CAM 8 TEST 1: A chronicle of timekeeping

accompany (v) /ə'kʌmpənɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đì kèm, đồng hành =to happen or appear with something else

Ví dụ:

 The text is [accompanied] by a series of stunning photographs.

Ghi chú:

In passage: They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive

periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the

moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our

planet’s revolution around the sun.

adjust to (phr v) /ə'dʒʌst tuː/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

điều chỉnh =to change something slightly in order to make it better, more accurate, or more effective

Ví dụ:

 The antennas on this router automatically [adjust] to give you the best WiFi signal.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The advent of the mechanical clock meant that although it could be adjusted to maintain

temporal hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal ones.

advent (n) /'ædvənt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

Sự đến, sự tới (của một sự việc gì quan trọng) =the coming of an important event, person, invention, etc.

Ví dụ:

 the [advent] of new technology

Ghi chú:

In passage: According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of

the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate

communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting.

anchor (n) /'æŋkər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

cái neo, mỏ neo =a heavy metal object that is attached to a rope or chain and dropped over the side of a

ship or boat to keep it in one place

Ví dụ:

 We raised the [anchor] and set sail.

Ghi chú:

In passage: It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship’s

anchor.

archaeological (adj) /ˌɑːkɪə'lɒdʒɪkl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thuộc về khảo cổ học =involving or relating to archaeology

Ví dụ:

 Uprooting trees will disturb any [archaeological] remains below ground level

Ghi chú:

In passage: According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of

the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate

communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting.

astronomical (adj) /ˌæstrə'nɒmɪkl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
thuộc thiên văn học =connected with astronomy

Ví dụ:

 Of all of the [astronomical] objects, the Sun is the most important to human beings.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count:

Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and ‘great clock’

hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight.

axis (n) /'æksɪs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

trục quay =a real or imaginary straight line going through the centre of an object that is spinning, or a line

that divides a symmetrical shape into two equal halves

Ví dụ:

 The earth revolves around the [axis] that joins the North and South Poles.

Ghi chú:

In passage: They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive

periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the

moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our

planet’s revolution around the sun.

beam down (phr v) /biːm daʊn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

chiếu tia xuống =to send out a beam of light, an electrical or radio signal, etc.

Ví dụ:

 The sun [beamed down] on the boat as it drifted along.

Ghi chú:
In passage: Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites

calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant

stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids.

calibrate (v) /'kælɪbreɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

định chuẩn, hiệu chỉnh =to mark units of measurement on an instrument such as a thermometer so that it

can be used for measuring something accurately

Ví dụ:

 a [calibrated] stick for measuring the amount of oil in an engine

Ghi chú:

In passage: Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites

calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant

stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids.

clime (n) /klaɪm/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

vùng, miền, xứ =a country with a particular kind of climate

Ví dụ:

 I'm heading for sunnier [climes] next month.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the

lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was

practised, the solar year became more crucial.

commence (v) /kə'mens/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
bắt đầu =to begin to happen; to begin something

Ví dụ:

 The meeting is scheduled to [commence] at noon.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Eventually these were superseded by ‘small clock’, or French, hours, which split the day into

two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.

conspicuous (adj) /kən'spɪkjʊəs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

dễ thấy, dễ nhận biết =easy to see or notice; likely to attract attention

Ví dụ:

 Mary's red hair always made her [conspicuous]at school.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living

near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the

seasons.

coordinate (v) /ˌkəʊ'ɔːdɪneɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

điều phối =to organize the different parts of an activity and the people involved in it so that it works well

Ví dụ:

 Who will be responsible for [coordinating] the project?

Ghi chú:

In passage: According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of

the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate

communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting.
cosmic (adj) /'kɒzmɪk/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

liên quan đến vũ trụ =connected with the whole universe

Ví dụ:

 Do you believe in a [cosmic] plan?

Ghi chú:

In passage: The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in

which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts.

counterpart (n) /'kaʊntəpɑːt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bản sao, bản đối chiếu =one remarkably similar to another

Ví dụ:

 The crow is sometimes mistaken for its larger [counterpart], the raven.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The sundial’s counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night.

define (v) /dɪ'faɪn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

xác định, định nghĩa =to describe or show the nature or range of somebody/something

Ví dụ:

 We have never [defined] ourselves in our own right.

Ghi chú:
In passage: They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive

periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the

moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our

planet’s revolution around the sun.

denote (v) /dɪ'nəʊt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

cho thấy =to be a sign of something

Ví dụ:

 A very high temperature often [denotes] a serious illness.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the

inner surface.

descend (v) /dɪ'send/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

giảm =to pass from higher to lower in any scale or series

Ví dụ:

 The percentage of items sold this month [descended] gradually compared to last month.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that

provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that

transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement.

design (v) /dɪ'zaɪn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thiết kế =to decide how something will look, work, etc., by drawing plans, making computer models, etc.
Ví dụ:

 He [designed] and built his own house.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The sundial’s counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night.

devise (v) /dɪ'vaɪz/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sáng chế =to invent a plan, system, object, etc., usually using your intelligence or imagination

Ví dụ:

 He's good at [devising] language games that you can play with students in class.

