1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
 COME
ERGEN OF IMPROPER INTEGRÁLS
323
and function f(x) is bounded over this
the
infinite)

finite and interva; or (i) the

andf () is not bounded over this
6 interval

the
(a, b)

geitnfmproper
neither
is
interval1 (a, b) is finite norf (r) is bounded interval; or (ii)
integral of the irst kind or
over it.
infinite
Convergence Improper Integrals
ot
definite integralf) dr
in which the range of
integration
is infinite
integrals. A

either b
co or
=
a =. oo or both) and the
-

S1. Some Definitions.

ie, integrand fo) is
ded, is called an improper integral of the first kind or an
infinite
. Infinite Interval. The interval dx
infinite is said to be an whose length (range) is integral. Thus san improper integral of the first kind since
infinite interval. Thus
o,6) and (- , o) are infinite the intervals the upper limit of integration is infinite and the integrand 1/(1+r) is
intervals. (a, oo).
2. Bounded
over the
Functions. A function
f(t) is said to be nded. Similarly J de is an example of an improper integral of
interval I if there exist two real bounded
that numbers a and b (b >
a) such the first kind because here the lower limit of integration is infinite. Also

A
asft) sb for allx
EI i s an improper integral of the first kind.
function f(x)
is said to be unbounded 1+r
at
infinite at that point. Thus the
function
a
point, if it
becomes In case the interval (a, b) is infinite and the integrand f(t) is
fo) =x/{(r
is unbounded at each of -1) (- 2)}
bounded, we define
the
3. Monotonic functions. points
x 1 and x
=
2. =

A real valued function li

intervalI is said to be f defined on an () S s)dr =sf)dt,
monotonically increasing if
and
x>y»fc) >f(0) *xy El provided that the limit exists finitely ie., the limit is equal to a definite
monotonically decreasing if real number.

A function
x>y»f(e) <f0) *Ly El.
f defined on an interval I is said to be
function if it is either a
monotonic provided that the limit exists finitely.
increasing on I. monotonically decreasing or
monotonically lim lim
For example the function
f defined byf (t) =
sinr is (Gii) Sf)dt = 1)d + lf)d
increasing in the interval 0 sx
s}r and monotonically
the interval t monotonically decreasing in provided that both these limits exist finitely.
sx ST.
7. of the second kind. A definite integral
Improper integrals
4. is finite but the integrand
Proper Integral. The definite integral
) dr is said to be fr) dr in which the range of integration
of the interval a Sx Sb, is
J) is unbounded at one or more points
a
proper integral if the range of
integration finite and the integrand
is
of the second kind.
fx) is bounded. The integral 7T/2 called improper integral
an
Ssinx dr is a proper integral. dr dt are improper integrals
of
Also r is an example of a
Thus
(r J,
2) (* -3)
and
J,
proper integral because the second kind.
limSn= 1.
r0 In the case of the definite integral

5. Improper Integrals. The definite integral is

J. f) dr is said b) is finite and the integrand i (x)
of integration (a, def+ne the
to be an
in1proper integral if (i) the interval (a, b) is not finite the range of the given
interval, we
more points
(i.e., is ubounded at one o r
value of he integral as follows
 ONVERO
RGENCE OF MPROPER NTEGRALS
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 325
)If fr) is
only, then we define unbounded at x =b only ie., if f(t) oo
asr b

Sfdr= s)dr, Sol. () We have

C dr lim
provided that the limit exists
() f )> *
finitely. Here e is a small
asra only, positive number. Bydef.)
then we define

provided that the limit exists finitely.

(ii) Lff (¢) asx>conly, where a <
o»
Thtts the limit does not exist
2im123
initely and therefore the
given
c <b, then we define tegralis divergent (i.e., the integral does not exist).
(i) We have
provided that both these limits exist finitely.
(iv) 1ff«) is unbounded at both the
(a,b) and is bounded at each other points a and b of the
point of this interval, we writeinterval lim

where a <c<b and the value of the

integrals on the right hand side exists. integral
exists only if

S 2. Convergence of
eech of the
2
improper integrals. Thus the limit exists and is unique and finite; therefore the given
When the limit of an
definite finite number, we improper integral as defined above, is a integral is convergent and its value is 2.
say that the given integral is
the value of the converzent and
integral is equal to the value of that limit. Ex. 2. Evaluate S, X
limit is oor When the
o, the integral is said to be
the integral does not exist. divergent i.e., the value of Sol. We have
In case the
limit is neither a definite number nor o or the
integrai is said to be oscillatory and in this case also the value »,of the
integral does not exist i.e., the integral is not convergent. We can define lim
r o |logx - 0= .
the convergence
of tie
infinite integral f) dx as follows Thus the limit does not exist finitely and therefore
the given
does not exist).
Definition. The integral is divergent (i.e., the integral
integral S ft)dr is said to converge to the value
I, if for any arbitrarily chosen positive number e, however small but not
zero, there exists a coresponding
positive number N such thai
Ex. 3. Evaluate
J, a=
Sol. We have
S)d-<efor all values of b2N.
Similarly
lower limit is
we can define the convergence of an
integral, when the
-2ro
dx
:.f -2)
dr
(By def.)

infinite, or when the

integrand becomes infinite at the lim .
upper or lower limit.

Solved Examples
Ex. .
Discuss the convergence of the the given integralis
evaluating them
following integrals by Which isa def+nite real number. Therefore
convergent and its value is 1.
 ERGENCEOF IMPROPERINTEGRALS 327
326

Ex.4.
INTEGRAL CALCULUs lime,= l-¬=[1-0=1.
Test the convergence of n" dr, (m> 0). Thus the limits existand is unique and finite; therefore the given
i n t e g r a li s convergent,

Sol. We have S d r = S d, (by def.)

lim We haves-.""de = ,"at, (By def.)
Jo=n.-Lm- 1)}-- o-11-
Thus the imit exists and is
lim
-1 - -]-.
integral is convergent. unique and finite, therefore the given
Thus the limit
does not exist initely and therefore the given
Ex.5. Test the convergence
of J ed integral
is divergent (i.e., the integral does not exist).
the convergence of
Ex.8. Test
Sol We have
=.Sd, (By def.) Jsinh dr () coshx d.

