HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4  Divided into three sections, each headed by a

Senior History researcher

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
Final Period
1. Heritage Conservation
2. American Colonial Period
3. Famous Filipino Architects + Works
4. Philippine Modern Buildings
1. HERITAGE CONSERVATION
Republic Act No. 10066 – The National Cultural
Heritage Act
 Created the Philippine Registry of Cultural
Property and took other steps to preserve
historic buildings that are over 50 years old.
Considerations to define the objective of conservation
 Signed into law on March 25, 2009
project:
 National Commission for Culture and the Arts
(NCCA) (Mandates)– Official agency that
oversees the preservation, development and
promotion of Philippine arts and culture.
National Shrine – commissioned in 1966 by Pres.
Ferdinand Marcos
 Shrine Designer – Lorenzo Del Castillo
 Sculpture – Napoleon Abueva
 Landscaping – Dolly Quiambao-Perez
Heritage Conservation seeks to maintain and increase
the value of buildings by keeping their original built form
and architectural elements, favoring their restoration rather
than replacement, and if restoration is impossible, recreating
scale, period, and character.
National Historical Commission of the
Philippines (NHCP) – historic preservation programs
thru its Historic Preservation Division (HPD) with help of
private sectors
o Architectural and Survey Section –
undertakes the planning, design,
implementation, supervision, and
monitoring of the restoration/
preservation of historic sites and
structures.
o Engineering Section – undertakes survey,
documentation and identification of
historic sites and structures,
architectural/historical research, and
management of the HPD database on
historic sites and structures.
o Materials Research and Conservation
Section – undertakes the conservation of
objects and NCHP collection of historical
relics and memorabilia, including
materials testing and analysis.
 Values
o Emotional Values – wonder, identity,
continuity, respect and veneration,
symbolic and spiritual
o Cultural Values – documentary,
historic, archeological and age, aesthetic
and architectural values, townscape,
landscape and ecological, technological,
and scientific
 Gentrification –implies the improvement of
the physical environment at the expense of the
existing social environment.
 Protecting the Vista Point and Visual Corridor
 Escolta -with its bldgs. In various stages of decay.
Building Conservation Methods
 Preservation Maintenance
 Restoration Reconstruction
 Adaptation

Historic Preservation Commission/Division – the

head of the HPD is the Architect V with specialized training
in the field of historic conservation.

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Heritage Conservation in the Philippines
 Angeles City Plaza
o (OLD) Holy Rosary Parish
Church and overhanging cable
o (NEW) City government renovated the
plaza facing the old Spanish era church
Santo Rosario and the old Municipio
 Ayuntamiento - Bureau of Treasure
o The Ayuntamiento was the seat of the Manila
City Council, which consisted of two alcaldes
(city leaders), eight oidores (judges), a clerk,
and a chief constable. Destroyed in World
War II and reconstructed thereafter, the
building now houses the offices of the Bureau
of the Treasury.

 Integration
o provision of additional structure with
harmony to the existing structure
 Davao City
o Notable:
maintained the
appearance of
the buildings
and removed
overhanging
cables  The Army Navy Club (ANC)
o was established in 1899, shortly after the
 Eusebio Villanueva Building – Calle Real, Ilo- Americans' arrival in the Philippines. From
ilo City their previous location inside Intramuros, the
o Enhanced the ANC moved to their current location along
façade of the T.M. Kalaw Extension (previously known as
building with the the Luneta Extension) in 1911, as part of
use of accent architect and urban planner Daniel Burnham's
lighting city planning of Manila
o The adaptive reuse of the 106-year-old Army
 Carino Ancestral House Navy
o NCHP granted P
200M for the
restoration of this
400-year-old house
in Ilocos Sur,
owned by the
family of Gabriela
Silang
 Holy Trinity Parish
Church – Laoay, Bohol
 Rehabilitation And Beautification Of Underpass
o Reconstruction of the façade

