Graph with a trend

Body
Trends
How to describe each chunk?
Use this formula: value + trend + data + time

Paragraph 1:
Road 1974 – 1995: increase slightly + from 70 to 80
Road 1995 – 2002: increase dramatically + from 80 to 100
Water 1974 – 1981: increase + from 40 to 60
Water 1981 – 1995: remain stable
Water 1995 – 2002: increase + to 65
Pipeline 1974 – 1995: increase + from 5 to 20
Pipeline 1995 – 2002: remain stable
Paragraph 2:
Rail 1974 -1995: decrease + from 40 to 30
Rail 1995-2002: recover + to 40
Comparisons
The 3 “must-have” comparisons
- A superlative for the starting year
- A superlative for the ending year
- When one value surpasses another one
Other “should-have” comparisons:
- Multiplication, anywhere you want (gấp bao nhiêu lần)
- Equality, anywhere you want (ngang bằng nhau)

[Starting year and Final year]: road + greatest

[intersection of lines]: 1978: water surpassing rail + 40 million tonnes
[Optional] Rail 1974 + equal + Rail 2002
Structure
Intro + Overview
Key paraphrase:
- Bar => column
- Graph => chart
- Show => illustrate, describe, demonstrate
- Between ... and => from … to
- Remained stable => remained fairly stable
- Increased => showed an upward trend

The line graph illustrates the quantities of goods transported in the UK from 1974 to 2002
Overall, the quantity of goods transported by train remained fairly stable, while the
quantity of goods transported by road, water, and pipeline showed an upward trend.

Word:
Maintain: giữ nguyên
Top position: vị trí đứ ng đầ u
Surpass: vượ t qua
Tie: hò a/bằ ng nhau
Downward trend: xu hướ ng đi xuố ng
Upward trend: xu hướ ng đi lên
Fall = see a declining trend

In-context paraphrase
- Quantity => amount, volume
- Goods => freight, merchandise, commodities
- Transport => carry, deliver, transfer
- Modes of transport => means of transport
 Sample introduction and overview: The line chart illustrates the amount of freight
transferred in the UK from 1974 to 2002 by four means of transport.
Overall, the amount delivered by train remained fairly stable, while those by other
modes showed an upward trend.

Language and Linking

Language
Trends:
- Verbs:
+ Going up: to show/follow an upward trend
+ Going down: to show/follow a downward trend
+ Go up: rise, grow, increase, (strong) skyrocket, surge
+ Go down: fall, decrease, decline, (strong) dive, plunge, plummet
- Adverbs:
+ Strong: sharply, rapidly, dramatically, significantly, markedly
+ Weak: slightly, gently, mildly
 + Other meanings: steadily, gradually, suddenly, abruptly, considerably
Template
Data:
- From X to Y
- By Z
Time:
- From year A to year B
- Between year A to year B
- In year A
- Over/throughout the period
Data and time together
- From X in year A to Y in year B

Witness/ experience/ undergo/ see + a/an + adj + noun + data + time

 In 1988, the consumption of pizzas underwent a steep rise from 30 to 40 times per
person per year.
 Another version: The year 1988 witnessed/ saw a steep rise from 30 to 40 times per
person per year in the consumption of pizzas.

Phrase

- Remaining stable:
+ to remain stable
+ to vary insignificantly
+ to experience/ witness/ undergo/ see a period of stability
+ to remain (relatively) constant/unchanged
- Templates:
+ to remain stable + at about/around/ approximately/ roughly + DATA
+ to remain stable + between X and Y (*)
(*) apply only to: to remain stable, to vary insignificantly

Eg: The consumption of fish and chips varied insignificantly between 50 and 60 times per
person per year.