=1o -1] = ®. Sol ()We have sinhrdr =ossinhrd, (By def.)

Thus the limit does not exist
finitely and therefore the given lim Note
integral is divergent (i.e. the integral does not exist).
Ex6(a. Test the convergence of
JP+4
Sol. 4a dr lim
Wehave
- 4a
J +(2a
(By def
(5y def.)
4an 2 lan' =[n. -*+. i--u-=|=
-

=2. an-2.[tan] =2.- Thus the given integral diverges t o -

,

Thus the limit exists and is We have

integral is oconvergent.
unique and finite; therefore the giveen coshr dr = -dx
Ex.6 (b). Show that i s not convergent. - +."a=}1+«]=«.
(1+)s
Ex. 7; prove it here.)
Sol. dr
We have , (1+2rlim (As proved in
o, (1 +)d, (By def.) to
Thus the given integral diverges
lim(t lim
3{(1 +1- =e. Ex.9. Test the convergence ofS_"dr.
Sol. We have
Thus the limit does not exist
finitely and therefore the given Ex. 4)
integral is divergent (i.e., the integral does not exist). = + + 1 =o. (Refer Ex. 1. and
Ex.7. Test the convengence of Therefore the given integral
exist finitely.
Thus the limit does not
1S divergent (i.e., the integral does not exist).

Sol. We havef e"dr = sS.cdr, (By def.) Ex. 10. 7est the convergence of (Rohilkhand 1984)
 CONVERGENCE OF IMPROPER INTEGRALS 329
328
INTEGRAL CALCULUS Sol. Here the integrand (ie, 1/*) becomes infinie at the lower
Sol. We have
limitx= 0.
dr lim
J.1J.1#7*J,
lim lim d

tan
1+ r

lin
o
J 1+x
ootan
-+ co=00
olim
0- tan (-x)] +x> [tan"'x -0 lim
o Hence the limit
does not exist finitely. Therefore the given integral
oo and its value does
not exist.
(- «/2) +a/2 =T. diverges to
= -

Thus the limit exists and is dr

unique and finite; therefore the given Ex. 14. Evaluate
integral is convergent 1-1) ie.,
becomes unbounded
i.e., 1/V(l-1)
Ex. 11. Evaluate
. oX+2x
+22 +2
+2
dx
dx Sol.
infinite at
Here the integrand
the upper limit (i.e.,x 1).
=

dx
Sol. We have dr
X+2r +2 + 1+1 1-)1-E
lim
x 1+1t**
dr lim dr -2(1-)
+1)+ T
where c is any real number -2Ve +2] =2,
lim lim the given integral is convergent
real number. Hence
+ 1)+ tan'e+ 1D which is a definite
and its value is 2.
lim
=X [tan" (c+1) + tan "(1 -x)] Ex. 15. Evaluate
at the
becomes infinite
lim0 [tan ( 2 + 1) - tan"(c + 1)] Sol. Here the integrand {ie., 1/(1-1)]

upper limit (i.e.,x =

1).
tan(c+1)+ - tan(-»)+ tan' (») - tan"(c+ 1) 1 -e

= -

(- /2) a/2 ==n.

Hence the given integral is convergent and its value is . = oo.
lim
=e0-loge +0] = - - o ] given
Ex. 12. Evauate and therefore the
does not exist finitely
Hence the limit
Sol. In the given integral, the
integrand 1/Vr becomes infinite at integral does not exist i.e., is divergent.
the lower limitx 0. Therefore we have
Ex. 16. Evaluate J,
=

infinite at x = 0 and 0 lies

0 J. 0 2 Sol. Here the integrand
bcomes

between - 1 and 1.
lim
0 2 2Ve] = 2.

Hence the given integral is convergent and its value is 2.

Ex.13. Evatuate
 IMPROPERINTEGRALS
ERGENCE OF 331
330
INTEGRAL CALCULnUS While applying comparison test, we generaly take
Note

i s generally taken as the comparison integral.

lim
036+3+0 3-3(e)"]=3+3:
3 =6. Theorem.
The comparison integral where a>0, is
Ex. 17. Evaluate
ergent
when n>1 and divergent when ns1. (Meerut 1973)
Sol. Here the of an improper integral, we have
-1<0 < 1.
integrand becomes infinite at x=0 Proof. By the definition
and
and

. $=/".Ia
lim

not exist and is

-1o-1
Since both the limits do not
finitely, exist therfore the 1, then
lim
x0 1-n
I n iS negative andson
-
1s positive.
1)

integral does
-

divergent. Ifn
lim
Ex. 18. Evaluate dr Therefore inthiscase = T==0
Jo r-a)
Sol. Here the
0<a< la. integrand becomes infinite at Hence from (1), we have
Proceeding exactly as in x =a and d
not exist
finitely i.e. the given integral isEx. 16, we find that the limits do n-j
fn > 1
$ 3. Tests for meaningless. when n > 1.
ie., convergence improper
of
Hence the given integral is convergent
to test the
convergence integrals of the first kind
integration is infinite and the of improper integrals in which the range 1,then 1 n is positive and sor -> o
im " = o.
integrand is bounded.
-

off Ifn <

Ifan integral of the form ,
actually integrated, its f)dr or
Sf)dt cannot be =.

followingtests: convergence is determined with

from (1), we have
help the the of Hence the given integral is divergent
when n < 1
S4. Comparison test.
Letf r) and g(F) be wo
in the interval
When n =1, we have
(a, ). Also let functions which are
g(x) be positive andbounded and integrable
I2a. Then,
if J g()dk |f)| sg() when lim log [ogr-log a
is convergent, S
Similarly if f)dr is also convergent.
number I>a andIf)|28() for all values of x 0o- log a o,.
=
1.
is divergent when
=
n

divergent. 8 (r) dr is divergent thenS greater than some Hence the given integral
when n s1.
>l and diverges
,

f)dr is also dx
converges when n
Alternative form of the
above
comparison test. Solved Examples
is a
definite number, other than zero, the ofthe integral
So) dr and g () dr integrals Ex. 18 (a). Test the convergence
either both converge or cos dr. (Meerut 1991;
Rohikhand 80)
both diverge. r+a
 132 ROPER INTEGRALS
rONVERGENCE OF
INTEGRAL CALCULUs 333
Sol. Here
s)- Obviouslyg x) posiUive in the interval (a, )
Is
a

