The D f ETements

S-Block element - Last e enters into otermot S sub shell

+last e enters sto s' subshell

K,.
Be,’ 15 29 Antipenaltimate n2
shell
s' 26° 2p 3s? h-1

P- Block elorment lat eerntes into lenutinat outernostchollfobit

shets /otit,
nost pubshell:
GterNost
Last e enters ito np subshell.

AG> 1s 2s? 2 p 3<' gp'

Co 1s' 26? 2p

2s 2p
D-Block
eloroent ’ Last
Last electos enters ioto (n-i)d ebzhell
ast electon enters into penultinai daubshell
fele 1s 2p 3saAs
Sc aw 1s 2s2pasi4s 3l

f- Block elornent 3s3p 45 3 o

Last e estes ito (-2)f subshelu.
t Last e entes irdo
Ce ’ antipenulkict
Cerium (58) -> 1s 2s 2p 3 sp4s 3d
f &bshell.

0 Sotrocduco:. Gs4f 4psdsp

Psopaties :
O Atormie si2e (9 Non-stoichiovanetie Ceop:
DOxation state
Metallic chaacter cuctile natwe atalytc peeat
) Aley formati o.
0)alleabu atwe, tere
Coocluctivity (9 Corpeunds of d-bluck
G Ethalpy of atomization KMnOu, Ka,o7)
deckede pokotial Cusoy 5H0
S)
feso,
flock
" 74,0

Density
 Jntoducion,
Slement n nehich Last electo) entes rto (n-1) d subzhell
penuin ate d sub hl0
" n d block olementa n,n-
n, n--1! are incosnpletely filled 4 rest
nner bital ae fully filed
" Jn pei odic tab le d -blok ourerd clanti foco
d-block . e ae
aye aluays filled in (n-1) d otitt
elarnert
n4 th
4 t peiac e f0led án 2d oybital 3d sewes
elemert
'peiod e ae flleol in 4d sbital ’ 4d Seuies
seves olemet
perisd e obital
tilled in sd orbital’6deves elarert
n=7 7th puiod e a e fled in 6d
G11 G12
G3 G4 G5. Gs G7 Ge G9 Zn
fe Co, Ni Cu
29
peued
(Bd seve)
24

8d'us
Te43 Ru Rh 46

5thpeid
(dgeves) y 39 40
Nb41 Mo
42 44
Ha
Re. Os76 5de1
cthpeiod La57 H 72 Ta
(sdseses)
b(56-71),
fblock o Larthaneid
(ad seie)
(90 -do3)
Bf-beock Actineid
Note:- Pd- palla diu + only 6ne d-Block elornentwhich donot
hare S- electron
fe Co Ni 2n
Sc VVanodlu
Scandign Titenim
chho uugo ongenee Coblt Nickel Cppes zinc

4d Bees Zr Tc Ru Rh Po
Yittrium ZirConinn moybidnp) Ruthenum Pallaity
Nidium
Techitium Rho diu Siluen
bdserjes La Hf Ta W Rh Ir Pt Au
ft
Os mium
LanthanumHafriumTontalun"Tungusten Rhenium Iridim
Platinum Gold Mercay

Yammah
ASAT La
 (3

General lecoree Contigwratis:-G] (n-1)d

Cycept- pPd -4d 5s
Gec ’ [1-a] (n-3) d'" ns
peried ’6d eies 112)
7 Ac, (104
Actiium Rf fovetiun Coperniciun
Rather
(9o - j03)
Transiion Ellermenta
D’ament ushich bare allast Onpuned d electro in
oxidotion stte
grund stete in thein CoOODS
n goeen
Eler)ents which haw iotely fled d-oilab
stt Comon oidat o stete
o6 tn thein
3) ’- Elements hich hare dto A° Con figwabon in raumd stte
to nhei CooDn oxidation stato
dionpa
(o) -+ 3d' 4s
3
fe Cos) 3d 4s +2
d 4
Ni(28) - 3d8

3to

lo
cd 4d Group12
10

tranaion
elmenta
Notei- Al traniton ol-blok loent but all d- Block are
d-Bleck (G3-G12) but Toonsition (G3-G11)
Q) ehy drlock elesnerto are ereo as toaiti on eleg0)e nt
(baase d-Block elerento anu fou y
becouse the poePenties of drblock, elosentiS¢Pblck.
au toonsitional b
S-ploc (lagey ionie Comps) ont p-block(Souytty covalent CompJ
G1o metal) G12(non-tarion eleset)
Ni gd 4s Cu 3dy
diog Pd’ 4d 5s Ag- 4d 5ss
doesnottPars
y Pt ’ 5d Au 6d 6s!
 4
Effecive nuclear chagei
Nucdear chage- force ef altroction of nucdes on ter mot
electrons.
Number of protonÎ nucler
Atormee number
chuget
fOA

