𝑦[𝑛] 𝑥[𝑛]

𝛿[𝑛 + 5]
𝛿[𝑛 − 5]
(−1)𝑛 𝑢[𝑛]
1 𝑛+1
(4) 𝑢[𝑛 + 3]
1 𝑛
(− 3) 𝑢[−𝑛 − 2]
1 𝑛
(4) 𝑢[3 − 𝑛]
1 𝑛
2𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛] + (4) 𝑢[𝑛 − 1]
1 𝑛−2
(3) 𝑢[𝑛 − 2]

1−2𝑧 −1
𝑋(𝑧) = 5 𝑥[𝑛]
1− 𝑧 −1 +𝑧 −2
2
1
1− 𝑧 −1
2
𝑋(𝑧) = 1 𝑥[𝑛]
1+ 𝑧 −1
2
3
𝑋(𝑧) = 1 1 𝑥[𝑛]
𝑧− − 𝑧 −1
4 8

𝑥[𝑛]

3𝑧 −10 + 𝑧 −7 − 5𝑧 −2 + 4𝑧 −1 + 1
𝑋(𝑧) =
𝑧 −10 − 5𝑧 −7 + 𝑧 −3

𝑥[𝑛] 𝑛<0

74
 𝑦[𝑛] 𝑥1 [𝑛] 𝑥2 [𝑛]

𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥1 [𝑛 + 3] ∗ 𝑥2 [−𝑛 + 1]

1 𝑛 1 𝑛
𝑥1 [𝑛] = ( ) 𝑢[𝑛] 𝑥2 [𝑛] = ( ) 𝑢[𝑛]
2 3

𝑌(𝑧)

𝑥[𝑛] 𝑋(𝑧)
𝑥[𝑛]
𝑋(𝑧)
𝑋(𝑧)
𝑗𝜋
1
𝑋(𝑧) 𝑧 = 2𝑒 3
8
𝑋(1) = 3

𝑋(𝑧)

1 1
𝑦[𝑛] − 𝑦[𝑛 − 1] + 𝑦[𝑛 − 2] = 𝑥[𝑛]
2 4
1 𝑛
𝑦[𝑛] 𝑥[𝑛] = (2) 𝑢[𝑛]

𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑦[𝑛 − 1] + 𝑦[𝑛 − 2] + 𝑥[𝑛 − 1]

𝐻(𝑧)

75
 𝑥[𝑛] 𝑦[𝑛]

5
𝑦[𝑛 − 1] − 𝑦[𝑛] + 𝑦[𝑛 + 1] = 𝑥[𝑛]
2

𝑥[𝑛] 𝑦[𝑛]

10
𝑦[𝑛 − 1] − 𝑦[𝑛] + 𝑦[𝑛 + 1] = 𝑥[𝑛]
3

𝑥[𝑛] 𝑦[𝑛]

𝑦[𝑛] 𝑥[𝑛]

1 𝑛+1
𝑥1 [𝑛] = ( ) 𝑢[𝑛 + 1]
2

76
 1 𝑛
𝑥2 [𝑛] = ( ) 𝑢[𝑛]
4

𝑋1 𝑢 (𝑧) 𝑋1 (𝑧)
𝑥1 [𝑛] 𝑋2 𝑢 (𝑧) 𝑋2 (𝑧)
𝑥2 [𝑛]
𝑔[𝑛] = 𝑥1 [𝑛] ∗ 𝑥2 [𝑛]
𝑞[𝑛] = 𝑥1 [𝑛] ∗ 𝑥2 [𝑛] 𝑛≥0
𝑔[𝑛] 𝑞[𝑛] 𝑛≥0

𝑦[𝑛] + 3𝑦[𝑛 − 1] = 𝑥[𝑛]

1 𝑛
𝑥[𝑛] = (2) 𝑢[𝑛]
𝑦[−1] = 1
1 1
𝑦[𝑛] − 2 𝑦[𝑛 − 1] = 𝑥[𝑛] − 2 𝑥[𝑛 − 1]
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛]
𝑦[−1] = 0
1 1
𝑦[𝑛] − 2 𝑦[𝑛 − 1] = 𝑥[𝑛] − 2 𝑥[𝑛 − 1]
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛]
𝑦[−1] = 1

77
−1 + 𝑗7 𝑅𝑒{𝑧} = 3
{𝐼𝑚{𝑧} = −4
|𝑧| = 5
2 + 𝑗3 ∠𝑧 = −53.13°

−8 𝑅𝑒{𝑧} = √2
𝐼𝑚{𝑧} = √2
6𝑗 |𝑧| = 2
𝜋
{∠𝑧 = ⁄4
5 + 10𝑗
𝑅𝑒{𝑧} = −√2
1
−2 𝐼𝑚{𝑧} = −√2
|𝑧| = 2
5𝜋 −3𝜋⁄
7 𝑗 {∠𝑧 = ⁄4 = 4
−5+5

𝑅𝑒{𝑧} = 2
0 𝐼𝑚{𝑧} =0
{
|𝑧| = 2
𝜋 + 4𝑘𝜋 ∠𝑧 = 0

ln 12 𝜋
𝑅𝑒{𝑧} = cos(𝛼) − 1
+𝑗3
2 {𝐼𝑚{𝑧} = 0
|𝑧| = 1 − cos(𝛼)
∠𝑧 = 𝜋
2305.69 − 𝑗109448

𝑅𝑒{𝑧} = (−1)𝑘
−0.309744 − 𝑗0857658 𝐼𝑚{𝑧} = 0
|𝑧| = 1
𝑅𝑒{𝑧} = 0 0 𝑠𝑖 𝑘 𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟
∠𝑧 =
𝐼𝑚{𝑧} = 1 { 𝜋 𝑠𝑖 𝑘 𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟
|𝑧| = 1
𝜋
{∠𝑧 = ⁄2 2𝑒 −
𝜋⁄ −2𝜋𝑛−2𝜋𝑘 𝑗(𝑙𝑛2+𝜋⁄ )
3 𝑒 3

𝑅𝑒{𝑧} = 0
𝐼𝑚{𝑧} = −1
|𝑧| = 1
−𝜋⁄ = 3𝜋⁄
{∠𝑧 = 2 2

78
 −√2
𝑅𝑒{𝑧} = 2
√2 𝑟
𝐼𝑚{𝑧} = 2
|𝑧| = 1
3𝜋
{∠𝑧 = 4

𝜋
−𝑗𝑟 𝑗𝑟
− −2𝑘𝜋
𝑒 2

𝜋
𝑒 2 +2𝑘𝜋 𝑗𝑟

1 1
𝑗 2 (𝑒 − 𝑒)
𝑟
1 1
(𝑒 + 𝑒)
2

𝑟 ±𝜃

𝑟 𝑧0
1 1
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 2

−𝑟 𝑟
5 − 2𝑗

−3 + 𝑗
−𝑗𝑟 𝑗𝑟

𝑗𝑟

−𝑟 𝑟

79
 𝑧 = ±1 − 𝑗4

1 2
𝑧 = 5−𝑗5
𝑦
99 113
𝑢 = 37 − 𝑗 37
{ 32 30
𝑤 = − 37 − 𝑗 37

𝑤 =3−𝑗
{
𝑥 = 1 + 𝑗5

𝑦 𝑧 = −4 + 2𝑗
𝑥
𝑧 = 1 − 3𝑗

𝑗245.70°
{𝑧 = 2𝑒 𝑧 = −4 − 2𝑗
𝑤 = 2.58𝑒 𝑗45°

±𝑗46.57° 𝑧 = −𝑘 + 2𝑘𝑗√3
{𝑧 = 2𝑒 ∓𝑗28.96°
𝑤 = 3𝑒
𝑧 = 2 ∠90°
𝑧 = 2.54 + 𝑗2.54
{
𝑤 = 1.46 − 𝑗2.54 𝑥+𝑥 3 −3𝑥𝑦 2
𝑅𝑒{𝑤} = (1+𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )2 +4𝑥 2 𝑦2
{ −𝑦−3𝑥 2 𝑦+𝑦 3
7 25
𝑧 = −3 + 𝑗 𝐼𝑚{𝑤} = (1+𝑥 2 −𝑦 2)2 +4𝑥 2 𝑦2
2