Letg (t) = We have | f ) | = |

Obviouslyg (*) is positive in the interval
We have
(0, oo).
If)I | smu. cos mx|=

Since sin"x s 1.
+a

Thus since | cos mu| s1. .by comparison test, dis convergent if is
f)| sg (*) whenx 20. convergent.

by comparison test, cOS m dr But the comparison integral

+ is i s convergent because here
i s convergent. convergent if
1.
n 2 which is >

But sin d is convergent.

-.| tan - Hence J d isconvergent.
=
tan"-o:2-a definite real number. Ex.19 (b). Show that the integral d i s convergent.
+15 Convergent.
(Agra 1975; Meerut 98)
Hence
P+ r is also convergent. Sol. Proceed as in Ex. 19 (a), by takinga
Test the convergence of the integral
=z.

Ex. 18 (b). Ex. 19 (c).

Test the convergence of the
integral Sund.
COS x (Rohilkhand 1976, 79)
0 1+.
Sol. Proceed as in
Ex. 19 (a). Test the
Ex. 18 (a) by taking m =
1 and a =
(Agra 1974)
1.
Sol. Let f¢) *sinx = Then f) is bounded in the interval

convergence of the integral interval (7, ).

sin (r, ).Take g () =
Theng ) is positive in the

Sol. Leta > 0. Then we (Meerut 1991P; Rohikhand 80) sin 1sinx
can write Wehave |f)|=
1.
since |sinx i s

Since0 1, therefore the integrand dr is convergeni if

throughout the finite interval (0, is bounded .by comparison test,
a)
So
dr is a
convergen.
proper integral and we need is convergent because ihere
to
check the But the comparison integral x
convergence of the integral
d r only. n 2 whichis>1.
Here
S) Takeg (r) = Hence Sun dr is also convergent.
334
ONVERGENCE OF IMPROPER INTEGRALS
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 335
Ex. 20. Show that
the integral dx eithe
hoth convergent or both divergent. But the
comparison integral
a>0. xV(1+x converges, where s )d ie, J, sconvergent because here n=3/2 which is
Sol Let
dx
f) = 1. Hence , f)dtie.,
J, o+1)is also convergent.
Then f(r) is
xV(1+ Ex. 22. Test the convergence of
bounded in the interval
Then g (r) is (a, o). Take g ()
positive in the interval (a, co). We have 1/?,
--1)' (J d-1
=
)
1

a+5Va+(/}
<since V{1+(1/
Sol. )
Obviouslyf )
Let
f)= a-1-1}V{-1-}
is bounded in the interval (2, o).
1
We can writefe) 1akeg() =
=
by comparison test, dr V{1- (1/2)- (1/x*)}
x V(1+ISisconvergent if
Sis We have
convergent. lim ) _ lim 1
But
the comparison integral 8 ) V{1-(1/)-(1/} *
n
2 which is > 1.
J. is convergent because here which is finite and non-zero. Therefore

Hence
S r)d and s ()dr
Vd+s also convergent. either both converge or both diverge.
But the comparison integral
Alternative Method
Here 1
f)Vd + ?AI+(1/23ake8) = because here n = 1. Hence
x

is divergent
We have xlim> 0o f()-lim
8r)x V{1+ (1/))1, which is finite
and non-zero. Therefore
drie J, e-x-1
f(¢) dr and S 8 *) dr either both
is also divergent.
both in part (). Here also the given integral is
converge or
diverge. But S. g) dr J. is convergent = (i) Proceed exactly
as

because here n 2 which is>1.

= divergent.
Ex. 23. Test the convergence of J, + a
Hencef)de ie.. rV(1 + r a s alsO convergent. bounded in the
interval
Thenf(t) is
Ex. 21. Test the
convergence of the integral dr Sol. Let fr) =

J, V+1) (0, o). Letb > 0.

Sol. Letf)= V+) We can write
VI +(1/)}
Take g) We have L)_ lim o 1 = I. side is a proper integral
V{1+ (1/*)} integral on right hand
the integrand f (v)
The first finite and the
which is finite and non-zero. interval of integration
(0, 6) is
the
Therefore , f(x) dr and J, s)dr are Decause
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS COA
VERGENCE OF IMPROPERINTEGRALS 337
is
dounded in this interval. So we need to check the convergence
integral of the by comparison test, f)dr is convergent if J, g t) d is
(+ad only. convergent.

We can write
Now 8 ) de f, =
e"k = "de
+ (a/r) {1+
Takeg()= 1/t. (a*/*)P - lim
We havemf). lim
g x>o xo-e*+e"]=0+e'=1/e,
and
(1+ (a1 1, which is finite
non-zero.
Theretoré S fr) dr and which is a definite finite number. Hence g() dr is convergent.
g() dr either both
converge or both diverge. But the S f ) dr is also convergent.
comparison integral g) dr ie.,
dr is divergent. Therefore S. f) dr is also Hence - is convergent because the sum of two
divergent. Hence X

J (+ay2 r is divergent. convergent integrals is also convergent.