Effective muclear charge -8- Net -fosee

frce efaf alerac
teraction b/w nucleus 4
etermost e
Caled effective nuelear chaye (Zep)
2-types ef force aciy
0 foA (nucleus Outer not e)
foR (inner e e outernote)
fnetfast taep
Zef (estecive nuelar chag
Shielding effact ia trmer
Joner elotbon psoteda nucdew -forn ecc
eeter e
3 appyiy replusion force on ter elecfrern.
1e, iner eleckron act as shield b/w nuleus
& octer e, Ths effect Called
NoTE
Jse
zhieldigi- Reelaion Due to
Shelaing fOA of nucleus orn outere
Zeff Attration; Due to 7- OA ef nveleeus on oter eT+Si2e

Ato mic Size,

1 e n 3d Si2e !
3o
Zefp > Shieeiy 4s
3e
4e
5e

Ge (Alormot sine eq al)

7e
Shiddig 'repucbin
ge
Zef< Shildie Si2e strats ‘
 Size n pexiod,
3d Seie Sc> T ) V i n f e Co Ni< au < Zn
Zeff > Shicldiy Zep sheldiy Zf<shieldig
Si2e 4 Sie almoct sare
lagot size in 3d=Sc Srnallest si2 in 3d = Co/Ni
4d Seies;- Y>zr > Nb Mo>TcRu Rh pd
<Ay <cd
bc seveoia>Hf Ta >W>Re 0s r% pt <Au
G4 G5
Si2e in Greup,
th. G7 G8 G9 G fo G11 G12
Se Cu Zn
Mo fe Co
cd
Zr N5 Mo Te RH Rh
S
A
oidila Hf Ta W Re Ir Au

becase in th
th poried ff hlock elaroert stat
Bo, estorto 4f
flcing in (n-2)f osbital, albo (inne shecl
f orbitals have very poer shieldirg Dueto thia (voy poordit
Zeie ‘ and Sie t ond beeomes equal t st poiod.Th£
Zest
henonena s Called Lanthanide / Larthaneid cntracto.
Ionigtiosn Ererg y(I E),
Generaly
Sie w mt tha
fillad conf s
1-¬ of halt flead 4 fue
Ptially fled cosnfigration.
fst feo, then ermatn loutert
to period - fror Left to Right iE
at t e end t Tes (-fell fuled)

Siee
|3d>4d>5
G4 G5,G6,G 10 6d>4d>3d |
G7,68G9 G11,Gi 6d>3d4d | orden ef1)
6)
Mo
cd pd
W
Au
Lac
IAus Cus
AHg>2nyel |Pt>PA>N
 IE,-- Cu >zn
8 Cor pane IE,I¬,. 4 1E, of c f Mn
So.- IE, Cr <Mn ; I ¬ ’ r Mn

Note:- when o)e elecon us eOVed

nemoved fom ns osbital, yelative
eneyes f 3d &4s chare and the other ns e shift to
Cn-) d obital (ronpestef)

fet:3d us Cnento

Unstable
8) find o Onpai ed e and Con figwatien of
fet ion:
f e -3d us
3vnpaed e.
Oxidation state
Tshew vaiable oxidation stata because Energy Gep b/t
ns 41)d osbitals very lev» (Almost Sirnilan eneg)
due to wstich ms & ep
(n-1)d e ca
panticipata in boni
|Maximum 0N ef TE = 0U0bes of e in
CTement (n-)d+ns]e
Slecrone Con tguation, Oxidation nuobe
Ti
+3 54able’O
3d 4s +2,+3
3° 4s +2, +3,+4
35
Mn + 2,43] +4 , +5,(+6)
fe 3 )+3,+4 , +5. 46,)
Co .43) t4,+6
37 4s2
) +4
, +3,+4

+1,2)
 maxn 0-N =+7 (Mno)
TE can shew (ve)
(-ve) Gve)
4re) 4 zeo Oxidatien numbes(on).
¬x:- [Co (Co)e] 4 [fe (co)] étc:
te
O) find relative stability op Onidation stoteis
T

e) Mnmts
i t) ct ct (nore stablo than d

motK Mn om the bans of um af

ft
Vs Ptt2
<
Stabity of Higha 0-s
Ri_her Ti¬ us found with 0 4 f
hiaher Os ef TE nly, due to
High Electronegatiity (EN)
Uxygen stablizes more because of mutiple bond formigy tendens
oNn, Cr