Ghi chú:

In passage: By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large

arc and thus was not very efficient.

disseminate (v) /dɪ'semɪneɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

phổ biến =to spread information, knowledge, etc. so that it reaches many people

Ví dụ:

 Their findings have been widely [disseminated].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who

disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.

divide into (v) /dɪ'vaɪd 'ɪntə/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
chia thành =to separate into parts; to make something separate into parts

Ví dụ:

 The questions [divide into] two categories: easy and hard.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in

which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts.

drip (v) /drɪp/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

(chất lỏng) nhỏ giọt =(of liquid) to fall in small drops

Ví dụ:

 She was hot and sweat [dripped] into her eyes.

Ghi chú:

In passage: One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the

water dripped out.

equator (n) /ɪ'kweɪtər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đường xích đạo =an imaginary line drawn around the middle of the earth an equal distance from the North

Pole and the South Pole

Ví dụ:

 Indonesia lies on the [equator].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living

near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the

seasons.
equinox (n) /'iːkwɪnɒks/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

điểm xuân phân, thu phân =one of the two times in the year (around 20 March and 22 September) when the

sun is above the equator and day and night are of equal length

Ví dụ:

 the spring/autumn [equinox]

Ghi chú:

In passage: Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the

hours of daylight and darkness equal.

escapement (n) /ɪ'skeɪpmənt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

Cái hồi (ở đồng hồ) =a machine in a clock or watch that transfers movement from the spring or weight to a

wheel or pendulum that is connected to the hands

Ví dụ:

 [Escapements] are also used in other mechanisms besides timepieces.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that

provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that

transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement.

fail to (v) /feɪl tuː/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thất bại/không làm được =to not be successful in achieving something

Ví dụ:
  The department [failed to meet] its sales targets.

Ghi chú:

In passage: So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our

dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.

formulate (v) /'fɔːmjʊleɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tạo ra =to create or prepare something carefully, giving particular attention to the details

Ví dụ:

 The compost is specially [formulated] for pot plants.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having

12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year.

fusee (n) /fusee*/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bánh côn (đồng hồ) =a conical pulley or wheel, especially in a watch or clock.

Ví dụ:

 The [fusee] , made of stiff hog bristle, prevented the spring from being wound too tightly.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant

force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring.

inscribe (v) /ɪn'skraɪb/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

khắc =to write or cut words, your name, etc. onto something
Ví dụ:

 The names of the king and queen were [inscribed] above the door.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the

inner surface.

interval (n) /'ɪntəvl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

khoảng thời gian =a period of time between two events

Ví dụ:

 He knocked on the door and after a brief [interval] it was opened.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in

which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts.

latitude (n) /'lætɪtjuːd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

vùng vĩ độ =an area near to a particular latitude

Ví dụ:

 At these [latitudes] the sun does not rise at all on winter days.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the

lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was

practised, the solar year became more crucial.

measure (v) /'meʒər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đo lường =to discover the exact size or amount of something

Ví dụ:

 This machine [measures] your heart rate.

Ghi chú:

In passage: According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of

the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate

communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting.

municipal (adj) /mjuː'nɪsɪpl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thuộc thành phố =of or belonging to a town or city

Ví dụ:

 Schools and [municipal] offices were closed to enable pupils and employees to attend.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having

12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year.

navigation (n) /ˌnævɪ'geɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự định vị =the act or science of finding a way from one place to another

Ví dụ:

 The worldwide market for satellite [navigation] systems is worth billions of dollars.

Ghi chú:
In passage: Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites

calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant

stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids.

orbit (v) /'ɔːbɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đi theo quỹ đạo =to follow a curved path around a planet or star

Ví dụ:

 On this mission the Shuttle will [orbit] the Earth at a height of several hundred miles.

Ghi chú:

In passage: They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive

periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the

moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our

planet’s revolution around the sun.

pendulum (n) /'pendjʊləm/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

quả lắc/con lắc =a long straight part with a weight at the end that moves regularly from side to side to

control the movement of a clock

Ví dụ:

 The [pendulum] in the grandfather clock swung back and forth.

Ghi chú:

In passage: By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large

arc and thus was not very efficient.

regulate (v) /'regjʊleɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
quy định, điều khiển, điều chỉnh =to control something by means of rules

Ví dụ:

 The department is responsible for [regulating] the insurance industry.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation.

revolution (n) /ˌrevə'luːʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự xoay vòng =one complete circular movement of something

Ví dụ:

 The [revolution] of the earth around the sun was proposed by Copernicus.