Ex. 25. Test the convergence of the integral
Ex. 24. Test the 1 coSd.
convergence of
-x SA dr. We have
Sol.
Sol. We can write
r
Sdx = sin' 2ud
2dt,41 putting=1sothatdr =

Since 0 e* =1, therefore the

integrand e is
bounded throughout the finite interval
(0,1). So
dr is a Now proceed as in Ex. 19 (a).
proper integral and therefore it is e* de is convergent
convergent. Thus we need to check Ex. 26. Show thattheintegral J
the convergence of z dr only. Sol. We have
Letfr)
Let f(t) =e*
ex Sinx
=
Then f) is bounded in the interval (1, ). integral because here
the interval
Take g () Obviously S e-*dr is a proper
=e. Theng () is positive in the interval (1, »). finite and the integrand
is bounded
e
We have
ot integration (0, 1) is is convergent. So we
this interval. Therefore this integral
throughout
e*" dt only.
s)| =
|e*| ==*.
|sin x| need to check the convergence of J,
that g (*) is positive
Letf)= e-*. Take g () have =xe so

sesince | sin x | 1 ands 1. throughout the interval (1, co). We

2 1.
Thus |f)|sg¢) throughout the interval (1, »). f) e-* Sxe-r, sincer
=
interval (1, *).
the
Thus |fr)| s g (r) throughout
33S
INTEGRAL CALCULUs cONVERGENCE OF IMPROPER INTEGRALS
by comparison test J, e*dr is 339

convergent convergent ifS, xe-*dr is = lim - 1

xol+(1/^
Now hich is finite and non-zero. a Since =ie, <1, it follows from the
L-test that the given integral is divergent.

- ) = . (-1*+\
e which is a definite number.
Ex. 28. Examine the convergence of xdr
(1+2
Sol. Let a>0. Then we have
Sxe« is
convergent and so dr is also
C xdr
convergent. (1+
Hence the
given integral S edr is also The first integral on the rigth hand side is convergent because it is
sum of two convergent as it is the a proper integral. We observe that in this integral the range of
convergent integrals. integration (0,a) is finite and he integrand x/(1 + x* is bounded
S 5. The
u-Test. throughout the interval (0, a). So we need to check the convergence of
Let f(r) be bounded and integrable in the interval xdr
a>0. (a, o) where (1+x3only.
If there is number u> 1, such that lim
a
x o x"f(¢) exists, then
Let f)1+1
Letf)74 Then f() is bounded in the interval (a, »).

s ) dris convergent Take = 3 - 1 2. Then

lim f ) =lim lim

If there is a
number u s1 such that lim (1 + ** {1+(1/2))***
xcoft) exists and is which exists i.e., is equal to a definite real number.
non-zero, then fe) dr is divergent and the same is true if 1, therefore by -test the integral
lim Since =
2ie., >
(1+x
x rf(x) is + co or .
is convergent.
While applying the u-test, the value of k is usually taken to be Hence iSalso convergent because it is the sum oftwo
equal the highest power of x in the
to
denominator of the
minus the highest
power ofr in the numerator of the integrand.integrand convergent integrals.
Ex. 29. Show that the following integrals are convergent.
Solved Examples
dr
Ex. 27. Eramine the dr
convergence of
(1+/ Sol. ) Letb> 0. Then we have 2
Sol. Let
f)= 7 q+ (1+ (1/*} Jo is
side is convergent because it
The firstintegral on the right handthe convergence of
to check
a
proper integral. So we need
Obviouslyfr) bounded is in the interval (1, co).
Take 4=-0 e have
bounded in the interval (, oo).
Thenf() is
im"S) =*~» 6 (1+ (1/)} Letf()
L e t f )Ta?
a~ +r*
+
Takeu =4-2 2.Then
 cONVERGENCE OF ROPER INTEGRALS
340 341
INTEGRAL CALCULUSs
N "f®) = = lim xt-1

f) = 1+x++.
which is a definite real
number.
x>* {1+(IAY* 0 for all values of and n.
Since >1,
therefore by a-test Taking >1, we see by j4-test that the integral

Hence d
(a+2 is convergent
(a42 Is also convergent because it is the sum of twO for all values ofn.
convergent integrals. is convergent
i) Apply A-test by taking 4 = Ex. 32 (b). Show that the integral d e is comverzent,
where a > 0.
Ex. 30. Test the convergence
of where b >a. Sol. Proceed exactly in the same way as in Ex. 32 (a).
3/2 Ex. 33. Test the convergence of the integral
Sol Letf)= 5Then f() is bounded in the interval
(b, o). Take u =2 -= Then
where m and n are positive integers.
im f() =* 3/2 (Meerut 1983)

N{1- (a/x*)} r Sol. Leta> 0. We have

lim
x ***
V{1- (a/r)} 1, which is finite and non-zero
Since 4< 1, therefore by a-test the given integral is divergent. and so
The first integral on the right hand side is proper integral
a
Ex. 31. Examine the is or divergent
dr it is convergent. Therefore the given integral convergent
convergence ofJ. x
(logx)+T
+T when
where
a> 1.
according as de is convergent or divergent.
Sol. Let logr t so that
=
(1/x) dr = dt.
of let us take
To test the convergence 1+,
dr a
r (logx +T
2n-2m.
Letf)= 1/t"* . Then f () is bounded in the interval (loga, ). lim
Take = (n + 1) - 0 = n + 1. Then We havexo Xo* {1+ (1/}
lim
=l, which isfinite and
non-zero.
lim
"S)=o T im1 I =1,
1 x i
(1/ > 1 ie., if
is convergent if a
which is finite and non-zero. the given integral
by -test, and n are positive
if n >m sincem
n - 2 m > 1 which is possible if
Therefore by 4-test, the given integral is convergent if is divergent if u l ie.,
Integers.Also u-test, the given integral
by integers.
#lie,n+1>lie,n>0 - 2 m sli.e., ifn <m since n and marepositive
of integral of a product.
and divergent if 4 s l ie.,n + 1slie.,n s0. 6. Abel's test for the
convergence
S is bounded and
monotonic Jor
(a). Show that the integralS, **'edxis convergent.
and o (r)
Ex. 32 f f) dr converges

Sol. Let f(t) =**e Then f ) is bounded in the interval a , then Sa)°t)dris convergen.
(1, ). We have
342 rONVERGENCE OF PROPER INTEGRALSS
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 343
Solved Examples
Ex. 34. Test the convergence of Sol. Let f¢)= jand o (t) sin =

