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Solution
CH-4 ( MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT )
Class 12 - Physics
1. Here V = 104 V, B = 0.04 T,
e = 1.6 × 10-19 C, m = 9.1 × 10-31 kg
An electron accelerated through a p.d. V acquires a velocity v
given by
1
mv2 = eV or v = ‾2eV
‾‾m‾
2 √

As the electron describes a circular path of radius of r in the

perpendicular magnetic field B, therefore,
mv2
r = evB

or r = mv
eB = m 2eV
eB √ m
‾‾‾‾ = √ 2meV
eB

√ 2×9.1×10−31 ×1.6×10−19 ×104

=
1.6×10−19 ×0.04
5.4×10−23
=
1.6×10−19 ×0.04

= 8.43 × 10-3 m = 8.43 mm

2. The magnetic field of the straight wire carrying a current of 2
A, at a distance of 10 cm or 0.1 m from it is
B = 0 = 4π×10 ×5 = 10-5 T
μI −7

2πr 2π×0.1
This field acts perpendicular to the direction of the electron.
So magnetic force on the electron is
F = qvB sin 90o
= 1.6 × 10-19 × 106 × 10-5 × 1
= 1 .6 × 10-18 N
3. The magnetic field at O due to the straight parts of the wire
will be zero. Magnetic fields at O due to the three circular
arcs of radii r, 2r and 3r are:
μ0 I
B1 = 4π
⋅ θ
r
, acting normally inward
μ0 I
B2 = 4π
⋅ θ
2r
, acting normally outward
μ0 I
B3 = ⋅ 3rθ , acting normally inward
4π
Thus the total magnetic field at the centre O is
 μ0 I
B = B 1 - B 2 + B3 = 4π (
θ
r − θ
2r
+ θ
3r )

5μ I
= 24πr0
θ , acting normally inward
4. i. The expression for the magnetic field at the centre of a
circular current-carrying coil,
B = μ0 NI/2r
where N is the number of turns of coil, I is current flowing
in the coil, r is the radius of circular coil and μo is
permeability of free space.
ii. Magnetic moment is given by,
M = NIA = NI (π r 2 )
M = πNIr 2
5. As θ (rad) = Arc
Radius
∴ 3π
2
= or l
l
r
= 3πr
2
According to Biot-Savart law, magnetic field at the centre O
is
μ μ μ0
B = 4π0 rIl2 = 4π0 ⋅ rI2 ⋅ 3πr
2
= 4π
⋅ 32 ⋅ πIr
4π×10−7 3
= 4π
⋅ 22
7
× 10
2 3×10−2

= 1.57 × 10-3 T
6. The currents in QR and PS have no effect on AB. There is a
force of attraction between AB and PQ and a force of
repulsion between AB and SR. But PQ is closer to AB than
SR, so force of attraction is stronger than the force of
repulsion. So the loop begins to move towards AB.
−7
7. Force on C due to A, F 1 = 4π×10 2π×0.10
×10×10×0.15

= 3.0 × 10-5 N, towards A

Force on C due to B,
4π×10−7 ×20×10×0.15
F2 = 2π×0.10

= 6.0 × 10-5 N, towards B

Net force on C
= F2 - F1 = 3.0 × 10-5N, towards B
8. Diameter of the wire = 2 × 0.5 = 1.0 mm = 10-3 m
∴ Number of turns per unit length,
n = 1 = 103 m-1
10−3 m
 Also, I = 5 A, μ0 = 4π × 10-7 Tm A-1
∴ B = μ0 nI = 4π × 10-7 × 103 × 5 = 2π × 10-3 T

9.

i. The magnetic lines of force of a solenoid form closed loops

while the electric lines of force of an electric dipole start
from the positive charge and end at the negative charge.
ii. Such curves are called magnetic lines of force. No two such
lines of force can intersect. If they do so, then there will be
two tangents and hence two directions of the magnetic
field at the point of intersection which is impossible.
10. Each current-carrying conductor produces a magnetic field
around it. So each conductor experiences a force due to the
magnetic field of the other. According to Fleming's left hand
rule, the direction of the force is perpendicular to the two
wires and is inwards. Hence the two wires attract each other,
as shown in Fig.