Ghi chú:

In passage: They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive

periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the

moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our

planet’s revolution around the sun.

rotate (v) /rəʊ'teɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

xoay, chuyển động vòng =to move or turn around a central fixed point; to make something do this

Ví dụ:

 Stay well away from the helicopter when its blades start to [rotate].

Ghi chú:

In passage: They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive

periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the

moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our

planet’s revolution around the sun.

satisfactorily (adv) /ˌsætɪs'fæktərɪlɪ/ UK U
S
Định nghĩa:

một cách mỹ mãn =in a way that is good or good enough for a particular need or purpose

Ví dụ:

 I'm sure these problems can be [satisfactorily] resolved.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not

always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.

seasonal (adj) /'siːzənl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

theo mùa =happening or needed during a particular season; varying with the seasons

Ví dụ:

 [seasonal] variations in unemployment figures

Ghi chú:

In passage: Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the

lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was

practised, the solar year became more crucial.

span (v) /spæn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

trải dài =to extend across

Ví dụ:

 Family photos [spanning] five generations were stolen.

Ghi chú:

In passage: At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual

flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens.

split (v) /splɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

phân chia =to divide, or to make something divide, into two or more parts

Ví dụ:

 She [split] the class into groups of four.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Eventually these were superseded by ‘small clock’, or French, hours, which split the day into

two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.

spring (n) /sprɪŋ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

lò xo =a piece of curved or bent metal that can be pressed into a smaller space but then returns to its usual

shape

Ví dụ:

 The children have jumped on the couch so much that they've ruined the [springs].

Ghi chú:

In passage: In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant

force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring.

stock-trading (n) /stock-trading*/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

giao dịch chứng khoán =the buying and selling of shares in a particular company
Ví dụ:

 Besides buying directly from Walgreens, you can start with any of the number of [stock-trading]

websites available on the Internet.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites

calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant

stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids.

successive (adj) /sək'sesɪv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

liên tiếp =happening one after the other without any break

Ví dụ:

 He won the World Championship for the third [successive] year.

Ghi chú:

In passage: They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive

periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the

moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our

planet’s revolution around the sun.

sundial (n) /'sʌndaɪəl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

Đồng hồ mặt trời =a device used outdoors, especially in the past, for telling the time when the sun is

shining. A pointed piece of metal throws a shadow on a flat surface that is marked with the hours like a

clock, and the shadow moves around as the sun moves across the sky.

Ví dụ:

 The [sundial] consists of two closely spaced parallel masks.

Ghi chú:
In passage: In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time

by the length or direction of the sun’s shadow.

supersede (v) /ˌsuːpə'siːd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thay thế =to take the place of something/somebody that is considered to be old-fashioned or no longer the

best available

Ví dụ:

 The theory has been [superseded] by more recent research.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Eventually these were superseded by ‘small clock’, or French, hours, which split the day into

two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.

temporal (adj) /'tempərəl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

biểu thị thời gian =connected with or limited by time

Ví dụ:

 a universe which has spatial and [temporal] dimensions

Ghi chú:

In passage: These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the

changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons

tension (n) /'tenʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

độ căng =the state of being stretched tight; the extent to which something is stretched tight

Ví dụ:
  Adjust the string [tension] of your tennis racket to suit your style of playing.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant

force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring.

transfer (v) /træns'f3ːr/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

truyền/chuyển =to move from one place to another; to move something/somebody from one place to

another

Ví dụ:

 The film studio is [transferring] to Hollywood.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that

provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that

transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement.

wax and wane (idiom) /wæks ænd weɪn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tăng rồi giảm/(mặt trăng) tròn rồi khuyết =to increase then decrease in strength, importance, etc. over a

period of time

Ví dụ:

 The moon [waxes and wanes] while going around the earth.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living

near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the

seasons.
CAM 8 TEST 1: Air traffic control in the USA
accommodate (v) /ə'kɒmədeɪt/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

Chứa được, đựng được =to provide enough space for somebody/something

Ví dụ:

 The garage can [accommodate] three cars.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many

different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same

kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of them.

afford (v) /ə'fɔːd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

có khả năng đáp ứng =to be able to do something without it causing problems

Ví dụ:

 The legislation aims to [afford] protection to employees.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the

restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who

does want the protection afforded by АТС can easily enter the controlled airspace.

altitude (n) /'æltɪtjuːd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

Độ cao so với mặt biển =the height above sea level

Ví dụ:

 The plane made a dive to a lower [altitude].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied

on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane’s instrument panel to fly safely

aviation (n) /ˌeɪvɪ'eɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

hàng không =the designing, building and flying of aircraft

Ví dụ:

 the [aviation] business/industry

Ghi chú:

In passage: Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb

above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft.

bind (v) /baɪnd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

ràng buộc =to prevent somebody from doing what they want by creating rules, limits, etc.