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  Preservation of the ruins
INC. (ETFFI)
o Retrofitting of heritage structure
 The Ruins(Talisay)
o was the ancestral mansion of the family of
wealthy sugar baron Don Mariano
Ledesma Lacson built on a 440 hectare
sugar plantation in Talisay, City Negros
Occidental in the early 1900's in memory
of his Portuguese wife Maria Braga
Lacson, who died during the birth of their
eleventh child. During World War 2,
Filipino guerillas burned it down as a
countermeasure to prevent the invading
Japanese forces from using it as a military
office. It burned for 3 straight days
HERITAGE AND CONFLICT
2. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
The Problems Of Restoration:
- The Problem Of Degradation (Deterioration)
- The Negative Attitude Of Modern People
- The Complexity Of The Restoration Process
- The Economic Conditions Of The Country
- The Problem Of Legislation And Politics
- The Extent Of The Government's Involvement
• The Lack Of Appropriate Professional And Technical
Training
 Mandanas Ruling in 2022,
o increasing the share of national government
tax revenue transferred to local
governments. Under the Supreme Court
ruling, Internal Revenue Allotments (IRAs)
will increase from P695.5 billion in 2021 to
P959 billion in 2022 - a growth rate of 37.9
percent. The ruling is expected to be fully
implemented by 2024.
ESCUELA TALLER DE FILIPINAS FOUNDATION,
o is a non-profit organization established in
December 2013 to ensure the sustainability of
the Escuela Taller Intramuros Program, which
started in 2009 as a collaborative project of
the government of Spain represented by the
Agencia Española de Cooperación
Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID) and
the government of the Philippines represented
by the National Commission for Culture and
the Arts (NCCA). Other partners involved in
this project include the Intramuros
Administration (IA), the Department of
Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
and the Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA).
o The Escuela Taller Intramuros, today
Escuela Taller de Filipinas is a
technical/vocational formation school located
at the Revellin de Recoletos in Intramuros
 La Loma Cemetery Chapel (Caloocan, Manila)
o Restored by Escuela Taller Foundation
from 2021 2022. Masonry - Adobe.
Plastering - Lime Cement Plaster
 'Baro' = Word for 'dress' in the Philippines, Tagalog
dialect
 Barong Tagalog – Baro ng Tagalog (Dress of the
Tagalog)
 American Colonial Period – from 1899 to Mid-20th
Century.
Notable Changes due to the American Influence
 Cubeta – the use of toilet via pail conservancy
system, introduced in 1902
 Sanitary Barrio – the concept of well-planned
neighborhood, introduced in 1908
 Tsalet – a cross breed of the tropical features of
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 vernacular buildings with hygienic structural with an estimated cost of P100,000 using local
principles and modern materials materials.
o First Place – Carlos Nicoli of Carrara,
The Philippine Chalet Italy, with a scaled plaster model titled “Al
Martir de Bagumbayan” (The Martyr
 It was a raised one-storey structure made of of Bagumbayan).
reinforced concrete, cut milled wood and glass set o Second Place –Richard Kissling of
back from the street with a garden in front. Switzerland, with his work “Motto
 Wired for electric conveniences and had Stella” (Guiding Star). The contract
ensuite bathrooms and plumbing. was awarded to him rather than the first
prize winner.
 Maintained the deep voladas and ventanillas of
sliding panels under the windows, often of
affordable glass panels.
 Raised flooring gave the chalet natural
ventilation.
 The kitchen was brought in.
 Provided garage for automobiles.
 Concepcion Tsalet in Ilo-Ilo city

 Torre de Manila – pambansang photobomber

Daniel Burnham – urban planner

 planned Manila and

Baguio in 1905  Bonifacio Monument – Green Park, Caloocan City,
 father of the city Beautiful designed by Guillermo Tolentino
Movement

 Luneta Park – the center point of Burnham Design

 Luneta Hotel – the Second Hotel in Asia in French

Baroque Style
- faces Bagumbayan directly, as seen here
in an early photo from the 1920s. Photograph from
Lopez Museum
 On September 28, 1901, the United States
Philippine Commission approved Act No. 243, to
erect a monument in Luneta to commemorate the
memory of Jose Rizal.
 Through an international design competition
between 1905 and 1907, they invited sculptors
from Europe and United States to submit entries
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  Rizal Tower – the controversial Luneta Tower that  El Hogar Building – Escolta, Manila. Neo Classical
was and Renaissance Architecture
never built, designed by Francisco “Bobby” Mañosa