11. Here e = 1.6 × 10-19 C,

v = 6.8 × 109 MHz = 6.8 × 1015 Hz, r = 0.53 × 10-10 m
m = IA = ev × πr 2
2
= 1.6 × 10−19 × 6.8 × 1015 × 3.14 × (0.53 × 10−10 )
= 0.96 × 10-23 Am2
12. Here I = 10 A, N = 100, B = 3 T,
A = 40 cm × 20 cm = 800 cm2 = 8 × 10-2 m2
0 = 90°- 60° = 30°
= Angle between B and the normal to the plane of the coil
∴Torque,
τ = NIBA sin θ
 =100 × 10 × 3 × 8 × 10-2 × sin 30°
= 120 Nm
13. Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is the deflection
produced per unit flow of current while voltage sensitivity is
the deflection produced per unit applied potential difference.
Current sensitivity, Is = αI = NBA
k
Voltage sensitivity,Vs = Vα = IR
α
= NBA
kR
If the current sensitivity is increased by increasing the
number of turns N, the resistance R will also increase. So,
the voltage sensitivity might not increase on increasing the
current sensitivity.
14. If mp , md and ma are the masses of proton, deutron and a-
particle respectively, then
md = 2mp and ma = 4mp
Also qd = qp and qα = 2qp
Kinetic energy,
K = 12 mv2

∴ Velocity v = √‾2K
‾‾
m

Radius of the circular path of a charged particle in a

magnetic field is given by
r= mv
qB
= m
qB
⋅ √‾2K
‾‾ =
m
√ 2mK
qB

√ 2mp K √ 2md K √ 2mα K

∴ rp = qp B
, rd = qd B
and r α = qαB

rp
rd
=
qd
qp √
‾mm‾‾ =
p qp
qp
‾2‾‾
m‾
m
p
= 1
d √ p √2

rp
rα
=
qα mp
qp √ mα
‾‾‾ = 2q p
qp
‾4m‾‾
m‾ p
=1
√ p

Hence r p : r d : r α = 1 : √‾
2:1
15.a. F ⃗ = q(v⃗ × B⃗ )
i. When the charged particle moves perpendicular to the
magnetic field, it will move in a circular path.
ii. When charged particle moves obliquely (neither parallel
nor perpendicular) to the magnetic field, it will move in a
helical path.
b. The magnetic force acts on the charged particle
perpendicular to its instantaneous velocity v⃗ , at all
 instants. It cannot change the speed of the particle. As
speed remains constant, the kinetic energy also remains
constant.
16. i. When a charged particle,q moves with velocity,v in a
uniform magnetic field, B, then magnetic lorentz force,F
acting on it is given by, F = q(v × B)
ii. The direction of force on the charged particle is given by
(v × B). Here, direction of v is +i ̂and direction of B is −k.̂
For α -particle, charge is positive
So, direction of force is +(+ î × − k̂ ) i. e. + ĵ
Thus for α-particle, it describes a circle with anti-clockwise
motion.

For neutron:
It is a neutral particle, so it goes undeviated as
F = q(v × B) = 0

For electron:
Magnetic Force is given by F = −e( v × B)
So, direction is −(+ î × − k̂ ) ⇒ − ĵ
Thus, e- describes a circle with clockwise motion.

