DEVELOPMENT OF ARDUINO BASED MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SEED SOWER

A Project Study

Presented of the Faculty of the

Electrical Engineering Technology Department
College of Industrial technology
Technological University of the Philippines-Manila
Ayala Blvd., Manila

by

MIKHEL TRISTIAN M. DE LARA

LUIGI P. DIMAYUGA
LORENZ ANNE M. DIONISIO
ROBERT P. MORATA
JOHN IVAN A. VICENTE

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Engineering Technology major in Electrical Engineering Technology

February 2023
 Technological University of the Philippines
COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila 1000
Telephone: (02)301-3001 loc. 201, Email Address: cit@tup.edu.ph

APPROVAL SHEET
The project study entitled “DEVELOPMENT OF ARDUINO BASED MULTI-

FUNCTIONAL SEED SOWER”, prepared and submitted by MIKHEL TRISTIAN M. DE

LARA, LUIGI P. DIMAYGA, LORENZ ANNE M. DIONISO, ROBERT P. MORATA, and

JOHN IVAN A. VICENTE, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of

Engineering Technology major in Electrical Technology, is hereby approved and accepted.

____________________________

MARIEZOL V. BALLESTEROS
Adviser
____________________
VENERANDO A. SISON
Chairman
___________________ _____________________

CONNIE C. AUNARIO RONNIE DE GUZMAN

Member Member

___________________ _____________________
HERONAFINE DE GUZMAN ROLANDO MARTIN
Member Member

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of

Engineering Technology major in Electrical Technology.

__________________________
ELPIDIO S. VIRREY

Dean, College of Industrial Technology

Date: ___________________________
 DEDICATION

We, the researchers dedicate this study,

To our respected schools as well as the Agricultural Industry that will use this study

prototype by supporting them in agriscience and producing innovation for farmers by

making it Multi-Functional in a way that will make raising much faster.

To our parents, Rosalyn R. Pasaylo and Pedro C. Morata, Maria Theresa M. De

Lara, Efren Vicente, Kimberly Joy Dimayuga, and Dolores M Dionisio who have

selflessly provided us with inspiration and support, as well as their time and money, in

order for us to complete this study and, eventually, graduate.

Above all, thanks be to our Almighty God, who provides us with strength, bravery,

knowledge, and wisdom in order to complete this research.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their deepest thanks to the following people

for their unwavering support and encouragement in making the project a reality.

First and foremost, the researchers would like to express their heartfelt thanks to

the Lord Almighty for providing them with the power, knowledge, patience, and

direction they require to complete this study.

To Professor Mariezol V. Ballesteros, their project adviser, for her time,

guidance, unending support, and counsel during the study's development.

To Professor Connie C. Aunario, their class adviser, for her assistance in

inspiring students from the beginning to the end of their project.

To their panel members Professors Rolando R. Heronafine De Guzman, and Ronnie

De Guzman, and to their head department Venerando A. Sison, for their advice and thoughts

about how to better their project.

To their families, who gave financial assistance and encouragement when the

researchers were ready to give up.

To their friends and colleagues who provided constant encouragement,

compassion, and inspiration to the researchers all through the completion of the

prototype.

We are sincerely grateful and overjoyed; thank you very much and God bless you.
 ABSTRACT
The globe's continual population expansion generates food scarcity and shortage to the

sources that feed the world, mostly in specific nations, which has profoundly impacted

the people's living conditions in certain countries. The twenty-first century advanced in

technology to aid in innovating agricultural deficiencies to produce trustworthy

technology. The perceived advancement in the Agricultural Industry is the Arduino-

Based Multi-Functional Seed Sower, which is focused on assisting in doing Multi-

functional jobs in farming and yield growth, which will aid in creating a faster and higher

quality harvest in Pampanga. Consequently, this research focuses on the functionality and

effectiveness of the Prototype; the device is designed to assist farmers in finishing the

preparation for harvesting crops; it is capable of cultivating soil, dropping seeds, placing

soil back in place, and performing first watering of the plant.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARIES Page

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgment iv

Abstract v

Table of Contents vi

List of Tables vii

List of Figures viii

Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION 7

Background of the Study 7

Objectives of the Study 3

Scope and Limitations of the Study 9

Significance of the Study 10

Chapter 2 – CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 12

Review of Related Literature and Studies 12

Conceptual Model of the Study 52

Operational Definition of Terms 54

Chapter 3 – METHODOLOGY 56

Project Design 56

Project Development 57

Operation and Testing Procedure 66

Evaluation Procedure 71

Chapter 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Project Description

Project Structure

Project Test Results

Project Capabilities and Limitations

Project Evaluation Results

Chapter 5 – SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND

RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Findings

Conclusions

Recommendations

REFERENCES

APPENDIXES

RESEARCHERS’ PROFILE
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

1 Battery Charging and Discharging Test 64
2 Seed Dispensing Mechanism Test 65
3 Watering Efficiency Test 62
4 Ultrasonic Sensor Accuracy test 64
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figur
Title Page
e

1 Corn 13
2 Pumpkin 14
3 Dibbling 17
4 Broadcasting 18
5 Seed Dropping Behind the Plough 18
6 Check Row Planting 19
7 Transplanting 20
8 Drilling 20
 9 Embedded Based Autonomous Seed Sowing Robot 21
10 Automatic Seed Sowing Machine 22
11 Comparative Matrix of Different Seed Sower 23
12 Carbon Steel 24
13 Alloy Steel 25
14 Tool Steel 25
15 High-speed Steel 26
16 Stainless Steels 27
17 Aluminum Alloy 28
18 Bronze 29
19 Nickel Alloy 30
20 Lead-acid Battery 31
21 Lithium-ion Battery 31
22 Gel Battery 32
23 Brushless DC Moto 34
24 Washing Machine Motor 35
25 Wiper Motor 36
26 LCD 36
27 R1 Tires 37
28 Gear 38
29 Chain Drive 39
30 Seed Container 40
31 Sprinkler 41
32 Toggle Switch 41
33 Ultrasonic Sensor 42
34 Hopper 43
35 Seed Dispenser 43
36 Arduino
Uno 45
37 LilyPad Arduino 45

38 Arduino Mega 46
39 Arduino Leonardo 47
40 Arduino Shield 47
41 Disc Harrow 48
42 Chain Harrows 49
43 Rotary Tillers / Power Harrows 50
44 Spring Tine Cultivators 51
45 Rigid Tine Cultivators (Chisel Ploughs) 52
46 Conceptual Model of the Study 53
47 Isometric View of the Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed Sower 57
48 Block Diagram of the Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed Sower 58
49 Fabrication Components 60
50 Assembly 65
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter includes the Background of the Study, the Objectives of the Study,

and the Scope and Limitations. To better understand the research study and the

researchers' goals when developing the project, it also shows the significance of the

study.
Background of the Study

Cropping is an important and time-consuming activity for any farmer, and on a

large scale, this activity requires more workers. As a result, agricultural machines were

created to reduce the need for human labor. Manual seed planting yields results such as

poor seed placement, inefficient spacing, and severe back pain for the farmer. This also

restricted the size of the field that could be planted (Cothren,2014). As a result, the above

limits should be optimized to achieve the best performance from a seed planter. Thus,

proper design of the agriculture machine is required, as is the selection of the components

on the machine to suit the needs of crops.

The traditional way of sowing seeds is by hand, and in certain circumstances by

scattering seeds into gaps with the fist, or by using two bullocks to lift the cumbersome

apparatus for dropping seeds and leveling the soil. Thus, through improving agricultural

machinery, automation is required to address challenges in the agriculture industry. Seed

sowing is a critical duty for farmers during the planting seasons; if the land area to be

seeded is larger, more employees are required to sow the seeds. Automation was a

developing trend in every industry during the fourth industrial revolution. Agricultural

equipment innovation is one of the primary phases of civilized life, and agricultural tool

development is a critical necessity for agricultural advancement. Farmers of all ages

employ the same old methods and equipment, such as seeds, spraying, weeding, and so

on, which have issues such as sluggish growth rates, irrigation, fertilizing, and crop

monitoring over broad regions. Seeding, planting, weeding, spraying, and harvesting are

all regarded to be one of the most time-consuming tasks in agriculture and farming. Seed
sowing, weeding, cutting, pesticide spraying, and other procedures are conducted in the

agriculture field. Seed planting is a very fundamental and important process.

The low growth of agriculture in the Philippines is attributed to the extensive

conversion of agricultural land to residential development, industrial parks and resort

areas. Of the 30 million hectares of land, only a third is used for agriculture. In addition,

the country's geographical district makes it exposed to natural disasters such as floods

and droughts, contributing to reduced production. Investments in technology and

innovation, improved production support, and policies that put farmers' interests first are

all important steps towards diversifying and modernizing the country's agronomic

production.

By 2035, the world’s population is predicted to increase by 8 billion, causing

global food consumption to increase. To overcome this predicament and raise yields, the

entire planting process must be systematically modified. Agricultural goods and field

cultivation practices are adjusting to technology. Subjective processing has become the

most useful technology in agricultural services because it helps farmers to better

comprehend, investigate, and respond to a variety of situations. However, the current

seed-sowing procedures are troublesome. Seed sowing equipment is quite complex and

cumbersome to operate. As a result, equipment that will lessen farmers’ efforts is

required.

The most recent version of the research, which was released in the middle of

2021, predicted that in 2020, between 720 and 811 million individuals experienced

hunger. Billion people cannot afford to consume a healthy or nutritious diet due to high

costs. When comparing 2020 to 2019, there were 118 million more individuals who were
hungry, or as many as 161 million when comparing the center of the expected range (768

million) according to United Nation 2020.

Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to develop an Arduino Based Multi-functional

Seed Sower.

Specifically, it aims to:

1. Design a prototype with the following features:

a) Chassis Frame that will serve as the physical body.

b) Angle Bar that will be used as the foundation of the chassis frame.

c) Stainless steel as the cover of the cover of the prototype.

d) R1 Tires generate maximum traction over challenging terrain

including mud without slipping or clogged.

e) Cultivator for cultivation of the soil.

f) Lithium-ion battery to store and produce electricity.

g) Gear Motor as the main motor to run the wheels and extra power for

the machine

h) 12V DC Motor for the seed dropper to spin while scooping and

dropping.

i) Seed dropper helps to sow seeds by scooping and dropping it in proper

row.

j) Hopper for placement of seeds in respective placement in soil.

k) Seed container to store the seeds.

l) Microcontroller that serves as the embedded systems in the machines.

 m) LCD to show battery percentage.

n) Water container for storing and collecting water.

o) Sprinkler to water the soil after seed sowing.

2. To fabricate the prototype according to specifications by utilizing locally

available materials.

3. To test and improve the prototype's functionality.

4. Evaluate the prototype's performance using TUP (Technological University of

the Philippine) standard evaluation instrument.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study involves that the Automated Seed Sower was created to reduce the seed

plantation time compared to manual seed sowing. The mechanism utilized in automatic

seed Sower lowers manual labor and reduces the time required for seed sowing. This

program provides large-scale assistance to farmers by increasing the efficiency of the

plant and to reduce manual efforts, the seed feed rate is higher, Quick to sow lots of

seeds, and the total cost is higher due to workforce and equipment hire. Traditional seed

sowing is inefficient and time-consuming, farmers must adopt innovative practices for

future food demands.