William Parsons – architect and city planner

 Kahn System of concrete reinforcement and the

use of CHB
 Use of termite-resistive Philippine hardwood
 Concept of mass fabrication of standard
building types
 National City Bank Building – first national bank in
 Designed : the Philippines, adjacent to El Hogar. Neo Classical
o Philippine General Hospital – Neo
classical style and biggest hospital in the
Philippines
o The Manila Hotel – renovated by Ar.
Andres Luna de San Pedro
o Gabaldon School Buildings – modern
public school

History of Jeepney  Filipinas Insurance Company Building – Neo

Classical
 The words “jeep” and “knee” because of the
crowded seating.
 Surplus jeeps were sold or given to local
Filipinos as American troops began to leave the
Philippines.
 Locals stripped down the jeeps to accommodate
passengers, added metal roofs, and decorated the
vehicles with ornaments.

Marston Mat – metal sheets with circular holes

 Mariano Uy Chaco Building – Escolta, Binondo,
Manila. Art Noveau
Did you know?

 BPSU Architecture Program started in 1999

 Ar. Robert O. Aguilar and Ar. Ramon S. Lamira
Jr. are the two pioneer architects

 UST Main Building – Art Deco Style

 UST Architecture Building – Art Deco Style
 Philippine Normal School – now Philippine Normal
 Manila Army and Navy Club – University by Ar. William Parsons
o designed by William Parson. Rest and
recreation for American soldiers –
adaptive reuse to a hotel

Neo Classical and Palladian Design – American Colonial

Period

 Neo Classical Architecture – classic revival,

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 modern combination of Greek and Roman  Finance Building – converted to National Museum
Architecture. of Anthropology in year 1998
 Palladian Style – same as neo classical but
simpler, derived from the architecture of
Andrea Palladio.
 Buildings that embodied this style, public
structures such as
o Museums  Tourism Building – converted to National
o Banks Museum of Natural History in year 2013.
o Libraries Renovation/Adaptation
o Schools
Inspired from DNA Helix
o Wealthy family homes
American colonialism necessitated new building types
away from Bahay na Bato.

Institutes of government imitate the Greek and Roman

Temples, from city to municipal levels.

 Malacañang Palace – Bahay na Bato and Neo
Classical Style  Dominic Galacia Architects submitted the
proposal for the current building (Tree of Life
concept).

 National Museum of Fine Arts – former

Legislative Building, Neo Classical Style
o With the Legislative Building being
built, two national buildings were also
built with a P 10M budget
 Agriculture Building (1940)
 Finance Building (1940)
 Tina Periquet designed the interior.
 DNA Helix did not came apart due to cost cutting With
ramp down inspired from Guggenheim Museum Structural
retrofit is the most expensive part of the project Carbon
fiber used everywhere. Nipon Steels-builder of steel
contractors bid fit budget 3 legs became 4 legs. Originally
with green wall but cancelled

The National Museum Act of 1998

Conversion of 3 Civic Bldgs. in Rizal Park

 Legislative Building – converted to National  ESCOLTA Center of Manila

Museum of Fine Arts in year 2000 Escolta Street, July 4, 1899, Manila

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 ART DECO BUILDINGS
3. FAMOUS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS Perez- Samanillo Building
Pensionados System
o persons (Pensionados) earned
degrees in government, educate the
U.S. Government system and upon
their return in PH administer the
same fashion.

First Generation Architects

 Filipino architects who studied architecture and

engineering in the United States, sponsored by STREAMLINE ART DECO STYLE
the colonial masters.
 Combined Beaux Arts Elements and Rizal Memorial Tennis Stadium
Modernism
o Antonio Toledo
o Tomas Mapua
o Juan Arellano
Second Generation Architects

 Emerged in the late 1920s and 1930s

 Introduced Art Deco in the Philippines
o Andres Luna de San Pedro
o Fernando Ocampo FAMOUS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
o Pablo Antonio
o Juan Nakpil Felix Roxas Sr.

