BMEN 383-Axial Loading

January 11th, 2023

Slides originally prepared by Dr. Miriam Nightingale,
modified and edited by Dr. Koren Roach
 • Review last class
• Displacement in axial loads
• Axial loads: stress/ strain
• Summer positions - clarification
• Let’s dive deeper into:
• Hookean Model-Thermal
Class changes
Objectives • St Venant’s Principle
• Multiaxial Loading
• Dilation & bulk modulus
• Stress concentrations
• If we have time:
• Statically indeterminant, 2-
material practice problem
• Thermal practice problem
 • Musculoskeletal Applications

• Internal Forces and Stress

Review: • Shear and bending diagrams

Axial/Static • Statically Indeterminate

Loading Problems

• Linear Elastic Homogeneous

Materials

• Infinitesimal Strain
 Axial Loading
+

• Strain (!): is deformation (") per unit length (L): ⑳

" ,#

-
%−' > E
!=
'
=

& + 8
=
El
'
O
! ↳

• Stress: ( = , where ) = force and * = area )

>
" )
• Stress and strain are related by Young’s
Modulus (E) during elastic range of a material,
through Hooke’s Law: O %
( = +!
How can we put this in terms of quantities
=

we know or can experimentally determine?

E = O
>
-

E
>
- E =

+ - 8 =
E = 8
=
 Poisson’s Ratio

+,
- -

% &!
If load (-) applied in , direction, ($ = and !$ =
" '
• Normal stresses:
• What about !( and !) ?
• Tensile axial load = elongation in primary direction (,)
 Axial Loading

% &!
If load (-) applied in , direction, ($ = " and !$ = '

+,
- -

1D loading/Uniaxial loading:

1
Assumed: !## = ( or (## = +!##
+ ##
• !#* = !#+ = !*+ = 0
• !** = !++ 0
• (** = (++ = 0 !** = − ( !** = −0!##
+ ##
0
!++ = − ( !++ = −0!##
+ ##
 Displacement in Axially Loaded Beams

= R ↑
If loaded member is loaded at
multiple points, has multiple sections
E
" = 4567%89:;:<=&

of different cross-sections, and/or ↑ +

↑ Gi
different materials, we must divide it ', ',,
into the component parts that satisfy. i' S ,#

3⃗ 3⃗

%, %,,
For 1D loading, the displacement is
the sum of the individual
For I ,
Li ,
A - of
,
each corresponding parts or

displacements of each component section (i) ,

we can determine 8 :
-

8 = S1 +
81 = +Lineral , & =

[
 Stress Distribution in Axially Loaded Beams

cut

+
3⃗ 3⃗
,#

Cut:
<>#
3⃗ 3⃗, Internal force needed to maintain equilibrium

Average internal force is the traction vector (localized

force) integrated over the cross-sectional area of the
beam
 Stress Distribution in Axially Loaded Beams

Cut:
+ <>#
3⃗ 3⃗, ? 3⃗# = 0
,#

−3⃗ = 3⃗,-./ = =⃗# <># @ 48 = (## <># @ 48 If traction vector/Stress is uniformly distributed can be
removed from integral
! !

E3⃗ 3⃗,-./
− =
* *
= =⃗#-./ <># = (##-./ <># Via the internal force and traction vector, the average stress
can be found through the formula external force/area
 Hookean Model-Thermal Changes

If there exists a thermal change, this can affect the deformation (materials expand when heated)

1 1
!## = ( − 0 (** + (++ + B∆D !#* = (
+ ## 2F #*
1 1
!** = ( − 0 (## + (++ + B∆D !#+ = (
+ ** 2F #+
1 1
!++ = ( − 0 (## + (** + B∆D !*+ = (
+ ++ 2F *+

+
Where: F=
2 1+0
 Temperature Changes (∆")

If body is exposed to a temperature increase à expansion

If body is exposed to a temperature decrease à contraction

Elongation/contraction due to ∆D is proportional to ∆D, length (') and the coefficient of thermal
expansion (B): "0 = ∆DB'

How does strain (G) relate to H?