The path of the particles in the presence of magnetic field

is shown below:

17. i. The force experienced, F ⃗ = q(v⃗ × B⃗ )

The charge will go undeflected when v⃗ is parallel or
antiparallel to B⃗
∵ F⃗ = 0
[Alternatively, If v makes an angle of 0° or 180° with B⃗ ]
 ii. The KE of electron
KE = e2 r 2 B2
2m
= eV ,V is equal to 104 V.
1 ‾2mV
‾‾‾‾ = ‾2×9.1×
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
10 ×10 ‾
−31 4
1
∴r= [√ −19 × 0.04 ]
B√ e 1.6×10

= 8.4 × 10-3 m
18. Let l be the length of the wire. When the wire is first bent in
the form of one turn circular coil, l = 2πr 1 or r 1 = 2πl , N = 1
μ0 NI μ0 ×1×I μ0 πl
∴ B1 = 2r 1
= 2×(l/2π)
= l
When the wire is bent in the form of n-turn coil,
l
l = n × 2π r 2 or r 2 = 2nπ ,N = n
μ0 nI μ0 π n2 I
∴ B2 = 2(l/2nπ)
= l
B1 1
∴ B2 = n2
= 1 : n2
19. The fields produced by the two coils are shown in Fig

Magnetic field at O due to each loop is

∣B⃗ 1 ∣ = ∣B⃗ 2 ∣ = μ0 I R
2

∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 2 x2 +R2 3/2
( )

As B⃗ 1 ⊥ B⃗ 2 , so the net field at O is

B=√ ‾B‾‾‾‾‾‾
2 + B2‾ =
1 2
μ0 I R2 √2
3/2
2(x2 +R2 )

2μ0 I R2
For R < x, B = √

2x3
20. Let the lengths of the two circular segments ACB and ADB be
I1 and l2, and p be the resistance per unit length. Then
The resistance of segment ACB, R1 = l1ρ
Resistance of segment ADB, R2 = l2ρ
suppose I1 and I2 are the currents in segments ACB and
ADB respectively. As the two segments are connected in
parallel, so the potential differences across them must be
 equal.
∴ I 1 R 1 = I2 R 2
or I1l1ρ=I2l2 ρ or I1l1 = I2l2
Magnetic field at the centre of an arc of length l carrying
current I is
μ0 Il
B= 4πr 2
Therefore, the magnetic fields at the centre O due to the
currents I1 and I2 are
μ0 I1 l1 μ0 I2 l2
B1 = 4πr 2
and B2 = 4πr 2
where r is the radius of the circular conductor. As I1l1 = I2l2,
So
B1 = B2
As the currents I1 and I2 are oppositely directed, their
magnetic fields B1 and B2 will be opposite to each other.
Hence the resultant field at the centre O is zero.
21. i. Consider the case r < a. The Amperian loop is a circle
labelled 1 (fig.)

For this loop, taking the radius of the circle to be r

Let this loop contains charge Ie. This current enclosed Ie is
not I, but is less than this value.
Since the current distribution is uniform, the current
enclosed is
2 r2
Ie = I ( πr
πa2 )
= I ( a2 )

Using Ampere's law,

2
B.2πr = μ0 I ( ra 2 )
μ0 I r
B= 2π (
a2 )

So, B ∝ r f or r < a
ii. Consider the case r > a. The Amperian loop, labelled 2, is a
circle concentric with the cross-section. For this loop,
L = 2πr
Ie = Current enclosed by the loop = I
 The result is the familiar expression for a long straight wire
B.2πr = μ0 I
μ0 I
B= 2πr
B ∝ 1r when r > a

Fig. shows a plot of the magnitude of B with distance r

from the centre of the wire. The direction of the field is
tangential tothe respective circular loop (1 or 2) and given
by the right-hand rule.
22. Given:
Number of turns, N = 20
Radius of coil, r = 10cm
Magnetic field strength = 0.10 T
Current in the coil = 5 A

a. The torque on the coil is zero because the magnetic field is

uniform along with the coil.
b. The total force on the coil is Zero due to the uniform
magnetic field.
c. Let average force on each electron in the coil due to
magnetic field = F
The cross-sectional area of the wire, A = 10-5 m2
Free electron density or number of free electron per metre
cube of copper, D = 1029
Charge in each electron = 1.6 × 10-19 C
We know that,
→ →
F = B × e × Vd ...(1)
Where,
F = force due to magnetic field
B = Magnetic field strength
e = charge on electron
Vd = drift velocity of electron
 Vd = NeA
I
...(2)
Where, I = current through the coil
N = Density of free electron
A = cross sectional area.
Putting values in equation (2)
I
Vd = N×e×A
5.0A
⇒ Vd =
1029 m−3 ×1.6×10−19 C×10−5 m2