(1- dr, when a >0. Nowis bounded and monotonic decreasing for all x2a and
Sol. Let
S)=and ¢() 1-e = im
Vx
0
We have
as |cos x| s1
Also
)de=sinxdr= |cosa-cos z| s2, for all
Gnite values ofx. |Note that the value of cosx lies between -1 and 1].
Since d is 0de is boundedfor allinitevaluesof.
convergent, therefore by comparison test
COSd is also convergent. Hence by Dirichlet's test the integral J dris convergent.
x
Agian (t) = 1 - e" is monotonic increasing and bounded Ex. 37. Show that sinx'dx is convergent.
function forx > a. (Meerut 1979)
Sol. We have Ssinrdr = S sinx dr + , sinr dr.
Hence by Abel's test (1-e de is convergent. But Ssinrde is a proper integral and hence convergent.
Ex. 35. Test the convergence.of Sndr where a >0 Now it remains to test the convergence of J, sinx dr. We can
2
Sol. Let sinx
fr) and o (r) =e
wie siar'a =J 2.cia)-a
=

r2

dx is convergent, therefore by Let f)= and o() = 2xsinx'.

comparison test . is bounded and monotonic decreasing for

a dris also convergent. The function f(r) =

Again e i s monotonic decreasing and bounded function for allr21and 0.

x>a.
Also
Hence by Abel's test x
dis convergent. = cos 1- cos x|s 2, for allfinite values ofx.
S 7. Dirichlet's test for the convergence of integral of a bounded
forall finite values of.
product. , )de| is
Iffo) be bounded and monotonic in the interval a sx < » and if Hence by Dirichlet's test
lim
s ) =0, then the integral S)¢)d provided r) 2x dt ie., S, sinr'dr
converges is convergent.
(Sin therefore
)de| is bounded as xtakes allfinite values. Since the sum of two convergent integrals
is convergent,

the integral J sinrdr is convergent.

Solved Examples
Ex. 36. Test the convergence of the integral Sindr is convergent.
Ex. 38. Show that theintegral
(Meerut 1977)
dr, where a > 0.
44
INTHGRA. CALCUIUN eONVERGENCE OF IMPROPER INTEGRALS
345
Sot. We have n Ex. 40. Show that the integral
d,whete dr, a z0 is convergent.
Sinem sinr (Meerut 1980)
I, the integral Sds is a proper integral Sol. We have
and hence onvergent
-ar Sin r a Sin dr
Now to sin x
test the oonvergence ot . where a > 0,
Let f) lim
lA and o () sinx.
The tunction f (e)= l/r is
=
Since ) e 1 , the integral S d is a
dounded and monotonie
decreasing tor proper integral and hence convergent.
all2 aand 0 Now it remains to test the convergence of
Ako
a-sinxd-
finitevalues ofr.
| cos- cos *| s2, tor all in d.

P()d| is bounded for all finite values of r Let )=and o(t) sinx =

Hence by Dirichlet's test Obviously the function f)= i s bounded and monotonic
the integral dis convergent. lim
Since the sum of two decreasing for allr 2 a and f) =^ 0.
sinx
convergent integrals is convergent, therefore o o

r is convergent. Moreover dr= . sinxde=cosa -cos s2.for

Ex. 39. Prove that all finite values ofx.
-cosdh is convergent where U() de| is bounded for all finite values of.
Sol. We have
by Dirichlet's test SIn dr is convergent.
C* cos ax - 0S
pd= COS &r cos P d. Since the sum of two convergent integrals is convergent.
therefore

The function f (t) l/t bounded

=
is and monotonic
decreasing for rSI d is convergent.
allr 2aand im =
0.
S8. Absolute Convergence.
Alsos ad-(sin ea -sin au's TaT The infinite integral f() dr is said to be absohuely convergentif
dr is convengent.
cas ad| is bounded for all finite values of x. the integral Is@|
it is necessarily
Similarly J cos At ar is bounded for all finite values ofx. fa)dr is absolutely convergent,
If the integral J
not
is convergent, it is
byDirichlet's test both the integrals convergent. But if the integral J, fMdr
absolute convergence gives
a

convergent. Thus
and are convergent. necessarily absolutely
necessary
condition for the
convergence of
an

Hence the Suticient but not a

given integral convergent.

is
infinit inte
 cONVERGENCEOF IMPROPER INTEGRALS
INTEGRAL CALCULUs 347
Ex. 41. Show that
dr is absolutely converge is convergent Hence S fx)dt is also
Sol. The convergent an and so the given integral is absolutehy convergent.
integral Sin dr will be
absolutely convergent if Ex 43. Show that the integral
sin Jecos mx dt converges
rIs is convergent. absolutley
Let fx) =

Thenf(t) is bounded in the

Sol. The integral ecos mx dr will be absolutely
comvergent
have
interval (1, o). We ifsecos mr | dr isconvergent.

-
sinzsinXlsince |sin x| 1. Let f ) = |e*cos mx|. Then f¢) is bounded in the interval

(0, co). We
have
f ) = le*cosmx = e | cosmx | s e
comparison test, S, f)d is convergent if since cos mxs 1.

convergent. But the

dr is by comparison test, S st) dt is convergent if s ed is
comparison integral dr is convergent
because here n convergent.
=
4 which is> 1.
Hence f) dr is
convergent and so the
But Jde = "a = -
absolutely convergent. given integral is lim
o -e"+1]= 1, which is adefinite real number.
Ex. 42. Show that
2 d
converges absolutely. S"dr isconvergen.
is convergent and so the given integral is
Sol. The integral Hence S fo)de
d will be
absolutely convergent if absolutely convergent
Sin dr is
convergent. S9. Tests for convergence of improper integrals of the
second kind.
the convergence of a
|Sin mir Now we shall make a study of the tests for
Let f)
Then f()
=
is bounded in the
interval definite integral of the types f(x) d« in which the range of integration
We have (0, ).
at one or more points of
is finite and the integrand f(r) is unbounded
consider the case when f(r)
the given interval (a, b]. It is sufficient
to
fa)
) Sn mr = sin mx| values of x in
+ + 4 since |sin mx | s 1. becomes unbounded at r = a and bounded for all other
case we have
by the interval ja, b]. In this
comparison test, J f)dr is convergent if S)dr.
is convergent. Ssdr =0 ,
tests for the
give a few important
In the articles to follow
we