Ví dụ:

 The contracts [bind] investors to maintain the road.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer regulations

blanket (v) /'blæŋkɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bao phủ =to cover something completely with a thick layer

Ví dụ:

 The ground was soon [blanketed] with snow.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by

controlled airspace.

bring about (phr v) /brɪŋ ə'baʊt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

mang lại, đem lại =to make something happen

Ví dụ:

 She [brought about] a revolution.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In the 1940s, АТС centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and

improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained

rudimentary.

congested (adj) /kən'dʒestɪd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đông nghịt, chật ních =too blocked or crowded and causing difficulties

Ví dụ:

 [Congested] roads are normal on holiday weekends.

Ghi chú:

In passage: An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the

establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft

in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested.

correspond to (phr v) /ˌkɒrɪ'spɒnd

tuː/ UK US
Định nghĩa:
tương ứng =to be similar to or the same as something else

Ví dụ:

 The British job of Lecturer [corresponds] roughly to the US Associate Professor.

Ghi chú:

In passage: These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major

metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations

cruise (v) /kruːz/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

di chuyển (bằng máy bay, xe hơi...) với tốc độ đều đều =to travel at a steady speed

Ví dụ:

 His car has a [cruising] speed of 50 mph.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.

designate (v) /'dezɪgneɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

chỉ định =to say officially that somebody/something has a particular character or name; to describe

somebody/something in a particular way

Ví dụ:

 This area has been [designated] (as) a National Park.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet.

devise (v) /dɪ'vaɪz/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

nghĩ ra, đề ra =to invent something new or a new way of doing something

Ví dụ:

 A new system has been [devised] to control traffic in the city.

Ghi chú:

In passage: On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA

regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same

airspace.

encompass (v) /ɪn'kʌmpəs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bao gồm =to include several different things

Ví dụ:

 The plan [encompasses] repaving the street and planting 40 new trees.

Ghi chú:

In passage: These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major

metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations

establishment (n) /ɪ'stæblɪʃmənt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự thành lập =the act of starting or creating something that is meant to last for a long time

Ví dụ:

 The speaker announced the [establishment] of a new college.

Ghi chú:
In passage: An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the

establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft

in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested.

explicit (adj) /ɪk'splɪsɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

rõ ràng, dứt khoát =clear and easy to understand, so that you have no doubt what is meant

Ví dụ:

 He gave me very [explicit] directions on how to get there.

Ghi chú:

In passage: To enter Class В airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit АТС

clearance is required.

extend (v) /ɪk'stend/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

mở rộng, kéo dài =to reach, continue, or stretch

Ví dụ:

 Farmland [extends] for miles in every direction.

Ghi chú:

In passage: First, АТС extends over virtually the entire United States.

fortuitous (adj) /fɔː'tjuːɪtəs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

Tình cờ, bất ngờ, ngẫu nhiên =happening by chance, especially a lucky chance that brings a good result

Ví dụ:

 His success depended on a [fortuitous] combination of circumstances.

Ghi chú:

In passage: It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America’s airspace took

place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very

fast planes, reducing pilots’ margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone

well separated and operating safely in the air.

impose (v) /ɪm'pəʊz/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

áp đặt =to introduce a new law, rule, tax, etc.; to order that a rule, punishment, etc. be used

Ví dụ:

 The UN Security Council [imposed] sanctions in 1992.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the

restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who

does want the protection afforded by АТС can easily enter the controlled airspace.

instrumentation (n) /ˌɪnstrʊmen'teɪʃn/ UK U

S
Định nghĩa:

trang thiết bị =the set of instruments that are used to operate a machine

Ví dụ:

 But we do not have any [instrumentation] that can measure it.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and

pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation.

manually (adv) /'mænjʊəlɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bằng tay, thủ công =by hand

Ví dụ:

 Few of the machines are operated [manually].

Ghi chú:

In passage: As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of

the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country

routes to establish the earliest airways.

margin (n) /'mɑːdʒɪn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tỉ lệ (sai số) =a margin of error is the degree to which a calculation can be wrong without changing how

accurate the final result is

Ví dụ:

 The poll had a [margin] of error of plus or minus 4%.

Ghi chú:

In passage: It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America’s airspace took

place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very

fast planes, reducing pilots’ margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone

well separated and operating safely in the air.

meet something (v) /miːt 'sʌmθɪŋ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

giải quyết/đáp ứng cái gì =to do or provide what is necessary in order to deal successfully with a situation

Ví dụ:

 This technology can [meet the challenges] of the 21st century.