However, the study is limited to be utilized in paddy fields. The seeds that may be

sown are limited due to the size of seed that is required for that plant to flourish.

Significance of the Study

The study of Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed Sower Machine will be used by
the resident farmers of Gutad Floridablanca, Pampanga that will help them to improve the

way of growing crops. As a conclusion, researchers have developed automatic and

manually operated seeders that have reduced farmer labor, improved planting efficiency,

and alleviated the complication associated with standard planting. A Sower can use this

device to plant different categories and sizes of seeds, as well as change the distance

between other seeds during planting. This increased the competence and accuracy of the

planting development.

Therefore, this project is made from raw materials, it is very economical and

constructive for small farmers. Optimized the machine design to make it easier for

farmers and unskilled workers to use. Adjustment and conservation procedures are also

uncomplicated.
 Chapter 2

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the review of the related literature and studies underlying

the framework of the study. It includes concept literature, research literature, and

relevance to the recent study.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Seeds

The plant life cycle's embryonic stage is represented by the seed. Embryo,

endosperm, and seed coat are the three main components of most seeds. A root, stem, and

one or more leaves can be found on the embryo, which is a miniature plant. The nutritive

part of the seed is called the endosperm, and it frequently contains a mixture of starch,

oil, and protein. The seed coat acts as a barrier that can keep seeds alive for a very long

time. While we often avoid the seeds when we eat fleshy fruits, many common dry food-

products are seeds. Any crop that is yearly collected by hand or machine and is

purposefully planted, managed, and grown on privately owned or leased land in line with

approved agricultural procedures in order to provide seed for future propagation.

Type of Seeds

Choosing the kind of seed to be planted is meticulous decision making since a lot

of consideration is to take such as rate of return and resistance to disease, root and shoot

quality, genetic traits, and accessibility are the top assessment was to make to grow

nutritious plants, by stripping away these inadequate seeds, the farmer can grow healthier

and stronger seedlings. Even well-chosen seeds can potentially harbor illnesses.
 Corn

The starchy vegetable corn, commonly referred to as maize, is sold as kernels on a

stick that are encased in a husk. One of the most popular vegetables in the United States,

corn occasionally receives a poor rap due to its high natural sugar and glucose content.

Don't ignore this multipurpose vegetable's health advantages though. Cookouts in the

summers are popular with corn. It is the ideal party or movie night snack when popped.

Its seeds are dried and processed into flour, which is then used to make tortillas, chips,

and crackers. It is not a vegetable in this form; it is a grain (Watson, 2020).

Corn, sometimes known as maize, was a crop grown by the natives of North and

South America. European immigrants who learnt about it in New England took it back to

their native nations. At the first Thanksgiving meal in 1621, both Wampanoag tribe

members and pilgrims from Plymouth Colony most likely consumed corn.

Figure 1. Corn
Source. https://tinyurl.com/ypuzrne7

Choosing corn and whole-grain corn goods over processed flour foods can

improve interior well-being and help reduce the precedence of diseases like cancer, heart

disease, and type 2 diabetes. Corn fiber aid you feel fuller longer at intervals meals. It

also nourishes healthy bacteria in the digestive tract and helps prevent colon cancer.Corn
contains vitamin C, an antioxidant that protects cells from damage and prevents diseases

such as cancer and heart disease. are abundantly included. Yellow corn is an excellent

source of the eye-healthy carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin and helps prevent lens

damage that can lead to cataracts. Corn also contains small amounts of vitamins B, E, and

K, and minerals such as magnesium and potassium.

Plant in full sunshine (at least 6 to 8 hours of direct sunlight). Corn plants have

soil preferences. Given that maize tends to soak up a lot of water, the soil should be well-

draining but continuously moist. The best time to incorporate compost or aged manure

into the soil is in the fall. If that isn't possible, simply incorporate seasoned compost

before planting (Boeckmann, 2020).

Pumpkin

More than 7,500 years ago, in the Oaxaca Highlands of Mexico, pumpkin seeds

were first used for food. They have been used as a folk treatment in many cultures to treat

worms and other parasites as well as urinary tract and bladder infections, high blood

pressure, diabetes, and kidney stones.

Figure 2. Pumpkin
Source. https://tinyurl.com/rcwpakmw

Shown in Figure 2 the pumpkin seeds, which supports many aspects of your

health, is supported by contemporary science. They include a wealth of nutrients like

protein, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals that lower the risk of developing

chronic illnesses like cancer. Most supermarkets and specialty health food stores sell

pumpkin seeds in many forms, including raw, roasted, and spouted. They are also

occasionally referred to as pepitas when marketed in their green shells (Brennan, 2020).

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and antioxidants are also abundant in plant

seeds. Pumpkin seed fatty acids are a rich source of tocopherols, sterols, and other health-

promoting compounds. The fatty acid profile of seeds, grains, and legumes has been

deemed "favorable" by researchers. Manganese and vitamin K, two nutrients that are vital

for promoting wound healing, are abundant in pumpkin seeds. They also include zinc, a

mineral that supports the immune system's ability to combat viruses and bacteria.

Pumpkin seeds have a lot of calories, so stick to the suggested serving amount of roughly

one-quarter cup. However, the high fiber content of the seeds can help control your blood

sugar and make you feel fuller, reducing the desire to overeat.

According to (Ware, 2018) Healthy oils, magnesium, and other minerals that

improve the health of the heart, bones, and other organs can be found in pumpkin seeds.

Seeds are regarded as excellent providers of potassium, magnesium, and calcium.

Pumpkins belong to the gourd family, which also contains cucumbers, cantaloupe,

honeydew melon, watermelon, and zucchini. Originally from Central America and

Mexico, these plants now flourish on every continent bar Antarctica. Pumpkins have been

produced in North America for 5,000 years originally from the western hemisphere. The

primary purpose of growing pumpkins is for processing, with a small % of crops raised

for decorative sales through farms with pick-your-own options, markets for local produce

and retail commerce. Most pumpkins go through processing, pumpkin pie filling and
canned pie mix transforming pumpkins having a lighter weight and size like a

watermelon shell with color.

Sowing of Seeds

Sowing is the planting of seeds to a specified depth in order for them to sprout.

Seeding is very crucial in cultivation. Sowing is the early process, followed by leveling.

Perfect sowing means planting seeds at a certain extent, with the right number of seeds

per unit, and the right distance of centrally located vegetation and rows.

Method of Sowing Seeds

There are numerous sowing techniques that are used in sowing seeds; it includes

hill dropping, broadcasting, dribbling, drilling, transplanting, dropping seeds behind the

plough, and check row planting that is used as a method of planting seed.

Direct Sowing

No-tillage or no-tillage means starting to plant seeds in the field, comparatively

than buying small plants or starting seeds indoors and transplanting outdoors (Iannotti,

2021). Multiple seeds for both flowers and vegetables can be sown outdoors at the

beginning of the growing season. Sowing seeds indoors can give you a head start, but

some plants don't like to be moved, so it's best to sow in boundaries where they can grow

undisturbed.

Indirect Sowing

Indirect sowing involves placing seeds into a flat surface or seedling tray as

opposed to the ground. The young plants can then be moved to their permanent resting

place when the seeds have had time to germinate and grow in a controlled environment.
Indirect sowing involves placing seeds into a flat surface or seedling tray as opposed to

the ground.

Different Process of Seed Sowing

Type of direct sowing:

Dibbling

Cultivation is arguably one of the single most crucial processes in the gardening

process. After all, this is the step in the procedure where you must really plant the plant's

seed in the ground, triggering the start of the entire growing process (Wyatt, 2021).

Figure 3. Dibbling
Source: https://tinyurl.com/22v56yef

There are a few various ways to get the seed into the ground when it comes to

cultivation, too, so keep that in mind. The practice of "dabbling" is an illustration of this.

An instrument called a "dibber" is used in the cultivation process known as "dabbling" to

assist in planting seeds. Several conical projections created in a frame are used to create

small hand dibblers. Small seeds are not ideal for this technique because it takes so long.

This is how most vegetables are seeded.

Broadcasting

This is one of the most commonly used methods and ways of seeding on the soild,

the broadcasting shown in Figure 4. This is a smooth and efficient technique that can be
passed down in a variety of agricultural utilization. Soil application of seeds is

accomplished by growing the seeds in a thin layer over an area and then covering with

soil. I'm going to separate it so that the seeds don't hit each other. This assures that

differing plants do not contest for resources such as water, minerals and nutrients

(Prakash, 2021).

Figure 4. Broadcasting
Source: https://tinyurl.com/2ed4f5at

Seed Dropping Behind the Plough

A guy uses a funnel to sprinkle seeds into the furrow behind the plough. Shown in

Figure 5. A contraption known as a malobansa can be used to sow behind the plough.

Figure 5. Seed Dropping Behind the Plough

Source. https://tinyurl.com/yckwxfsj

It consists of a bamboo or alloy pipe with a cone-shaped opening. A man drops

seed into a hopper while a further man rudders the plow and cattle. It is utilized for
maize, gram, peas, wheat, and barley seed. This is a time-consuming and laborious

procedure (More,2019).

Check Row Planting

As shown in Figure 6, this is a cultivating approach in whichever rows and plants

are evenly spaced. In this way the seeds are seeded precisely along consecutive parallel

furrows. Rows are constantly perpendicular to each other. A control row planter is an

apparatus used to plant control rows (Barclay, 2021).

Figure 6. Check Row Planting

Source. https://tinyurl.com/2p92pdzd

Type of indirect sowing:

Transplanting

Transplanting is the development of rearranging fully germinated seedlings (or

cultivated plants) and replanting them in a long-lasting location during the developing

season, as shown in Figure 7. After being removed from the nursery, seedlings are

planted using the transplanting method in the main field (Staff, 2020). The purpose of

transplanting is to give each plant more space. In northward latitudes, transplantation is

an important aspect of agribusiness as it broadens the flourishing or fruiting period of

abundant crops.
 Figure 7. Transplanting
Source. https://tinyurl.com/ycar6xzc

Modern

Drilling

Drilling is the method of scattering seeds into rows and furrows. It has

advantages, disadvantages, and field conditions. Seeds are placed in rows and furrows

with predefined dimensions, covered with dirt, and compacted after being deposited at a

specific depth and spacing.

Figure 8. Drilling
Source: https://tinyurl.com/yr3ec7n3

Seed drills and seed-cum-fertilizer drills are examples of sowing tools. The field

may be flat or ridged after sowing. Other tasks, such drilling for fertilizers, herbicides,

and soil additives, are carried out concurrently with seeding (Musa, 2018). Shown in

Figure 8. When sowing, the seeds are sown in ridges and covered with soil continuously.
For seeding, a seed Sower or fertilizer machine is used. Rows can be configured to

accommodate definitive demands.