But lim
- J tan convergence of the above integral.
10. Comparison test.
=
lim where the range of
X0 a Consider the improper integral
f)d,
which is a definite real number. a. Let g (r) be
onl at x
=
unbounded
htegration is and f(x) is
(a, b) finite
 poitive
INTEGRAI, CALCUI.Us
in ihe interval (a + r,b) and
|f(r) | 8 ) in the intern
CONVERGENCE
OF IMPROPER INTECGRALS 4)
(atb). Then J S() dr is
convergent if J 8 () dr is convergent. Im
Simlarty S)| 2 g(«) Sor all 0 log (b -
a) -

loge
values of x in
at,b), then
Sf) dr is divergent provlded J &() dr is the inteva
Alternative form of the nbove divergent. Hence the given integral diverges when x .
log ) -
m comparlson test,
is definite Solved Examples
number, other than zero, the
g( a

a) dr and s(t)dr cither both converge or both integrals Ex. 44. Show that the integral dr
Note. While applying the
diverge.
above
(1+)covergmt.
take comparison test, we Sol. In the given integral, the integrand fr) Vs (+ =

g() -it, J, t-ay generally taken gencrally as unbounded at the lower limit of integration x = 0.
comparison integral. the
Take 8 («) = 1/*"",
Theorem. The ThenX0 LO lim
conmparison integral x-ay s convergent g X»0141, whichisfinite and non-zero.
when n < I and
divergent when n 2l. b y comparison test
Proof. We have (Rohilkhand 1985)
lim
S S)de and S, e)d«
lim
-aye0 either both converge or both divergc. But the comparison integral
a+ - a dr
- a ) ~ n + 17
1 5 convergent because here n 1/3 which is less than 1. Hence
=

1 -n , ifn *
the integral i s also convergent.

If 1-n 1-n (1) dr

n< 1, then 1 -n is Ex. 45. Test the convergence of the inlegral
positive and so lim e'" = 0. Theiefore 1+
from (1), we have 0

integrand is
= 0-a**
Sol. In the given integral the f)= 1+X
unbounded at the lower limit of integrationr = 0. Take g (r) = 1/x.
Hence the given integral
If n> 1, then 1 n is converges when n< 1. Then lim I-04,
this case, from (1), we havenegative and so n 1 is positive. Therefore
-

in -

which is finite and Therefore, by comparison test,

non-zero.

drlim(b-a
r ae 0 1 S)de and , s)d
1-n (n - 1)" .
But the comparison integral
Hence the given
integral cither both converge or both diverge.
When n 1, we have
diverges when n > 1.
3 which is > 1.
i s divergent because here n
=

dr
J. - J . t-) dr also divergent.

lim dr lim
Hence the given integral J,
+is dr
og(r- Ex. 46. Test the convergenceofthe integral ,
 350
ONVERGENCE OFIMPROPER INTEGRALS
CON

Sol.
INTEGRAL CALCULUs 351
In the which is a detinite real number.
given integral the
unbounded at the lower integrand f(«) =1/N(*-1)
Take
limit of
8 ) integrationx
= 1/Vr- 1).
= 1.
is . J8) dr is convergent.
Hence dr
Then im,) lim aiso convergent.
+1) V(1-
lim Ex. 48. Show that the integral dis divergent.
X1 +1)
=
1/V2, which is finite and non-zero. Sol. In the given integral the integrand f (r) = is unbounded
Therefore by
comparison test, at the lower limit of integrationr = 0. Take g () =1/x.
S)d and , 8()t lim
are either both Then
convergent2or both divergent.
But s sdt = dr which is finite and non-zero.
lim 0 + -1) Therefore, by comparison test,
{r +V- 1)} f dt and
, sa
Jim either both converge or both diverge. But the comparison integral
=0 log (2+ V3y-log {1 +e + V(¢ + e)}]
which is a definite realnumber.
=
log (2+ V3), d is divergent because heren = 1

s ) dr is convergent Hence the given integral. Sec dr is also divergent.

X

Hence,
JV-1isalso convergent.
Ex. 47.
Ex. 49. Test the convergence ofthe integral
a/2
Test the convergence of the integral COS X
dr Sol. In the given integral theintegrandf()= i s unbounded
r+1)V( - 0. Take g () =1/*.
Sol. In the given integral the integrandf¢)= 1 at the lower limit of integrationr =

lim
is unbounded at t+ 1)V(1- )5 Then lim =lim X0 COSX =
1,
the upper limit of
integrationx = 1. Take X*g(I+0
1
which is finite and non-zero. 2
c/2
Js)dr and g )
lim Therefore, by comparison test,
Then
xl g() either both converge or both diverge.
which is finite and non-zero. Ca/2
Therefore, by comparison test. But ss)d =d 0
f ) d r and S, s)de m - - o|-2+-
either both converge or both diverge.
a/2
S dr 8) dris divergent.
But 80t =

Ji = +0 J, V- Hence the given integral COSdr is also divergent.