2
𝑧 = 3+𝑗3 𝑧 = 1 ± 2𝑗

4 tan−1 (2) tan−1 (2)

𝑧 = 4−𝑗 ± √5 [cos ( ) − 𝑗 sin ( )]
2 2
{ 4
1
tan−1 ( )
1
tan−1 ( )
2 2
± √5 [sin ( ) + 𝑗 cos ( )]
2 2
3𝑥
𝑦= − 2
𝑑 2𝑎𝑏
𝜋+2𝑘𝜋
= 𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑎2 ≠ 𝑏 2
𝑗 𝑐
𝑧𝑘 = 𝑒 5 𝑘 = 0…4

80
 5 5
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4
1 3
𝑦 = 4𝑥 ± 4

90°

1
𝑣 = 6𝑢

−1 < 𝑥 < 1 𝑦>0

2 1 3 6
𝛼 = −5+𝑗5 𝛽 = 5+𝑗5
𝑣 < −0.5𝑢 + 1.5
3 6 2√5
𝑧 = 5+𝑗5 𝑟= 5
3 9
𝑧 = 10 + 𝑗 10

81
82
 𝑧+1
𝑤 = 𝑗𝑧−𝑗
𝑅𝑒{𝑧} = 1
𝐼𝑚{𝑧} = 0
1 𝑗
𝑧 = ± (2 − 2) (±1 + √3)

83
 √2 45°
𝑤 =1+𝑗 𝑤 =𝑗 𝑤=∞

𝜋 9𝜋
𝑧 = √2𝑒 𝑗( 8 ) 𝑧 = √2𝑒 𝑗( 8 )
4 4

−𝑗 𝑗

𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 4

84
 𝑓(0) = 0 𝑓(𝑗) = 𝑗

2(√2−1)
𝑤 = 𝑗(√2 − 1) + 3𝜋
−𝑗 4
(𝑒 )𝑧+𝑗

85
 −𝑗𝑤−𝑗
𝑧= 𝑤−1

𝑧 = −𝑗 𝑧=∞
1± √3
𝑧= (1 − 𝑗)
2

𝑤−𝑗
𝑧 = 𝑤−1
𝑧=1 𝑧=∞
√2

2𝑗+𝑤
𝑧= 𝑤−2
2√2

86
 −(2+𝑗)𝑤−2−2𝑗
𝑧= 𝑤−(2+6𝑗)
1 1 1
4 2 4

87
88
 𝑒 𝑧 (1 + 𝑧)
4 cos(4𝑧)

−2 sin(2𝑧)

𝑑𝑤
𝑎 = −1 𝑏 = 1 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 + 𝑗𝑧 2 = 2𝑧(1 + 𝑗)
𝑑𝑧

𝑣 = 2𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝐶

𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 𝐶 ′

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑗(−3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 + 1)

𝜓 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 sin(𝑦) + 𝑦 cos(𝑦)) + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧𝑒 𝑧 + 𝐶 ′

𝑣 = cos(𝑥) sinh(𝑦) + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑧) = sin(𝑧) + 𝐶 ′

𝑅𝑒{𝑓(𝑧)} = [(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) cos(2𝑦) − 2𝑥𝑦 sin(2𝑦)]𝑒 2𝑥

𝐼𝑚{𝑓(𝑧)} = [2𝑥𝑦 cos(2𝑦) + (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) sin(2𝑦)]𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 2𝑧𝑒 2𝑧 (1 + 𝑧)

𝑅𝑒{𝑓(𝑧)} = sin(2𝑥) cosh(2𝑦)

𝐼𝑚{𝑓(𝑧)} = cos(2𝑥) sinh(2𝑦)
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 2 cos(2𝑧)

𝑧=0
𝑧=3 𝑧=4
1 1
𝑧 = 2 𝑧 = 4 (−1 ± 𝑗√3)

89
𝑗 + 𝑧 − 𝑗𝑧 2 − 𝑧 3 + 𝑗𝑧 4 + ⋯
1 𝑗 1 𝑗 1
+ 𝑧2 − 𝑧3 − 𝑧4 + 𝑧5 + ⋯
𝑧

1 − (𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗) + (𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗)2 − (𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗)3 + ⋯

𝑧 − 𝑧3 + 𝑧5 − 𝑧7 + ⋯
1 + 𝑧 − 𝑧2 − 𝑧3 + 𝑧4 + 𝑧5 − 𝑧6 − 𝑧7 …

1 1 1 1
− 4 (𝑧 − 1) + 8 (𝑧 − 1)2 − 16 (𝑧 − 1)3
2
1 1 1 1
− 16 (𝑧 − 2𝑗)2 + 64 (𝑧 − 2𝑗)4 − 256 (𝑧 − 2𝑗)6
4
1 1 3 1
−𝑗 2 + 2 (1 + 𝑗)(𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗) − 4 (𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗)2 + 2 (𝑗 − 1)(𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗)3
√2

1
1
√5
𝑧=𝑗 𝑓(𝑧)

𝑧 1 1 1
𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 + 2! + 3! + 4!𝑧 + 5!𝑧 2 + ⋯ 0 < |𝑧| < ∞
1 1
𝑎3 𝑒 1/𝑎 + (𝑧 − 𝑎)(3𝑎2 𝑒 1/𝑎 − 𝑎𝑒 1/𝑎 ) + 2! (𝑧 − 𝑎)2 (6𝑎𝑒 1/𝑎 − 4𝑒 1/𝑎 − 𝑎2 𝑒 1/𝑎 ) + ⋯
|𝑧 − 𝑎| < |𝑎|

1
+ 2 + 3𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 + ⋯ 0 < |𝑧| < 1
𝑧
1 1
(𝑧−1)2
− (𝑧−1) + 1 − (𝑧 − 1) + (𝑧 − 1)2 − ⋯ 0 < |𝑧| < 1

1 1
… + (5!)𝑧 3 − (3!)𝑧 + 𝑧
1 1
𝑧 − (3!)𝑧 + (5!)𝑧 3 − ⋯
1
𝑎2 sin (𝑎) + 𝑧𝑓 ′ (𝑎) + ⋯

90
 1 3 7 15
𝑧 + 4 𝑧 2 + 8 𝑧 3 + 16 𝑧 4 + ⋯
2
1 1 1 1
… − 𝑧2 − 𝑧 − 1 − 2 − 8 𝑧3 − ⋯
1 3 7 15
+ 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 + 𝑧4 + ⋯
𝑧
1 2 2
+ (𝑧−1)2 + (𝑧−1)3 + ⋯
𝑧−1
2
−1 + 𝑧−2 + (𝑧 − 2) − (𝑧 − 2)2 + (𝑧 − 2)3 + (𝑧 − 2)4 − ⋯

1 2 1 𝑛+1
∑∞ 𝑧 −𝑛 + ∑∞ (−1)𝑛 ( ) 𝑧𝑛
3 𝑛=1 3 𝑛=0 2

|𝑧 − (1 + 𝑗)| < 1
1 1 1 2 𝑛+1
∑∞ (−1)𝑛 (𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗)𝑛 + ∑∞ ( + 𝑗 5) (𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗)𝑛
2 𝑛=0 2 𝑛=0 5