Ghi chú:
In passage: To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect.

meteorological (adj) /ˌmiːtjərə'lɒdʒɪkl/ UK

US
Định nghĩa:

(liên quan đến) khí tượng, thời tiết =relating to weather conditions

Ví dụ:

 Accurate [meteorological] records began 100 years ago.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR),

which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety

metropolitan (adj) /ˌmetrə'pɒlɪtən/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thuộc đô thị =connected with a large or capital city

Ví dụ:

 the New York [metropolitan] area

Ghi chú:

In passage: The first region to have something approximating today’s АТС was New York City, with other

major metropolitan areas following soon after.

navigational (adj) /ˌnævəˈgeɪʃənəl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

định vị =connected with the skill or the process of planning a route for a ship or other vehicle and taking it

there

Ví dụ:
  [navigational] aids

Ghi chú:

In passage: Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied

on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane’s instrument panel to fly safely

necessitate (v) /nɪ'sesɪteɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đòi hỏi =to make something necessary

Ví dụ:

 Recent financial scandals have [necessitated] changes in parliamentary procedures.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied

on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane’s instrument panel to fly safely

oversee (v) /ˌəʊvə'siː/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

giám sát =to watch somebody/something and make sure that a job or an activity is done correctly

Ví dụ:

 United Nations observers [oversaw] the elections.

Ghi chú:

In passage: An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the

establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft

in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested.

procedure (n) /prə'siːdʒər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
quy trình, thủ tục =a set of actions that is the official or accepted way of doing something

Ví dụ:

 The company has new [procedures] for dealing with complaints.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United

States, and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the world.

purely (adv) /'pjʊəlɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đơn thuần =only; completely

Ví dụ:

 I saw the letter [purely] by chance.

Ghi chú:

In passage: However, this purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio

communication was coming into use for АТС.

put (something) into effect (v) /pʌt (ˈsəmθɪŋ)

'ɪntə ɪ'fekt/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

đưa vào thực hiện =to cause something to come into use

Ví dụ:

 The recommendations will soon be [put into effect].

Ghi chú:

In passage: To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect.

realm of (n) /relm ɒv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

vùng/khu vực =a region; sphere; area

Ví dụ:

 the [realm] of England

Ghi chú:

In passage: Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at

higher altitudes.

recreational (adj) /ˌrekrɪ'eɪʃnəl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thuộc sự giải trí, tiêu khiển =connected with ways of enjoying yourself when you are not working

Ví dụ:

 [Recreational] fishing is allowed on the river.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the

restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who

does want the protection afforded by АТС can easily enter the controlled airspace.

rely on (phr v) /rɪ'laɪ ɒn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

dựa vào =to need or depend on somebody/something

Ví dụ:

 They had to [rely entirely on] volunteer workers.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied

on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane’s instrument panel to fly safely
respectively (adv) /rɪ'spektɪvlɪ/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

lần lượt =in the same order as the people or things already mentioned

Ví dụ:

 Julie and Mark, aged 17 and 19 [respectively]

Ghi chú:

In passage: These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major

metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations

rigorous (adj) /'rɪgərəs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

khắt khe, chặt chẽ =demanding that particular rules, processes, etc. are strictly followed

Ví dụ:

 The work failed to meet their [rigorous] standards.

Ghi chú:

In passage: These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major

metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations

rudimentary (adj) /ˌruːdɪ'mentrɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sơ bộ, sơ đẳng, thô sơ =dealing with only the most basic matters or ideas

Ví dụ:

 They were given only [rudimentary] training in the job.

Ghi chú:
In passage: Rudimentary air traffic control (АТС) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster.

take advantage of (idiom) /teɪk əd'vɑːntɪdʒ

ɒv/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

tận dụng =to make use of something well; to make use of an opportunity

Ví dụ:

 She [took advantage of] the children's absence to tidy their rooms.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In the 1940s, АТС centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and

improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained

rudimentary.

the rest of (n) /ðə rest ɒv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

phần còn lại/những cái còn lại của.... =remaining part/people/things

Ví dụ:

 We ate [the rest of] the cake.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United

States, and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the world.

turboprop (n) /ˌt3ːbəʊ'prɒp/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

động cơ tuốc bin cánh quạt =a turbine used as an aircraft engine that provides most force for movement by

turning a propeller, or an aircraft driven by this type of engine

Ví dụ:
  Its engines consist of four [turboprops] with contrarotating propellers located on the wings.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb

above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft.

vicinity (n) /vɪ'sɪnɪtɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

vùng lân cận =the area around a particular place

Ví dụ:

 Crowds gathered in the [vicinity] of Trafalgar Square.

Ghi chú:

In passage: As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of

the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country

routes to establish the earliest airways.

virtually (adv) /'v3ːtʃʊəlɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

hầu như, gần như =almost

Ví dụ:

 Nowadays all these things can be experienced [virtually].