=
sin sin"(1-)}=sin'1=z/2
 52
INTEGRAL CALCULUs
Ex. 50. Show that S cONVERGENCE OF IMPROPER INTEGRALS 353
r'"dr ks convergent ifn > 0.
f there is a number p z1 such that lim - a)"f) adsts and
Sol.If n z1, then S 'edx is a (Rohllkland 1977) a+0

the proper integral bccause non-zero, then ( ) dr is divergent and the same is true
integrand s(r) =Xeis bounded in the interval
given intcgral is convergent when n 2 1. (0, 1). So the lim
Xa+0 (-a)f ) = + o; or -

.
Ii0 <n< 1, the
Takeg(x) =?*
integrand f(x) ='e* is unbounded atx 0, =
In casef() is unbounded atá= b, we should find
lim
Then L)_ lim xb-0 6-x".f),
Then y0 g() which is finite and non-zero. the other conditions of the test remaining the same.
by comparison test, S f) dr and J8 ) Solved Examples
dx either
converge or both diverge. both
Ex. 52. Prove that the integral
r - comverge
But s 8)dt =
d« = S- d =
(Meerut 1982, 93)
Sol. In the given integral the integrand f(r) =1/W«
(1 -z)} is
o which is adefinite real number. unbounded both atx = 0 ånd atr = 1.If0 <á < 1,we can write
dr
d dr
8 )dr is convergent J. - J , Tur-*J, V«(1-3)}
HenceS -"e"dr is also Say.
Ex. 51.
convergent. In theintegral I, theintegrandf (r) is unbounded at the lower limit
Show that the
n > 0.
integral Sa ' e d r is convergent if of integration x =0 and in the integral , the integrand
f()
unbounded at the upper limit
Sol. We have of integration
x=1.
, To test the convergence of. Take u = We have

s'dr =S*'d+r-i"d. X0f)=0 o

Let
The
I=Sr'dt and Ih =S,'"dr. 41ie.,the limit exists.
integral I, is convergent for all values of n. Since 0 <
<herefore by -test I, is convergent.
For proof see Ex. 32 (a)] To test the convergenceof Take= We have
Also the integral is
convergent ifn > 0. [For proof see Ex. 50 lim lim
Hence the given
integral is convergent if n > 0 because then it is - 0 (1-i".f®) =1-0 (1-** VE(1-
the sum of two
convergent integrals.
S 11. The I-0 0 -
-Test.
Hence by-iest1, is convergent since 0 <p < 1.
Letfr) be unbounded atr =
a and be bounded and
arbitrary interval integrable in the Thus the given integral is the sum of two convergent integras.
(a +e,b), where 0 <e <b-a. Hence the given integral itself is convergent.
f there is a number u berween 0 and 1 such that
lim
Ex.53. Test the convergence of log - d.
xa +0 -a)"ft)exists, then S f)dr Sol. Letf)= Then f(r) is unbounded both at r =0
is convergent.
andr = 2. If0 < a < 2, we can write
 cONVURGINC ON IMI'ROPKRINTKORALS 355
tewt.
N 12. Abel's
and o () is bounded and monotonie for
r SS0)dt converges
INTRGRA CALCULUN
asxsb,then J f)o (r)drconvergyes.
J - J, +J, ve-nd 13. Dlrichlot's test.
f S. S) dr be bounded and o (*) be
bounded and monotontc
+2 8ay.
To test the We have to a, then
convengence of . on the interval
a
s Xsh convergtng to zero as x tends
lim
"f)-o oif >0. . T)o ) dt converges.
Therefore taking a between 0 and 1, it follows by 4-test that 7, Miscellaneous Solved Examples
is
convergent. Ex. 56. Testthe convergence of dt.
To test the convergence of I Take n = We have
r
lim2 -0 (2-".f)=" 2 - } (2 - /2.Og Sol. We have " n
2 - 0 logx-0 log(2-) log2. Now 0 1. Therefore for n integrand ts
s0, the
byu-test , is convergent because 0 < A< 1 bounded throughout the interval (0, n/2) and so the given integral is a
proper integral and hence it is convergent s0.
ifn
Hence the given integral is also convergent, it being the sum of two
convergent integrals. Ifn >0, the integrand is unbounded only atx 0. In this case, we
=

Ex. 54. Testthe convergence of Sa xPe"dr. have

Sol. Letf() =r"'eand/ =S e"dr. TI0{

lim * .
o 1,tp -n =0ie.p =n.
Ifp2 1,f)isbounded throughout the interval (0, 1) and
proper integral and hence it is convergent ifp 21.
so I is a

.by -test if 0<p < 1ie.,0 <n<1, the given integral

Ifp< 1,f*) is unbounded atx = 0. In this case, we have convergent and if 2 1ie.,n 2 1, the given integral is divergent.
lim Hence the given integral is convergent if n <1 and divergent i
r 0 " f ) = »0x".xP*'e*= lim # tp-Ie
n21.
lif +p-1 =0i4,4 =1-p. Ex. 57. Test the convergence of
So by -test when 0 < < lie.,0<p < 1, the given integral is
convergent and whenu æ lie.,p s0, the given integral is divergent. is
Sol. When n s0, the given integral a proper integral and
Hence I is convergent ifp > 0 and is divergent ifp s 0. hence convergent
1 When n>0, the integrand becomes unbounded atr = 0.
Ex. 55. Test the convergence of
tanx. d.
tan
Sol. Here the integrandf (*) = 1/(tan x) is unbounded atr = 0.
Let f)- COSX
lim
Take Then = >0 * " cosx = 1, if4 = n.

lim
We have0.f) =02. 1 Hence by u-test it follows that the given integral is convergent
(tanx) when 0< n < i, and divergent when n 2 1.

0 V (cosx) =1.1 = 1.

the given integral is

Since 0 <u <1, therefore by 4-test
convergent
336 357
INTEGRAL CALCULUS cONVERGENCE OFIMPROPER
INTEGRALS
From the above discussion, we conclude that the and (iil), we conclude that the given
given inteoral Therefore from (i), (i)
convergent when n < 1, and divergent when n 21. ral i when n > 0 and divergent
when n s0.
integral is convergent
Ex. 58. Show that the
integral 60. Show that the integral
logain xdr converges. Ex.
Sol. The only point of infinite, discontinuity of the
cos brdr
0 integrand is absolutely convergent
lim Sol. We have
log sinx, wheh >0

10 logsin -S *= e-*d +S er*da,where c>

integral Je*dr isa proper integral and
lim hence
But the

Convergent.
lim0 tanx d * dr is convergent by 4-test, for'we have
Also
lim =lim.
0- [by L-Hospital's rúule]
1+a++
0,if4>0.
Taking between 0 and 1, it follows = 0, for all values offa.
from 4-test that the given
integral is convergent. that J. e-la* d isconvergent.
Ex. 59. Discuss the convergence of the integral Taking A1 we see

S logxdr. ais convergent

(Meerut 1982) Hence Se"*cosbx de is convergent, by comparisontest.
lim
Sol. () Since0 x' logx = 0 where r > 0, the integral is a
Prom the above discussion it follows that the given întegral
is

proper integral, when n >1. absolutely convergent.