1 < |𝑧 − (1 + 𝑗)| < √5

1 ∞ 1
∑ (−1)𝑛 (𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗)𝑛 + ∑∞ (−1)𝑛+1 (1 + 𝑗2)𝑛−1 (𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗)−𝑛
2 𝑛=0 2 𝑛=1

|𝑧 − (1 + 𝑗)| > √5
1 ∞ 1
∑𝑛=1(−1)𝑛+1 (𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗)−𝑛 + ∑∞
𝑛=1(−1)
𝑛+1 (1
+ 𝑗2)𝑛−1 (𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗)−𝑛
2 2

𝑧 = −3

𝑧=1

𝑧 = 1+𝑗
𝑧 = −𝑗

1
−1 2

91
 𝑧
1±𝑗
𝑧 = ±1 𝑧=
√2
𝑧=1

1
𝑧 = −1 𝑧 = √2 (1 ± 𝑗)

𝑧=1
1
𝑧 = −1 𝑧 = √2 (1 ± 𝑗)

𝑧 = 1 + 𝜋𝑘 𝑘 ∈ℕ 𝑘≠0
1
𝑧 = ±1 𝑧 = √2 (1 ± 𝑗)

𝑧=0
𝑧=𝑗 𝑧 = −𝑗
𝑧 = ±1, 𝑧 = ±𝑗
𝑧 = ±𝑗𝜋
𝑧=1
𝑧=1 𝑧 = ±𝑗
𝑧 = −𝑗 𝑧=3 𝑧 = −2
𝑧 = 2±𝑗 𝑧=0

𝑧 𝑧3 𝑧5
− + −⋯
2! 4! 5!
1 1 𝑧 𝑧3 𝑧5 𝑧7
+ 𝑧 + 2! + + + … (polo de tercer orden)
𝑧3 3! 4! 5!

(1+𝑗) −(1+𝑗)
𝑧=
√2 4√2
(1−𝑗) (−1+𝑗)
𝑧=
√2 4√2
(−1+𝑗) (1−𝑗)
𝑧=
√2 4√2
(−1−𝑗) (1+𝑗)
𝑧=
√2 4√2

0.075 − 𝑗0.345
1
−2
6

92
 1 5
𝑧 = −1 𝑧 = 2 3 3
𝑧=1 𝑧=0 −1 1
1 5 5
𝑧 = 1 𝑧 = 𝑗3 𝑧 = −𝑗3 (3 − 𝑗) (3 + 𝑗)
2 12 12
1 3 3 3 3
𝑧 = 0 𝑧 = 𝑗2 𝑧 = −𝑗2 −4 −8 + 𝑗4 −8 − 𝑗4
𝑧=1 19
𝑧=1 4
1
2
−𝜋
𝑗
−4

93
 0 𝑓(𝑧)
𝐶

12𝜋𝑗

44 8
− −𝑗3
3

0
2𝜋𝑗

2
𝜋𝑗
5
6
𝜋𝑗
5

4
(9 + 𝑗2)𝜋
17
0

3
− 8 𝜋𝑗
0

𝜋
−𝑗 2
−2𝜋𝑗

0
2𝜋𝑗

94
 4
− 9 𝜋𝑗
4𝜋𝑗

3
𝑧 = 𝑗 → − 10 𝑗
3
𝑧 = −𝑗 → 10 𝑗
2
𝑧 = 𝑗√6 → 𝑗 15 √6
2
𝑧 = −𝑗√6 → −𝑗 15 √6
0
3
𝜋
5
0

0
0

2𝜋𝑗 6𝜋𝑗
2 14
0 (25 − 𝑗 25) 𝜋
19 19
0 𝜋𝑗 − 108 𝜋𝑗
108

2𝜋 1 5
𝜋 𝜋
√3 2 288
1 8 7
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
12 3 50
𝜋 1
𝜋 𝜋
2√2 2
3
(1 − )𝜋
√5

95
 1
𝑐1 = 2𝑗 𝑐−1 = 𝑐1 ∗ 𝑐𝑘 = 0 𝑘 ≠ ±1

1 √2
𝑐0 = 1 𝑐1 = 1 − 𝑗 2 𝑐−1 = 𝑐1 ∗ 𝑐2 = (1 + 𝑗) 𝑐−2 = 𝑐2 ∗ 𝑐𝑘 = 0, |𝑘| > 2
4

2
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝜋 − ∑∞
𝑘=1 (𝑘) sin(𝑘𝑡)

1 4 2
𝑓(𝑡) = 3 𝜋 2 + ∑∞ 𝑘 ∞ 𝑘
𝑘=1 (𝑘 2 ) (−1) cos(𝑘𝑡) − ∑𝑘=1 (𝑘) (−1) sin(𝑘𝑡)

5
𝑐0 = 16 𝜋
𝑘
1
[(−1)2 − 1] 𝑘 𝑝𝑎𝑟
𝜋𝑘 2
𝑎𝑘 = {
2
− 𝜋𝑘 2 𝑘 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟

0 𝑘 𝑝𝑎𝑟
𝑘−1
𝑏𝑘 = { (−1) 2
𝑘 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟
𝜋𝑘 2

4 sin[(2𝑘−1)𝑡]
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝜋 ∑∞
𝑘=1 2𝑘−1

1 (−1)𝑘
𝑓(𝑡) = 3 𝜋 2 + ∑∞
𝑘=1 cos(𝑘𝑡)
𝑘2

2 4 1
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝜋 − 𝜋 ∑∞
𝑘=1 (4𝑘 2 −1) cos(2𝑘𝑡)

0 𝑘=0
𝑑𝑘 = {sin(𝜋2𝑘) −𝑗𝜋𝑘
𝑒 2 𝑘≠0
𝜋𝑘

1
𝑘=0
2
𝑒𝑘 = {2sin(𝜋𝑘) 𝜋
2
𝑒 −𝑗 2 𝑘 𝑘≠0
𝑗(𝜋𝑘)2

96
 𝜋
−𝑗 𝑘
−1 𝑒 2 𝜋
𝑐𝑘 = 𝑗2𝑘 + sin ( 2 𝑘)
𝑗𝜋𝑘 2
𝜋
𝑗 𝑘
−1 𝑒 2 𝜋
𝑐𝑘 = 𝑗2𝑘 + 𝑗𝜋𝑘 2 sin (2 𝑘)
1
𝑐𝑘 = 𝑗𝜋𝑘
𝜋
2 cos( 𝑘)
2
𝑐𝑘 = 𝜋(1−𝑘 2 )
𝜋
4 cos( 𝑘)
2
𝑐𝑘 = 𝜋(1−𝑘 2 )
𝜋
−2 sin( 𝑘)
2
𝑐𝑘 = 𝜋𝑘 2
𝜋
−𝑗 𝑘
−1−(−1)𝑘 2𝑒 2 𝜋
𝑐𝑘 = + sin ( 2 𝑘)
𝑗2𝑘 𝑗𝜋𝑘 2

4 (−1)𝑘 (1−𝑗𝜋𝑘)
𝑓(𝑡) = 3 𝜋 2 + 2 ∑∞
𝑘=1 [ ] 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑡
𝑘2

𝑄 𝑄 (−1)𝑘 −1
𝑞(𝑡) = + 𝜋 2 ∑∞
𝑘=1 [ ] 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑡
2 𝑘2