Advanced

- Reaching a peak:
+ to reach a peak of X
+ to peak at X
+ to hit the highest point at X
- Opposite of reaching a peak: to hit the lowest point at X
- To reach a plateau of X: khi một đường đang đi lên sau đó không có sự thay đổi rồi lại đi
xuống
- To reach a trough of X: khi một đường đang đi xuống sau đó remain rồi lại đi lên
 - To recover to X
- To flatten out at X: tăng lên xong remain

Comparisons

 Surpassing:
Exceed = Overtake = Surpass = Outstrip = Eclipse
E.g: In 1990, the consumptions of pizzas skyrocketed to 90 times per year, surpassing
that of fish and chips.
In 1990, the consumption of pizzas skyrocketed until it surpassed that of fish and chips
at to 90 times per year

Word
- Continuous decline: giảm xuống liên tục
- Vary significant: thay đổi đáng kể = change
- A steep rise: sự tăng trưởng tương đối mạnh.
- (Always remain) the top position
- Fall rapidly by half, place it third
- See an initial jump
- Increase fivefold
- Tie with

- was higher than that of ( so sánh cao hơn)

- had the lowest attendance rate ( so sánh nhất)
- was two times higher than that of / was two times as much as that of ( so sánh gấp bội)
- ranked second / was the second highest ( cấp bậc, thứ tự)
- was the same as / equalled to ( so sánh bằng)

Paragraph 1:
Road 1974 – 2002: greatest
Road 1974 – 1995: increase slightly + from 70 to 80
Road 1995 – 2002: rise dramatically + from 80 to 100
Water 1974 – 1981: grew significantly+ from 40 to 60
Water 1981 – 1995: remain stable
Water 1995 – 2002: climb + to 65
Pipeline 1974 – 1995: experience a sharp increase + from 5 to 20
Pipeline 1995 – 2002: remain unchanged
Paragraph 2:
1974-1978: water surpassing rail + 40 million tones
Rail 1974 -1995: decrease considerably + from 40 to 30
Rail 1995-2002: recover + to 40
[Optional] Rail 1974 - equality – rail 2002
eg:
From under 11 metric tons in 1967, the average carbon dioxide emission per UK citizens
continuously declined to around 9 metric tons in 2007 and always maintained the top position.
Sweden’s figure saw an initial jump from 8 to 10 metric tons from 1967 to 1977, but this number
fell rapidly by half by 2007, which placed it third in terms of CO2 emission per person.
Italy’s emission doubled from 4 to 8 metric tons, which surpassed that of Sweden in 1987.
Portugal’s number increased fivefold from 1 billion to 5 billion to tie with Sweden’s for third place
in 2007.

Idea to sentences:
Body 1:
 Road was the mode that transported the greatest amount of goods throughout the
timescale.
 From 1974 to 1995, the amount of transported by road increased slightly from 70 to 80
million tonnes, after which it continued to rise dramatically to 100 million tonnes in 2002.
 The quantity transferred by water grew significantly from 40 to 60 million tonnes in the
first eight years of the period, before remaining stable until the mid 1990s and climbing
again to reach 65 million tonnes in 2002.
 The volume delivered by pipeline experienced a sharp increase from 5 to 20 million tonnes
in the first 20 years of the timescale, then remained unchanged until 2002.
Body 2:
 From 1974, the amount of goods that was transferred by trains decreased considerably
until it was surpassed by that of water at approximately 40 million tonnes
 It continued to decrease to 30 million tonnes in 1995
 It recovered to 40 million tonnes in 2002, the same level that it started in 1974
Connect ideas:
Values with similar trends:
 Similar/ Likewise,...
 A similar trend could be seen/ witnessed/ observed in the…
Values with opposite trend
 By contrast,...
 In (sharp) contrast to this,....
 An opposite trend could be seen/ witnessed/ observed in the…

Body 1:
 Road was the mode that transported the greatest amount of goods throughout the
timescale.
 From 1974 to 1995, the amount of transported by road increased slightly from 70 to 80
million tonnes, after which it continued to rise dramatically to 100 million tonnes in 2002.
 Similarly, the quantity transferred by water grew significantly from 40 to 60 million tonnes
in the first eight years of the period, before remaining stable until the mid 1990s and
climbing again to reach 65 million tonnes in 2002. Likewise, the volume delivered by
pipeline experienced a sharp increase from 5 to 20 million tonnes in the first 20 years of the
timescale, then remained unchanged until 2002.
Body 2:
 By contrast, from 1974, the amount of goods that was transferred by trains decreased
considerably until it was surpassed by that of water at approximately 40 million tonnes.
 Afterwards, it continued to decrease to 30 million tonnes in 1995. In the rest of timescale, it
recovered to 40 million tonnes in 2002, the same level that it started in 1974