) Whenn = 1, we have Ex. 6 Discuss the convergence or divergence ofthe integral
lim
slogrd-0 logzde=o logr- 1 (Roblkhand 1978, Meerut 82)
= lim -1-eloge +e] =-1.
Sol. Ifb 0,we can write 1
e0 Let f)= >

the integralisconvergentifn=1.
(H) Let n < l andf() = l o g r .
Then 0 ")-0**s-" logr + l Say:
Let a 21. Then f) is bounded thfoughout the interval (0, 6) and
= 0
if1- .(1)
and
(2) so the integral , is a próper integral and hence it is convergent. To test
Hençe when 0 <n <1, we can choose u between 0 and 1 and the convergence of the infinite integral 1, in this case, we have
satisfying (1). The integral is therefore convetgent by j-test when lim lim xta-1

0<n <1.
Again when n s0, we can take = 1 and satisfying (2 Hence by 1, ifu +a - 1 ==1
M-test the integral is divergent when n s 0. ie., ifu = 2- a which is s 1 since a 21.
358

Hence by u-test is INTEGRAL CALCULUS

I, divergent. 359
the given
integral is INTEGRALS

Then in the divergent

Let a < 1. ifa 2 1. cONVERGENCE OF MPROPER

I=0. interval (0,b),f (*) is is (0, a) and

Alsof(«) is bounded throughout the interval unbounded only at
this case the integral 7,
the interval of integration
of
I, is an improper (6,). case of
of the second kind Therefore in In the
unbounded atr =0 only.
To test the convergence
improper integral of the firstintegral
kind. To test the
and 1, is
an ca theintegrand
is
have convergence of , we we have
0 - f ) =>0**."(1 -x=1
lim
0 I 0 x+11tg
i.e., if g =1-a.
=lifs ++a-1
a-1 =0
=0
lim +m-1 (1 -1'
0
If we take0 <a < 1,then we have 0< <1 and 0ie., ifu = 1 m.
-1 =
-

is
1, ifp + by -test ,
m
u so
by a-test I, is =
0 <1 and so
convergent. If we take a s 0, then 4 2 1 and so 0<m < 1, we have <u is
is by ju-test 1, divergent. Ifwe take we have u 2l
and so by pa-test I
To test the If we take m s0,
convergence of I, when a < 1, we.have convergent.
lim the interval of
integration is
. lim ta*l divergent.
of the integral 1
Again in the
case
+1* x+1 114 +a -1=1 unbounded atr=
To test the
1 only.
ie.,if = 2-a which is> 1 the integrand is
Hence by u-test I, is
since a < 1. (a,1) and soofwehave
convergence
convergent ifa < 1.
lim (1-1)"*'(1-1"**
Thus I, is convergent if a< 1. But is =r1-0
/, convergent if 0 <a < 1 and 1 - 0 (-1)" S)
is.divergent ifa s 0.
t h e given lim (1 - x)# ~lym
-1 *tn

integral is convergentif 0 < a <1 and is divergent if

11-o
s0.
Hence the given integral is convergent 1 - ( 1 -e))***-'(1 -*
ifa 2 1or ifa s 0. if 0 <a<land is divergent -1 =Oie,ifu =l
-n.

Ex. 62. Discuss the convergence of

- ' 1 -e"*= 1if +n is
the Beta function 1, we have 0<p <1 and so by ju-test I,
Ifwe take 0<n < is
so by u-test 1,
(Meerut 1986, Agra 70) we take n s0, we have p 2l and
convergent. If
Sol. Let f)="*(1 - »** divergent only
The following different cases arise: Thus if m and n are both < 1, the given integral is convergent
(), When m and n are both 2 1, the integrand f) is bounded if0<m< l and 0 < n <1.
is unbounded only
thróughout the interval (0, 1) and so the given integral is a proper Whenm <l
(ii) and n 2 1, the integrandf(x) is convergent if
the given integral
integral and is convergent atr =0. In this case /by u-test,
s 0.
0 <m<1and is divergentif m
(ii) When m andn are both <1, the integrand f() becomes unbounded only at
1, the integrand f(r) is
1. In tàis casewe take 0« I and we Again if m 2 l and n <
n <1
the given integral is convergent if 0
infinite both atr = 0 and atx = a < <
= 1. In this case byu-tesi,
write
and is divergent ifn s 0.
follows that the given integral is
Hence from (i), (ü) and (ii) it
convergent if botb m and n
are > 0 and divergent otherwise.
+ -' Ex. 63.-Discuss the convergence of the Gamma function
=1+h,5ay. S e"dr. (Meerut 1983, 92; Indore 79)

Sol. We can write

360

INTEGRAL CALCULUs
Let us first =1+12, say.
discuss the
Let f)='e convergence of .
Ifn2 1.f(g) is
a
proper integral andbounded
hence
throughout the interval [0, 1] and so
it is I is
Ifn <
1,f(t) is unbounded convergent ifn 21.
atx =0. In this
lim case we have
0f¢) =0 #.**'e"*=0 tn-l-x
1 ifr =
So by
-test when 0<#<+n-1=0 ie.,u l n .
=

convergent and whenu2lie.n $0,1ie.,0

the
<n <1, the integral I is
1is integral I is divergent.
Now let
coavergent if n> 0 and is divergent ifn s0.
us discuss the
convergence of the
integral I2 The function
f()=*'e*is bounded for all values
of x in the
have (1, interval
We ).
xtn-1

= 0 for all values of

u and n.
1+x+1t
Taking >1, we see
by u-test that the integral
I= S, *'edrisconvergent for
Hence the given all yaBues ofn.
n s0.
integral is convergent if n>0 and is divergent if