5 5 10 cos(2𝑘𝑡)
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝜋 + 2 sin(𝑡) − ∑∞
𝑘=1 [ ]
𝜋 4𝑘 2 −1

2 2 (−1)𝑘 4 sin[(2𝑘−1)𝑡]
𝑓(𝑡) = 3 𝜋 2 + ∑∞
𝑘=1 [𝑘 2 cos(𝑘𝑡) + sin(𝑘𝑡)] − 𝜋 ∑∞
𝑘=1
𝑘2 (2𝑘−1)3

𝜋 1 cos(𝜋𝑘)−1
𝑓(𝑡) = 4 + 𝜋 ∑∞
𝑘=1 [ ] 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑡
𝑘2

3 1 1−(−1)𝑘
𝑓(𝑡) = 2 + 𝜋2 ∑∞
𝑘=1 [ ] 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑡
𝑘2
𝜋 3 1 1−(−1)𝑘
𝑓 (𝑡 − 2 ) − 2 = 𝜋2 ∑∞
𝑘=1 [(−𝑗)
𝑘
] 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑡
𝑘2

1 2 1 1
𝑓(𝑡) = 2 + 𝜋 ∑∞
𝑘=1 [(2𝑘−1) sin [2 (2𝑘 − 1)𝜋𝑡]]

9 2 cos[(2𝑘−1)𝜋𝑡] 3 sin(𝑘𝜋𝑡)
𝑓(𝑡) = 4 − 𝜋2 ∑∞
𝑘=1 [ (2𝑘−1)2
] − 𝜋 ∑∞
𝑘=1 [ ]
𝑘

97
 2𝑙 (−1)𝑘+1 𝜋𝑘𝑡
𝑓(𝑡) = ∑∞
𝑘=1 [( ) sin ( )]
𝜋 𝑘 𝑙

𝜋
2𝐾 1 𝜋𝑘𝑡
𝑓(𝑡) = ∑∞
𝑘=1 [(𝑘) sin ( )] 𝑒 𝑗 𝐿 𝑘𝑡
𝜋 𝑙

𝜋𝑘
−𝑗
(𝑒 2 ) 𝜋
3 3 𝜋𝑘
𝑓(𝑡) = 2 + 𝜋 ∑∞
𝑘=1 [ sin ( 2 )] 𝑒 𝑗 5 𝑘𝑡
𝑘

𝜋 3𝜋
𝑓(𝑡) = 4 cos ( 4 𝑡) − 8 sin ( 4 𝑡)

𝜋 5𝜋
𝑓(𝑡) = −2 sin (4 𝑡) + 4 cos ( 4 𝑡)

0 𝑘 = 0, 𝑘 𝑝𝑎𝑟
𝑐𝑘 = {−3𝑗
𝑘 ≠ 0, 𝑘 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟
2𝜋𝑘

𝜔1 = 𝜔2 𝑑𝑘 = 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜔1 [𝑐−𝑘 + 𝑐𝑘 ]

𝑥1 (𝑡) = √2 cos(𝜋𝑡) 𝑥2 (𝑡) = −√2 cos(𝜋𝑡)

𝑗(−1)𝑘
𝑐0 = 0 𝑐𝑘 = 𝑘≠0
𝜋𝑘

1
0 𝑘 𝑝𝑎𝑟
𝑐0 = 2 𝑐𝑘 = { −3 2𝜋𝑘 𝜋𝑘
(𝜋𝑘)2
[cos ( 3 ) − cos ( 3 )] 𝑘 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟
2𝜋𝑘 𝜋𝑘
3𝑗 2𝜋𝑘 𝜋𝑘
𝑐0 = 1 𝑐𝑘 = 2(𝜋𝑘)2 [𝑒 𝑗 3 sin ( ) + 2𝑒 𝑗 3 sin ( 3 )] 𝑘≠0
3
−1 1
𝑐0 = 𝑐𝑘 = 2 − (−1)𝑘 𝑘≠0
2
0 𝑘 𝑝𝑎𝑟
2𝜋𝑘 𝜋𝑘
𝑐0 = 0 𝑐𝑘 = { cos(
3
)−cos( )
3
𝑘 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟
𝑗𝜋𝑘
𝜋 𝜋𝑘
sin( 𝑘)
𝑐0 = 1 𝑐𝑘 = 3
[2𝑒 −𝑗 3 + (−1)𝑘 ] 𝑘≠0
𝜋𝑘
(−1)𝑘
𝑐𝑘 = 2(1+𝑗𝜋𝑘) [𝑒 − 𝑒 −1 ] 𝑘
1−(−1)𝑘
𝑐𝑘 = 𝑘
4𝜋−𝜋𝑘 2

98
 1
𝑐1 = 𝑐−1 = 2
1
𝑐1 = 𝑐 ∗ −1 = 2𝑗
1
𝑐2 = 𝑐 ∗ −2 = 4𝑗
1
𝑐2 = 𝑐 ∗ −2 = 4𝑗

𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = ± cos ( 2 𝑡)

2𝜋 2𝜋
2𝜋
𝑑𝑘 = [𝑒 −𝑗𝑘( 𝑇 )𝑡0 ] 𝑐𝑘 + [𝑒 𝑗𝑘( 𝑇 )𝑡0 ] 𝑐𝑘 = 2 cos [𝑘 ( 𝑇 ) 𝑡0 ] 𝑐𝑘
𝑐𝑘 +𝑐−𝑘
𝑑𝑘 = 2
∗
𝑐𝑘 +𝑐−𝑘
𝑑𝑘 = 2
4𝜋 2
𝑑𝑘 = −𝑘 2 𝑐
𝑇2 𝑘
6𝜋
𝑑𝑘 = 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘( 𝑇 ) 𝑐𝑘

𝜋𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = cos ( 3 )

3 3 1
(− < 𝑡 < − )
4 2 2
𝑥(𝑡) = { 1 1 5
−4 (− 2 < 𝑡 < 2)
1 1
1 (− 2 < 𝑡 < − 4)
𝑥(𝑡) = { 1 7
0 (− 4 < 𝑡 < 2)
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = −2 sin ( 2 𝑡) − 4 sin(𝜋𝑡) − 6 sin ( 2 𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = 6𝛿(𝑡) − 2𝛿(𝑡 + 2)

1
2
1 1
𝑑0 = 2 𝑑𝑘 = 𝑗𝜋𝑘 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝜋𝑘 )
1 −1
𝑐𝑘 = 𝑗𝜋𝑘 𝑑𝑘 = (𝜋𝑘)2 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝜋𝑘 )

99
 2𝑗
[sa(𝜔) + 4 sa(4𝜔) − 3 sa(3𝜔) − 2 cos(2𝜔)]
𝜔
2𝑗
[sa(𝜔) − 2 sa(2𝜔) + cos(4𝜔)]
𝜔
𝜔−𝑗 𝑗
2 sa(2𝜔) ( ) + 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜔
𝜔 𝜔
4 cos(3𝜔) 𝜔 2𝑗 𝜔 𝜔
[sin2 ( 2 ) + 𝜔 sin(𝜔)] + 𝜔2 cos(3𝜔) [𝜔 cos(𝜔) − 2 cos ( 2 ) sin ( 2 )]
𝜔2
2 cos(2𝜔) 2 cos(3𝜔)
3 sa(3𝜔) − 3 sa(𝜔) + −
𝜔2 𝜔2
2
[cos(3𝜔) − cos(2𝜔)] + 16 sa(4𝜔) − 2 sa(2𝜔)
𝜔2
4 𝜔 2 cos(2𝜔) 𝜔 𝜔
𝜔
cos(2𝜔) sin2 ( 2 ) + 2 sa(𝜔) [cos(2𝜔) − 1] + 𝑗 𝜔
[cos(𝜔) − cos ( 2 ) sa ( 2 )]
2𝑗
[1 − 2 sa(2𝜔)]
𝜔

