Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

Ch-2 - C Chemical Bonding

2.6 Coordinate Bond

(1) Explain : Coordinate Bond / Dative Bond.

Ans :
De nition :
[1] The bond formed between two atoms
- by sharing a pair of electrons ,
- provided entirely by one of the combining atoms
- but shared by both is called a coordinate bond or dative bond.

=> A coordinate bond can also be de ned as a bond formed

- between an ion and an atom of a polar covalent molecule
- with one or more lone pairs of electrons

[2] Example : Hydronium ion (H3O+) and Ammonium ion (NH4+)

[3] A coordinate bond has properties of both covalent and ionic bonds .
=> Therefore , it is also called dative / ionic bond.

[4] The atom which provides the electron pair

- for the formation of a coordinate bond
- is known as the DONOR .
=> the atom or ion , sharing the donated electron pair
- is known as the ACCEPTOR.

[5] Coordinate bond is represented by “–––>”

2.6.1 Conditions for the formation of Coordinate Bond

(2) Book : De ne a coordinate bond and give conditions for its formation.
Ans :
De ne : Above
# Conditions for the formation of Coordinate Bond :

Page 1 of 21
fi
fi
fi
fi
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

[1] One of the two atoms must have at least one lone pair of electrons,
e.g., ammonia (NH3) , water (H2O).

[2] Another atom should be short of at least pair of electrons ,

e.g., Hydrogen ion (H+)

(3) Book : What do you understand by lone pair of electron? (2018)

Ans :
[1] A pair of electrons which is not shared with any other atom
- is known as the lone pair of electrons .

[2] This lone pair of electrons is provided to the other atom

- for the formation of coordinate bond.

2.6.2 Formation of H3O+ and Lone pair e ect of Oxygen atom.

(4) Explain : Formation of H3O+ and Lone pair e ect of Oxygen atom. .
Ans :
[1] Water contains two hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom.
=> The hydrogen atom has one electron in its valence shell
- while the oxygen atom has six electrons in its valence shell.

[2] two hydrogen atoms share one electron each

- with oxygen atom form a Water molecule.

Page 2 of 21
ff
ff
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

[3] The two unshared pairs of electrons known as lone pair of electrons,
- do not participate in the bond formation in Water molecule.

[4] These lone pairs repel the bond pairs ( shared pairs ) and
- thus the shape of the Water molecule becomes wedge (∧) shaped.

[5] When an acid is added to Water, strong dipole interaction

- ( attraction between slight positive and slight negative charge )
- occurs between polar water molecules and the polar acid molecules.

[6] As a result of such a dipole interaction ,

- the hydrogen ion gets released
- from the polar bonds of the acid molecules.

H2O
HCl ––––––––––> H+ + Cl-

[7] The hydrogen ion spontaneously adds on to

- one of the lone pair of electrons of the oxygen atom
- of the water molecule forming coordinate bond.

Page 3 of 21
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

[8] Addition of released H+ ion to a lone pair of electrons

- of the the oxygen atom of the polar water molecules.
- leads to the formation of a hydronium ion .

[9] Hydronium ion is hydrated proton.

=> Hydronium ion has
- a lone pair , two single covalent bond and one coordinate bond.

(5) GR : O-H bond in a water molecule are polarised.

Ans :
[1] The O-H bonds in a water molecule are polarised
- due to the di erence in the electronegativity values of the oxygen and
the hydrogen atoms.

Page 4 of 21
ff
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

[2] The oxygen atom has an electronegativity values of 3.5

- while that of the hydrogen atom is 2.1 .
=> Oxygen has higher electronegativity
- so it attains slight negative (δ-) charge
- as it pulls the shared pair of electrons towards itself,
- while hydrogen atoms attain slight negative (δ+) charge.

=> Therefore , a molecule of Water

- due to these charges is a polar molecule and is represented as shown
alongside.

Formation of Ammonium ion : NH4+

(6) Explain : Formation of Ammonium io : NH4+.

Ans :
[1] Nitrogen atom has ve valence electrons and
- hydrogen atom has one valence electron .
=> In Ammonia , each of the three hydrogen atoms
- are bounded to the Nitrogen atom
- by a pair of shared electrons .

[ one electron from the hydrogen atom and one electron from the Nitrogen ]

[2] Thus, the Nitrogen atom in Ammonia is

- left with a lone pair of electrons.