Existing Project

Embedded Based Autonomous Seed Sowing Robot

In accordance with the research done by J. Donald Gladwin and others in

addition, the embedded-based autonomous seed-sowing robot that was shown in Figure.

9 uses a DC motor that is connected to a battery bank and operates the motor's shaft.

Figure 9. Embedded Based Autonomous Seed Sowing Robot

Source. https://tinyurl.com/aynd76ec

The project's heart, which controls the entire system, is the Arduino Mega, which

the robot makes use of. The Arduino is attached to the ultrasonic sensors, which measure

the robot's seed level (Geetha et, al, 2022). Every time the wheel is rotated, the specific

seed is allowed to fall into the hopper in accordance with the adjustment established.

With the modification of the seed planting mechanism, the productivity of the seed

sowing robot is more likely to increase.

 Automatic Seed Sowing Machine

Shown in Figure 10. Automatic seeders cover the consolidated area of the field

with lateral rows. During the transverse process, the machine simultaneously digs and

sows the soil. Therefore, the time spent on planting is significantly reduced (Kumar et, al,

2022). The apparatus has command for changing the spacing among succeeding seeds

sown after accommodating different crop configuration requirements. It is propelled by

wheels driven by DC motors that draw power from batteries. For farmers who do not

have the economic means to purchase standard agricultural machinery, this apparatus

assurance to automatize labor-intensive operations.

Figure 10. Automatic Seed Sowing Machine

Source. https://tinyurl.com/yc6bjts4

The collection of the studies above shows the differences and advantages of each

study. Each study has different kinds of uniqueness, pros and cons that will help to

identify what is most efficient in the place where it will be used and intended to help in

sowing more efficiently than the traditional way of planting.

Figure. 11 below illustrates the comparison between the different types of existing

Seed Sower in the proposed study which is the Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed Sower.
 Battery Motor Arduino Sensor Cultivator Watering Row/Rows

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Embedded N.a N.a 1
Based
Auto-
nomous
Seed
Sowing
Robot

✔ ✔ ✔
Automatic N.a N.a N.a 2
Seed
Sowing
Machine

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Auto- 2
nomous
Multi-
functional
Seed
Sower
Figure 11. Comparative Matrix of Different Seed Sower

Major Parts of Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed Sower

The parts of the Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed Sower are used in fabricating

the prototype to ensure that the device will function and be suitable according to the

intended use of the machine and will satisfy the safety, durability and functionality of the

machine.

Steel

Steel is primarily used as iron due to its extensive ductile durability and small

cost. Steel is used in a wide diversity of development projects among other things

buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, automobiles, electronics, weapons, and

missiles. Steel is the world's most extensive manufacturing and development material.
 Types of Steels

Choosing the material is important because it will decide the sturdiness of the

device, picking the type of steel is necessary, some of the key uses of this material

include its adaptability, durability, and flexibility.

Carbon Steel

Unlike other types of steel, carbon steel is a special type of steel with a high

carbon content as its name suggests. Most types of steel have a relatively small carbon

content of 0.05-0.3%. In comparison, carbon steel accommodate up to 2.5% carbon.

Figure 12. Carbon Steel

Source. https://tinyurl.com/bdmmhrhf

2.5% carbon may not look like enough, but it has some fascinating assets over

others (Monroe, 2018).

Alloy Steel

An alloy steel shown in Figure. 13 is a steel to which one or more alloying

elements (other than carbon) have been added in minute quantities. These elements

include manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper, chromium, and aluminum. This

results in certain characteristics that are not present in standard carbon steel (Daniel &

Paulus, 2019).
 Figure 13. Alloy Steel
Source. https://tinyurl.com/3j8rfs2z

Tool Steel

A household of carbon and alloy steels known as 'tool steels' possess exclusive

furnishings such as firmness, wear intransigence, toughness, and defiance to high

temperature softening.

Figure 14. Tool Steel

Source. https://tinyurl.com/t9b226yb

High carbon chrome steels with varying concentrations of molybdenum, cobalt,

vanadium, or other metals are called tool steel alloys (Olsen,2020). The name comes

from the fact that some tool steels are designed to endure repeated high specific loads and

impacts at room temperature with outstanding wear resistance. Other members of the

family will display stability under repeated high loads and high temperatures. Tool steels

are often offered in an annealed state, which softens the extremely hard material to allow
for machining or shaping. To boost toughness and strength after machining, the material

is heat treated once again.

High-speed Steel

They are usually manufactured of carbon steel alloyed with molybdenum or

tungsten with differing amounts of chromium, vanadium, and cobalt. HSS can be used at

conditions up to about 650°C thanks to alloying elements that escalate the temperature at

whichever adjustment takes place. (Garrison, 2021). Shown in Figure 15. High speed

steel's martensitic structure, which adds to its high hardness, is also greatly influenced by

the heat treatment that was used to create it. This is accomplished by bringing the steel's

austenitizing temperature close to its melting point, followed by a salt bath quench, air

cooling, and numerous tempering cycles to turn any leftover austenite into martensite.

Figure 15. High-speed Steel

Source. https://tinyurl.com/4mymkf9v

Alloy

Alloys, often called compounds or solutions, are metallic substances composed of

binary or more elements. Carbon, a non-metal, is an important building block of steel, but

the building blocks of alloys are usually the metals themselves. Alloy steels have an
extensive field of different properties such as magnetization, ductility, toughness,

decomposition resistance and firmness.

Types of Metal Alloy

Stainless Steels

Stainless steel wire is the gutter expensive compared to other orthodontic alloys,

is easy to handle due to the constitutional ductileness of its austenitic construction and

can be easily merged by soldering. 304 stainless steel alloy is commonly used as a

material for boiling water storage utilization and abounding more various industrialized

applications due to its excellent formability, decomposition resistance, and mass

production. However, there have been several reports of hot water tanks built of SS304

bursting due to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) alike after months of application (Yilbas

& Al-Sharafi, 2018). Also, in industrialized utilization where slightly more advanced

chloride levels are present, SS304 is not at all endorsed due to potential sectarian

corrosion problems. Steel associations are altering new knowledge that can meet

industrial requirements for mechanical and decomposition properties.

Figure 16. Stainless Steels

Source. https://tinyurl.com/5d6w226d

Aluminum Alloy
 According to Helmenstine, Ph.D. Shown in Figure 17. Aluminum alloys are

compositions with aluminum as the main component and more elements combined.

Alloys are formed by elements combining when aluminum is melted (liquid) and cooled

to form a homogeneous solid solution. Compared to pure metallic elements, aluminum

alloys have more advanced strength, machinability, resistance to decomposition,

electrical conductivity and/or density. to add more items. Aluminum alloys are often

weightless and deterioration resistant.

Figure 17. Aluminum Alloy

Source. https://tinyurl.com/2pcvfkrs

According to (Helmenstine, 2019), The most popular lightweight alloy, aluminum alloys,

finds uses in numerous industrial industries for SPF. The Aluminum-lithium alloy, 7475

aluminum alloy, 2024 aluminum alloy, and 5083 aluminum alloy are the most commonly

used aluminum alloys for SPF today. The strongest is 7475 aluminum alloy, which has

the highest strength after a combination of T76 calibfaction treatment and aging.

Bronze

Bronze is one of the primal metals established to man. It is averred as a concoction of

copper with a distinct metal, usually tin. As shown in Figure 18, the backdrop of bronze

is highly ductile, exhibiting little agitation in contrast to many metals, and many bronze

alloys exhibit the exceptional property of slightly improving when solidifying from a
liquid to a solid, can also be castings used in carving. Helps to fill molds and is desirable

as it is brittle, but not as good as cast iron (Helmenstine, 2019). Bronze is used as a

substitute to steel wool that does not discard metal threads that cause underpants and

sparks. Building components such as wool, electrical contacts and connectors, stair

railings, mailboxes, decorative classifications, and aperture frames. Bronze alloys have a

lessened reducing count than iron and steel.

Figure 18. Bronze

Source. https://tinyurl.com/2p89fm4c

Nickel Alloy

A versatile element, nickel will alloy with most metals. Shown in Figure 19,

Alloys with nickel as their main component are known as nickel alloys. Copper and

nickel are completely soluble in one another in solid form. Numerous alloy combinations

are available due to the wide solubility differences between iron, chromium, and nickel.

Due to its great adaptability and exceptional heat and corrosion resistance, it is used in a

wide range of applications, including steam turbines in power plants, aircraft gas

turbines, and the energy and nuclear power markets. According to (Morinaga, 2019)

Nickel alloys are heat-resistant alloys used in jet engines and gas turbine blades. Nickel-
based alloys exhibit distinguished ductility and formability. Nickel alloys are also easy to

weld.

Figure 19. Nickel Alloy

Source. https://tinyurl.com/3jebv8nc

Battery

The interpretation of battery is solitary or further electrochemical cells with

extraneous terminals that form an electrical battery, a source of electrical energy used to

power electrical equipment. A battery is a device that stores chemical power and converts

it toward electrical energy. Electrons are transferred in distinction to one material

(electrodes) to another over an external circuit amid chemical reactions within the

battery. A manageable current is produced through the discharge of electrons.

Types of Battery

Considering the battery that will be used, the user must be aware that the batteries

you use have physical specifications such as size, shape, and weight. Also durable,

allowed retention period. Discharge figure and charge ability in charge-discharge cycles.

Lead-acid Battery

The earliest and most advanced technology is found in lead-acid batteries, as

shown in Figure 20. By adding a lead negative electrode and a lead dioxide positive

electrode to the sulfuric acid electrolyte, a cheap initial operating battery is produced.
Increase or decrease the number of plates in the electrode and change the size depending

on the predetermined use (Honsberg & Bowden, 2019).

Figure 20. Lead-acid Battery

Source. https://tinyurl.com/2uks4axj

Despite years of research, the energy density of lead-acid batteries is only 25-35

Wh/kg. However, the power density can reach 150 W/kg. Low temperatures affect lead-

acid batteries. Both the energy and power densities drop significantly when the ambient

temperature drops below 10 °C.

Lithium-ion Battery

One type of rechargeable battery, known as a lithium-ion battery, moves lithium ions in

distinction to the negative electrode into the positive electrode amid discharge and back

repeatedly all the while charging.

Figure 21. Lithium-ion Battery

Source. https://tinyurl.com/2p8hh9hs
 Different types of lithium-ion batteries acquire divergent chemistries, attainment,

cost and safety characteristics. Illustrated. 21. Lithium-ion batteries use intercalated

lithium compounds as electrode materials, unlike primary lithium batteries (which are

discarded) (Qiao & Wei, 2012).

Home appliances often use lithium-ion batteries. The finest energy-to-weight

ratio, high open-circuit voltage, low self-discharge rate, no memory effect, as well as

continuous loss of charge at the same time not in use, make them one of the most popular

types of rechargeable batteries. I'm here. portable device. Lithium-ion batteries have a

very high-power density. Lithium-ion batteries charge faster, last longer, and have higher

power density, allowing lighter packages to extend battery life. Because of their high

energy density, lithium-ion batteries are becoming increasingly popular for military,

electric vehicle, and aerospace use, beyond consumer electronics.