2𝑎
𝑎2 +𝜔2

𝑗2𝑎
𝑋 ′ (𝑗𝜔) = − 𝜔𝜏 [cos(𝜔𝜏) − 1]
2𝑎
𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = − 𝜔2 𝜏 [cos(𝜔𝜏) − 1]

𝑎|𝑇|𝑋(𝑗𝜔𝑇)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡0

𝑋𝐷 (𝑗𝜔) = 2 cos(𝜔𝑡0 ) 𝑋(𝑗𝜔) 𝑋𝐷 (𝑗𝜔) = 2𝑗 sin(𝜔𝑡0 ) 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)

𝜔 2 𝜔
𝑋𝐷 (𝑗𝜔) = sa ( 2 ) 𝑋𝐷 (𝑗𝜔) = −𝑗 𝜔 cos ( 2 )

𝑇 𝜔𝑇
−𝑗 𝜔 sa ( ) + 𝑇𝜋𝛿(𝜔)
2

𝑇+𝑗𝜔𝑇 2
1+2𝑗𝜔𝑇−𝜔2 𝑇 2 +𝜔0 2 𝑇 2

100
𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )

𝜋𝑡
|𝑇| sa ( )
𝑇

2𝜋 2𝜋𝑘
𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = ∑∞
𝑘=−∞ 𝛿 (𝜔 − )
𝑇 𝑇

𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = ∑𝐾
𝑛=−𝐾 𝑒
𝑗𝜔𝑛𝑇

𝜔𝜋 2𝜔2 +2𝜔𝑎−2𝑎2
sin ( )[ ]
𝑎 𝜔 3 −𝜔𝑎2

1 1
𝑋(𝑗𝜔 − 𝑗2𝜔0 ) + 𝑋(𝑗𝜔0 ) + 4 𝑋(𝑗𝜔 + 𝑗2𝜔0 )
4

𝑓𝑠𝑚í𝑛 = 20 𝑘𝐻𝑧

101
102
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

sin(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)
𝑠𝑖 𝜔𝑐 ≤ 𝜔𝑖
𝜋𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = { sin(𝜔 𝑡) 𝑖
𝑠𝑖 𝜔𝑖 ≤ 𝜔𝑐
𝜋𝑡

1 1
𝑅(𝑗𝜔) = 2 𝑆(𝑗(𝜔 − 𝜔0 )) + 2 𝑆(𝑗(𝜔 + 𝜔0 ))

103
 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔
2+𝑗𝜔
4𝑒 −𝑗𝜔
4+𝜔 2

2 cos(𝜔)
−2𝑗 sin(2𝜔)

𝜋 𝜋
𝜋
[𝑒 𝑗 4 𝛿(𝜔 − 2𝜋) − 𝑒 −𝑗 4 𝛿(𝜔 + 2𝜋)]
𝑗
𝜋 𝜋
2𝜋𝛿(𝜔) + 𝜋 [𝑒 𝑗 8 𝛿(𝜔 − 6𝜋) + 𝑒 −𝑗 8 𝛿(𝜔 + 6𝜋)]

1 + cos(4𝜋𝑡)
4𝑗 sin2 (𝑡)
− 𝜋𝑡

3
2 sin(3(𝑡− )) 𝑘𝜋 3
2
𝑥(𝑡) = − 3 𝑡= +2 𝑘 0
𝜋(𝑡− ) 3
2

𝑋1 (𝑗𝜔) = 2𝑋(−𝑗𝜔) cos(𝜔)

1 𝜔
𝑋2 (𝑗𝜔) = 3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜔 𝑋 (𝑗 3 )
𝑋3 (𝑗𝜔) = −𝜔2 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)

104
 𝜔
2 sin( )
2
+ 𝜋𝛿(𝜔)
𝑗𝜔 2
𝜔
2 sin( )
2
𝑗𝜔 2

sin(𝜔) 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔
−
𝑗𝜔 2 𝑗𝜔
sin(𝜔)
𝜔
sin(𝜔) cos(𝜔)
−
𝑗𝜔 2 𝑗𝜔

𝑗
(−2 ≤ 𝜔 < 0)
2𝜋
𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = {− 𝑗
(0 ≤ 𝜔 < 2)
2𝜋
0 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟
1
𝐴 = 2𝜋3

1
𝐴=3 𝐵=3

4𝑗𝜔
− (1+𝜔2)2
𝑗2𝜋𝜔𝑒 −|𝜔|

𝑥(𝑡) = √12[𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 ]𝑢(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑡𝑒 −|𝑡| 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑘𝜋
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝜋 ∑∞𝑘=−∞ 𝛿 (𝑡 − 4 )
4 |𝜔| ≤ 1
𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = {
0 1 < |𝜔| ≤ 4

105
 5/4 |𝑡| < 1
|𝑡| 3
− +2 1 ≤ |𝑡| ≤ 5
ℎ(𝑡) = 4
|𝑡| 7
− 8 +8 5 < |𝑡| < 7
{ 0 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟

ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

1 1 1 1
( ) + 2 (𝑎+𝑗𝜔 )
2 𝑎−𝑗𝜔0 +𝑗𝜔 0 +𝑗𝜔
3𝑗 3𝑗
−
9+(𝜔+2)2 9+(𝜔−2)2
2 sin(𝜔) 2ωsin(𝜔)
+
𝜔 𝜋 2 −𝜔2
1
1−𝑎𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑇
1 1
2𝑗 2𝑗
(2−𝑗4+𝑗𝜔)2 (2+𝑗4+𝑗𝜔)2
−
−𝑗𝜔 |𝜔| < 𝜋
𝑒
1
(3𝜋 + 𝜔)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 −3𝜋 < 𝜔 < −𝜋
2𝜋
1
(3𝜋 + 𝜔)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 𝜋 < 𝜔 < 3𝜋
2𝜋
{ 0 𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟
2𝑗 sin(𝜔)
[cos(2𝜔) − 𝜔 ]
𝜔
𝜋 ∑∞ 𝑘
𝑘=−∞ 𝛿(𝜔 − 𝑘𝜋)[2 + (−1) ]
1 2𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 2𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 −2
+ −
𝑗𝜔 −𝜔2 𝑗𝜔 3

𝑗2𝜋𝑡
|𝑡| < 3
𝑥(𝑡) = {𝑒
0 𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟
1 −𝑗𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = 2 𝑒 3 𝛿(𝑡 − 4) + 2 𝑒 𝑗 3 𝛿(𝑡 + 4)
1 sin(𝑡−3) cos(𝑡−3)−1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝜋 [ + (𝑡−3)2
]
𝑡−3
2𝑗 3
𝑥(𝑡) = sin(𝑡) + 𝜋 cos(2𝜋𝑡)
𝜋
cos(3𝑡) sin(𝑡)−sin(2𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) = +
𝑗𝜋𝑡 𝑗𝜋𝑡 2

2−2𝑒 −1 cos(𝜔)−2𝜔𝑒 −1 sin(𝜔)

1+𝜔2
−2𝜔+2𝑒 −1 sin(𝜔)+2𝜔𝑒 −1 cos(𝜔)
𝑗[ ]
1+𝜔 2
1+𝑒 𝑗𝜔 −𝑒 −1 (1+𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 )
1+𝑗𝜔
1−2𝑒 −1 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 −𝑗𝜔𝑒 −1 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔
(1+𝑗𝜔)2