Mn

N inrease
Nota : 0n mosing deon the grepStability of hgher
t7 +7 +7
Nno< Teo, <ReOa
+G + (NcERT Lires)
Cro, < MoO, < wo, G(6)
O-N decteass.
On
moig peuod stability
+7
a ef hgh
t6
>Mnoe
Nota
tos soNE elorent Acicie character x 0N
feo <fe,0, (Aidie nalue)
Go <Cr,o, < Cro
Baic Basic
+2
Aaghotose
+3
+7

Basic Anphoteic
 Oxides af Transition Metalo
Sc Ti V Mo fe Co Cu Zn
CoO Nio Cuo Zn0
Sc,0, Ti0 VO
Mn0 feO
Ti,0, Vo, G,0, Mn,o, fe,O, Cu,0

Tio, V,o, CrO,

co, Mn0, fe,0,)
Mixed oxide

+6
-2
Mn,0,
fe Oa deconmgs, fe,O, t O.
Higher O"s in halide:
Se T Cr Mn fe Co Ni Cu Zn
X
Crs MnX, feX Ni X, CufX
CoXe Cux ZnX,
TX, VX aa Mmfs
fexsy Cofs Cul, X
fe I,X
Mnfa

MnO,f
turides stabilie hiaher Oxidaio state de to
O High Lattice eery-Co f
a) negy
high bond Gnthalpy * Vfs/erfe
Jn Vonodiurn high oxidaion state Vfe bat other
halide
N

Cux, (except VI,)

forrned bat Cul, not fosmed.
Cut +1

Cutz mere stable than Cut in agucos Soluton.

Cuu)
( Cu ()
caa) ’ mere HE nHE in cu]
 Melting pointi
A
MP o noof ompaned e lomct because
than S-6lock
- Blocks elenerta hare high MP
MP th
f (n-1)d e both paticipale in meta(Uo bo
D- block ms
8o murnber ef Unpaied inreases

Highet mP C, MO,w
Zn, cd , Hg (Vo latile roeta)
|Mn &T hare dao melting pcint Asthoyh han dantgat
Not- Lpwest mP inn all metab H (-38'c)
Highat me
m? in all metals W (3400'c)

Meting point 3d <4d <5d (den the greup metallie

character tes.Ae netallic bond
Peint becounes Stronger)
Beiliy point depend enbalpy of atozatioo
t-e, Metal hasig high enthalpy ef atomiziorn have high 8-P.
eothalpy et atomu zaoni (3d<4d<5d)
Enegy aeq uà ed to break all boncs of dattice an Conveti al
atoms into gase0us forms
Energg nequned to CoVert1mok of Aubstene irit gascous
atorns.

en En
M M

Tranzition element hae high enthalpy of atomiention duu to

Strony rnetallia bordi
density:
trom Left to Ristt atoec vo lurne les (Size decrease)
atoric Bo, dersiy inreases.
Se<TiV<cr <Mn < fe<Co < Ni u Zn.
Sn aopA- 3d<4d <5d
Lanthaneids contoction.
density Ir Os
 moment
Mognie char octer Mggnetii
(extreme seofpamg
fenoma_netie
Diamogmetie Patomgnetuc eiet e
Unpaiag
Uopied elechoo Vey strongy
’ No Unpued electon Attrocted by
--Attrocted by maynae feld
fdd
feld
momest (u) nn2) Bm
ohere n- noaf onpaued e.
+3 t 3 +3
Zn2t +3
Cut cut
10
=0 3d
4
order of pomqneie
omagnei: chas acter i
fet3 Cot3
BM valei
Cut Cu2t
+3 +3
Mn

Coleu of Compeunds:
Most ot the d-block elernert Compeunds
due to "d-o tsonsitio"
acolened

4
(coleur emitled)
Unpained Joser energy d- ocbital aaerb ightde
-to this e exied to higter enegy tewel bute" in
exuted stata Unstable and comes back to onginal
Around state it emib eneyy (emh coavelngth)(emit iht).
Jo
d4d Colowlen
Coloued
COmplimentary coleuws Cyclo'
Heoerer, +7

