Ionic Radius :

A
gain of
-

Neutral
loss
I
e-
Atom

-
L

A
-

At
Anion
Cation
 Ionic Radius :

At A
-

↳ L A

cation Parent Anion

Atom

ne< NP np
ne= ne> up

self repulsion
dominates dominates
 ve 8.5 L I

eft
c
-

Jonic a -

Ve0.S
+

Size

etronic
species:
electrons
species having same no
of
/3 02 F -> Nat> Mg2t> Al3+
-

>
PYQ :

-
-
PYQ :

↳
gases:
Due to
fully-filled shells, are
repulsion
dominates and
they have
highest
periods.
atomic radii in their
respective
 Ionisation Energy :

Silt is
alway
+Ve

energy
always ised)

The amount of energy required to remove the

outermost electron from an isolated gaseous atom .
eration
effect: Sp> d>f

when
dominates
only
n same,
=
e=
different
eg: B
Be >
2 2p1
25
u 2
=

n
2
=

l 1
=

3
1
=

Penetration 2 IP
is more
s. dubshell
effect of
Trend of Ionisation Energy for 2nd Period :
zefs zeft
dominates
-> -
> 0& F
c N
Li <BC - B < <
5
2
2p3 <pY 2p
I
25
2
29
O
2p
25

↓
--

Penetration
effect
dominates half filled
stable configuration

I
Li B B20N
PYQ (IONISATION ENERGY ):

-
NOTE:
Block -wise Comparison :
Group-13 (Boron Family)
1 II Ga Al In

....
B

-
is

Ga
-

Al
-
4
 Block -wise
Successive Comparison
Ionisation : :
Energy

For same element IE1 < IE2 < IE3 < IE4 …….
(Successive IE’s always increases in order irrespective of
any other factor
 -> (g)
+
A + e-

Acg) IE

Successive It's
Itz

/
are
always
because
higher,
-

Act (g) +e

it is more

to
It< 1Ez
< 1E3 difficult
IE3 the e
remove

from a truly
g) te-
charged
it

than from
a

neutral atom.
Block -wise
Electron Comparison
Affinity or Electron: gain Enthalpy :
 Block -wise
Electron Comparison
Affinity or Electron: gain Enthalpy :

be
DegH may
the or-ve

If electron is successfully added then energy will be released & EGE is

generally negative .
 Block -wise
Electron Comparison
Affinity or Electron: gain Enthalpy :

=-200KSMOH
+ e-
DgH
*

A -> A

-x B:
DegH=-300KSMOH
B

h as
As
DeqH for B is more
negative, it

more
tendency to
gain the electron than A

More -ve value of /\H eg shows greater tendency to gain electron .

Block -wise
Electron Comparison
Affinity or Electron: gain Enthalpy :
 Block -wiseConfiguration
Electronic Comparison ::

Elements having half filled & full filled

configuration have lower tendency to gain
electrons & therefore , they have lower or zero
EA’s

gases-ns" ups
3
Noble
3
Is" 252 2p
N-
metals
->
begH=
0

Alkaline Earth
Ca cas
Be, Mg,
...
 Block -wise
Electron Comparison
Affinity or Electron: gain Enthalpy :

HALOGENS : Highest DegH

Because on the addition of one

noble like
election
they
attain gas
configuration.
F f e- - >

7-
ns
np5 nsup 6
 2nd
sch EGE of
of
3
EGE 7
period element
Pesioch element

Inter-electronic sepulsions
dominates
Block -wise
Electron Comparison
Affinity or Electron: gain Enthalpy :

HALOGEN FAMILY
B5> I
-->

one "to
small size of 7, inter-electronic
dominates
repulsions
Block -wise
Electron Comparison
Affinity or Electron: gain Enthalpy :

OXYGEN FAMILY
> Se>Te > 0
 Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :

The tendency of an element to attract

shared pair of electrons towards itself
in a covalent bond .
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :
3.5
3.0
2.5 3.0
1.0 1.5 2.0

C N ① F
Li-BC B
0.5
S U
Si P
Al
2. 7
Da My 1.6
2.1
2.4
1 5
-

1.2
0.9
-
0.3
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :

● Calculation of Bond Length :

dA-B rA
=

+ WB-0.09 (7-xB)

-
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :

● Calculation of Percentage ionic character in a

Covalent Bond :
%. 2C 16
=
(x, x B1 3.5/XA-xB2
+
 (50% sonic + 50% covalent)
/A -
xB1 1.7
=

<1.7 (Mose covalent)

KA-xB1
(More Sonic)
147-2B) 717
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :

● Acidic & Basic nature of oxides :

EN
I 2
the 0.54 Acidic
central atom nature

SO2 <SOS
+ y 6
+
 Gr0g
strength)
CWO 1
CAcidic
+
6
+ 2

> [00

2
+
CP
+6
3
(Basic strength)
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :

● Acidic nature of oxides :

Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :

● Basic nature of oxides :

Lother - Meyer Curve (1869 ) :

● He plotted a curve
between atomic
weight & atomic
volume of different
elements .
 Lother - Meyer Curve (1869 ) :
● The following observations can be made from
the curve -
1. Most electropositive elements i.e alkali metals
*( Li , Na ,K ,Rb ,Cs etc ) occupy the peak
positions on the curve .
2. Less electropositive i.e alkaline earth metal (Be,
Mg , Ca , Sr , Ba ) occupy the descending
position on the curve .
3. Metalloids ( B,Si , As , Te)etc & Transition
metals occupy bottom part of the curve
4. Most electronegative i.e halogens (F,Cl,Br,I )
occupy the ascending position on the curve .
On the basis of this curve , he proposed that
physical properties of the elements are periodic
function of their atomic weight & this became
the basis of Mendleev’s Periodic Table .
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :

Mendeleev’s Periodic Law :

The physical & chemical properties of elements
are the periodic function of their atomic
weights
Characteristics of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :

1. It is based on atomic weight .

2. 63 elements were known , noble gases
weren’t discovered .
3. He was the 1st scientist to classify the
elements in a systematic manner i.e in
horizontal rows & vertical columns .
4. Horizontal rows are called series & there
were 7 periods in Mendeleev’s Periodic
Table .
Characteristics of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :

5. Vertical Columns are called groups & there

were 8 groups in Mendeleev’s periodic table .
6. Each Groups upto VIIth is divided into A & B
subgroups . A subgroup elements are called
normal elements & B subgroup elements are
called transition elements .
7. The VIIIth group consists of 9 elements in 3
rows
8. The elements belonging to same group
exhibit similar properties .
Use Code “AKALIVE “For Plus
Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :

● First time all known elements were

classified in groups according to their
similar properties . So study of the
properties of elements become easier .
● Prediction of new elements :
Sc Ga
Ge Tc
These were the elements for whom the
position were well defined by him & blank
spaces were left for them .
Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :

Correction of wrong atomic weights of some

elements .
 Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :

(a) Position of Hydrogen : It resembles both ,

alkali metals & halogens in properties , so
couldnt decide .
(b) Position of isotopes
(c) Anamalous pairs of elements
Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :

It was not clear that lanthanides & actinides

are related with IIA Group or III B group

Cause of Periodicity wasnt defined

Modern Periodic Table :

● It was proposed by Moseley .

● It is based on Atomic Number .
● Modern Periodic Law : The Physical &
Chemical Properties of elements are
periodic function of their atomic number .
Modern Periodic Table :

Moseley did an experiment in which he

bombarded high speed electron on different
metal surfaces & obtained X-rays .
Characteristics of Modern Periodic Table :

● 9 vertical columns called Groups .

● 1st to VIII group +0 group of inert gases.
● Inert gases were introduced in Periodic
table by Ramsay
● 7 Horizontal Rows called Periods .
Modern Periodic Table ( Modified Mendeleev ) :
Long form /Present form of Modern Periodic Table :

It is also called as “ Bohr-Bury & Rang , Werner

Periodic Table
● It is based on the atomic number .
● This model is proposed by Rang & Werner .
● 7 Periods & 18 vertical columns(groups) .
 neet

Use Code “AKALIVE “For Plus

Characteristics
Electronic Configuration
of ModernofPeriodic
ElementsTable
: : neet
Characteristics of Modern Periodic Table :
Characteristics
Nomenclature forof Modern Periodic
Elements having Table
atomic: no. > 100 :

Use Code “AKALIVE “For Plus

Characteristics of Modern
Nomenclature for Periodic
Elements havingTable : no.
atomic > 100 :