106
𝑥1 (𝑡) 𝑥4 (𝑡)
𝑥5 (𝑡) 𝑥6 (𝑡)
𝑥1 (𝑡) 𝑥2 (𝑡)
𝑥5 (𝑡)
𝑥2 (𝑡) 𝑥3 (𝑡) 𝑥5 (𝑡) 𝑥6 (𝑡)
𝑥1 (𝑡)

−𝜔
7
4𝜋
7𝜋
26𝜋

1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 4 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 4 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) + 2 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
1 1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 4 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) + 4 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 4 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) + 4 𝑡𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
1
𝑦(𝑡) = 2 𝑒 −|𝑡|

107
 𝜔 3𝜔
2 sin( )
𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = 2
[1 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 ]𝑒 −𝑗 2
𝜔
2𝑗
sin(
𝜋𝑘
) 3𝜋𝑘 − 𝑘𝜋 𝑘 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟
2 −𝑗𝜋𝑘 −𝑗
𝑇=2 [1 − 𝑒 ]𝑒 2 ={ 0 𝑘 𝑝𝑎𝑟
𝜋𝑘
0 𝑘=0

sin(2𝑡) 2 sin(𝑡 )
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝜋𝑡 cos(𝑡) = 𝜋𝑡

𝑦1 (𝑡) = 𝑦2 (𝑡) = 𝑦3 (𝑡) = sin(𝑡)

1
ℎ4 (𝑡) = 2 [ℎ1 (𝑡) + ℎ2 (𝑡)]

𝑦1 (𝑡) = 0
1
𝑦2 (𝑡) = 2 sin(3𝑡 − 3)
sin(4𝑡)
𝑦3 (𝑡) = 𝜋𝑡
2
sin(2(𝑡−1))
𝑦4 (𝑡) = ( )
𝜋(𝑡−1)

ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 4 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 2 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑡 2 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 4 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
(1+𝑗)𝑡 (1−𝑗)𝑡
− −
ℎ(𝑡) = 2𝛿(𝑡) − √2(1 + 2𝑗)𝑒 √2 𝑢(𝑡) − √2(1 − 2𝑗)𝑒 √2 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑑2 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑑𝑦(𝑡) 𝑑𝑥(𝑡)

+5 + 6𝑦(𝑡) = + 4𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−2𝑡
ℎ(𝑡) = 2𝑒 𝑢(𝑡) − 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 2 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 2 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

𝜔
|𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| = 1 ∢𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = −2 tan−1 ( ) ℎ(𝑡) = −𝛿(𝑡) + 2𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑎
𝑡 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑦(𝑡) = cos ( − 3 ) − cos (𝑡 − 2 ) + cos (√3𝑡 − )
√3 3

108
 3(3+𝑗𝜔)
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = (4+𝑗𝜔)(2+𝑗𝜔)
3
ℎ(𝑡) = 2 [𝑒 −4𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 ]𝑢(𝑡)
𝑑2 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑑𝑦(𝑡) 𝑑𝑥(𝑡)
+6 + 8𝑦(𝑡) = 3 + 9𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

109
 𝑠−1
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +3𝑠+2 , 𝜎 > −1
2𝑠2 +5𝑠+12
𝑋(𝑠) = (𝑠2 +2𝑠+10)(𝑠+2) , 𝜎 > −1
(𝑠−1)2
𝑋(𝑠) = (𝑠+1)(𝑠−2) , 𝜎 > 2

𝑥(𝑡) = [2𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 + 3𝑒 −2𝑡 ]𝑢(𝑡)

ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 −(𝑡+1) 𝑢(𝑡 + 1)

𝑠+3
𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +3𝑠+2 , 𝜎 > −1
𝑑2 𝑑 𝑑
𝑦(𝑡) + 3 𝑑𝑡 𝑦(𝑡) + 2𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 𝑥(𝑡) + 3𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2

4𝑠
𝐻(𝑠) = (𝑠+2)(𝑠−4) , 𝜎 > 4

3 1 2 3
𝑥(𝑡) = 50 𝑒 −3𝑡 + 10 𝑡𝑒 −3𝑡 + 25 sin(𝑡) − 50 cos(𝑡), (𝑡 ≥ 0)

1 8 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 13 + 5 𝑒 −𝑡 − 65 𝑒 −2𝑡 [44 cos(3𝑡) − 27 sin(3𝑡)], (𝑡 ≥ 0)

1 4
𝑞(𝑡) = 500 (1 − 𝑒 −80𝑡 cos(60𝑡) − 3 𝑒 −80𝑡 sin(60𝑡))
1
𝑖(𝑡) = 3 𝑒 −80𝑡 sin(60𝑡)

𝑖1 (𝑡) = 4.55 − 7.49𝑒 −59.1𝑡 + 2.89𝑒 −14.9𝑡

𝑖2 (𝑡) = 3.64 + 1.22𝑒 −59.1𝑡 − 4.86𝑒 −14.9𝑡

110
 1𝐸 (50+𝑠)𝑠
𝐼1 (𝑠) = (𝑠2 +104 )(𝑠+100)2

𝐸𝑠2
𝐼2 (𝑠) = (𝑠2 +104 )(𝑠+100)2

1 1 1
𝑖2 (𝑡) = 𝐸 (− 200 𝑒 −100𝑡 + 2 𝑡𝑒 −100𝑡 + 200 cos(100𝑡))

𝑡
1 1
𝑖1 (𝑡) = 20√7 𝑒 −2 sin (2 √7𝑡)

2𝑠+3
9𝑠2 +12𝑠+13
2
9𝑠 + 12𝑠 + 13

5(𝑒 −2𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡 )

𝑡
𝐸 𝐸
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑅 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶 𝑖(0+ ) = 𝑅

−1
1
0

1
0
3

111
 𝑠
𝜎>0
𝑠2 +𝑎2
𝑎
𝜎>0
𝑠2 +𝑎2
𝜋[𝑢(𝜔 + 1) − 𝑢(𝜔 − 1)]
1 𝑠
− 𝑎 tan−1 (𝑎) 𝜎>0

𝜎 > −3
𝑠
−3 < 𝜎 < 3
𝜎 < −3
𝜎
𝜎<3

𝑒 −(𝑠+3)
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝜎 > −3
𝑠+3
𝐴 = 1 𝑡0 = −1 𝜎 < −3

1 1
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠+3 + 𝑠+𝛽
𝑅𝑒{𝛽} = 1 𝐼𝑚{𝛽} ∈ ℝ

𝑠 = 1 ± 2𝑗
𝜎<1

112
 1
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠+2 𝜎 > −2

2𝑠
𝑋(𝑠) = (𝑠+𝑎)(𝑠−𝑎) 𝑎<0 −|𝑎| < 𝜎 < |𝑎|

1 1
𝑋(𝑠 − 𝑗𝜔0 ) + 2 𝑋(𝑠 + 𝑗𝜔0 )
2

𝑠 = ∞ 𝑠 = −2 𝑠 = −1 𝑠 = −3
𝑠=∞ 𝑠=1
𝑠=1 𝑠=∞

𝑥(𝑡) = [4𝑒 −4𝑡 − 2𝑒 −3𝑡 ]𝑢(𝑡)

113
 1
𝑎 = −1 𝛽 = 2

4
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠4 +4 −1 < 𝜎 < 1

𝑠
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +4 𝜎>0
2
𝑌(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +4 𝜎>0
𝑥(𝑡) = cos(2𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑦(𝑡) = sin(2𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑎>0