Art Deco Style in the Philippines  The first Filipino Architect

 Designed the former Sto. Domingo Church
 Originated in Exposition Des Arts Decoratifs et
inside Intramuros
Industriels Modernes, held in Paris France in 1925
 Decorated to the display of modern decorative arts,
including  Then called “Maestro de Obra” (Master
o Abstraction and stylization Builder)
o Rich ornaments o Arcadio Arellano
o Colorist effects o Tomas Arguelles
o Dramatic massing
o Simplified geometric forms
Thomas Mapua
o Exotic imagery derived from non-
western sources  First Filipino Registered Architect
o Stepped and zigzag silhouette
 PRC No. 00001
 Streamline Art Deco – evoked the imagery of  J. Mapua Memorial Hall, Intramuros
machine and mass production  Librada Avelino Hall,
o Rounded corners
Centro Escolar University, Manila
o Semi-circular base
o Mechanically smooth skin  Nurses’ Home, PGH
o Punctured portal windows  St. La Salle hall, DLSU, Taft
o Tubular steel railings  Mapua Institute of Technology
o Projecting thin roof slabs

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  Commercial Bank and Trust Building, Quezon
Mercedes Raffiñan Boulevard
 First Lady Architect of the Philippines  Geronimo Reyes Building
 PRC No. 000045  Manila Jockey Club
 Philippine Village Hotel, Manila
 Quezon Institute Administration
Antonio Toledo  Rizal Theater, Makati
 SSS Building, Quezon City
 Cebu Capitol
 VA Rufino Building, Ayala Avenue, Makati City
 Department of Tourism
 World Eucharistic Monument
 Department of Finance
 Capitol Theater, Manila
 Leyte Provincial Capitol
 Quiapo Church Renovation
 Manila Customs House
 Gonzales Hall Main Library
 Manila City Hall
o Controversial tomb shaped concept
(Knights of Templar Shield)
o Neo Classical Architecture

Juan Arellano

 Manila Post Office

 National Museum of Natural History o Neo Classical Style
o Restored by Dominic Galacia o Discussions about converting to a
Architects luxury hotel
o Caught fire May 22, 2023
 Metropolitan Theater
o Art Deco Style
o Designed with Philippine Flora and
Fauna
o Rehabilitation of Metropolitan Theater,
Manila’s “Grand Old Dome” by NHCP
Juan Nakpil

 First National Artist for Architecture (1973)

 Quezon Hall, UP Diliman

Ralph Harrington Doane

 Executive Building (Kalayaan Hall)

 Malacañan Palace
 Pangasinan Provincial Capitol
o Lingayen, Pangasinan
o Neo Classical Style
 UP Diliman
o UP Oblation Statue – Guillermo
Tolentino
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 National Museum of Fine Arts
o Neo Classical Style  Monastery of Transfiguration
o Juan Arellano and Antionio Toledo o Bahay Kubo inspiration

Jorge Ramos

 GSIS Building, Pasay City, Manila

 Golden Mosque, Quiapo, Manila
 NAIA 1
o Islamic Architecture o Worst airport in the world
 Philippine Heart Center, Manila
o Brutalism Style

Jose Maria Zaragoza

 National Artist for Architecture (2014)

 Commercial Bank and Trust Company Bank,
Escolta, Manila
 MERALCO Building (Lopez Building),
Pasig City
o Curved massing with large vertical
angled louver windows made from  Tanghalang Pambansa
concrete o Cultural Center of the Philippines
 National Library of the Philippines o Located in the CCP Complex in Manila
o Grand lobby with Capiz Chandelier
 Current Sto. Domingo Church, Quezon City
o Tanghalang Nicanor Abelardo – the
o Tallest/Largest church in the
main theater, largest with can occupy
Philippines
1,815 people
o Modern Architecture
o Budyong – music played before the
start of any performance
Leandro Locsin o Tanghalang Aurelio Tolentino – the
little theater, which can seat 413 people
 National Artist for Architecture (1990) o Tanghalang Huseng Batute – studio
 Massive Floating Volume Design theater, can seat up to 240 people in two
 Brutalist Style levels.
 Ayala Museum
 Davao International Airport
o Bahay Kubo inspiration