1"
• We know (thermal) strain ε 0 =
2
• And there is no associated stress ((0 )
 Temperature Changes (∆")

If rod placed between 2 supports with no stress or strain experiences ∆D:

• No elongation can occur ("0 = 0) and therefore,
• No thermal strain (ε 0 = 0)
 Multiaxial Loading

What if loads are applied in all three directions of the coordinate axes,
producing normal stresses ($ , (( , and () that are different from 0?
 Multiaxial Loading

What if loads are applied in all three directions of the coordinate axes,
producing normal stresses ($ , (( , and () that are different from 0?
Apply principle of superposition: effect of given combined loading on a
structure can be obtained by determining the effects of the various
loads separately and combining the results provided the following
conditions are met:
1. Effects are linearly related to the load that produced it
2. Deformation from a load is small and does not affect the conditions
of application for other loads
 Bulk Modulus

Hydrostatic pressure (p): contains uniaxial stresses but not shear stresses, for
example an object in a fluid (uniform stress)
Bulk modulus (modulus of compression, K): measure of a material’s resistance
to volumetric change due to the application of hydrostatic pressure:
 Bulk Modulus

Hydrostatic pressure (p): contains uniaxial stresses but not shear stresses, for
example an object in a fluid (uniform stress) 7 = ($ + (( + ()
Bulk modulus (modulus of compression): measure of a material’s resistance to
volumetric change due to the application of hydrostatic pressure:
+
K=
3(1 − 20)
Dilation of a material (:) = change in volume per unit volume:
 Bulk Modulus

Hydrostatic pressure (p): contains uniaxial stresses but not shear stresses, for
example an object in a fluid (uniform stress) 7 = ($ + (( + ()
Bulk modulus (modulus of compression): measure of a material’s resistance to
volumetric change due to the application of hydrostatic pressure:
+
K=
3(1 − 20)
34
Dilation of a material (:) = change in volume per unit volume: : =
5
Poisson’s ratio is positive for engineering materials:

If 0 = 0 à

#
If 0 ≅ and K = ∞ à
*
 Stress Distribution in Axially Loaded Beams

Evenly Distributed Load Concentrated Load

3⃗ 3⃗ 3⃗ 3⃗

Ex. Load applied to centre of Ex. Load applied wedge

two parallel plates

All points/elements 3⃗,-./ Points/elements have 3⃗,-./

= (##-./ <># different strain/stress = (##-./ <>#
have same strain/stress * *
 Saint Venant’s Principle

Concentrated Load 3⃗ 3⃗ 3⃗ 3⃗

3⃗ 3⃗

Ex. Load applied wedge 3⃗

The Stress Distribution can be assumed uniform except in the vicinity of the region
of application of the load
 Stress Concentrations

Stress distributions determined experimentally for narrowest portions of a

connection, where stress is highest.
• Results are independent of object size and material
• Results dependent on ratio of geometric parameters:
• Circular hole:
• Fillets:

Stress concentration factor - ratio between maximum stress is the narrowest

section of discontinuity and the average stress:
 Stress Concentrations

Concept Application 2.12: Determine largest axial load (P) allowable on flat
steel bar with two portion, both 10mm thick, and respectively, 40 and 60 mm
wide, connected by fillets of radius = 8mm. Assume an allowable normal
stress of 165 Mpa.
to Solve :
ps
I. Compute ratios &
r

&= 0 20
=
=
a
.

2 Use K v . curves to determine K (pg .

120 of text
slid)
next
.

ratio
-
units its a
K =
1 82 (no as

=
.

90 66 MP
Omax =
165MPa: O =
.

. Solve for Parg given

3 ,
arg

4 .
Solve for
using Garg =# => P = (90 44MPa)(10mm)
.
=> KN
 Stress Concentrations

Concept Application 2.12: Determine largest axial load (P) allowable on flat
steel bar with two portion, both 10mm thick, and respectively, 40 and 60 mm
wide, connected by fillets of radius = 8mm. Assume an allowable normal
stress of 165 Mpa.
 Stress Concentrations

Determine largest axial load allowable on object with fillets, given:

(6-$
Q=
(-.7
Ratios:
• Circular hole: 2r/D
• Fillets: r/d and D/d

Page 120
 Individually: Draw free body diagram

1. Draw free body diagram (3 mins)

30
 3. Review: Free body diagram
Q: What assumptions can we
make about deformation?
A: !! = !"

Q: What assumptions can we

make about the internal
forces?
A: P = $! + $"

32
 Individually: Solve for !# and !$

Remember:
1. Solve for &# and &$ (3 mins) %! = %"
P = (! + ("
*! = *"
35
 Review B: Solve for !# , !$ , "# , and "$
Knowns:
!! = !"
P = $! + $"

37
 Review B: Solve for !# , !$ , "# , and "$
Knowns:
!! = !"
P = $! + $"

38
 PROBLEM 2.47
The assembly shown consists of an aluminum shell (Ea =
70 GPa, αa = 23.6 ´ 10–6/°C) fully bonded to a steel core
(Es = 200 GPa, αs = 11.7 ´ 10–6/°C) and the assembly is

Example unstressed at a temperature of 20°C. Considering only

axial deformations, determine the stress in the aluminum
Example when the temperature reaches 180°C.