Given is the graph which demonstrates the average CO2 emission per capita in four European
countries: the United Kingdom, Sweden, Italy, and Portugal from 1967 to 2007.
Generally, while the figures of the UK and Sweden decreased, the remaining countries showed an
upward trend in average per-person carbon dioxide emissions.
Starting at slightly under 11 metric tons in 1967, the average carbon dioxide emission per UK
citizens continuously declined to reach around 9 metric tons in 2007 and always maintained the
top position. Meanwhile, Sweden’s figure, which was initially ranked just behind the UK’s, saw an
initial jump from 8 to 10 metric tons in the first 10 years.
However, this number fell rapidly afterward by half in the last year of the period, which placed it
third in CO2 emission per person. Turning to Italy and Portugal, both countries experienced a
similar rising rate over the period. Italy’s emission doubled from 4 to almost 8 metric tons, which
surpassed that of Sweden shortly after 1987 to rank second after the United Kingdom. Similarly,
Portugal’s number increased fivefold from 1 billion to 5 billion to tie with Sweden’s for third place
in 2007.

Practice
The chart below shows the annual number of rentals and sales (in various formats) of films from
a particular store between 2002 and 2011. Summarise the information by selecting and
reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

The bar chart gives information about the number of films in different forms rented and sold
in a certain store from 2002 to 2011.
Overall, the most striking feature from the graph is that the average number of rentals and VHS
sales saw a downward trend, while there was a considerable increase in the figure for DVD sales
and Blu-ray sales over the time covered by the graph. It is also noticeable that Blu-ray did not
record any sales until the middle of the period, right when VHS sales disappeared.
Another interesting point is that the annual number of Blu-ray sales always remained the lowest
figure during the whole period.
Regarding rentals, it started at around 180,000 in 2002, and was ranked the first in this year. This
figure then continuously declined to just above 50,000 at the end of the period. Likewise, VHS
sales' figure witnessed a marked drops from under 80,000 to 10,000 in 2005, after which it hit
the lowest point at 0 until the end of the period.
By contrast, the number of the remaining categories followed an opposite pattern. The annual
figure or DVD sales experienced a steep rise from just under 50,000 to 210,000 in the first five
years of the period, before decreasing slightly to 180,000 in 2011. Meanwhile, from 2002 to
2006, Bly-ray sales 14' figure remained unchang 15ed, until 2007, d. Until 2007, 16it was 10,000,
then grew gently to 15,000 in 2011.

FULL SAMPLE ESSAY:

Intro + Overview
The process illustrates the way in which leather goods => products are manufactured.
Overall, there are nine stages in the process, beginning with the drying of animal skins
and culminating in the making of leather products.

Body 1
In the first step, the skins are dehydrated in the sun. Afterwards, the dried skins are
transferred to a mill. These skins are then washed in a lime solution to remove dirt and
impurities. The washed skins are subsequently soaked in lime for an extended period of
time, after which they are flattened to make leather.

Body 2
In the next stage, the leather made is soaked in tannin, a vegetable compound.
Following this, this leather is polished in order to have a smooth and shiny texture. The
next step of the process is that polished leather is delivered to a workshop before it is
turned into leather products.

Paraphrase intro:
The picture below shows how a digital Single-Lens Reflex (SLR) camera works.
 The diagram illustrates the operating mechanics of a digital Single – Lens Reflex
camera.
The diagram below shows the stages in the food production chain of the United States.
 Given is the image illustrating how food is manufactured in the USA.
The picture below shows the stages and equipment used in the cement-making process, and
how cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes.
 The diagram demonstrates how cement is made and how it is then used in the
process of manufacturing concrete.

