Devastating Effects of Environmental Degradation in the Philippines: Analyzing the

Causes, Impacts and Strategies for Sustainable Management

Gannaban, Mia Rose Jamaica D.

MST SS Student

SST 202: Readings in the Behavioral Sciences

St. Paul University Philippines
Graduate School

I. INTRODUCTION

Environmental degradation in the Philippines is a pressing issue that has been escalating over
the past few decades. The country's rich biodiversity, which includes a vast range of endemic
species and unique ecosystems, is under threat due to various human activities. Rapid
industrialization, urban sprawl, deforestation, overfishing, pollution, and improper waste
management are among the key factors contributing to environmental degradation. These
activities not only threaten the natural environment, but they also impact the quality of life for
Filipinos, affecting health, livelihoods, and the economy. Understanding the Environmental
degradation in the Philippines is a significant concern, with various indicators pointing
towards a worsening situation. First Indicator is the deforestation, according to the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR, 2020), the Philippines has one of
the highest rates of deforestation in Southeast Asia. From lush forest cover of about 70% in
the early 1900s, it's now down to less than 20%. Illegal logging, slash-and-burn farming, and
conversion of forest land into agricultural or residential areas are primary contributors to this
rapid loss. Second Indicator is pollution levels in the Philippines, particularly in urban areas,
are alarmingly high. Industrial waste, vehicle emissions, and improper waste disposal
contribute significantly to air and water pollution. The Pasig River in Metro Manila, for
instance, is considered one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to industrial waste and
untreated sewage (DENR, 2020).
Another Indicators pointing toward a worsening situation is the Loss of Biodiversity, The
Philippines is recognized as one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, home to a vast range of
endemic species. However, habitat loss due to deforestation, overfishing, and pollution is
causing a rapid decline in biodiversity. The Philippine Eagle and Tamaraw are just two
examples of species that are critically endangered. These indicators highlight the urgent need
for comprehensive strategies to combat environmental degradation in the Philippines.

II. STATEMENT OF THE PAPER

This paper aims to explore the causes, implications, and potential solutions to environmental
degradation in the Philippines, shedding light on a crucial issue that warrants immediate
attention and action.
 III. METHODOLOGY

Studying environmental degradation requires a comprehensive and interdisciplinary

approach. By following this methodology, researchers can gain a better understanding of the
causes and impacts of environmental degradation and identify strategies for addressing this
important issue.

IV.FINDINGS

Causes of Environmental Degradation

One causes of environmental degradation in the Philippines is the Deforestation wherein