Gel Battery

If the designs are similar, gel batteries and AGM batteries both have low-rate

capacities shown in Figure 22.

Figure 22. Gel Battery

Source. https://tinyurl.com/2ykfj3wx
 Due to the substantial electrolyte reserve, extremely long discharge rates, such as

C120 for solar applications, are feasible. Due to plate distance restrictions and cell

resistance, high-rate discharge capacity may be less than that of AGM technology

(Sinovoltaics, 2022). Gel batteries can be deeply depleted, or dropped down to zero volt

in severe circumstances, which will result in a minimal capacity loss that will disappear

following recharging.

Motor

A machine that transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy in the form of

rotation is known as an electric motor. The rotor and stator, respectively, are the

stationary and moving components of an electric motor. It is also the component that

generates movement using energy or fuel so that it can function.

Types of Motor

The most crucial part in choosing the type of motor is where you will use the

motor, because it has a lot of consideration to take and be chosen to use the motor

efficiently.

Brushless DC Motor

Modern drive technology has grown significantly influenced by brushless DC

motors, sometimes known as BLDC Motors. Due to their quick rise in popularity, a wider

number of industries, including consumer electronics, the automotive industry, industrial

automation, chemical and medical, and aerospace and instrumentation, are using them

(Renesas Electronic Corp, 2022). Modern gadgets that need to be quiet and cool,

especially those that run continually, frequently use brushless DC motors.

 Figure 23. Brushless DC Motor
Source, https://tinyurl.com/2864peuk

Although brushed DC motors have dominated the sub-kilowatt market for a

while now and have long been utilized for drives and power production, this market has

always been ambiguous. However, the advancements in power electronics and

microprocessor technology have made it possible for small Brushless DC Motors to

flourish in terms of both performance and cost.

Washing Machine Motor

The washer motor or washer motor is the fundamental unit that powers the entire

apparatus shown in Figure 24. Nothing works without him. If you have a complication

with your washing machine, it is most likely caused by or directly related to the motor.

The apprehension for this is that the motor powers the working internal elements of the

washing machine. This includes agitators, gearboxes, pumps and clutches (Keller, 2010).

According to Karim Nice, there’s a lot of heavy components in a washing

machine. Two steel tubes are part of the washer. The tub that contains the clothes is the

inner tub. It includes an agitator in the center, and the sides have openings so that water

may escape as the tub rotates.

 Figure 24. Washing Machine Motor
Source. https://tinyurl.com/5dwy6skk

The body of the washing machine is bolted to the outer tub and is completely

sealed to the water. The inner container will rattle and vibrate throughout the wash cycle

and should be mounted so that it can be moved without hitting other components of the

washing machine. Most electric motors work by producing force in the mode of torque.

This force is transferred to the motor shaft through the interaction of the motor's magnetic

field and the current in the coil of wire.

Wiper Motor

A car wiper motor is the fundamental that drives the wipers. As it rotates, an

instrument assembled into it rotates the worm gear, the arm, and ultimately the

windshield or wiper blades.The wiper blades are exposed to rainwater, snowfall, and

debris that can affect your visibility while driving. Remove dust or other debris from the

windshield (Alan, 2020). In most cases you should choose between 12V and 24V. Check

the voltage rating of your stock motor. This will help regulate the type of motor that will

fit your wiper system.

 Figure 25. Wiper Motor
Source. https://tinyurl.com/mr36vssw

Wipers work by combining two mechanical technologies. An electric motor and

worm gear combination powers the wipers, and a clean connection converts the rotational

power of the motor into the reciprocating motion of the wipers. The motor torque is 13.5

lb-ft at high speed and 17.5 lb-ft at low speed.

LCD

Liquid crystal displays, commonly known as LCDs, are an admirable approach for

microcontrollers to display visual intelligence. The LCD can demonstrate µC output alike as time,

date and temperature. It can likewise be used to view memory details and aid in program work

the bugs out of (Hope, 2020)

.
 Figure 26. LCD
Source: https://tinyurl.com/2p85ndt5

R1 Tires

The typical working tires used on farm tractors are R1 tires that was shown in

Figure 27. Commonly referred to as agricultural or ag tires.

Figure 27. R1 Tires

Source. https://tinyurl.com/bdhtwwzj

Large, well-spaced lugs on the tread are designed to provide optimal grip on

difficult terrain (including mud and snow) without slipping or jamming. R1 tires,

likewise, acknowledged as agricultural or agricultural tires, are the definitive workaholic

tires used on agricultural tractors (Johnson, 2020). Their tread features large, extensively

dispersed lugs intended to produce maximum traction in difficult areas (including mud

and snow) beyond slipping or jamming. R1 tires are more cramped than other tire types.

They are primarily designed for off-road operation.

Gear

Gears are used in many mechanical devices. In motorized apparatus, they

primarily provide gear reduction. This is very important. This is because small motors
spinning at high speed can often power a device, but they do not provide the strength to

revolve or twist an object.

Figure 28. Gear

Source. https://tinyurl.com/4e9szbks

An electric screwdriver, for illustration, has a very large gear contraction

(reducing the speed of a rotating machine such as an electric motor) because it takes a lot

of torque to turn a screw. But at high speed the engine produces very little torque. Gear

reduction can be used to reduce output speed while increasing torque (Nice & Hall-

Geisler, 2022).

Chain Drive

The chain drive is used through an approach of transferring mechanical power from one

place to another. It can likewise be found on various machines. Power is commonly

handed down through a roller chain, also called a drive chain or transmission chain, with

sprocket teeth meshing with holes in the chain links. The gear rotates and pulls the chain,

adding mechanical force to the structure.

 Figure 29. Chain Drive
Source. https://tinyurl.com/3wcwxrem

The chain drive is a form of transmitting mechanical power in distinction to one

place to another. Chain drives are commonly used to power the wheels of vehicles alike

as bicycles and motorcycles (Sabhadiya, 2020).

Seed Container

According to Mary H. Dye, From the time of harvest until the farmer plants it, the

goal of seed container e is to keep the seed in good physical and physiological condition.

Most crops require a length of time between harvest and planting; as a result, storage is

required because the seed must be kept somewhere during this time.

The choice of container is important for durable storage. This endure by cause of if the

container is not either fitly closed, the seeds will deliberately absorb moisture, shortening

their shelf life. Some containers such as glass oven containers made of laminated

aluminum foil and The packaging is much less absorptive than other containers plastic

containers.
 Figure 30. Seed Container
Source. https://tinyurl.com/5ar9hfxh

You can add a self-displaying silica gel bag that changes color when it absorbs

moisture to the seed collection to monitor relative humidity inside a closed container. An

asset of glass containers is that they are transparent, so seeds along with humidity

indicators are visible (Colville, 2017).

Sprinkler

Sprinkler irrigation is widely used because it is versatile, adaptable to almost all

crops, and affordable. Sprinkler irrigation is a category of irrigation water utilization that

mimics common raindrops. Pumping is used to move water over a pipe system.

Inexpensive and surprisingly easy to install. You don't have to allocate a lot of money on

staff to arrange it.

Sprinkler irrigation systems do not need to be placed in diverse locations on the

field. The water is then irrigated into the air by a sprinkler into tiny droplets that fall to

the ground. Although not energy intensive, sprinkler irrigation is a lesser reckless way to

water plants.
 Figure 31. Sprinkler
Source. https://tinyurl.com/2j7nvr3h

Spraying does have an added advantage. When the sprinklers are on during chilly

nights, they do prevent light frosts. The caveat being that the crops don't lodge if they're

covered in ice (Wojtkowski, 2008).

Toggle Switch

The best purpose for toggle switches is to change the status of system settings

and functionalities. To allow users to select between two opposed states, toggles may be

used in place of two radio buttons or a single checkbox. It can be difficult to choose

whether to utilize radio buttons, checkboxes, or toggles as a user interface element.

A toggle switch is designed to allow current to pass across it, enabling it to turn

on or off (breaking or creating a circuit). Toggle switches are actuated by hand, often by

flicking a tiny lever up or down, left or right.

 Figure 32. Toggle Switch
Source: https://tinyurl.com/5852jwbw

When deciding which option will work best for your use case, consider the variety

of available options as well as whether any default values are obvious. Questions and

responses about these frequently used UI elements are compiled in the table below.

Digital on/off switches are toggle switches. They always have a default value and ask

users to pick between two options that are mutually exclusive. Users should have the

opportunity to control their preferences via toggles since they should produce rapid

results. (Joyce, 2018).

Ultrasonic Sensor

An ultrasonic sensor is an industrialization that uses ultrasonic waves to measure

the distance of an object and converts the reproduced sound into an electrical signal. The

perceptible speed of sound is faster than the speed of ultrasonic waves. The transmitter

(which uses a piezoelectric crystal to generate sound) and the receiver are the two central

parts of the ultrasonic sensor (which emits sound afterwards entering or exiting the

target) (Jost, 2019).

 Figure 33. Ultrasonic Sensor
Source. https://tinyurl.com/3tkzaxd3

To determine the gap among the sensor and the object, the sensor measures the

elapsed moment in dispersion through the sound emitted by the transmitter and

connection with the receiver. Proximity sensors are most commonly connected with

ultrasonic sensors. They exist in anti-collision safety systems and automatic parking

technology. Both robotic obstacle detection systems and manufacturing technology use

ultrasonic sensors.

Seed Hopper

ASeed hopper is a large pyramidal or conical vessel used in industrialized

development that collects particles or flowable material of any kind (dust, gravel, nuts,

seeds, etc.) and drains them through the ground as needed.

Figure 34. Seed Hopper

Source. https://tinyurl.com/44ytx2bb
 Seed Dispenser

According (The Seed Collection Pty Ltd,) The straightforward and simple-to-use

seed sowing dispenser has an adjustable aperture so it can be simply adjusted to suit

different sized seeds. a helpful instrument for distributing tiny seeds at regular intervals.

Perfect for those who struggle to handle tiny seeds.

Figure 35. Seed Dispenser

Source. https://tinyurl.com/4rp9b39u

Free of upkeep and reusable. Useful tool to enable evenly spacing the distributing

of small seeds of one sow soil to another. It will drop the seeds to their respective place.

The main advantage of a seed planter is its capacity to save a significant amount of time

and maintain uniform row spacing in a farm field or garden. In hand-pushed planters, the

next row is typically marked out by a guide that is offset from the planting wheel,

allowing the user to maintain properly spaced rows. After planting the first row, all that is

required of the planter is to follow the instructions for the second row. This will not only

result in time savings, but also in a more effective use of the existing space (Black, 2022).

Arduino

According to Technopedia, Arduino refers toward an accessible source electronics

platform or board and the software used to program it. Arduino was created to compose

electronics more available to artists, designers, hobbyists, and everyone sympathetic in

constructing interdependent objects and environments.

 Types of Arduinos

Arduino is an Accessible source platform that allows anyone to create Arduino

compatible boards. All compatible Arduino boards use different things, look like the

same trade name, and have different specs for what they are used for. Therefore, you

should think carefully about the use of Arduino you need. You can choose Uno or Mini

for small and simple Arduino projects depending on size and budget constraints.

Alternatively, you can use the Arduino Mega if you need to handle more pins or serial

communication devices with the same controller. Also, for beginners, the Arduino Uno is

the most recommended board.

Arduino Uno

The Arduino UNO board development is contemplated new in comparison to

other Arduino boards. This Arduino board has many features that aid end user to benefit

it in their projects.

Figure 36. Arduino Uno

Source. https://tinyurl.com/vzb95sph

The Arduino UNO uses the Atmega16U2 microcontroller, has better transfer

speeds compared to other boards, and contains a large amount of memory. Arduino UNO
boards do not require additional devices such as joysticks, mouse, or keyboards (Aqeel,

2018).

Lily Pad Arduino

The board has a rounded shape for less snagging and easier connection with other

devices. This board uses the Atmega328 microcontroller and the Arduino bootloader. The

board operation few external components, constructing the design simple and adaptable.

The board requires to have a 2-5 volts power supply and need large pinholes for easy

connection to alternative devices (Pantawane, 2021).

Figure 37. LilyPad Arduino

Source. https://tinyurl.com/yxxnwxx2

Arduino Mega

These boards are considered microcontrollers using the Atmega2560. There are a

overall of 54 input/output pins, of which 14 are PWM outputs, 4 hardware ports, and 16

analog inputs. The board likewise consist of a USB connector, ICSP header, power jack,

and REST pins. There is a supplementary pin that acts as a crystal oscillator alongside a

frequency of 16MHz. The board also has 256 KB of flash memory to store the

incorporated data (Javaid, 2022).

 Figure 38. Arduino Mega
Source. https://tinyurl.com/ymtdwnmp

Arduino Leonardo

This panel is a microcontroller using the Atmega32u4. There are a total of 20

digital input and output pins, 7 pins are used as PWM, and 12 pins are used as analog

inputs. The panel also includes a micro-USB connector that fits inside, a power jack, and

a RESET button. There is an additional pin that acts as a crystal oscillator with a

frequency of 16MHz (Javaid, 2022).

Figure 39. Arduino Leonardo

Source. https://tinyurl.com/4w5fkwxa

Arduino Shield

An Arduino shield is a pre-built circuit board used to attach other Arduino boards.

Arduino shields are arranged on his Arduino boards to enhance the board's ability to help
connect to the internet, control motors, control LCDs, and create wireless

communications (Nussey, 2018).

Figure 40. Arduino Shield

Source. https://tinyurl.com/48nyrzv9

Cultivator

The cultivator's primary job is to break up the soil, the cultivator's other job is to

get the soil ready for the plants that will grow there. They also clear the soil of weeds,

shape the soil into rows and beds, and even work to enhance its structure so that there are

spaces for air and water to get to the roots of plants more easily.

Types of Cultivators

The necessary cultivator gives the farmers flexibility to fix the soil in what way

they intended to, in other hand choosing the needed type of cultivator will give the farmer

the outcome they needed.

Disc Harrow

Disc harrows (called discs for short) with high weight per blade (such as Rata

Offset Discs), harrows with a cutting edge consisting of a series of inclined concave discs

are used for basic tillage (cultivation in new soil) can also be used for A disc harrow is a

series of discs mounted in a "cluster" below the (usually heavy) frame, for smaller speed
discs pulled by a drawbar or mounted on a three-point linkage. Prior to sowing seeds,

tillage is an important tillage technique.

Figure 41. Disc Harrow

Source. https://tinyurl.com/2td2jn49

It aids in breaking up clods on surface crusts, improves soil granulation and

homogeneity, inhibits the growth of weeds, and eradicates those that already exist. A

group of discs called "gangs" are attached below a heavy frame and pulled by a drawbar,

or in the case of smaller speed discs, mounted to a three-point linkage. These are perfect

for cutting through rocky terrain where a strong tool is needed to withstand the

environment or highly thatched terrain where the blades can easily cut through the stringy

plant material (Walton, 2021).

Chain Harrows

The tine harrow and chain harrow are primarily finishing tools, as shown in

Figure 42 and Figure 44. They are an arrangement of narrow tines and chains anticipated

to disjunction up and knock down large clumps left by passes from large, heavy tillage

implements such as springs or fixed tine cultivators or disc harrows. To maintain grass,

fields, and paddocks, chain harrows are employed. They can be pulled or mounted on
tractors. By exposing the horse excrement to sunshine and dispersing its nutrients over

the pastures, these tools are helpful for reducing parasite issues (Walton, 2021).

According to William Hackett (William Hackett Chain Products Ltd), chain

harrows can be used to level all-weather race tracks as well as indoor or outdoor jumping

arenas and mansions. The disastrous reasons are the regeneration of pastures, the

demolition and leveling of thick soils.

Figure 42. Chain Harrows

Source. https://tinyurl.com/49bxwbys

Removal of dead grass from the base of healthy grass. To maintain grass, fields,

and paddocks, chain harrows are employed, they can be pulled or mounted on tractors.

By exposing the horse excrement to sunshine and dispersing its nutrients around the

pastures, these tools are effective for reducing parasite issues (Bareja, 2022). The

condition of grassy areas is improved by harrowing the soil, which also enhances aeration

and water filtering. The best time to harrow is in the spring, right after grazing and as an

addition to field rolling but before fertilizing the grass.

Rotary Tillers / Power Harrows

It is shown in Figure 43(a). A motor cultivator does a comparable assignment to a

rotary harrow, but rather of perpendicular mounted tines, it has a drum with rotating tines
mounted on it. This causes soil inversion in the upper layers as the soil is turned over

with each circumrotation of the drum. The drawbacks of rotary harrows and rotary tillers

are the number of moving parts and his need for PTO power. This can lead to very slow

operation on low horsepower tractors (Walton, 2021).

Figure 43. (a) Rotary Tillers & (b) Power Harrows

Source. https://tinyurl.com/3fp3ud3f

Figure 43 (b) also shows that the rotary harrow differs from other types of

cultivators, in particular it is PTO driven. Independent of the onward speed of the tractor,

the bladed rotor rotates perpendicular, commonly with a gear system from the central

gearbox, tilling the ground into a fine seedbed. Power harrows and rotary tillers both

perform comparable tasks, however rotary tillers have a drum that spins while power

harrows have tines set vertically. As the soil is dug out with each rotation of the drum,

this does result in some soil inversion in the topmost layers (Walton, 2021).

Spring Tine Cultivators

The category appertaining to cultivators that generality calls the Springtine cultivator, as

shown in Figure 43, is a straightforward and effective method of seedbed formation that

has been tried and tested for decades. 1 inch spool tines for machine tips or cultivators

with reversible tips. Floating wings and land wheels ensure a clean, tidy, smooth and
uniform seedbed for maximum germination and seed improvement on the machine

(Lötjönen & Mikkola, 2000).

Figure 44. Spring Tine Cultivators

Source. https://tinyurl.com/ywsbskfs

Rigid Tine Cultivators (Chisel Ploughs)

A common farming equipment for thorough tillage is the chisel or chisel plow. Its

major objective is to aerate and loosen your soil while leaving crop remains on the soil's

surface. Compaction is lessened with chisel plows (Walton, 2021). It's crucial to

understand that chisels do not turn or invert the soil, in contrast to many other tillage

instruments. As a result, a chisel is an excellent tool for no-till or low-till farming since it

works to stop erosion and keeps organic matter on the soil's surface all year long. These

reasons lead to the consensus that chisels are a more environmentally friendly type of

tillage implement than many others.

 Figure 45. Rigid Tine Cultivators (Chisel Ploughs)
Source. https://tinyurl.com/35m859h8

Rigid tine cultivators, otherwise known as Chisel Ploughs, have a rigid leg

attached to a main frame, usually with a spring protection system of some sort. It has a

mainframe built of box section, robust tines, U clamps, and shovels and is installed on

tractors. The ability to change the spacing between them in accordance with crop rows is

provided by the clamping of the times. The shovels are constructed from low alloy or

medium carbon steel that has been hardened and tempered to the appropriate hardness

(Harral, 1990).

The shovels are fastened to the tines and may be readily replaced as they start to

wear or become dull. The tractor's hydraulic system regulates the depth of operation. For

shallow tillage, duck foot sweeps can be used in place of shovels.

Conceptual Model of the Study

Collected theories, studies, concepts, and relevant literature findings. A

conceptual model was created, as shown in Figure 46.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Knowledge
Requirements Design
Cultivating Method Block Diagram
Sowing Method Schematic Diagram
Seed Distance Development Arduino Based
Types of Planting Fabrication Multi-functional
Seed Sower
Software Construction
Requirements
Testing and
C++ Improvement
Hardware Functionality
Requirements
Workability
Chassis
Durability
Angle Bar
Safety
Aluminum Sheet
Lead-acid Battery
Wiper Motor EVALUATION

12 DC Motor
R1 Tires
Cultivator
Arduino
Ultrasonic Sensor
 Figure 46. Conceptual Model of the Study

Shown in Figure 46. The initial stage of the study involves the gathering of

knowledge and information from the related literature studies, software trial and testing

for the circuit and lastly hardware that were required in conducting and conceptualizing

the development of Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed Sower. The second stage included

the designing of the diagram, the development process is the phase of constructing the

prototype and usage of the equipment that is needed in the development, in this stage the

testing and improvement of the Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed Sower. All the

components required for creating the prototype are tested to see if they perform

effectively and are essential to the device's functionality in accordance with its intended

use. The third stage is gathering of data that is needed in ensuring the accuracy of the

device. The last stage was Evaluation of the Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed Sower

with the following criteria: functionality, workability, durability, and safety.

Operational Definition of Terms

A working definition of a term refers to a detailed description of the terminology

and measurements used in data collection. This is done to institutionalize the data. Any

time data is being gathered, it is essential to specify the data collection process in detail.

Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed Sower is an agricultural machine that will

sow the soil, plant a crop, and water the seeds.

Direct seeding is a process of crop planting where seeds are directly buried to the

ground.

Indirect seeding is a process of crop planting where the seeds need to plant first

in another pot before it is buried in soil.

Lead-acid Battery refers to a device that stores chemical energy and converts it

to electrical energy that will be used as the main power source of the prototype.

Wiper Motor refers to a device that changes the form of energy into mechanical

energy to produce motion that will be used as the main motor of the prototype.

Cultivator is a farming or gardening tool to break up soil in rows where plants

will grow and used to pulverize the soil before planting.

LCD is used to display a clear image of the percentage battery.

Toggle Switch refers to a device for making and breaking the connection in a

circuit that is used to turn on and off the power of the prototype.

R1 Tires is an agricultural tire that is used to yield the most traction possible over

without slipping.
 Chain Drive refers to a way that is used to transmit power from one rotating shaft

to another and will be used to run the shaft of the wheel.

Ultrasonic sensor is a device that measures the distance of the object by emitting

ultrasonic waves and will be used to detect the flat surface to water by the sprinkler.

Brushless Motor is used to be the secondary motor that will help the seed

dropper to function.

Seed container is a container used for the storage of seeds.

Seed Dropper is a tool that is used to scoop seed, drop seed, and spread them

evenly.

Seed Hopper is a filling aid that guides the seed safely into the hopper to make

room for the seed and fertilizer placers.

Arduino mega refers to an open-source electronics platform and a software

program that will be used as the controller of the prototype.

 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discussed the project design, project development, operation, and

testing procedure and the evaluation system.

Project Design

In the figure 47 shown below is the Isometric view of the Arduino Based Multi-

functional Seed Sower, the Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed Sower is a device that

will assist farmers and seed agriculturalists in planting, sowing, and cultivating the soil

that takes a long time.

Figure 47. Isometric View of the Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed Sower

Figure. 47 shows the isometric view of the Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed

Sower including its labels of the major parts. It is divided into three main sections of the

prototype. The first section is the Body Section which is to support the major parts and

the foundation of the prototype, this is where the battery and dc motor are placed. Second

is Seed Dropper Mechanism which includes the 12v DC Motor, Seed Container, Seed

Dropper and Seed Hopper which will serve as the Sower of the prototype. Third is the
Control System that has Black Box, Arduino Mega and Ultrasonic Sensor used as the

brain of the controlling system.

Figure 48. Block Diagram of the Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed Sower

The block diagram of the Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed Sower as shown in

Figure 48, illustrates the process that the prototype undergoes.

Project Development

The following are the main sections of the Arduino Based Multi-functional Seed

Sower.

A. Body Section

1. Chassis Frame

2. R1 Tires

3. Water container

4. Lead-acid Battery

5. DC Washer motor
 6. Sliding plate

7. Cultivator

8. Handle

B. Seed Dropper Mechanism

1. 12v DC Motor

2. Seed Container

3. Seed Dropper

4. Seed Hopper

C. Control System

1. System Box

2. Arduino Mega

3. Ultrasonic Sensor

Fabrication Procedure

The following procedure will be used to fabricate the body section.

a) Chassis Frame
b) Handle
 c) Cultivator d) Sliding Plate

e) Seed Container f) Seed Dropper

g) Hopper h) System Box

Figure 49. Fabrication Components

A. Chassis Frame

In fabricating the chassis frame refer to Figure 49 (a) and do the following steps.

1. Prepare all the materials needed:

a) Measure (8) pcs of 60 cm angle bars.

b) Measure (6) pcs of 90 cm angle bars.

c) Measure (4) pcs of 30 cm angle bars.

d) Measure (6) pcs of 60 cm metal strips.

2. Weld the corners of (2) 60 cm angle bars to make a square shape chassis.

3. Connect and weld the corners of (4) 90 cm of angle bars to make a rectangular

chassis frame.

4. Weld another (2) 90 cm of angle bars in the middle of the chassis frame.

5. Weld (3) 60 cm metal strip in the 1st compartment of the chassis frame.

6. Weld (3) 60 cm metal strip in the 2nd compartment of the chassis frame.

7. Weld (4) 30 cm angle bars.

8. Connect and weld the (2) 60 cm angle bars through (4) 30 cm angle bars to

make a rectangular box.

9. Connect and weld the rectangular box in chassis frame.

10. Attach a silicone edge corner in every corner of the chassis frame.

B. Handle

The Handle of AMSS that shown in Figure 49 (b) will be fabricated through the

following steps:

1. Prepare all the materials needed:

a) Measure (2) pcs of 60 cm Slotted Flat Bar.

b) Measure (1) pc of 10 diam Steel Tube.

2. Weld the (2) corners of the steel tube into the corner of Slotted Flat Bar.

C. Cultivator

In fabricating the chassis frame refer to Figure 49 (c) and do the following steps

1. Prepare all the material needed:

a) Measure (4) pcs 35 cm height x 30 cm length diamond aluminum sheet.

b) Measure (8) pcs 35 cm height x 20 cm length diamond aluminum sheet.

2. Weld (2) pcs 35 x 20 cm diamond aluminum sheet to form a slant shape

object.

3. Repeat step 2 to have (4) pcs slant shape objects.

4. Weld and connect the (2) pcs 35 x 30 cm diamond aluminum sheet at the end

of slant shape object to have a side cultivator.

5. Repeat Step 4 to have (2) pcs side cultivator

6. Weld (1) pc slant shape object at the end of side cultivator

7. Repeat step 6 to have (2) pcs cultivator

D. Sliding Plate

The Sliding Plate of AMSS that shown in Figure 49 (d) will be fabricated through

the following steps:

1. Prepare all the material needed:

a) Measure (2) pcs 3mm thick, 20 cm height x 30 cm length diamond aluminum

sheet.

b) Measure (2) pcs 3mm thick, 20 cm height x 50 cm length diamond aluminum

sheet.

2. Connect and weld (1) pc 20 x 30 cm diamond aluminum sheet to (1) pc 20 x

50cm aluminum sheet.

3. Repeat step 2 to have (2) pcs side sliding plate

4. Align and weld the (2) pcs side sliding plate to make a U shape.

E. Seed Container
In fabricating the chassis frame refer to Figure 49 (e) and do the following steps:

1) Prepare all the material needed:

a) Measure (8) pcs 15x10 cm acrylic sheet.

2) Connect (4) pcs 15x10 cm acrylic sheet using silicone sealant to make square

shape.

3) Repeat step 2 to have (2) pcs container.

F. Seed Dropper

The Seed Dropper of AMSS that shown in Figure 49 (f) will be fabricated through

the following steps:

1. Prepare all the material needed:

a) Measure (4) pcs 2mm x 15 diam acrylic sheet

b) Measure (24) pcs 1 inch acrylic sheet

c) Measure (1) pc 5 diam acrylic pipe

2. Connect (4) pcs 1 inch acrylic sheet using silicone sealant to make a pyramid

shape.

3. Repeat step 2 to have (8) pcs pyramid acrylic sheet

4. Connect (2) pcs 2mm x 15 diam acrylic sheet on both sides of the pyramid

acrylic sheet.

5. Repeat step 4 to have (2) pcs seed dropper.

6. Connect acrylic pipe in the center of (2) pcs seed dropper.

G. Hopper

In fabricating the chassis frame refer to Figure 49 (g) and do the following steps:
The hopper for seed dropper has following specification:

1. Prepare all the material needed:

a) Measure (8) pcs 15 cm length x 10 cm height acrylic sheet.

b) Measure (2) pcs 16 diam x 15 cm height acrylic pipe.

c) Measure (2) pcs 15 diam x 40 cm height acrylic pipe.

2. Connect 4 pcs 15 x 10 cm acrylic sheets to make a trapezoid shape.

3. Make a 16 diam hole at the top center corner of the trapezoid.

4. Connect 16 diam acrylic pipe in the hole of trapezoid using silicone sealant.

5. Connect 15 diam acrylic pipe on the 16 diam acrylic pipe.

H. System Box

The System Box of AMSS that shown in Figure 49 (h) will be fabricated through

the following steps:

1. Prepare all the material needed:

a) Measure (2) pcs 15 cm height x 20 cm length acrylic sheet

b) Measure (2) pcs 15 cm height x 10 cm width acrylic sheet

c) Measure (2) pcs 20 cm length x 10 cm width acrylic sheet

2. Connect (1) pc of 15 x 20 cm acrylic sheet to the (1) pc 15 x 10 cm acrylic

sheet.

3. Repeat step 2 to have (2) pcs side rectangle

4. Connect (2) pcs side rectangle using silicone sealant to have a rectangle.

5. Connect (1) pc 20 x 10 cm acrylic sheet at the top of the rectangle.

6. Connect another (1) pc 20 x 10 cm acrylic sheet at the beneath of the rectangle

to have a rectangle box.

Mechanical Assembly Procedure

To assemble prototype the following steps are:

(a) Body Section

(b) Seed Sower Section

(c) Control System

Figure 50. Assembly

A. (a). Body Section

Refer to figure 50 (a), the following steps are:

1) Weld the Handle in the upper back portion of the prototype and weld it at the

upper back corner of the chassis frame.

2) Attach a (SPST) Pushbutton to the handle and back of the upper chassis

frame.

3) Then attach the Indicator Light at the upper back of the chassis frame.

4) Attach the Toggle Switch to the ceiling 1st compartment of the chassis frame

5) Pull all together including an axle of 80 cm in length and place it at the bottom

of the chassis frame.

6) Place the wiper motor in the middle, 1st compartment of the chassis frame.

7) Position the water container in the back of the 2nd compartment of the chassis

frame.

8) Place the lead acid battery with the size of 5.28 x 2.64 x 2.36 mm inside of the

box that is located on the front of the prototype.

9) Place the Diamond Aluminum Sliding Plate at the bottom at the back of the

chassis frame.

10) Weld and bend the end of the pizza shape and make it hook and to make it a

cultivator and put the cultivator into two under the ceiling of chassis frame at

front and weld it.

11) Place an Aluminum sheet door in the front upper area and another Aluminum

sheet door in the back of the chassis frame.

B. Seed Sower Section

 Refer to Figure 50 (b), the following steps are:

1) Attach a DC motor with the rpm of 600 in the middle of the seed dropper.

2) Place the Seed Container in the middle at the 2nd compartment of the

prototype.

3) Place the DC motor in the middle right side of the seed dropper and attach the

seed dropper at the seed container.

4) Place the hopper under the seed dropper at the front of the chassis frame.

C. Control System Section

Refer to Figure 50 (c), the following steps are:

1) Place System Box at the 2nd compartment, back of the seed sower section of

the chassis frame.

2) Put the Arduino Mega inside of the System Box.

Electrical Assembly

1) Connect the switch to the lead-acid battery.

2) Using Audio jack, connect the switch to Arduino Mega.

3) Connect the Arduino Mega to the Wiper motor and (SPST) pushbutton.

4) Connect the (SPST) pushbutton to the Wiper motor.

5) Connect 12v DC Motor to the Arduino Mega and (SPDT) pushbutton.

6) Then connect (SPDT) pushbutton switch to 12v DC Motor.

7) Connect (2) pcs Indicator Light to the Arduino mega.

Water Mechanism

1) Connect the Ultrasonic sensor to the Arduino mega.

2) Connect the Arduino mega to Solenoid valve.

Operation and Testing Procedure

Operation Procedure

1. Once the switch is turned on, Arduino will turn ON.

2. By pressing and holding down the (SPST) push button causes the wiper motor to

run, and a green indicator light will blink to indicate that it is in run condition.

The motor turns off when you stop pressing the pushbutton.

3. The 12v DC motor that is attached to the seed dropper will start when the (SPDT)

pushbutton switch is pressed, and a green indicator light will blink to show that it

is in the run condition. The motor will stop if the pushbutton switch is pressed

once more.

4. The machine will then begin to move, and a cultivator will work the soil to

provide the seeds with the proper depth and path. A seed is scooped into a seed

container by the rotating of seed dropper before being dropped into the hopper

and planted in the ground.

5. The machine will pass through the soil after cultivating and dropping the seed,

and the sliding plate will bury it.

6. If the ground is flat, an ultrasonic sensor will detect soil, and if so, it will transmit

a signal to the Arduino Mega to open the solenoid valve. Water will start to flow

through the sprinkler's pipe and then water the seeds.

Testing Procedure

The following tests were carried out to make sure the project is operating

correctly: Battery endurance test, cultivator test, seed requirement test, and ultrasonic

sensor test.
Battery Charging-Discharging Test

This test will be done to determine the endurance of the prototype to know the

performance and longevity of the battery, the following test are:

1. Turn On the switch of the prototype.

2. Check if the prototype is in idle condition.

3. Press the run push button of the washer motor.

4. Use the prototype and record how far the battery will last.

5. Stop pressing the run push button of the washer motor and turn off the I/O

switch of the prototype.

6. Charge the battery and keep track of how long it takes to fully charge it.

7. Record the data gathered in Table 1 presented below.

Table 1

Battery Charging & Discharging Test

Battery Battery Cycle before deteriorating

Percentage
Cycles Charging Time
80%
75%
50%

Seed Dispensing Accuracy Test

The following steps will be taken throughout the test to identify the average seed

that will be gathered and released by the seed dropper:

1. Insert the seeds in the seed container

2. Turn On the switch of the prototype

3. Check if the prototype is run condition (green)

 4. Press the run push button of the 12v DC motor for the seed dropper

and record the seed in each drop for three times.

5. Repeat the testing process for 3 times and record the gathered data in Table 2.

Table 2
Seed Dispensing Accuracy Test

Number of Corn Seeds Dispensed

Corn Seeds

Scoop Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Water Devoid Test

 To gauge the effectiveness of the water in the container and how many row crops

will be sprinkled until it is empty, the following procedures will be followed during the

test:

1. Fill the water container with water

2. Turn On the switch of the prototype

3. Check if the prototype is run condition (green)

4. Use the prototype and press the run push button of the wiper motor

5. If the soil is already flat, the ultrasonic sensor will recognize it and open the

solenoid valve to turn on the sprinkler.

6. Record how many row crops will be sprinkled before the water container runs

dry.

7. Repeat the testing process for 3 times and record the gathered data in Table 3.

Table 3
Water Devoid Test
Trials Sprinkled Row Crops

Ultrasonic sensor accuracy test

The following steps will be taken during the test to guarantee the accuracy of the

Ultrasonic sensor and to check whether the surface where the water will be sprinkled is

flat to see when the soil has finished sowing seed:

 1. Fill the water container with water

2. Turn On the switch of the prototype

3. Check if the prototype is in run condition (green)

4. Use the prototype and press the run push button of the wiper motor

5. The ultrasonic sensor is programmed to measure the distance and identify the

soil if the soil is within a 20 cm distance range.

6. The Ultrasonic Sensor will open the solenoid valve to turn on the sprinkler.

7. Write down the information after examining the soil to determine whether the

sensor opened the sprinkler frequently or only occasionally when it detected a

flat surface.

8. Repeat the testing three times to ensure that the result is accurate.

9. Record the data in Table 4 after each test to keep track of the outcome.

Table 4
Ultrasonic Sensor Accuracy test

Trials

Plot 1 2 3

5
 6

Evaluation Procedure

The evaluation process was carried out in two phases: Project demonstration and

final evaluation.

Project Demonstration

A functional evaluation study was conducted to regulate the performance of the

prototype. The prototype will be evaluated by a total of 20 evaluators by 15 school

personnel and his 5 university professors. These people were selected based on their

expertise, experience, and knowledge of the system. These people are selected based on

their expertise, experience, and knowledge of the system.

Final Evaluation

At the final evaluation, an evaluation tool was distributed to the evaluators.

Appendix D provides examples of instrument evaluations. Project evaluation criteria

consist of functionality, aesthetics, safety, economy, workability, and marketability. Each

contestant can give her a rating of 5 to 1. 5 is the highest grade, equivalent to excellent,

and 1 is the lowest grade, equivalent to poor. Overall scores were interpreted using

numerical ranges consistent with descriptive interpretation.

 Suggestions, recommendations, and feedback to further improve the system were

recorded by the proponents. An average was calculated from each criterion and an overall

average was calculated to regulate the overall acceptance performance of the proposal.

Table 1

Likert Scale

Numerical Rating Description

4.51 – 5.00 Excellent
3.51 – 4.50 Very Good
2.51 – 3.50 Good
1.51 – 2.50 Fair
1.0 – 1.50 Poor

Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 The findings and discussion of the designed prototype are presented in this

chapter. The project description, project structure, project test results, project capabilities,

constraints, and project evaluation are all included.

Project Description

The Arduino-based Multi-functional Seed Sower, seen in figure (), is a device

meant to make farming easier by eliminating the need for farmers to work for extended

periods of time to complete the farming process. It operates by performing several

procedures including cultivation, seed dropping, and first plant watering.

Figure . Arduino Based Multi-Functional Seed Sower

 The Prototype is a semi-automatic design for equipment since it is powered by a

motor and controlled by switches, making it simpler to use. The Cultivator in the device's

front position will cultivate the soil as it advances to the user-specified position. By

pushing the On/Off button, the gadget will start up and use the Arduino Uno and

indicator lights to show that it is working. The motors for the gear motor and seed

dropper are powered by two independent batteries that are manufactured of Lithium-ion

batteries for much higher performance and efficiency as it operates the prototype making

it less maintenance since no oil is needed. The prototype is eco-friendly and safe to use

because it does not require high maintenance making it more suitable for farmers and

users.

Project Structure

Body Section

This body section is composed of six parts, Cultivator, Gear Motor, Tires and

Lithium-ion -Battery for the motor.

Cultivator

The Cultivator is shown in Figure, which will aid in cultivating the soil in the

field where it will be employed. It is located on the front side of the prototype because the

initial task of the device is to cultivate the soil. It is built of Galvanized Angle Bar that

was chopped and welded together to make the appropriate shape of the Cultivator.
 Figure . Cultivator

Gearmotor

Figure shows the Gear Motor, A mechanical device called a gear motor consists

of an electric motor and a gearbox with numerous gears within. To complete a task at a

specific speed, the motor's gearbox helps to reduce its speed and raise its torque.

Figure . Gearmotor

Tires

The figure shown, the prototype tires, is used as the tire rolls over a rough surface,

these pneumatically inflated components produce a flexible cushion that cushions the
impact. The type of tires that are used is made for off-road that is typically used in a

soiled area,

Figure . Tires

Lithium-ion battery

The Figure exhibits the Lithium-ion Battery, the type of Battery that was used is

Lithium-ion batteries for it charge more quickly, hold a charge for longer, and have a

better power density for more battery life in a lighter packaging than conventional battery

technology.

Figure . Lithium-ion battery

Seed Sower Section

 This Seed Sower Section is composed of a Seed Dropper, 12V DC Motor, and

Seed Container that will be held responsible for the dispensing of the seed of the

prototype.

Seed Dropper

The Figure shows the Seed Dropper, the main purpose of the Seed Dropper is to

scope seeds from the Container and drop into the Funnel that will slide the seed to the

Cultivated Soil. It is made of cut Acrylic Sheet and glued using acrylic glue to join the

cut parts together.

Figure . Seed Dropper

12V DC Motor
 The figure shows the 12V DC Motor, which is used to run the Seed Dropper since

it needs to scope the seeds. A direct current motor is any motor in a class of electrical

equipment that converts direct current electrical power into mechanical power.

Figure . 12V DC Motor

Seed Container

The Seed Container, which was constructed using cut acrylic sheets and acrylic

adhesive, is depicted in the figure (). It is utilized to store many kinds of seeds.

Figure . Seed Container

Control System Section

 The Control System Section is composed of Arduino Uno, and Ultrasonic Sensor,

it will be held responsible for switching On and Off of the Motors and Battery of the

Machine. It controls prototypes by having switches and Indicator lights.

Arduino Uno

Figure Shows the Arduino Uno, It is the Brain of the Prototype that serves its

purpose as the open-source micro-controller board.

Figure . Arduino Uno

Ultrasonic Sensor

Figure shows Ultrasonic Sensor, the device that is used to trigger the designated

distance is an ultrasonic sensor, it is a device that uses ultrasonic sound waves to

calculate a distance to an item. An ultrasonic sensor transmits and receives ultrasonic

pulses from a transducer to determine the proximity of an item.

 Figure . Ultrasonic Sensor

Project Test Results

This test is designed to assess the effectiveness of the Arduino-Based Multi-

Functional Seed Sower as an alternative to the traditional agricultural methods used in

our nation. Our nation is a typhoon prone geographical location, which means that we

will be hit by many typhoons, destroying the lives of farmers who put in a lot of time and

effort to complete the task at hand. Considering farmers are the reason we have food on

our plates, aiding them in such chores is critical for change and new approaches. This test

will provide crucial information about the prototype's efficiency in farming regions. The

findings will be beneficial to the advancement of newly acquired knowledge and

development that we seek in agriculture, assisting them in new objectives.

Battery Charging-Discharging Test

The purpose of the test will be to assess the prototype's longevity, the

performance and durability of the battery during the time it is used, and how long it will

take to charge the battery.

Table

Battery Charging & Discharging Test

 Battery
Percentage
Scenario Time Spent
100% Operating till 0% 4 hours
0%

Battery Charging-Discharging Test

The test was designed to determine the longevity of a fully charged 90V DC

Lithium-Ion battery. In accordance with Table (), the prototype is able to function for up

to 4 hours before the battery percentage decreases to 0%. It takes 1 hour and 10 minutes

to fully charge a 90V DC battery. The charging station is kept at a Motorcycle Shop.

Seed Dispensing Accuracy Test

The test is carried out to count the amount of seeds discharged at each scope and

to determine the range of seed dispensed required by the researchers.

Table

Seed Dispensing Accuracy Test

Number of Corn Seeds Dispensed

Corn Seeds

Scoop Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

1 13 18 11

2 7 8 5

3 4 3 3

4 1 2 1
 5 1 1 0

6 0 1 0

7 0 0 0

8 0 0 1

The test is conducted in eight scoops in three different trials. The total number of

corn seeds in the container has 50 pieces, On the first trial the total seed that was

deployed is 26 pieces. In the second trial, the total seed that was dropped is 33 pieces. On

the last trial, the total seed that was scooped and dropped in the plot was 21 pieces. The

tables represent the different numbers of seeds that were scooped in every trial showing

that the scoop does not get the required number of seeds per scoop.

Water Devoid Test

The test is designed to determine how many row crops will be irrigated before the
water container runs dry.
Table
Water Devoid Test
Trials Sprinkled Row Crops

1 2

2 2½

3 2
 This test indicates the results of the water-devoid test, the amount of water

container capacity is 14 liters. The test was conducted in three trials. On the first trial, the

total row that was watered before the container runs dry is 2-row crops. In the second

trial, 2 ½ rows were watered before the container began empty. On the last trial, the

number of row crops that were watered is 2 until the water container was emptied. Based

on the table, the average row crop that was watered before the water container runs dry is

2.17.