⇒ Vd = 3.125 × 10-5 ms-1

force on each electron is given by F = B × e × Vd …(3)
By putting the values of B, e and Vd in equation 3, we get,
where B is the magnetic field
⇒ F = 0.10 T × 1.6 × 10-19 C × 3.125 × 10-5 ms-1
⇒ F = 5 × 10-25 N
Hence, the average force on each electron is 5 × 10-25 N.
23. i. According to the right-hand grip rule, the field B1 of wire 1
at point P will point normally outward while the field B2, of
wire 2 will point normally inward, hence
μ0 I μ0 I2
BP = B1 - B 2 = 2πr 1
= 2πr 2
4π×10−7
= 2π [
20
0.10
− 30
0.30 ]

= 2 × 10-5 T, pointing normally outward.

ii. At point Q, both B1 and B2, will point normally inward,
−7
∴ BQ = B1 - B2 = 4π×10
2π
20 30
[ 0.10 + 0.10 ]

= 10-4 T, pointing normally inward.

iii. At point R, B1 points normally inward and B2 points
normally outward,
−7
∴ BR = B2 - B1 = 4π×2π10 [ 0.10
30 20
− 0.30 ]

= 4.5 × 10-5 T, pointing normally outward.

24. Fab = Force experienced by wire 'a' of length 'l' due to the
magnetic field of wire 'b'.
Fba = Force experienced by wire 'b' of length 'l' due to
magnetic field of wire 'a'.
Ba = Magnetic field due to wire 'a'
Bb = Magnetic field due to wire 'b'
 μ0 Ia
Ba = 2πd
since F ⃗ = I(l ⃗ × B⃗ )
μI
0 1
F ba = I2 l 2πd
μI
Similarly, F ab = I1 ⋅ l 2πd
0 2