1
𝑋1 (𝑠) = 𝑠+𝑎 𝜎 > −𝑎
𝑒𝑠
𝑋2 (𝑠) = 𝑠+2𝑎 𝜎 > −2𝑎
1
[𝑒 −𝑎(𝑡+1) − 𝑒 −2𝑎(𝑡+1) ]𝑢(𝑡 + 1)
𝑎
1
[𝑒 −𝑎(𝑡+1) − 𝑒 −2𝑎(𝑡+1) ]𝑢(𝑡 + 1)
𝑎

1
𝜎 > −2
𝑠+2
𝑒 −6
1 + 𝑠+2 𝜎 > −2
1 1
+ 𝑠+2 𝜎 > −2
𝑠+4

𝑥(𝑡) = [cos(𝑡) + sin(𝑡) − 𝑒 −2𝑡 [cos(𝑡) + 3 sin(𝑡)]]𝑢(𝑡)

2𝑠+5
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠2 5𝑠+6 𝜎 > −2
𝑠2 +15𝑠+70
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠3 +14𝑠2 +90𝑠+100 𝜎 > −4
5−2𝑠
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠2 −5𝑠+6 𝜎<2
−8𝑠
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠4 −8𝑠2 +16 −2 < 𝜎 < 2

114
 2𝑠2 +8
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠4 −8𝑠2 +16 −2 < 𝜎 < 2
1
𝑋(𝑠) = (𝑠−2)2 𝜎<2
1−𝑒 −𝑠
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠
𝑠
1+𝑒 −2 (2𝑠−2)+𝑒 −2𝑠 (1−2𝑠)
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠
𝑠2
𝑠+1
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝜎>0
𝑠
𝑠+1
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝜎>0
𝑠

1
sin(3𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡)
3
− cos(3𝑡) 𝑢(−𝑡)
−𝑒 −𝑡 cos(3𝑡) 𝑢(−𝑡)
𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) + 2𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) + 2𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑡
√3 𝜋
𝛿(𝑡) + 2√3𝑒 2 cos ( 2 𝑡 − 2 ) 𝑢(𝑡)
𝛿(𝑡) + 3𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡 − 1)𝑢(𝑡)

𝜎 > 2 𝜎 > −2
{ }
𝜎 > 2 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑠
−1 < 𝜎 < 2 𝜎 > −1
{ }
−1 < 𝜎 < 2 𝜎 > −1
𝜎 < −2 𝜎 < −2
{ }
𝜎<2 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑠
𝜎 > 2 𝜎 > −2
{ }
𝜎 > 2 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑠

𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 −3𝑠
𝑌(𝑠) = [ 𝑠+2 ] [ 3−𝑠 ] −2 < 𝜎 < 3

16
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +2𝑠+2 𝜎 > −1

𝜎 < −2
−2 < 𝜎 < −1
−1 < 𝜎 < 1
𝜎>1

115
 1
𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠+1 𝜎 > −1
1
𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑠+2 𝜎 > −2
1
𝑌(𝑠) = (𝑠+1)(𝑠+2) 𝜎 > −1
𝑦(𝑡) = [𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 ]𝑢(𝑡)
𝑦(𝑡) = [𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 ]𝑢(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑢(𝑡) + 4𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

1
𝐻(𝑠) =
𝑠2 −𝑠−2

1 1
ℎ(𝑡) = − 3 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) − 3 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
1 1
ℎ(𝑡) = 3 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) − 3 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
1 1
ℎ(𝑡) = − 3 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) + 3 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡)

2 2√5 −𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 5 𝑒 𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) + 𝑒 cos(𝑡 − 1.107) 𝑢(𝑡)
5

𝑠
𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +2𝑠+2 𝜎 > −1

1 1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = [6 𝑒 −𝑡 − 2 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 2 𝑒 −3𝑡 − 6 𝑒 −4𝑡 ] 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
7 1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = [6 𝑒 −𝑡 − 2 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 2 𝑒 −3𝑡 − 6 𝑒 −4𝑡 ] 𝑢(𝑡)

116
𝑋(𝑠) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑒
−𝑛𝑇(1+𝑠)
𝑠

𝑠
𝐻(𝑠) = (𝑠+1)(𝑠+2) 𝜎 > −1
ℎ(𝑡) = [−𝑒 −𝑡 + 2𝑒 −2𝑡 ]𝑢(𝑡)

1 2
𝑥1 (𝑡) = [3 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 3 𝑒 𝑡 ] 𝑢(𝑡)
1 2
𝑥2 (𝑡) = [3 𝑒 −2𝑡 ] 𝑢(𝑡) − [3 𝑒 𝑡 ] 𝑢(−𝑡)
1 2
𝑥(𝑡) = [3 𝑒 −2𝑡 ] 𝑢(𝑡) − [3 𝑒 𝑡 ] 𝑢(−𝑡)

1
𝐻1 (𝑠) = 𝐻(𝑠)

117
118
{2, 4, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1}
↑
1
{2 , 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1}
↑
1
{2 , 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1}
↑
1
{2 , 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1}
↑
1
{1, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2}
↑
1
{1, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2}
↑

𝑥[𝑛 + 3]
𝑥[𝑛 − 3]
𝑥[−𝑛]
𝑥[−𝑛 − 2]

[𝑢𝑟 [𝑛] − 2𝑢𝑟 [𝑛 − 4]]𝑢[−𝑛 + 7]

𝑢𝑟 [𝑛] − 𝑢𝑟 [𝑛 − 4] − 𝑢𝑟 [𝑛 − 6] + 𝑢𝑟 [𝑛 − 9]
𝑢[𝑛 − 1] − 𝑢[𝑛 − 5]
𝑢[𝑛 + 4]𝑢𝑟 [−𝑛] + 𝑢[−𝑛 + 4]𝑢𝑟 [𝑛]
−𝑢[𝑛 + 4]𝑢𝑟 [−𝑛] + 𝑢[−𝑛 + 4]𝑢𝑟 [𝑛]

1
|𝑧| > ∞
3
|𝑧| > 1
1
|𝑧| <
3
1
3
< |𝑧| < 3

119
 1 𝑧 −2 1
𝑋(𝑧) = 16 1 |𝑧| >
(1− 𝑧 −1 ) 4
4

|𝑎| = 2 𝑛0

𝜋
1 1
𝑒 ±𝑗 4 |𝑧| >
2 2

1 1 1
∞
2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1
1 ∞ ±4 0

1 1 3 3
|𝑧| < < |𝑧| < 4 |𝑧| >
2 2 4

1
𝑥[𝑛] = 9 [2 + 7(−2)𝑛 ]𝑢[𝑛]

1 1 1 1 1
{… , − 10! , 0, 8! , 0, − 6! , 0, 4! , 0, − 2! , 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, … }
↑
1 1 1 1 1
{… , − 11! , 0, 9! , 0, − 7! , 0, 5! , 0, − 3! , 0, 1, 0, 0, … }
↑

2(−1)𝑛+1
𝑛≥1
3𝑛
𝑥[𝑛] = { 1 𝑛=0
0 𝑛<2
2(−3)−𝑛 𝑛<0
𝑥[𝑛] = { 3 𝑛=0
0 𝑛>2

2 7
|𝑧| < 1 ℎ[𝑛] = [− + (−2)𝑛 ] 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]
9 9
2 7
1 < |𝑧| < 2 ℎ[𝑛] = 9 𝑢[𝑛] + 9 (−2)𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]
2 7
|𝑧| > 2 ℎ[𝑛] = [ + (−2)𝑛 ] 𝑢[𝑛]
9 9

120
 1 1 1 1
𝑥[𝑛] = 128 𝛿[𝑛 − 7] + 64 𝛿[𝑛 − 6] + 32 𝛿[𝑛 − 5] + 16 𝛿[𝑛 − 4]
1 1 1
+ 8 𝛿[𝑛 − 3] + 4 𝛿[𝑛 − 2] + 2 𝛿[𝑛 − 1] + 𝛿[𝑛]