+7 d-d tanaitiom
3d
not pocible
YG GB
Yet show colour
Note - Mno4 cr, 0, ghoxo colo
2
due to
Chage trawfer and mot eto d-d toarrbon
Metallic chahacter i
Ae tran sition retab she metallic poeperty ike
iS high teole stregth
i) high ductile
J) high tmalleable
a) higb electncal e thermal Conduciity
yhigh metalle usture
) Most af Te has hcp/cep structue (solid)
vi) Te ae very hard ¢ hasig high
vii) ugb
Enthalpy af atomiscion
Mdkig +e
foration of intersttial Covnpeundi
Snterstitialvocs/sites
-metallic)
C,H,N or 8 (Small non
elerre t

rmetallic elomesit go
qd trapped ito interstital
Sites, tben the Cenonds foomed is Called inter sttial Coropndo
Cr tC
Cr,C, ( oterstitial canbide)
fetc fe,c ( cennentde)
Psopetes
() ay
Harder than pure
intthar pue melas.
nalaale
6) chemically inert:
 (22)
formatuo of non -stiochiorm etic
Atom re D0t pr eset in siple ratio +2+2

Ex- fe0 fe.0. (stiochionetic) t2 42 ‘2

t
2:3

fe fe,0
Ni(Non stiockicnmte)
gt us fore due to rnal deficieny dofect 3fe*
whuch i salibed
3fe' ’ 2fe t3
bygf
So, to frsro non- stiochisetie
Cowpeundo metal sheld exhibit
Vauable Vallny
Allay fonaton
ruoyi- Homegenes soid Soution'in nshich oe metal or nonrnete
w mixed in apnber etel
Transitio) TDekals for mw aley becaue they have Simn siz.
Steel fetc
Bsas CutZn
Brpze: Cu +Sn
Gersan Siwer’ ut 2n tN
atalyte Actiity'
Tbe cataltic actiity deuo -to:
Vauabloe oxidaion stee
foesence ef fee Valeney over netal swfec
Availabilit, ef voca nt dr orbitals.
Hydgenation; H 4-C-c-H
H
H
Haber fe
N, t3H
Osthal
NO H,0
8 Compley forsimation:
Tsanstion metabs tare tendersy to forn compeude' to
i) Sma sie
tx;- fe (CN) +4 KCN- k4 d obialo
felcnN )6J
 Compound of 'd block Element,
Tot assium Permgnata ( Kmno4)
'epaaion:
Step J+ pseped faing pyrolwtt (Mn,) ore uwith Koy or
K,co, (any base) in prexernee ef atmopheic orygernO.)
any othe oxidizit ot (kNQ/ ,9 cde), dank g
Solution ef potanium nggnati (KMnO,) is forned
Step K, Mne, ie treated with oidisirgoqart (aa/o, /
Aidic medium) to convet mognatt into fornogr.
stcp keaction:- 2Mna + 4 KDH + 0, (mino,")
’ 2 k,Mno, +2H, 6
(orc)
Black/Breon
Soid
Oxiol Potamim magnata
Areen soi

2 Mno t 2KCo, +0, 2KMno4 t2 C0

9re
base

(RA) (o-A) (base) nitite

Nitrate
Geneal Rule Mnl+ OA +Base K, MnOa
(Grean
Gicen Boid

StepD Reaction' K,Mno, t Cs Kmn, t2 kce

Cqcen) (Puple)

Grcer) (Pup
2 kMno,+2koH +0,
Oa t 2KMny tH,0
kmne:
(2) Cormmercial prepauaian af
Step (T Some
mn(Anade)
:- lectaltic oxidaton of
Step
+e
Ance- Mno
 (I4)
Laboratery methd: f pscparaio of Kmnl4 i
3t wis prepaned by tealing mo saltwith Perox ocis«lphatr te
|2 Mn+ 5 5,0 +81,0 -2
+ 164
Physical Proper ties :- 4chemical propete
O kMno, is puple Celew celoun, Crystaline Soliol.
St m0 deraty Soble in water.
Mno,2 Mnog (d) lAr] 3d45
| /Mn.