 The Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex

(CCP Complex), is an 88-hectare complex owned

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 by the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP),
containing:
✦ Francisco “Bobby” Mañosa
o Tanghalang Pambansa
o Star City  National Artist for Architecture (2018)
o Philippine International Convention  The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo became one
Center of Mañosa’s inspirations to further promote the
o Manila Film Center design elements that made nipa huts climate-
o Folk Arts Theater conscious and sustainable because these huts where
o Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila left standing compared to sturdier houses.
o Coconut Palace  The Coconut Palace
 Philippine International Convention Center o Office of the Vice President of the
o Boxy floating concrete design in Philippines
Brutalist Style o Made entirely of coconut wood and
 Manila Film Center other indigenous materials.
o National Building located at the
southwest end of CCP Complex
Rumored to have hundreds remaining buried in
concrete due to an accident

Pablo Antonio

o National Artist for Architecture (1976)

o Bel-Air Apartments, Roxas Boulevard
o Captain Luis Gonzaga Building, Rizal
Avenue
o Galaxy Theater, Rizal Avenue
o IDEAL Theater, Rizal Avenue
o Lyric Theater  Mary Immaculate Parish Church
o Manila Railroad Company
 San Miguel Corporation Head Office
o Manila Polo Club
o Mandaluyong City
o Philippine National Bank
o Ramon Races Residences
o Landscaping by ✦ Ildefonso Santos
(National Artist for Architecture)
o Far Eastern University
 City of Manila
o Inspired by Banaue Rice Terraces
 Streamline Art Deco

Caros Santos Viola

 Iglesia Ni Cristo, Cubao

 Iglesia Ni Cristo Central Temple,
Commonwealth, Quezon City
 Main Architect of all INC Churches

Felipe Mendoza

 Batasan Pambansa Complex, Quezon City

o Current seat of the House of  Shrine of Our Lady of Queen of Peace
Representatives of the Philippines o EDSA Shrine (only the statue is
retained, the rest was not built)

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 NATIONAL ARTISTS
 Tahanang Filipino, CCP Complex
 Pearl Palm Beach Resort JUAN F. NAKPIL (1973)
o Samal Island, Davao City PABLO S. ANTONIO (1976)
o Inspired from Samal Houses on Stills LEANDRO V. LOCSIN (1990)
ILDEFONSO P. SANTOS, JR. (2006)
JOSÉ MARÍA V. ZARAGOZA (2014)
FRANCISCO “BOBBY” MAÑOSA

PHILIPPINE MODERN BUILDINGS

Antonio Kayanan – the first Filipino Planner

Felino Palafox – Principal Architect-Urban Planner and

founder of Palafox Associates

 The Aquino Center Museum

o Luisita, San Miguel, Tarlac

 Ylang Lane Townhouse Taoist Temple

o New Manila, Quezon City
 Chinese Architecture
 Cebu City split level temple

 “I am a Filipino architect, and I only design

Filipino.”

Quezon Monument

 Commonwealth, Quezon City

 Burial Place of former president Manuel L.
Quezon in 66 meters height (66 years old Temple of Undying Love
death)
 Greek Architecture
 Atop are three grieving angels that represent
Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao
 Temple of Leah
 Designed by Federico Ilustre (art-deco)
 Barangay Busay, Cebu City
o Luzon - wearing ferno  Teodorico Adarna’s undying love for his wife
Leah Villa Albino-Adarna
o Visayas - wearing Maria Clara
o Mindanao - wearing sarong