𝑔[𝑛] = 𝛿[𝑛] − 𝛿[𝑛 − (𝑘 + 1)]

𝐺(𝑧) = 1 − 𝑧 −(𝑘+1) |𝑧| > 0

1−𝑧 −(𝑘+1)
𝑋(𝑧) = |𝑧| > 0
1−𝑧 −1

𝐴 𝑝1
cos(𝑎 + 𝑏)

𝑛0 = 1 𝑘 = 𝑎 𝑎>0
2
1−𝑧 −𝑎−1
𝐺(𝑧) = ( ) 𝑧 −𝑛0
1−𝑧 −1

1 1
𝑋1 (𝑧) = 1 |𝑧| >
1− 𝑧 −1 4
4

𝑋2 (𝑧) = 2 𝑧
1 1
𝑋3 (𝑧) = 1 |𝑧| >
1− 𝑧 −1 2
2

1 𝑛
− (− 2) 𝑢[𝑛]
1 1 𝑛 1 1 𝑛
[3 (− 2) + 6 (4) ] 𝑢[𝑛]
2 1 𝑛 1 1 𝑛
[− 3 (− 2) + 6 (4) ] 𝑢[𝑛]

1
|𝑧| >
2
1
|𝑧| <
2
|𝑧| > 1
1
< |𝑧| < 2
2

121
 1 𝑧 −3 1
𝑋(𝑧) = 125 ( 1 ) |𝑧| >
1− 𝑧 −1 5
5

𝜋
1
𝑧 = 𝑒 ±𝑗 4 |𝑧| <
3

1 𝑧 1 𝑧
2 𝑧 𝑧
1 𝑧 2 𝑧

2 7
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛] + (−2)𝑛 𝑢[𝑛]
9 9

2 2
𝑥[0] = 1 𝑥[1] = 3 𝑥[2] = − 9
𝑥[0] = 3 𝑥[−1] = −6 𝑥[−2] = 18

1 𝑛
𝑥[𝑛] = {(2) 0≤𝑛≤9
0 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟

𝑛0 = 2
2
𝑧 −1 −𝑧 −7
𝐺(𝑧) = ( )
1−𝑧 −1

1 𝑛 1 𝑛
(3) 𝑢[𝑛] (− 3) 𝑢[𝑛]

122
 2 1
𝑦[𝑛] = 3 𝑦[𝑛 − 1] − 9 𝑦[𝑛 − 2] + 𝑥[𝑛] − 6𝑥[𝑛 − 1] + 8𝑥[𝑛 − 2]

𝑋(𝑧) = 𝑧 5 𝑧
𝑋(𝑧) = 𝑧 −5 𝑧 0
1
𝑋(𝑧) = 1+𝑧 −1 |𝑧| > 1
4𝑧 3 1
𝑋(𝑧) = 1 |𝑧| >
1− 𝑧 −1 2
2
3𝑧 1
𝑋(𝑧) = 1 |𝑧| <
1+ 𝑧 −1 3
3
1 −4
𝑧 1
16
𝑋(𝑧) = 1 −1 |𝑧| <
1− 𝑧 4
4
1 −1
2𝑧 −1 4
𝑧 1
𝑋(𝑧) = 1−2𝑧 −1 + 1 < |𝑧| < 2
1− 𝑧 −1 4
4
𝑧 −2 1
𝑋(𝑧) = 1 |𝑧| >
1− 𝑧 −1 3
3

1 𝑛
𝑥[𝑛] = (2) 𝑢[𝑛]
1 𝑛−1
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝛿[𝑛] − (− 2) 𝑢[𝑛 − 1]
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
𝑥[𝑛] = 4 (2) 𝑢[𝑛] − 4 (− 2) 𝑢[𝑛]

𝑥[−3] = 1 𝑥[−2] = 4 𝑥[−1] = 5 𝑥[𝑛] = 0 𝑛 < −3

𝑧2 1
𝑌(𝑧) = 1 1 < |𝑧| < 3
(1− 𝑧 −1 )(1− 𝑧 ) 2
2 3

2𝑧 2 1
𝑋(𝑧) = 𝜋 𝜋 |𝑧| >
1 𝑗 1 −𝑗
(𝑧− 𝑒 3 )(𝑧− 𝑒 3 ) 3
2 2

1 1
𝐻(𝑧) = 1 1 |𝑧| >
1− 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2 2
2 4
1 𝑛 2 1 𝑛 𝜋
𝑦[𝑛] = (2) 𝑢[𝑛] + ( ) sin [ 3 𝑛] 𝑢[𝑛]
√3 2

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 𝑧 −1 1+√5
𝐻(𝑧) = 1−𝑧 −1 −𝑧 −2 |𝑧| >
2
𝑛 𝑛
1 1+√5 1 1−√5
ℎ[𝑛] = − ( ) 𝑢[𝑛] + ( ) 𝑢[𝑛]
√5 2 √5 2
𝑛 𝑛
1 1+√5 1 1−√5
ℎ[𝑛] = ( ) 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] + ( ) 𝑢[𝑛]
√5 2 √5 2

2 1 𝑛 2
|𝑧| > 2 ℎ1 [𝑛] = − ( ) 𝑢[𝑛] + (2)𝑛 𝑢[𝑛]
3 2 3
1 2 1 𝑛 2
< |𝑧| < 2 ℎ2 [𝑛] = − 3 (2) 𝑢[𝑛] − 3 (2)𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]
2
1 2 1 𝑛 2
|𝑧| < ℎ3 [𝑛] = 3 (2) 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] − 3 (2)𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]
2

3 1 𝑛 3
ℎ[𝑛] = − 8 (3) 𝑢[𝑛] − 8 (3)𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]

9 1 2
𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] + 8 𝑥[𝑛 − 1] − 3 𝑦[𝑛 − 1] + 9 𝑦[𝑛 − 2]

𝑋(𝑧) = 0
𝑋(𝑧) = 𝑒 −5𝜔
1
𝑋(𝑧) = |𝑧| > 1
1+𝑧 −1
1 1
𝑋(𝑧) = 1 |𝑧| >
1− 𝑧 −1 2
2

𝑋(𝑧) = 0
1 1 1
1 + 4 𝑧 −1 + 16 𝑧 −2 + 64 𝑧 −3 𝑧
1
𝑋(𝑧) = 1 𝑧
1− 𝑧 −1
4
𝑧 −2 1
𝑋(𝑧) = 1 |𝑧| >
1− 𝑧 −1 2
2

1 𝑛+1 1 𝑛+1
𝑔[𝑛] = 2 ( ) 𝑢[𝑛 + 1] − ( ) 𝑢[𝑛 + 1]
2 4
1 𝑛 1 1 𝑛
𝑞[𝑛] = (2) 𝑢[𝑛] − 2 (4) 𝑢[𝑛]

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𝑦𝑧𝑖 [𝑛] = (−3)𝑛+1 𝑢[𝑛]
1 1 𝑛 6
𝑦𝑧𝑠 [𝑛] = 7 (2) 𝑢[𝑛] + 7 (−3)𝑛 𝑢[𝑛]
𝑦𝑧𝑖 [𝑛] = 0
𝑦𝑧𝑠 [𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛]
1 𝑛+1
𝑦𝑧𝑖 [𝑛] = (2) 𝑢[𝑛]
𝑦𝑧𝑠 [𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛]
𝑦𝑧𝑖 [𝑛] 𝑦𝑧𝑠 [𝑛]

125
126