[3] This Ammonia molecule combines with a hydrogen ion H+ ,

- which has no electrons in its outermost orbit

Page 5 of 21
fi
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

- in such a way that the lone pair of electrons on the Nitrogen atom
- is shared by the hydrogen ion.

=> The latter thus acquires the helium con guration.

[4] This bond which is formed between

- the Nitrogen atom Ammonia and the hydrogen ion
- is a coordinate bond and is represented by “––>”
- whereas a covalent bond is represented by “–––”.

(7) GR : Ammonium chloride has all the three types of bonds.

Ans :
# Ammonia Molecule :
[1] The nitrogen atom in an ammonia molecule
- contains a lone pair of electrons.
=> It is a DONOR.

[2] The hydrogen ion (H+)

- accepts that lone pair of electrons (ACCEPTOR) and
- forms a coordinate bond.

[3] Once this bond is formed, all four N –– H bonds become identical.
=> The linkage forms an ammonium ion having a single positive charge.

# Ammonium Chloride :
[1] When ammonium chloride NH4Cl is formed ,

Page 6 of 21
fi
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

- cation NH4+ ( having 3 covalent and one coordinate bond ) and

- anion Cl- are attracted towards each other.
=> Due to electrical charge existing between them ionic bond formed.

# Thus ammonium chloride is a good example of compound

- having all the three types of bonds
- covalent , coordinate , ionic bond.

Examples of compounds having :

(I) Electrovalent ( ionic ) and covalent bonds are NaOH, CaCO3 , etc
(II) Covalent and coordinate bonds is sulphuric acid.

CaCO3

Page 7 of 21
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

Formation of Hydroxyl ion : OH-

(8) Explain : Formation of Hydroxyl ion : OH- .

Ans :
[1] The hydroxyl ion or hydroxide ion is formed
- when one hydrogen (H+) is removed from the water molecule.

[2] When H+ is removed from water molecule,

- the shared pair of electrons remains with oxygen
- as oxygen is more electronegative and
- thus hydroxyl ion has negative charge.

Page 8 of 21
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

Self - Ionisation of Water : H2O

(9) Explain : Self - Ionisation of Water : H2O .

Ans :
[1] Water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
-> A positive hydrogen ion (H+) is formed when water ionises.

[2] This H+ ion is transferred from one water molecule

- to the oxygen atom of another water molecule ,
- forming hydronium ion (H3O+).

Page 9 of 21
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

[3] Thus , H3O+ and OH- ions are formed by water molecule.

(10) Book : State the type of bonding in the following molecules:

(a) Water
(b) Calcium oxide
(c) Hydroxyl ion
(d) Methane
(e) Ammonium ion
(f) Ammonium chloride
Ans :
(a) Polar covalent bond
(b) Ionic bond
(c) Covalent bond
=> O and H are bonded with a single covalent bond and oxygen possesses a
single negative charge in the hydroxyl ion.
(d) Non-polar Covalent bond
(e) Coordinate bond
(f) Electrovalent bond, dative bond (or coordinate bond) and covalent bond

(11)Book : (a) Draw an electron dot diagram for the formation of each of the
following :
(i) Hydronium ions (2018)
(ii) Ammonium ion
(iii) Hydroxyl ion
State the type of bonding present in them.

(b) Give two examples in each case:

(i) Co-ordinate bond compounds

Page 10 of 21
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

(ii) Solid covalent compounds

(iii) Gaseous polar compounds
(iv) Gaseous non-polar compounds
(v) Liquid non-polar compounds
Ans :
[A] Done

- (i) Co-ordinate bond compounds - Hydronium ion (H3O+)

- Ammonium ion (NH4+)
- NH4Cl
- NH4NO3
- (ii) Solid covalent compounds - Diamond
- Silica
- PCl5
- (iii) Gaseous polar compounds - Hydrogen chloride (HCl) ,
- Hydrogen uoride (HF)
- H2S
- (iv) Gaseous non-polar compounds - Hydrogen (H2) ,
- Chlorine (Cl2) ,
- Oxygen (O2)
- (v) Liquid non-polar compounds - Br2
- I2
(12)Book :
(a) How many atoms of each kind are present in the following molecules :
Calcium oxide, Chlorine, Water , Carbon tetrachloride ?
Ans :
(b) How many electrons are required or released by each atom mentioned
in (a) to attain the nearest noble gas con guration ?
Ans :
[A]
CaO - 1 calcium atom + 1 oxygen atom
Cl2 – 2 chlorine atoms
H2O – 2 hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom
CCl4 – 1 carbon atom + 4 chlorine atoms
[B]
CaO - Ca – will donate two electrons
O – will accept two electrons

Page 11 of 21
fl
fi
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

Cl2 – Cl – will accept one electron,

=> two Cl atoms will share an electron pair.
H2O - H – will donate two electrons
O – will accept two electrons
CCl4 - C – will donate four electrons
Cl – will accept four electrons

(13)Book : Complete the following:

(a) When the nuclei of two reacting atoms are of ––––– mass, then a bond
so formed is called ––––– covalent bond. (Equal, unequal, polar, non
-polar).
(b) In case of non-polar covalent bond, the covalent bond is formed in the
––––– of atoms and shared electrons are –––––– distributed. (Corner,
middle, equally, unequally).
(c) Ionic or electrovalent compounds do not conduct electricity in their
–––––– state. (Fused/solid)
(d) The ions in ______ compounds are held very strongly due to strong
_______ forces. ( electrovalent, covalent, electromagnetic, electrostatic)
(2018)
Ans :
(a) Unequal, polar
(b) Middle, equally
(c) solid state.
(d) Electrovalent, electrostatic

(14) (a) Compound X consists of molecules. Choose the letter corresponding

to the correct answer from the options A, B, C and D given below:
(i) The type of bonding in X will be
A. ionic B. electrovalent C. covalent D molecular

(ii) X is likely to have a

A low melting point and high boiling point
B high melting point and low boiling point
C low melting point and low boiling point
D high melting point and high boiling point

Page 12 of 21
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

(iii). In the liquid state, X will

A become ionic
B be an electrolyte
C conduct electricity
D not conduct electricity
Ans :
(i) C (ii) C (iii) D

(15) Book :
(a) Electrons are getting added to an element Y :
(i) is Y getting oxidised or reduced ?
(ii) which electrode will Y migrate to during the process of electrolysis ?

(b) Acids dissolve in water and produce positively charged ions. Draw the
structure of these positive ions.

(c) Explain why Carbon tetrachloride does not dissolve in water.

Ans :
[A](I) Y is getting reduced.
(II) negative
[B]
H2O
HCl ––––––––––> H+ + Cl-

Page 13 of 21
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

[C]
-> CCl4 is a non-polar covalent compound and is not soluble in polar
compounds such as H2O

(16)Book : (a) Elements Q and S react together to form an ionic compound.

Under normal conditions, which physical state will the compound QS exist
in?
(b) Can Q and S both be metals? Justify your answer.
(c) The property which is characteristic of an electrovalent compound is
that
A. it is easily vaporised
B. it has a high melting point
C. it is a weak electrolyte
D. it often exists as a liquid
(d) When a metal atom becomes an ion,
A. it loses electrons and is oxidised
B. it gains electrons and is reduced
C. it gains electrons and is oxidised
D. it loses electrons and is reduced
Ans :
[A] Solid
[B] No, in the formation of an ionic compound, one element is a metal and the
other is a non-metal.
[C] B . It has high melting point

Page 14 of 21
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

[D] A

(17) Book : (a) In the formation of magnesium chloride (by direct combination
between magnesium and chloride), Name the substance that is oxidized
and the substance that is reduced.
(b) What are the terms de ned below?
(i) A bond formed by share pair of electrons, each bonding atom
contributing one electron to the pair.
(ii) A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons with both electrons
coming from the same atom.
Ans :
(a) Magnesium oxidises and chlorine reduces during the formation of
magnesium chloride.

(b) (i) Covalent bond

(ii) Co-ordinate bond

( Previous Year Solved Question )

(18) (a) The one which is composed of all the three kinds of bonds [ionic,
covalent and coordinate bonds] is
A. Sodium chloride
B. Ammonia
C. Carbon tetrachloride
D. Ammonium chloride
(b) Draw the structural formula of carbon tetrachloride and state the type
of bond present in it.
Ans :
[A] Sodium chloride

Page 15 of 21
fi
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

[B]

(19) Question 2010

(a) Select the correct answer fromA, B, C and D. Metals lose electrons
during ionisation _____. This change is called
A. Oxidation
B. Reduction
C. Redox
D. Displacement

(b) Select the right answer.