In the first stage, cold water is injected 4.5km deep into the ground.
The water then passes through some hot rocks in the geothermal zone.
After the water is heated to almost a boiling point, it reaches the production well, ready to be
pumped up.
In the fourth stage, the hot water pumped from underground goes into the condenser where
steam is created.
In the last step, this steam spins the turbine, which then powers the generator to produce
electricity.
Finally, the electricity is transmitted to the national grid to be used by consumers.
In short, the camera works by moving a mirror up and down through the press of a button
known as the shutter.
Light travels through a series of lenses to reach a mirror that blocks the CMOS sensor behind it.
The light is reflected perpendicularly upwards to a pentamirror and redirected to an opening at
the back.
The image reaches the photographer’s eyes, enabling the camera holder to view the exact
picture that is going to be taken.
Once the shutter is released, the reflect mirror swings up, lying flat.
The light can reach the digital sensor to be processed, and the captured data is processed in the
CPU.
The final photographed data is displayed on the LCD screen and stored in the memory card.
Overall, clay and limestone go through a four-stage process before being bagged as cement,
accounting for 15% of the four ingredients needed to produce concrete. In addition, while the
cement-making process requires a number of tools, concrete production only needs a concrete
mixer.
To begin with/ In the first stage, clay and limestone are crushed together to create a powder.
The powder goes through a mixer. Afterward, it passes through a rotating heater.
After being heated, the mixture is then ground to produce cement.
In the second diagram, four ingredients are mixed together simultaneously to create concrete.

FULL SAMPLE ESSAY:

The maps illustrate how West Park Secondary School changed from 1950 to 2010.
Overall, it had been expanded with more buildings and facilities for students by the end
of the period.

In 1950, the school building was situated by the main road. It was surrounded by a
residential area, agricultural land, and a play area.

By 1980, houses had been demolished to make room for a new car park by the main
road and a new science block next to the school building. Similarly, the farmland had
been turned into an athletics field
By the year 2010, the sports ground had been narrowed down and relocated to a corner
of the playground to make way for the expansion of the car parking place. As a result,
the parking area occupied nearly half the total area of the campus this year. By contrast,
the science block and the school building had remained unchanged.

Overall, the entire park has been changed to provide more visitors' activities, but the total size
remains the same.
Grange Park had two main entrances located at Arnold Revenue and Eldon Street.
There was a water fountain at the center and a musician’s stage to its left.
Many seats and rose gardens were scattered around the four sides of the park.
(scatter: rải rác)
There was a pond for water plants in the top right corner of the park and a glasshouse in the
bottom right.
Except for the two entrances and one rose garden in the top left, most features mentioned
above have been removed and replaced.
In place of the fountain, a rose garden has been planted, which was surrounded by seats on all
four sides.
The musician stage has been upgraded to an amphitheatre for concerts.
The pond has been changed into a children's play area, and the glasshouse has been converted
into a water feature.
A new café has been set up to the right of the Arnold Avenue entrance.
There is a third entrance to the park from the underground car park which is located at the
bottom right corner.

In 1920, Grange Park had two main entrances located at Arnold Revenue in the North and Eldon
Street in the South. The park's two main attractions were the water fountain at the center and
the musicians' stage to its left. In addition, many seats and rose gardens were scattered around
the four sides of the park. There was also a pond in the top right corner of the park to grow
aquatic plants and a glasshouse at the bottom right.
In the present day, except for the two entrances and one rose garden in the top left, most
features mentioned above have been removed and replaced. In place of the fountain, a massive
rose garden has been planted, surrounded by seats on all four sides. All other seats have been
moved. The musician stage has been upgraded to an amphitheatre where concerts are held. The
pond has been changed into a children's playground, while the glasshouse has been converted
into a water feature. A new café has also been set up between the Arnold Avenue entrance and
the play area. Lastly, there is 8alsonow a third entrance to the park from the underground
parking space which is located at the bottom right corner.

Overall, a number of new facilities have been constructed for tourists, including
accommodations, restaurants, swimming facilities etc. without greatly affecting the
surroundings.
Overall, the landscape of the town was completely changed due to the replacement of the
industrial area with residential, recreational and academic amenities.
There was a pond in the top right corner of the park to grow aquatic plants.
The pond has been changed into a children's playground.
The musician stage has been upgraded to an amphitheatre where concerts are held.
There is a third entrance to the park from the underground parking space.

In place of the fountain, a massive rose garden has been planted, surrounded by seats on all
four sides.
The musician stage has been upgraded to an amphitheatre where concerts are held.
The pond has been changed into 8a children's play area, while 9the glasshouse has been
converted into a water feature.
A new café has been set up to the right of the Arnold Avenue entrance.

Body 1: