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P Block Short Notes
P Block Short Notes
P BLOCK ELEMENTS
elements in which the last electron enters the outermost p orbital.
ns²np¹⁻⁶
SIMPLY CONCISE
B: 2s² 2p¹
ns² np¹
ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF FIRST ELEMENT
The first member of p-block differs from the remaining members of their
corresponding group
SIMPLY CONCISE
absence of vacant d orbital
only sp3, sp2, sp
GROUP 13 ELEMENTS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
density: B < Al < Ga < In < Tl boiling pt: B > Al > Ga > In > Tl
exceptions -
atomic size: B < Ga < Al < In < Tl : due to poor screening of 3d e⁻
SIMPLY CONCISE
electro -ve: B > Tl > In > Ga > Al
melting pt: B > Al > Ga < In < Tl
ionisation Eⁿ: B Tl B > Tl > Ga > Al > In
Ga due to due to poor
LC screening of 3d e⁻
Al
In
ns² np¹ oxd. states: stability of +3 ↓ and +1 ↑ : due to inert pair effect
GROUP 13 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity towards air: note:
E + O₂ → E₂O₃ B doesn’t react in crystalline form
E + N₂ → EN Al forms a thin oxide layer in moist air
BN - inorganic graphite
SIMPLY CONCISE
B - acidic Al, Ga - amphoteric In, Tl - basic
exceptions -
ionisation Eⁿ: C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn : due to lanthanoid contraction
SIMPLY CONCISE
melting pt: C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn
density: Si < C < Ge < Sn < Pb
electro -ve: Si ≈ Ge ≈ Sn < Pb < C
catenation: C >> Si > Ge ≈ Sn > Pb
oxd. states: stability of +4 ↓ and +2 ↑ : due to inert pair effect
ns² np²
GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity towards oxygen: note:
E + O₂ → EO₂ CO - neutral
E + O₂ → EO PbO, SnO, PbO₂, SnO₂ - amphoteric
CO₂, SiO, SiO₂, GeO, GeO₂ - acidic
C/Si/Ge + H₂O
SIMPLY
Reactivity towards water:
→
no rkⁿ
CONCISE
note:
Pb - protective oxide film formation
Sn + H₂O →
SnO₂ + H₂
SIMPLY CONCISE
good thermal conductivity
poor electrical conductivity
Graphite:
layered structure held by van der waals force
sp2 hybridised carbons, aromatic
dangling bonds are there
good thermal & electrical conductivity
most stable allotrope of carbon
GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
Fullerenes:
electric arc in
Graphite presence of He/Ag
Fullerenes
C₆₀ - C₃₅₀
SIMPLY CONCISE
C₆₀ - Buckminsterfullerene
no dangling bonds are there
20 six-membered rings & 12 five membered rings
sp2 hybridised carbons, aromatic
good thermal & electrical conductivity
Amorphous forms:
carbon black, coke, charcoal - impure forms of graphite n fullerenes
GROUP 15 ELEMENTS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
SIMPLY CONCISE
exceptions -
melting pt: N < P < As > Sb > Bi
oxd. states: stability of +5 ↓ and +3 ↑
ns² np³
GROUP 15 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity towards hydrogen: BP: H bonds
NH₃ PH₃ AsH₃ SbH₃ BiH₃ PH₃ < AsH₃ < NH₃ < SbH₃ < BiH₃
BDE↓→ ↓
thermal stability MP:
↓ ↑
SIMPLY
↓ → ∠↓ CONCISE
basic strength & reducing power
e⁻ density at central atom
PH₃ < AsH₃ < SbH₃ < BiH₃ < NH₃
SIMPLY CONCISE
- use fajan’s rule
GROUP 15 ELEMENTS
ALLOTROPES OF PHOSPHORUS
White Phosphorus
translucent white waxy solid
glows in dark, poisonous
insoluble in H₂O, soluble in CS₂
P₄ + 5O₂
SIMPLY CONCISE
less stable and more reactive
→ P₄O₁₀
Red Phosphorus:
forms by heating white P at 573K for days
possesses iron grey lusture
doesn’t glow in dark, non-poisonous
insoluble in H₂O as well as CS₂
much less reactive than white P
GROUP 15 ELEMENTS
ALLOTROPES OF PHOSPHORUS
Black Phosphorus
α-black & β-black
803K
P₄ sealed tube
P₄ α-black
SIMPLY CONCISE
red
473K
P₄ high pressure
P₄ β-black
red
exceptions -
SIMPLY CONCISE
EGE: S > Se > Te > Po > O : due to high e-e repulsion
↓ ↑
oxd. states: stability of +6 and +4 : due to inert pair effect
OS of oxygen -
OF₂ - +2 H₂O₂ - -1 Cl₂O - -2 KO₂ - -1/2 O₂F₂ - +1 KO₃ - -1/3
imp.point -
O : small size → forms pπ-pπ multiple bonds → exists as O₂(g)
S : large size → can’t form multiple bonds → exists as S₈(s)
ns² np⁴
GROUP 16 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity towards hydrogen: BP & MP: H bonds
H₂O H₂S H₂Se H₂Te H₂Po H₂S < H₂Se < H₂Te < H₂Po < H₂O
BDE ↓→ ↓
Δ stability , acidic strength & reducing power ↑
↓→ ↓
SIMPLY CONCISE
e⁻ density at central atom bond angle
SIMPLY CONCISE
GROUP 16 ELEMENTS
ALLOTROPES OF SULPHUR
SIMPLY CONCISE
stable at room temp.
transition temp.
GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
size, mp, bp, density: F < Cl < Br < I < At
electro -ve, IE: F > Cl > Br > I > At
exceptions -
SIMPLY CONCISE
EGE: Cl > F > Br > I : due to high e-e repulsion
diatomic molecule -
F₂ Cl₂ Br₂ I₂
oxd. power: F₂ > Cl₂ > Br₂ > I₂
BDE: Cl₂ > Br₂ > F₂ > I₂ : due to high e-e repulsion
ns² np⁵
GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity towards hydrogen: BP:
HF HCl HBr HI HCl < HBr < HI < HF : H bonds
BDE ↓→ ↓
Δ stability MP:
↑
SIMPLY CONCISE
acidic strength & reducing power HCl < HBr < HF < HI
GROUP 18 ELEMENTS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
size, mp, bp, density: He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe
electro -ve, IE: He > Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe
SIMPLY CONCISE
exceptions -
EGE: He < Rn ≈ Xe < Kr < Ar < Ne
imp. points -
highly stable due to completely filled orbitals
largest size in respc. period due to VDW radius
very high IE due to stable EC
+ve ΔegH due to completely filled orbitals
low mp & bp due to weak VDW forces
ns² np⁶