Ghi chú:

In passage: First, АТС extends over virtually the entire United States.

visibility (n) /ˌvɪzə'bɪlɪtɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tầm nhìn =how far or well you can see, especially as affected by the light or the weather
Ví dụ:

 [Visibility] was down to about 100 metres in the fog.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied

on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane’s instrument panel to fly safely

CAM 8 TEST 1: Telepathy

advocate (n) /'ædvəkeɪt/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

người ủng hộ =someone who publicly supports something

Ví dụ:

 He's a strong [advocate] of state ownership of the railways.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue, however: that the most impressive

evidence so far has come from the so-called ‘ganzfeld’ experiments, a German term that means ‘whole

field’

apparent (adj) /ə'pærənt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

rõ ràng =able to be seen or understood

Ví dụ:

 Her unhappiness was [apparent] to everyone.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Only when many studies are combined in a meta-analysis will the faint signal of telepathy really

become apparent
a selection of (n) /eɪ sɪ'lekʃn ɒv/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

người/vật được lựa chọn =a number of people or things that have been chosen from a larger group

Ví dụ:

 [A selection of] readers' comments is published below.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from

a random selection of four taken from a large image bank.

atom (n) /'ætəm/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

nguyên tử =the smallest unit of any chemical element, consisting of a positive nucleus surrounded by

negative electrons. Atoms can combine to form a molecule

Ví dụ:

 A molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) has one carbon atom and two oxygen [atoms]

Ghi chú:

In passage: They include ‘quantum entanglement’, in which events affecting one group of atoms instantly

affect another group, no matter how far apart they may be.

attempt to (v) /ə'tempt tuː/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

cố gắng làm gì =to make an effort or try to do something, especially something difficult

Ví dụ:

 She never [attempted to] explain her behaviour to her family.

Ghi chú:
In passage: The idea was that a person acting as a ‘sender’ would attempt to beam the image over to the

‘receiver’ relaxing in the sealed room.

compelling (adj) /kəm'pelɪŋ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

hấp dẫn/thuyết phục =that makes you think it is true

Ví dụ:

 There is no [compelling] reason to believe him.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a ‘meta-

analysis’, a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies. Though less compelling

than before, the outcome was still impressive.

consistency (n) /kən'sɪstənsɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tính nhất quán =the quality of always behaving or performing in a similar way, or of always happening in a

similar way

Ví dụ:

 It's important to show some [consistency] in your work.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual

ganzfeld studies.

constitute (v) /'kɒnstɪtjuːt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tạo thành =to form or make something

Ví dụ:
  What [constitutes] a family?

Ghi chú:

In passage: Some researchers say the results constitute compelling evidence that telepathy is genuine.

defender (n) /dɪ'fendər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

người bảo vệ quan điểm =someone who protects a place against attack, or who believes in and supports a

person, idea, plan, etc.

Ví dụ:

 So far they have found few [defenders] of their point of view on campus.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Defenders of telepathy point out that demanding impressive evidence from every study ignores

one basic statistical fact: it takes large samples to detect small effects

derision (n) /dɪ'rɪʒn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự nhạo báng =a strong feeling that somebody/something is silly and not worth considering seriously,

shown by laughing in an unkind way or by making unkind remarks

Ví dụ:

 Her speech was greeted with howls of [derision].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Since the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading universities and research institutes around the

world have risked the derision of sceptical colleagues by putting the various claims for telepathy to the test

in dozens of rigorous scientific studies.

detect (v) /dɪ'tekt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

phát hiện =to discover or notice something, especially something that is not easy to see, hear, etc.

Ví dụ:

 The tests are designed to [detect] the disease early.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In this case, such signals might be more easily detected by those experiencing meditation-like

tranquility in a relaxing ‘whole field’ of light, sound and warmth.

disturb (v) /dɪ'st3ːb/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

gây khó chịu/gây bực bội =to cause someone to be worried or upset

Ví dụ:

 It [disturbed] her to realize that she was missing him already.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual

ganzfeld studies.

draw up (phr v) /drɔː ʌp/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

soạn thảo =to make or write something that needs careful thought or planning

Ví dụ:

 Make sure the contract is properly [drawn up].

Ghi chú:

In passage: However, they also agreed that there were still too many problems in the experiments which

could lead to positive results, and they drew up a list demanding new standards for future research.
entanglement (n) /ɪn'tæŋglmənt/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

sự vướng víu =the act of becoming caught or twisted in something; the state of being caught or twisted in

something

Ví dụ:

 Quantum [entanglement] is when two particles link together in a certain way no matter how far

apart they are in space.

Ghi chú:

In passage: While physicists have demonstrated entanglement with specially prepared atoms, no-one

knows if it also exists between atoms making up human minds.

esoteric (adj) /ˌesəʊ'terɪk/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bí truyền =likely to be understood or enjoyed by only a few people with a special knowledge or interest

Ví dụ:

 a programme of music for everyone, even those with the most [esoteric] taste

Ghi chú:

In passage: Various theories have been put forward, many focusing on esoteric ideas from theoretical

physics.

flaw (n) /flɔː/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

khiếm khuyết =a mistake in something that means that it is not correct or does not work correctly

Ví dụ:

 The argument is full of fundamental [flaws].