Ultrasonic sensor accuracy test

The test is performed to determine the sensor's ability to measure the distance in

the plot using the required distance encoded in the sensor.

Table
Ultrasonic Sensor Accuracy test

Trials

Plot 1 2 3

1 / X /

2 / / /

3 / / /

4 / / /

5 / / X

6 X X /

7 X X X
 8 X X X

The test's outcome shows that the ultrasonic sensor can detect the plot's distance

from the sensor at the necessary distances. The sensor was detected five times in total

during the first attempt. In the second test, the sensor only detects at the necessary

distance four times. It identifies five times with the corresponding distances in the third

trial. According to the table, an uneven plot is the cause of the undetected soil, while an

even surface that is closer to the sensor's required detection distance results in the soil

being identified.

Project Capabilities and Limitations

The main emphasis of this study was the creation of an Arduino-Based Multi-

Functional Seed Sower designed to assist and support the agricultural community in its

efforts to successfully create a plot, scatter seeds, and provide water. The prototype's

essential components include a gearmotor, Arduino UNO, 12V battery, 90V Li-Ion

battery, and Seed dropper. The machine creates a plot onto which seeds can be dropped

and which can then be watered by turning on. Farmers with varying levels of expertise

can utilize the system successfully thanks to its user-friendly design. Notably, the battery

doesn't harm the field and has little to no negative effects on the environment.

Project Evaluation Results

Table 7

Functionality Evaluation Result

Criteria Mean Descriptive Rating
 Ease of Operation
Provision for comfort and convenience
User-Friendliness
Mean

Table 8

Aesthetics Evaluation Results

Criteria Mean Descriptive Rating

Color Appeal
Attractiveness of Design
Appropriateness of size
Mean

Table 9

Workability Evaluation Result

Criteria Mean Descriptive Rating

Availability of materials
Availability of technical expertise
Availability of tools and machines
Mean

Table 10

Durability Evaluation Result

Criteria Mean Descriptive Rating

Quality of materials
Quality of workmanship
Quality of design
Mean
Table 11

Economy Evaluation Result

Criteria Mean Descriptive Rating

Materials needed
Time/labor spent
Machines/required
Mean

Table 12

Safety Evaluation Result

Criteria Mean Descriptive Rating

Absence of toxic/hazardous materials

Absence of sharp edges
Provision of protection devices
Mean

Table 13

Salability Evaluation Result

Criteria Mean Descriptive

Rating
Presence of market
Accessibility to finished products
Competitiveness to price
Mean

Table 14

Summary of Results per Criterion

Criteria Mean Descriptive Rating
 Functionality
Aesthetics
Workability
Durability
Economy
Safety
Salability
Mean

Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter provides a summary of the evaluation's findings, conclusions, and

recommendations, as well as comments and suggestions.

Summary of Findings

The Arduino-Based Multi-Functional Seed Sower was developed and customized

to be used in the Agricultural Industry as well as other means of planting, by making it

more convenient and useful in terms of farming much easier and faster by making it

Multifunctional, where they can do more work in one swoop, it is made to ease the task

of a farmer and the pro-long method to finish the certain task they have.

The prototype has gone through trial and error to determine the machine's

potential and performance. The collected results were divided into good and failure,

indicating that not all of the machine's parts are fulfilling their roles and can perform the

tasks that were designed for them; thus, design reconstruction is required to make up for
the lack of prototype parts such as the cultivator and the watering system. On the other

side, it was effective in seeding the soil, although there is still potential for improvement.

Overall, the Arduino-Based Multi-Functional Seed Sower did not optimize its

contribution to the specific purpose for which it was designed, but it has a lot of promise

if it was designed completely. The machine was assessed utilizing the Technological

University of the Philippines' assessment instruments, which are as follows:

Functionality, Aesthetics, Workability, Durability, Economy, Safety, and Salability.

Based on the testing and evaluations of the Arduino Based Multi-Functional Seed Sower,

respondents rated it as inadequate in a total of seven sectors.

Conclusion

In consideration of the objectives of the study and the results of the evaluation

conducted, the following conclusions were obtained:

1. The Arduino Based Multi-Functional Seed Sower failed to perform its

purpose.

2. The device was built with components that were available in the area and

was built in accordance with the design parameters to guarantee the

prototype's effectiveness and quality.

3. The prototype's deterrence effectiveness and effective range were both

assessed. The outcome demonstrated that the machine was unable to sow

the land and did not drop the necessary number of seeds.

Recommendations

According to the evaluation's summary of findings, conclusions, and the results,

the suggestions that follow are recommended for potential enhancement.

 1. A redesign and alteration on the cultivator that can make a plot in the

soil is required to have the desired plot.

2. The Seed dropper's design and approach to dropping the needed amount

of seed must be changed.

3. The machine must be made smaller so that it is compact and takes up all

available spaces.

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Appendix A

SAMPLE EVALUATION INSTRUMENT

Development of ARDUINO BASED MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SEED SOWER

Name: ___________________________________________ Age: ______________

Address: _________________________________________ Sex: ______________
Instruction: Please evaluate the prototype by using the given scale and placing a check
mark (/) under the corresponding numerical rating.
Numerical Rating Equivalent
5 Excellent
4 Very Good
3 Good
2 Fair
1 Poor
INDICATORS 5 4 3 2 1

A. Functionality

1. Ease of operation

2. Provision for comfort and convenience

3. User-friendliness

B. Aesthetics

1. Color appeal

2. Attractiveness of design

3. Appropriateness of design
 C. Workability

1. Availability of materials

2. Availability of technical expertise

3. Availability of tools and machines

D. Durability

1. Quality of materials

2. Quality of workmanship

3. Quality of design

E. Economy

1. Economy in terms of materials needed

2. Economy in terms of time/labor spent

3. Economy in terms of machine/s required

F. Safety

1. Absence of toxic/hazardous materials

2. Absence of sharp edges

3. Provision of protection devices

G. Saleability

1. Presence of market demand

2. Accessibility of finished products

3. Competitiveness of price

Summary
A. Functionality
B. Aesthetics
C. Workability
D. Durability
E. Economy
F. Safety
G. Saleability ______
Appendix B

GANTT CHART

IMPLEMENTING SCHEDULE
MAJOR
ACTIVITIES Month: March Month: April Month: May Month: June Month: July
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1. Formulation of
Topics

2. Identification of
Prospect Beneficiary

3. Interviewing the
Prospect Beneficiary

4. Pre-topic
Presentation

5. Construction of
Rationale Paper

6. Consultation of
Rationale Paper

7. Topic Defense
Presentation

8. Preliminary
Examination

9. Construction of
Topic Outline

10. Topic Outline

Presentation

11. Construction of
Chapter 1

10. Consultation of
Chapter 1

11. Consultation of
Portfolio

12. Midterm
Examination

13. Collection of RRL

for Chapter 2

14. Construction of
Chapter 2

15. Consultation of
Chapter 2

16. Construction of
Chapter 3

17. Initial Canvass of

Materials

18. Final Examination

19. Consultation of
Chapter 3

20. Finalization of
Proposal Paper

21. Final Consultation

for Chapter 1, 2,
 and 3

22. Submission of
Proposal Paper

23. Proposal Defense

Appendix C

BILLS OF MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES

No. Qty PARTICULARS Unit Price Total Price (Php)

.
1 2 Angle bar 20 x 1 ½ x 1 ½ 670 1340
2 2 Flat bar 20 x 1 1/2 530 1060
Stainless Steel Plate 1500mm*3000mm 4200 4200
3 1 Thickness 3.0mm

4 1 Acrylic Sheets 1700 1700

5 1 Acrysolv-FC-500ml 360 360
6 1 90v Gear Motor 4500 4500
7 1 10V DC Motor 670 670
8 1 12V DC Motor 1200 1200
9 1 12V7.2AH Panasonic Rechargeable Battery 550 550
10 1 Handlebar 600mm 500 500
11 1 Motor Chain 540 540
12 1 Sprocket 36t 570 570
13 1 Single Speed Sprocket 14t 500 500
14 2 Pneumatic Red Wheel 3000 6000
15 2 Pneumatic Wheel with Bearing 3500 7000
16 2 400-8 LEO Interior 250 500
17 1 Tire Axle 320 320
18 2 Steel Shafting 200 400
19 20 Washer 40 800
20 1 8m Industrial Tape Measure 500 500
21 5 Electrical Tape 30 150
22 2 Cylindrical hinge 50 100
23 1 Silicon Sealant 300 300
23 6 Spray Paint 200 1200
24 1 Primer Paint 160 160
25 3 0.9mm Flux Cored Wire 1200 3600
26 2 Grinder Disc per box 350 700
27 2 Bearing (20mm) 200 400
28 1 Diamond Cutter 89 89
29 3 Tee joint 22 66
30 1 Hose 100 100
31 5 Drillbit(1/4) 80 400
32 5 Drillbit (1) 150 650
33 5 Drillbit (1/8) 70 350
34 1 Lithium Battery 96.5v 4000 4000
35 5 Wires 20 100
36 1 LCD 212 212
37 1 Arduino 391 391
38 1 Electronics Material 191 191
39 1 Sensor 375 375
40 1 Super Glue 43 43
41 1 Hookbolt 56 56
42 1 Electronics Materials and Battery 1414 1414
43 1 Vulcaseal 70 70
44 1 Neltex 120 120
45 20 Other Metals 2570 2570
46 1 Solenoid Valve 500 500
47 9 Metal Sheets 200 1800

Total: 52,317

Appendix D

PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS
Respondent No. Name Occupation Address
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
 Appendix E

LABORATORY TEST RESULTS

 Appendix F

TOTAL BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS

 Appendix G

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED SPECIFICATIONS

Angle Grinder 650W/12000rpm

Electric Drill 500W/4500rpm

Flux Cored Welding Machine 220V, Rated max/input of 3 KVA

Safety Welding Equipment Welding gloves and Welding goggles

Flux Cored Wire 0.6mm - 0.9mm

Welding Rod N/A

Screwdriver Flat screw and Phillips screw

Clamp C-clamp and Vise grip

L-square Ruler 8" X 16"

Hammer Mallet hammer and Claw hammer

Hand Rivet Gun N/A

Tape measure 10 m/33 inch

3.0mm Chisel Weight 180g Temperature 420°C

Soldering Iron Power 25 Watts Supply 240Vac

Pliers Long nose and Diagonal

Wrench N/A

Cutting disc 105x1x16mm 14500rpm

Portable Jigsaw Power Tool 1200W/3000rpm

 Appendix H

PICTURES TAKEN DURING FABRICATION, TESTING, AND EVALUATION

 Appendix I

SUMMARY OF MEAN SCORES FROM THE EVALUATION

 Appendix J

USER’S MANUAL
 Appendix K

CERTIFICATE OF SIMILARITY INDEX USING TURNITIN