(i) Sodium chloride _______ covalent bond / ionic bond / covalent and
coordinate bond.
(ii) Ammonium ion _______ covalent bond / ionic bond / covalent and
coordinate bond.
(iii) Carbon tetrachloride _______ covalent bond / ionic bond / covalent
and coordinate bond.
Ans :
[A] Oxidation
[B] Ionic bond
[C] Covalent and Coordination bond
[D] Covalent bond

(20) Question 2011

[A]
(i) In covalent compounds, the bond is formed due to …………… [sharing/

Page 16 of 21
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

transfer] of electrons.
(ii) Electrovalent compounds have a ……….. [low/high] boiling point.
(iii) A molecule of ……………. contains a triple bond. [hydrogen, ammonia,
nitrogen].

(b) By drawing an electron dot diagram, show the lone pair e ect leading
to the formation of - ammonium ion from ammonia gas and hydrogen ion.

(c) Give reasons - Hydrogen chloride can be termed a polar covalent

compound.
Ans :
[A](I) sharing
(II) high
(III) Nitrogen

[B]

Page 17 of 21
ff
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

[C]
[1] In Hydrogen chloride ,
- the strong nuclear charge of the chlorine atom
( the electronegativity of chlorine is 3 )
- attracts the shared pair of electron(s) towards itself,
- i.e., negative charge shifts towards the chlorine atom
- thereby developing a slight negative charge (δ-) on it.

=> The hydrogen atom ( the electronegativity of hydrogen is 2.1 )

- develops a slight positive charge (δ+).
=> Therefore, a polar covalent bond is formed .

[2] The arrow on the line indicates that the shared pair
- is shifted towards the atom.
This is shown as

Hydrogen Chloride : HCl :

(21) Question 2012

(a) Draw an electron dot diagram of the structure of hydronium ion. State
the type of bonding present in it.
(b) There are three elements E, F, G with atomic number 19, 8 and 17,
respectively.
Give the molecular formula of the compound formed between E and G and
state the type of chemical bond in this compound.
Ans :
[A]

Page 18 of 21
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

E = 19 (2,8,8,1)
F = 8 (2,6)
G = 17 (2,8,7)

(22) Book : Question 2013

(A) A chemical term for . A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons with
both electrons coming from the same atom.

(B) Among the compounds identify the compound that has all three bonds
[ionic , covalent and coordinate bond ]
[A] Ammonia.
[B] Ammonium chloride
[C] Sodium hydroxide
[D] Calcium chloride

[C] State which is not a typical property of an ionic compound .

[A] High m.p.
[B] Conducts electricity in molten and the aqueous state
[C] Are insoluble in water
[D] Exist as oppositely charged ions even in the solid state

Page 19 of 21
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

[D] Compare carbon tetrachloride and sodium chloride with regard to

solubility in water and electrical conductivity.
Ans:
[A] Coordinate bond
[B] Ammonium chloride
[C] Are insoluble in water
[D]

(23) Book : Question 2014

(a) Compound ‘X’ consists of only molecules. ‘X’ will have ______
A. Crystalline hard structure
B. A low m.p. and low b.p.
C An ionic bond
D. A strong force of attraction between its molecules

(b) The molecule which contains a triple covalent bond is

A. ammonia B. methane
C. water D. nitrogen

(c) Give one word or phrase for the following : Formation of ions from
molecules.

(d) Give reason : why covalent compounds exist as gases, liquids or soft
solids.
Ans :
[A] B. A low m.p. and low b.p.
[B]. D. Nitrogen
[C] Ionisation
[D] As they have weak force of attraction between them.

(24) Book : Question 2016

(a) The following table shows the electronic con guration of the elements
Page 20 of 21
fi
 Ch-2 -C Chemical Bonding

W, X, Y, Z :
Element W X Y Z
Electronic
2, 8, 1 2, 8, 7 2, 5 1
con gurations

Answer the following questions based on the table above :

(i) What type of Bond is formed between :
(1) W and X (2) Y and Z
(ii) What is the formula of the compound formed between :
(1) X and Z (2) W and X
Ans :

Page 21 of 21
fi