Ghi chú:
In passage: But there was a crucial flaw in this argument – one routinely overlooked in more conventional

areas of science

fraud (n) /frɔːd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự gian lận, lừa đảo =something that is not what it appears to be and is deliberately used to deceive people

Ví dụ:

 What happens if the investment turns out to be a [fraud]?

Ghi chú:

In passage: These ranged from ‘sensory leakage’ – where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the

receiver – to outright fraud.

genuine (adj) /'dʒenjʊɪn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

có thật, chân thực =being what something or someone appears or claims to be; real, not false

Ví dụ:

 She showed [genuine] sorrow at the news.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Some researchers say the results constitute compelling evidence that telepathy is genuine.

implication (n) /ˌɪmplɪ'keɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

ý nghĩa/ẩn ý/ngụ ý =something that is suggested or indirectly stated (= something that is implied)

Ví dụ:

 The [implication] in his article is that being a housewife is greatly inferior to every other occupation.
Ghi chú:

In passage: The results and their implications are dividing even the researchers who uncovered them.

lack of (n) /læk ɒv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thiếu... =the state of not having something or not having enough of something

Ví dụ:

 He was released due to [lack of] evidence.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual

ganzfeld studies.

lead to (v) /liːd tuː/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

dẫn đến =to have something as a result

Ví dụ:

 The carbon tax will inevitably [lead to] an increase in energy bills.

Ghi chú:

In passage: However, they also agreed that there were still too many problems in the experiments which

could lead to positive results, and they drew up a list demanding new standards for future research.

leakage (n) /'liːkɪdʒ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự rò rỉ =the act of leaking or the leak itself

Ví dụ:

 The [leakage] was traced to an oil pipe in the cellar.

Ghi chú:

In passage: These ranged from ‘sensory leakage’ – where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the

receiver – to outright fraud.

mainstream (n) /'meɪnstriːm/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

chính thống =the ideas and opinions that are thought to be normal because they are shared by most

people; the people whose ideas and opinions are most accepted

Ví dụ:

 He was never part of the literary [mainstream] as a writer.

Ghi chú:

In passage: What they are certainly not finding, however, is any change in attitude of mainstream scientists:

most still totally reject the very idea of telepathy.

on the brink of (idiom) /ɒn ðə brɪŋk

ɒv/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

trên đà, sắp sửa =to be very close to a very unpleasant or dangerous situation

Ví dụ:

 The country is teetering [on the brink] of civil war.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Other parapsychologists believe the field is on the brink of collapse, having tried to produce

definitive scientific proof and failed.

outcome (n) /'aʊtkʌm/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

kết quả =the result or effect of an action or event

Ví dụ:

 The likely [outcome] is a compromise.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a ‘meta-

analysis’, a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies. Though less compelling

than before, the outcome was still impressive.

outright (adj) /'aʊtraɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

hoàn toàn, chắc chắn =complete and total

Ví dụ:

 She was the [outright] winner.

Ghi chú:

In passage: These ranged from ‘sensory leakage’ – where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the

receiver – to outright fraud.

overlook (v) /ˌəʊvə'lʊk/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bỏ qua, bỏ sót =to fail to see or notice something

Ví dụ:

 He seems to have [overlooked] one important fact.

Ghi chú:

In passage: But there was a crucial flaw in this argument – one routinely overlooked in more conventional

areas of science
parapsychologist (n) /parapsychologist*/ UK
US
Định nghĩa:

Nhà cận tâm lý học =scientist who studies mental phenomena which are excluded from or inexplicable by

orthodox scientific psychology (such as hypnosis, telepathy, etc.).

Ví dụ:

 This section of Christianity is just as guilty as the premature [parapsychologists]

Ghi chú:

In passage: Since the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading universities and research institutes around the

world have risked the derision of sceptical colleagues by putting the various claims for telepathy to the test

in dozens of rigorous scientific studies.

pioneer (n) /ˌpaɪə'nɪər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

người tiên phong =a person who is one of the first people to do something

Ví dụ:

 He was a [pioneer] in big-band jazz.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In 1982, the results from the first ganzfeld studies were analysed by one of its pioneers, the

American parapsychologist Charles Honorton

plausible (adj) /'plɔːzəbl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

hợp lý, đáng tin cậy =seeming likely to be true, or able to be believed

Ví dụ:

 a [plausible] explanation/excuse
Ghi chú:

In passage: The problem stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for telepathy.

probe (v) /prəʊb/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

xem xét kĩ lưỡng =to search into or examine thoroughly

Ví dụ:

 The doctor [probed] the wound for signs of infection.

