POST LAB DISCUSSION
TOPIC OUTLINE
• Instructions
• Laboratory Experiment I
• Laboratory Experiment II
• Laboratory Experiment III
• Laboratory Experiment IV
• Laboratory Experiment V & VI
INSTRUCTIONS
• There will be six activities for the practical exam.
• It will be answered individually with each
question given 3 minutes to answer.
• Make your answers concise.
• Be calm when answering and performing the
laboratory activities.
• Use terms properly
○ Residue – any solid left in a partial
dissolution.
○ Precipitate – solid formed by a
change in a solution, often due to a
chemical reaction or
change in temperature
▪ Indicators of chemical change:
□ Precipitates form or
dissolution of precipitate
□ Change in color or
disappearance of color
□ Evolution of characteristic
odor
▪ Clear – absence of turbidity or
cloudiness
▪ Colorless – absence of any color
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT I
Measurement and Properties: Identification of an
Unknown Liquid
• The properties are the characteristics of a
particular substance that enable us to identify the
substance.
• Common properties used in the lab are density,
boiling point, and solubility.
• Identify the liquid unknown based on these three
properties.
○ Commonly used property is density. Every
substance has a specific density.
○ • The state of change during the heating of the
○ defined by the change of color of the red litmus
• Lower alcohols are mostly water-soluble
because of their polarity. Alcohol is a
combination of a polar part and a nonpolar part.
• Boiling point is another characteristic of a liquid
that enable us to identify the identity of a liquid.
Each substance has its own boiling point.
○ In the first experiment, a water bath was
used instead of an oil bath.
▪ However, oil bath is more accurate
than a water bath, especially when
Post Lab Discussion Page 1
you are dealing with alcohols with
C5-up
○ It should coincide with your solubility
▪ The higher the boiling point, the
more it is insoluble in water
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT II
Composition of Most Organic Compounds
• There are seven common components of organic
compounds
○ Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Sulfur, Phosphorus, and Halogen
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
• The sample is an egg albumin, which is a protein.
• Oldest method of determining the presence of
carbon and oxygen is heating
• Carbon
○ All organic compounds undergo charring
when heated.
○ The egg albumin is pale yellow in color
and has a fine texture
▪ When the egg albumin was heated,
it underwent charring, which
signified the presence of carbon
▪ Charring is observed through its
physical properties: Texture
becomes brittle and color becomes
black characterized with a burning
smell
• Oxygen
○ While the egg albumin was heated, vapor
was observed coming out from the test
tube
▪ Upon cooling, moisture was
observed at the sides of the test
tube
▪ It is composed of hydrogen and
oxygen, formed water
Nitrogen
• Elemental nitrogen cannot be obtained because it
is not reactive to agents.
• It should be changed to something that can be
reactive to be identified
• Nitrogen is mixed with soda lime
○ A mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
and calcium oxide (CaO)
mixture of egg albumin and soda lime can be
paper to blue.
○ This is caused by the gas coming out from
the heated mixture
▪ Gas: Ammonia ( )
Sulfur
• Likewise, with Nitrogen, Sulfur cannot be
detected in its elemental form. It needs to be
transformed to ions.
○ Egg albumin is dissolved into NaOH, and
added with lead acetate:
POST LAB DISCUSSION
○ When this reaction happens, you'll get:
Lead sulfide + , which leads to
brown black to black brown-black to
indicate the presence of sulfur in the form
of lead sulfide
Phosphorus
• Not included as one section did not perform it
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT III
Properties of Carbon
• Decolorizer - removal of color, whether partially
or completely
• Deodorizer - removal of odor, whether partially or
completely
• Reducing - the ability to reduce the oxides of a
metal
Carbon
• It is a very good decolorizer and a deodorizer,
which have been observed during the
experiment with the crude coconut oil
○ Crude coconut oil has a strong
characteristic odor with a turbid
appearance that may be dark yellow,
yellow, or pale yellow, depending on how
it was made
• The filtered coconut oil, which was subjected to
charcoal turned clear, colorless, and odorless
Wood Charcoal plus Copper Oxide
• This reaction characterized a redox reaction
because carbon functions as a reducing agent,
while the wood charcoal as an oxidizing agent
• After a while during heating, the mixture turned
from black/greyish-black to a hint of red or a
shiny orange substance in the test tube
○ Shiny red/orange substance: copper
• Lime water reacted with carbon dioxide forming
calcium carbonate as white-colored precipitate
○
• Reaction that took place in the heated mixture
○
• Heating should be done continuously until a
change takes place so as to free the copper from
the mixture.
○ This would not have been made possible
with a low temperature
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT IV
Acids, Bases, and Salts
• This experiment is all about the Arrhenius
concept on electrolytes and nonelectrolytes
• The more a substance dissociates with water,
the stronger it is as an electrolyte
• Electrolytes can conduct electric current in an
aqueous solution, which can be observed with a
conductivity apparatus
○ This is observed through the presence of
ions
• The intensity of light of the conductivity
apparatus is proportional to the strength of its
electrolyte
Post Lab Discussion Page 2
Water
• Known as a very weak electrolyte
• Distilled water may sometimes be deionized,
which contains purely water molecules, which
explains the absence of light
• Tap water, coming from river water is known to
be full of minerals, it is also chlorinated during its
process. Although it undergoes process of
removal of minerals, not all minerals are
removed. Hence, the dim light.
• Polluted water, which contains pollutants,
explains the slightly brighter light compared to tap
water light coming from the apparatus
Salt
• With it not being in solution form, it was unable to
emit light from the apparatus.
Sugar
• With it being an organic compound, it is a
nonelectrolyte
Acid-Base Indicators
• Phenolphthalein: more accurate
○ Colorless - acid
○ Purplish pink to deep purple - base
▪ Weak base: purplish pink
▪ Strong base: deep purple
• Methyl Orange
○ Red - acid
▪ Highly acidic - red
▪ Slightly acidic - red orange
○ Yellow - base
• Litmus Paper
○ Blue to red: acid
○ Red to blue: base
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT V & VI
Boiling Point
• The stronger the IMF, the higher the boiling point
○ Straight chain: stronger IMF
○ More branches: weaker IMF
Solubility
• This follows the idea on "like dissolves like"
○ Polar solute soluble in polar solvent
○ Nonpolar solute soluble in nonpolar
solvent
○ Organic solute to organic solvent
○ Inorganic solute to inorganic solvent