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Crown Regency Hotel
 Cebu City 3-star Hotel
Simala Shrine
 Monastery of the Holy Eucharist in Sibonga,
Cebu
San Pedro Calungsod Chapel
 100 Walls, Cebu City
 Designed by Ar. Carlos Arnaiz
 Another San Pedro Calungsod Chapel in SM
Aura, Taguig
The Philippine Bank of Communications Tower
 Tallest building in the Philippines in 2012
 259 meters with 52 floors
Grand Hyatt Manila
 Tallest building in BGC and in the Philippines
since its completion in 2017
 281.78 meters with 66 floors
Gramercy Residences
 Tallest residential building in the Philippines
 250 meters with 73 floors
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environment Design)
 Certified – 40-49 points
 Silver – 50-59 points
 Gold – 60-79 points
 Platinum – 80+ points
Zuellig Building
 Office skyscraper in Makati Central Business
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 District
 LEED Platinum Certification
Biggest Malls in the Philippines (ascending order)
Ilo-ilo Convention Center
 Paraw sailboat inspired – Dinagyang Festival
 Designed by William V. Cuscolluela
SM Aura Premier
 Opened in May 2013
 Luxury mall in Bonifacio Global City
 San Pedro Calungsod Chapel
SM Development
 SM City Cebu
o 273,804 sqm gross floor area
 SM Mall of Asia
o 406,962 sqm gross floor area
o SM MOA Arena (2012) – capacity of
16,00 to 20,000
o SMX Convention Center – NATCON
o Two E Com Center - Tower A – office,
commerce, retail, residence
o The Galeon Museum
o Conrad Manila – 5-star hotel
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  SM Seaside City Cebu
o 470,490 sqm gross floor area

PAGCOR – Philippine Amusement and Gaming

Corporation

 Largest contributor of revenue to the

government
 Owns and regulates casinos in the Philippines

 SM Megamall Mandaluyong
o First mall to have an ice-skating rink in the
Philippines
o 474,000 sqm gross floor area

Casino Filipino

 Malabon City State Sta. Cruz Binondo

Universal

 SM City North EDSA

o World’s third biggest mall
o 498,000 sqm gross floor area

Resorts World

 Newport City, Pasay, Manila

TRINOMA Mall – Triangle North of Manila

Solaire Resort and Casino

 Entertainment City, Tambo, Parañaque Cit

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 City of Dreams

 Giant golden egg design (brings good luck)

 Aseana Avenue Corner Macapagal Ave.,
Entertainment City, Manila

Araneta Coliseum

 The Big Dome

The Philippine Arena

 Largest Dome Arena in the World

 Indoor Arena
 Greek Amphitheater inspired
 Owned by Iglesia Ni Cristo

The New Senate Building

 Four Pillars of Democracy concept (Justice,

Equality, Freedom, Representation)
 Façade – Barong Tagalog costume (brise solei)

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 The New Clark City

 Sports Complex with world class sports

facilities
 Athletics Stadium – derived from Mt. Pinatubo.
Pillars are painted orange to represent the local
sunset.

 Aquatic Center – huge open shed with prismatic

roof inspired by Parol made of Capiz coating.
Designed by Ar. Royal Pineda and Budji Layug
(Philippine Pavilion, Dubai Expo 2020)

New Clark International Airport

 Undulated roofs reflect the mountain ranges of
Zambales
 Designed by Budji + Royal
 20 meters tallest arch, flanged with 12- to 16- meter-
high arches, with remaining arches 12 meters in
height
 Has four levels: Apron, Arrivals, Departures, and
Mezzanine

Mactan-Cebu International Airport

 Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu
 Integrated Design Associates – HK based Firm New
Manila International Airport
 Bulacan International Airport
 Bulakan, Bulacan

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Review

1. It is a cross breed of the tropical features of

vernacular buildings with hygienic structural
principles and modern materials.
2. He was the father of the city Beautiful Movement
who designed Manila and Baguio City.
3. The first hotel in Asia with elevator was
designed by this American Architect.
4. Who is the architect of the debunked Luneta
tower?
5. Name at least one (1) construction innovation that
William Parson introduced in the Philippines.
6. The architect who renovated the National
Museum of Natural History.
7. It is the same as neo classical style but simpler,
derived from the architecture of Andrea Palladio.
8. What is the former function of the National
Museum of Fine Arts?
9. What is the architectural style of the UST
Architecture Building?
10. Name the two (2) pioneer architects who
started architecture school in Bataan
Peninsula State University.
11. What is the height of the Quezon Memorial
Shrine in Quezon City?
12. Who is the architect of Far Eastern University
Building and its architectural style?
13. What is the distinctive architectural style of
Leandro Locsin?
14. The architect and inspiration of San Miguel
Corporation Building?
15. Name the first six national artists for
architecture in the Philippines.

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