Ghi chú:

In passage: This has prompted some researchers to argue that the future lies not in collecting more

evidence for telepathy, but in probing possible mechanisms.

prompt (v) /prɒmpt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

khiến/gây ra =to make somebody decide to do something; to cause something to happen

Ví dụ:

 His speech [prompted] an angry outburst from a man in the crowd.

Ghi chú:

In passage: This has prompted some researchers to argue that the future lies not in collecting more

evidence for telepathy, but in probing possible mechanisms.

put forward (phr v) /pʌt 'fɔːwəd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đề xuất =to suggest something for discussion

Ví dụ:

 to [put forward] a suggestion

Ghi chú:

In passage: Various theories have been put forward, many focusing on esoteric ideas from theoretical

physics.

put something down to something (phr v) /pʌt

'sʌmθɪŋ daʊn tuː 'sʌmθɪŋ/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

quy cho/cho là do =to consider that something is caused by something

Ví dụ:

 She did seem rather unhappy, but I just [put it down to] the pressure she was under at work.

Ghi chú:

In passage: They pointed to typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent – a small effect, but one which

statistical tests suggested could not be put down to chance.

recline (v) /rɪ'klaɪn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tựa, dựa =to sit or lie in a relaxed way, with your body leaning backwards

Ví dụ:

 She was [reclining] on a sofa.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The ganzfeld experiment tries to recreate these conditions with participants sitting in soft

reclining chairs in a sealed room, listening to relaxing sounds while their eyes are covered with special

filters letting in only soft pink light.

reveal (v) /rɪ'viːl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tiết lộ =to make something known to somebody

Ví dụ:

 Her expression [revealed] nothing.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The implication was that the ganzfeld method had revealed real evidence for telepathy

sceptic (n) /'skeptɪk/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

người hoài nghi =a person who doubts the truth or value of an idea or belief

Ví dụ:

 People say it can cure colds, but I'm a bit of a [sceptic].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue, however: that the most impressive

evidence so far has come from the so-called ‘ganzfeld’ experiments, a German term that means ‘whole

field’

seal (v) /siːl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đóng kín =to close a container tightly or fill a small opening, etc., especially so that air, liquid, etc. cannot get

in or out

Ví dụ:

 The windows and doors had been [sealed] up with bricks.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The ganzfeld experiment tries to recreate these conditions with participants sitting in soft

reclining chairs in a sealed room, listening to relaxing sounds while their eyes are covered with special

filters letting in only soft pink light.

sensory (adj) /'sensərɪ/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

thuộc giác quan =connected with the physical senses of touch, smell, taste, hearing, and sight

Ví dụ:

 It's a total [sensory overload]; every sense being in a constant state of catch-up.

Ghi chú:

In passage: These ranged from ‘sensory leakage’ – where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the

receiver – to outright fraud.

statistical (adj) /stə'tɪstɪkl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thuộc về thống kê, số liệu =relating to statistics

Ví dụ:

 You have to do a detailed [statistical] analysis.

Ghi chú:

In passage: They pointed to typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent – a small effect, but one which

statistical tests suggested could not be put down to chance.

stem from (phr v) /stem frɒm/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bắt nguồn từ =(not used in the progressive tenses) to be the result of something

Ví dụ:

 Most people’s insecurities [stem from] something that happened in their childhood.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The problem stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for telepathy.
swamp (v) /swɒmp/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

lấp đầy, nhấn chìm =to have too many of something, or give someone too much to do

Ví dụ:

 Foreign cars have [swamped] the market.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during meditation led parapsychologists to

suspect that telepathy might involve ‘signals’ passing between people that were so faint that they were

usually swamped by normal brain activity

telepathy (n) /tɪ'lepəθɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thần giao cách cảm =the ability to know what is in someone else's mind, or to communicate with someone

mentally, without using words or other physical signals

Ví dụ:

 Get some rest and we'll start with [telepathy] and telekinesis in the morning.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Since the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading universities and research institutes around the

world have risked the derision of sceptical colleagues by putting the various claims for telepathy to the test

in dozens of rigorous scientific studies.

theoretical (adj) /θɪə'retɪkl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

có tính lý thuyết =based on the ideas that relate to a subject, not the practical uses of that subject

Ví dụ:
  The president does not want to answer any [theoretical] questions.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Various theories have been put forward, many focusing on esoteric ideas from theoretical

physics.

tranquility (n) /træn'kwɪlɪtɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự yên bình =a peaceful, calm state, without noise, violence, worry, etc.

Ví dụ:

 I love the [tranquility] of the lakes.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In this case, such signals might be more easily detected by those experiencing meditation-like

tranquility in a relaxing ‘whole field’ of light, sound and warmth.

uncover (v) /ʌn'kʌvər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

phát hiện, tìm ra =to discover something that was previously hidden or secret

Ví dụ:

 Police have [uncovered] a plot to kidnap the President's son.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The results and their implications are dividing even the researchers who uncovered them.