The direction of force experienced by the wire 'a' is toward

the wire 'b'. (As shown in the diagram). Similarly, the
direction of force experienced by the wire b is toward the
wire 'a'. Thus, the force is attractive.
If two long wires are placed in vacuum at a separation of 1
m, one Ampere would be defined as the current in each wire
that would produce a force of 2 × 10-7 Nm-1 per unit length
of wire. or One Ampere is defined as the current that flows
with electric charge of one Coulomb per second
25.a. Formula and
Calculation of work done in the two cases
i. Work done = mB(cos θ1 - cos θ2 )
θ1 = 60°, θ2 = 90° and magnetic field B = 0.44 T
∴ Work done = mB(cos 60° - cos 90°)
= mB( 12 − 0) = 12 mB
= 12 × 6 × 0 ⋅ 44J = 1 ⋅ 32J
ii. θ1 = 60°, θ2 = 180°
∴ Work done = mB(cos 60° - cos 180°)
= mB( 12 − (−1)) = 3
2
mB
= 3
2
× 6 × 0.44J = 3.96J
b. Calculation of torque in case
Torque = |m⃗ × B⃗ | =mB sin θ
For θ = 180°, we have
Torque = 6 × 0.44 sin 180° = 0
26. Electron revolving in circular orbit is a source of current in
that orbit due to which this orbit behave as current carrying
 loop.
We know that, Current in this orbit is given as:
⇒ I = e/T = ev/2πr
where, time period
⇒ T = 2πr/v,
r = radius of orbit and
v = velocity of electron in that orbit
The magnetic moment of revolving electron due to the
current,
ev
M = IA = 2πr × πr 2
⇒ M = evr
2
If electron revolves in anti-clockwise sense, the current will
be in clockwise sense. Hence, according to right-hand rule,
the direction of magnetic moment will be perpendicular to
the plane of orbit and directed inwards to the plane.
So,
∴ M = evrm/2m = eL/2m
where,
mvr = L= angular momentum orbital of electron and m is the
mass of electron.
∴ M = −e(L/2m)
Negative sign indicates µ and L are in mutually opposite
directions.
From Bohr's postulates,
L = mvr = nh
2π
,
where n = 1, 2, 3, ....
e
⇒ M = 2m ⋅ nh
2π
= nμB
where, μB = 4πm
eh
is known as Bohr magneton.
Bohr magneton is defined as the magnetic moment of first
orbit of H atom.
27. i. For conversion into ammeter:
Rg = 12 Ω, Ig = 2.5 mA = 0.0025 A, I = 7.5 A
Ig 0.0025
Rs = I−Ig × Rg = 7.5−0.0025
× 12
2.5×12×10−3
= 7.4975
= 4.0 × 10−3 Ω
So by connecting a shunt resistance of 4.0 × 10-3 Q in
parallel with the galvanometer, we get an ammeter of
range 0 to 7.5 A.
Net resistance RA is given by
 1 1 1 3001
RA
= 12
+ −3 = 12
4×10
or RA = 12
3001
Ω = 4 × 10−3 Ω
When an ammeter is put in a circuit, it reads slightly less
than the actual current in the original circuit because a
very small resistance is introduced in the circuit.
ii. For conversion into voltmeter:
Rg = 12 Ω Ig = 2.5 × 10-3 A, V = 10 V
10
∴ R= V Ig − Rg = −3 − 12
2.5×10
= 4000 - 12 = 3988 μ
So by connecting a resistance of 3988Ω in series with the
galvanometer, we get a voltmeter of range 0 to 10 V.
28. i. Importance and production of the radial magnetic field: In
a radial magnetic field, magnetic torque remains maximum
everywhere. It is produced by cylindrical pole pieces and
soft iron core.
ii. In a moving coil galvanometer as a voltmeter, a high
resistance in series is required whereas in an ammeter a
shunt is used because,
a. Voltmeter: A high resistance in series is required when
moving a coil galvanometer is used as a voltmeter to
make sure that a low current should travel through
voltmeter without changing the potential difference that
needs to be measured.
b. Ammeter: A shunt is used when a moving coil
galvanometer is used as an ammeter to make sure about
not much change in the total resistance of the circuit with
the actual current value of flowing current.
29. Ig = 10
1
× 150 mA = 15 × 10−3 A
1
Vg = 2
× 150mV = 75 × 10−3 V
Vg 75×10−3
Rg = Ig = = 5Ω
15×10−3
i. Required current range,I = 6 × 150 = 900 A
Ig Rg 15×10−3 ×5
∴ Rs = 1−Ig
= = 8.33 × 10−5 Ω
900−15×10−3
ii. Required voltage range, V = 1 x 150 = 150 V.
150
∴ R= V Ig − Rg = −3 − 5 = 9995Ω
15×10
30. Magnetic moment due to a planer square loop of side / and
carrying current I is given by
m = IA = Il2
In vector form m⃗ = I l 2 n̂
where n̂is a unit vector normal to the plane of the loop in the
sense given by right-hand thumb rule.
Force of attraction on conductor AB,
μ0 I1 I μ0 L1 I
Fa = 2πl
×l= 2π
Force of repulsion on wire CD,
μ0 I1 I μ0 I1 I
Fr = 2π×2l
×l= 4π
As Fd > Fr' the net force on loop ABCD is attractive.
μ0 I1 I 1 μ0 I1 I
F net = F a − F r = 2π ( 1− 2)
= 4π

As Fa > Fr' the net force on loop ABCD is attractive.

μ0 I1 I 1 μ0 I1 I
F net = F a − F r = 2π (1 − 2 ) = 4π
As the area vector is parallel to the magnetic field, θ = 0°, so
torque on the square loop,
τ = IAB sin θ = IAB sin 0∘ = 0
Thus the torque acting on the loop is zero.