Dream of epiphany

PLATO
• Plato was one of the most famous, respected, and influential philosophers of all time. A type of love
(Platonic) is named for him. We know the Greek philosopher Socrates mostly through Plato’s dialogues.
Atlantis enthusiasts know Plato for his parable about it in Timaeus and other descriptions from Critias.

• He saw tripartite structures in the world around him. His social structure theory had a governing
class, warriors, and workers. He thought the human soul contained reason, spirit, and appetite.

• Plato’s most famous work is the Republic, which details a wise society run by a philosopher. He is also
famous for his dialogues (early, middle, and late), which showcase his metaphysical theory of forms—
something else he is well known for.

• According to Plato, all artistic creation is a form of imitation, that which really exists (in the “world
of ideas”) is a type created by God; the concrete things man perceives in his existence are shadowy
representations of this ideal type.
• Plato had many reasons to want poetry banished from society; one in particular was that he felt poetry gave
false impressions about the gods and heroes. He banished poets from his ideal state because they inspired by
some sources and such poetry is not based on rationality and reason.

• Plato believed that concepts had a universal form, an ideal form, which leads to his idealistic philosophy.

• Plato believed that the purpose of the soul was to escape the burden of the body, and reach the Realm of
Forms.

• The philosophy of Plato is more theoretical and abstract in nature.

• Plato believed that wisdom was the most important virtue and the supreme goal of existence. It is the
foundation of all good and embodies all virtues.

• Plato believed that soul was the guide to body and mind. He further divided the soul into three: emotion,
desire, and reason. According to him, the soul is the part of reality.

• Plato saw ultimate happiness as dependent upon society, and believed that man’s ultimate goal was becoming
one with the universe.
ARISTOTLE

Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, who made important

contributions to logic, criticism, rhetoric, physics, biology, psychology,
mathematics, metaphysics, ethics, and politics. He was a student of Plato for
twenty years but is famous for rejecting Plato’s theory of forms.
According to Aristotle, the intellectual virtues include:
 Scientific knowledge
 artistic or technical knowledge
 intuitive reason
 practical wisdom
 philosophic wisdom
According to Aristotle
 universal forms were not necessarily attached to each object or concept and
that instance of an object or a concept has to be analyzed on its own.
 in favor of direct observation and experience.
 Truth was something concrete.
 art was essentially truthful
 Art is psychologically healthy.
 Art leads to moral knowledge.
 It was politically necessary and healthy as well.
 Poetry may imitate means they are, or betterment us idealized version of
reality.
 He takes up the cudgel on behalf of the poetry and effectively brings out its
superiority.
 soul is the form of living thing and was inseparable frim the body.
 Aristotle is more practical and experimental in nature.
 According to Aristotle, wisdom was a virtuous goal one could achieve with
effort and diligence, and it was not a virtue that appeared automatically, nor
was it a unification of other virtues.
 Aristotle believed that man’s ultimate goal was achieving excellence and
becoming a master.
 Aristotle saw ultimate happiness as dependent upon the individual.
GOSSON

• Literature is immoral, irresponsible, unrealistic and corrupting the minds of the

youth with unrealistic expectations
• Literature spoil and misguide young generation
• It is shadow of shadows and mother of lies
• Poetry is a dangerous rival to morality
 • 1- It is a waste of time
A man could employ his 2- Mother of lies
time in more usefully Poetry is an imitation so it
than in poetry. Spend can never be true, a copy of a
one’s time on fruitful copy, it is unreliable and not
knowledge because true.
poetry does not benefit
one in any way.

GOSSON’S FOUR CHARGES

AGAINST POETRY

3- Nurse of abuse 4- Poets should be banished

Poetey does not only because they are liars and
encourages abusive themes but there should be no place for
also nurtures them and liars in our surrounding and
corrupts the mind of the young one’s country, Plato rightly
people banished them and we
should also exile them
PHILLIP SIDNEY
 Philip Sidney defends poetry in his essay “Apology for Poetry” from the
accusations made by Stephen Gosson in his “School of Abuse” dedicated to
him. There, Gosson makes some objections against poetry. Sidney replies to
the objections made by Gosson very emphatically, defending poetry in his
essay. Sidney does this in a very logical and scholarly way.
Sidney’s reply to Gosson’s charges:
 No learning is so good as that teacheth and moveth to virtue, and that none
can both teach virtue, and thereto as much as poetry”.
 poet “nothing affirms, and therefore never lieth”, his end being “to tell not
what is or what is not, but what should or should not be”
 To third charge, Sidney replies that poetry does not abuse man’s wit but it is
man’s wit that abuses poetry.Abuse of poetry, according to Sidney, is not the
problem of poetry but of the poet.
 Sidney concludes, “So as Plato banishing the abuse, not the ‘Thing’, not
banishing it, but giving due honour unto it, shall be our patron and not
adversary”.
THANKYOU Presented by
 TOOBA BUTT
 AYESHA FATIMA
 MALEEHA NADEEM
 NARJIS RAZA
 KAYNAT ZAHID
 MEHWISH RUBAB
 HAMNA RAFIQ
 NUKHBA ARIF
 RUKHA KHALID
 RIMSHA TAHIR