ColLow d-d transition coloun chage trarafer

diarnognetue
pauamognatc Tetrahedal cphpe (sp')
Tetrahal (sp)
k,Mn4 Unstable acidie mediun and dip soperatr irto

KMn + Mng t K,ca

Aueexide
Green Puple
H0
Aidic mediun
b 2KmoQ, + M, t24,0 +2 k,so
3K,Mn, t 2 H,so4
(H,04 so) eacti on becomw faste
sunlitt th
ef Sunitt
Sn present of
SO, KMnoy is' kept in dark bottlesa
Heatirg effet;
513K
2 KMhO K, Mnoyt Mno, t O
(not ci propotion rmn)
stered un dank Corstainer )
the paexenco of ight
 Reactio) with Cne: Hasou
Cornc
KMnO, Mn,0 Mn,+0,
(exan) (ayplocie (omp)
Oxridizing propoties ;i
KMna, poerfl O.A St Gon at as 0A in ocidi
meutiae
Acicic Mn2 nf -5
8AN
153
-+7
to 2
Basic
Mnly
Nethal nf3
basie
@ Aidic medium 8 - MoCveta in Mn
an acl

HND,

- 2 nso, t K,s4 t3H,0 + 5[0]

[AOHC
nánent xyqen =nfat
chale
aao

S0, Sog
NO/soNO,/so
fe fets
H,0, Oj
(whex = O,B,D
-2

2 co2
AKaline Medium2°y
M convexta into r o
2KMn0, + 2koH 2 k, Mnu +t,0+ loJ
e
B&ro
(mid basic): - S,oso -2
Neucal Medirn
KMnOy t24,0 2Mo +2KoH t36J + disporpartion 5omot
(aocaspurpe) (brown P, s,a , Br, I
 (6
Potasium Dicbrorrate (K,Cr, O,):-chomtt ore
+3
(Paring
(Bumig in prrm
pren feCr,o, ’ feo+c.
stepI of exees
Preparaton - hromte ore JrÖasted ith sodium Caobonte
in presenee ot an in yeverberatory funace
+6
4fe,0, +8 Na,C0,+70, ’ 2fe,0, + 8Na,Go, +8CO,
Chromt e Base Sodlurn
chromat
Beon/Back (Yelleo)
step :-`oc'um chita is treted ith H,o, Ond for rms
dichmt

NacrO, t , so, Na, r, Q;+ Na, So, +H,0

l s obe
mee Boubu

Na,Cr, 0, +2kcl K, Cr, O, t2Naa

erarge cnystal.
öestion why K, r,a, us not prepaned diretly ?
|first Oe pefpase Na, G,0, then e plepane K, Cho,]
sol":- Soublit, f Na, r,, us than Kcro, BO
doen't prepare directy
Qestio shy K,Cr, O, us prefered rerer Na, cr,o, in volumetie
vohy
So":
analye ?
k,c,o, s pre ffer over Na,Cr, 0, in volumetie
anaysis becaese Na,Cr,0, s ygtoscepic in nature
(moistre abzerb).
Note:- Volumetnic analysis titration i-fer 3
Kroeon Boution Concetration t e I:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIEA Of Kao,
9t s a oronge red Caleused Ouystalline Solid
Aens ouble in cald water bt fteely soltble in
Hot ooter.
 Cro, 2-( Chromat) Cr, a ( Dichomat) )

Tetrabedral

(a43)
NCERT

Yellew Oronge
Al Cr-o bonds ae not equal
A Cr-0 boncs ae idertal onty G(cr-o) bond
idlentical
CHRONATE & DICHRDMATE

CrO, are stable in baic medium stile ar,0,

are steble in acidie nediuo.

( Dchormate
Aicl'c (orange)

Chromtt
Basic
Creltao)
PH<7
aidl)
2
2- 2ge
Gro
chromata back
Cr,O,
dichomata
Yellew (baic) orarge
(PH>7)
CHEMICAL PROPERTIEA

O Heatiy Cfecti
44K,Cr,, AK,CrOt 240, +t 30,
¿een

(T) 2
goeen
Oxidizrypoperties
pewerful oxidizint afent and it a
as OA 6nly in avdie medium, generally (oik s04)*
Usedl an aid and telf conveti into ats,
Crts
Kz,O acidic
Gorge
 (8
K, G, 0, 4 H,sO4 K,so4 + Cr, (so), t+4H,0t 3[oJ
Ge+Cr, 0, + J4HTo2 Crt+ 7 H,0

Adifed K,a,
K, C,0,0, (orango)|
H,s S
so, So,
Sn,Cut?)
ew (r?, Sr a)+ ic (fet3
(No,,so;)- aa ( No,, so,2)
ta exceptf
X, (a,, Br,, r,)
(Hx,KX) *
-2
Co,

Cr134fe H,0
x: ) fet4 Cr0,
7

Test of k,cr,0, -
cPion in so)
O ChrornyI chloride Test;-(for identifcation of
so Containig cP + ro, tH,sOy Cro,ccy
Redtiuh B-oonVapsw
(chsemyf chlenidaga)
fornation of yelloo soution;
Cro,cat NaOH
Na,CrOa
Yelle colon ol?
Note ;- chloride of Pb, Ha, Aq t cn donot gire hii test becaue
they ane cova lort & donot aire ceein Aoction.
2 Aidbe Kya,O, react itth H, 0, do grea deep blue Rol
due to fornation o4 cro:
r,0, + 2H + 444O, 2 CrOs

Butter fly stru( Peroxytin kage)

 Drink_e Drve Test
K, Cr,o, CH,cOOH
Altohel
C,(So.),
-een,

F-Block EIerents
(Inner transition elements)
subshell.
Slernent in wstich last electron enters in (h-2) f

eral onfgaton &- (m-o) fe"n-) dOd ns

-General
Lanthaide ( Ce - u)
58 - 71
> f - Block
Actinide (Th - L)
90 103

lanthaide (Rare earth eernent) -

Name Nemonc Slecthonc tonfgiation Lnt2 Lnt3
Atomicnol
58 4f' 5 ' 6s? 4f2 4f!
Ceriun
59 Gs 4f3 4f?
Praseocymiu Pr
4f 4f3
NeodymiurnNd
61
Pronethium P 6s2 4f5 4f 4
62 Sanarium So 4f 4f5
63 Eusopiuro Eu 4£? 6s 4£7
64 Gadolinium |Gd 4 f? Sd ss? |4f'5o
65 Terbium Tb de 4f9
lo
6s2
G6 Dysposiu Di 4f
4f11 Gs?
67 Holiurn 4flo
12
68 Erbiur er 4f 6s2
4f!
69 rhutur)Tn Ty 4f3 4f13
4f2
70 YterbiurmYb 4f i4 4 fI4 13
4 f
71 Lutetiun Lu T 4fl4
l4fb4414
 See God laugh 2o)
Ce
58
Gd
G4
Lu
71
(a'antgyuofen
all are d )
hest

Actinoids
Atonie No-| Name Symbol
Nemonio alecthonie confiunticn 13

Thoiu Th Gd 7s? 5f°

91
Protactiniuo fo 5f² Gd! 7s² Sf? 5f
33
Uranium 5f 6d' 7s 5f

94
|Neptuniun Np 5 Gd! 7s 5f 5f3
95 Plutonium Pu
Arnendurm A)
7s 5f5 5f1
96 5f? 7s 5{6 5f5
Curhum Cm
97 5f7 5f6
Berkeliurn BK 5f5 s 5f7
98 5f5
Californium Cf 5f7s 5f9
99
Einsterium ¬s 5f
100 5f" 7s
l01
ferniun 5f7s?
Mendeeviur d 5f43
7s
Nobeliurn No 7s 5f43
103
Larenaurm L
5f 5f

Pa NP Cro La

Atomic Si2e / Iorc Si2e -

Lat3 >catsPrt>Na> PronE GST,D,yo¬ TosD

Reasoni- Lantharute Gorstacon (vey peor shieldiyef

f-sutghel.
Reason - Atnotd Contra chon
Oxidation slate] Lantha niole Ln
Lnt3 - CosowoD Oxidatios state
Lnt St2 Eut3( Hall filled), ybt> (tuel fillad)
Lo Ceta
Tb4 Dy Po

(9nod gas (half filled)

Cortgwaien)
Lanthanide in "2 oxidation stat acin as+4 act as
Lnt2
Ln
+3
and Lanthanide
etzing ager*
A
Reducing Agent
 cety is oxidizing gend and henu oxidizes voatey
Note:- Cet oxidies walin o, t acts as a good analstical
Voy B.le

Actoeidsi AcDxdelhon stleJ Comoon 0 3

Acagont (2)
Vou bla O·s becaluse alom
beca use gf,gd 46< have alonos
bet ainide sho
Sae endgy
Es No lY
Th U Np fu Am C BK Cf
t3 t3 +3 t3
+3 +3 +3 +3 t 3 t3
4 +3 +3

+ 4 4 4
t4 t4

+5 +5 +S +S tS

t6 +6 +6t6

+7 +7
&Reacto of Lanthaneds

2 7 7K3

Ln

LnN
aid Lo (oH), tH
Ln( Anint H2
Basic Natue
Bauic nlwe of hydooxide deereases from Ce(oH),Lu(oH)
Uses foxmation ef Alloy 3
Mischmnetal ;- Lanthanide metal (95 )
Iron (5.)

traces of C,s, Ca 4AR