illegal logging and land conversion for agriculture in contributing to deforestation (Lasco,
2014). Illegal logging refers to the practice of cutting down trees without proper permits and
regulations. This practice is prevalent in the Philippines, where a significant portion of the
population relies on the forest for livelihood and income. The demand for timber and other
forest products fuels this practice, leading to the unsustainable and often illegal harvest of
trees.
Land conversion for agriculture, on the other hand, refers to the practice of converting forest
land into agricultural land. This practice is often driven by the need to expand agricultural
production, particularly for cash crops such as palm oil, rubber, and soybeans. The
conversion of forest land into agricultural land not only leads to the loss of forest cover but
also contributes to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and other environmental problems. The
combined effects of illegal logging and land conversion for agriculture are devastating for the
environment. Deforestation leads to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and reduced water
quality, among other negative impacts. It also contributes to climate change by releasing
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, exacerbating the global problem of greenhouse gas
emissions. Philippines is the third most vulnerable country to climate change according to the
2017 world risk report. Impacts of climate change in the Philippines are immense, including
annual losses in GDP, changes in rainfall patterns and distribution, droughts, threats to
biodiversity and food security, sea level rise, public health risks, and endangerment of
vulnerable groups such as women and indigenous people.
Overall, it is essential to address the root causes of illegal logging and land conversion for
agriculture to effectively combat deforestation in the Philippines. This requires a concerted
effort from all stakeholders, including the government, private sector, and civil society
organizations.
Pollution as one of the causes of Environmental degradation which sources of air, water, and
soil pollution, including industrial activities, waste disposal, and vehicle emissions (Esteban
& Alcayna, 2016). Pollution is a significant problem in the Philippines, with air, water, and
soil pollution being the most common types. The sources of pollution in the country are
diverse, including both human activities and natural causes. Air pollution in the Philippines is
caused by a range of human activities, including industrial activities, transportation, and
waste disposal. Industrial activities such as manufacturing, mining, and power generation
contribute significantly to air pollution. Vehicle emissions from cars, trucks, and motorcycles
are also a major contributor to air pollution, particularly in urban areas. In addition, the
burning of solid waste, including plastics and other non-biodegradable materials, is another
significant source of air pollution. Water pollution in the Philippines is primarily caused by
untreated sewage, agricultural runoff, and industrial waste. Many industries, including
manufacturing, mining, and food processing, discharge their waste directly into water bodies,
leading to contamination. Agricultural runoff, particularly from fertilizers and pesticides, also
contributes to water pollution. In addition, the lack of proper sanitation facilities and the
discharge of untreated sewage into water bodies is a significant source of water pollution in
the country. Soil pollution in the Philippines is caused by a range of human activities,
including industrial activities, waste disposal, and agricultural practices. Industrial activities,
particularly mining and manufacturing, often result in the release of toxic chemicals and
heavy metals into the soil. Improper waste disposal, including the dumping of hazardous
waste in landfills, also contributes to soil pollution. Agricultural practices, including the use
of pesticides and fertilizers, can lead to soil contamination.
Another cause of Environmental Degradation is the Overfishing, (Muallil et al., 2014).
Overfishing and destructive fishing practices are significant threats to marine resources and
coral reefs in the Philippines. Overfishing refers to the practice of catching fish at a rate faster
than they can reproduce, leading to a decline in fish populations and a depletion of marine
resources. Destructive fishing practices, on the other hand, refer to methods that damage the
marine ecosystem, including the use of dynamite, cyanide, and bottom trawling. They deplete
fish populations, leading to food insecurity and economic losses for fishing communities. In
addition, they damage coral reefs, which are critical habitats for marine biodiversity and
provide important ecosystem services such as shoreline protection and tourism.
Destructive fishing practices, such as the use of dynamite and cyanide, have particularly
severe impacts on coral reefs. These practices kill not only the targeted fish but also other
marine organisms, including corals, which are critical to the health of the reef ecosystem.
Bottom trawling, which involves dragging a net along the seafloor, also damages coral reefs
by destroying the physical structure of the reef and disrupting the delicate balance of the
ecosystem. To address these issues, the Philippine government has implemented various
policies and programs aimed at promoting sustainable fishing practices and protecting marine
resources. These include the Fisheries Code of 1998, which regulates fishing practices and
establishes protected areas for marine biodiversity, and the National Coral Triangle Initiative,
which aims to conserve and manage coral reefs in the region.
Overall, it is essential to address overfishing and destructive fishing practices to protect
marine resources and coral reefs in the Philippines. This requires a concerted effort from all
stakeholders, including the government, fishing communities, and civil society organizations,
to promote sustainable practices and protect the environment for future generations.

Consequences of Environmental Degradation

Environmental degradation in the Philippines also has significant environmental

consequences in Social, Economic. In the social consequences of environmental degradation
in the Philippines are significant. Many communities, particularly those dependent on natural
resources such as forests and fisheries, are vulnerable to the impacts of environmental
degradation. Deforestation, for example, can lead to soil erosion, landslides, and flooding,
which can have devastating impacts on local communities. Pollution from industrial activities
and waste disposal can also have negative health impacts on communities living near
contaminated areas.
Under economic consequences of environmental degradation in the Philippines are also
significant. The country's natural resources, including forests, fisheries, and minerals, are
critical to the economy. However, environmental degradation can lead to a decline in these
resources, leading to economic losses for communities and the country. In addition,
environmental degradation can lead to increased healthcare costs and lost productivity due to
negative health impacts.

Addressing Environmental Degradation: Potential Solutions

Addressing environmental degradation requires a concerted effort from individuals,

communities, and governments to promote sustainable practices and protect the environment
for future generations. Promote sustainable resource use: Reducing consumption and
promoting sustainable resource use can help to reduce the negative impacts of human
activities on the environment. This includes reducing waste, using renewable energy sources,
and promoting sustainable agriculture and forestry practices. Protect and restore habitats,
Protecting and restoring habitats can help to preserve biodiversity and ensure the continued
survival of many species. This includes protecting natural areas, such as national parks and
wilderness areas, and restoring degraded habitats, such as wetlands and forests. Reduce
pollution, reducing pollution can help to improve air and water quality, protect human health,
and preserve ecosystems. This includes reducing emissions from industry and transportation,
promoting clean energy sources, and reducing the use of harmful chemicals and pesticides.
Promote environmental education and awareness: Educating individuals and communities
about the importance of environmental protection and sustainable practices can help to
promote behavior change and increase support for environmental conservation efforts.
Encourage policy change, Governments play a critical role in addressing environmental
degradation, and policies can be put in place to promote sustainable practices and protect the
environment. This includes regulations to reduce pollution, incentives for renewable energy
development, and support for conservation efforts.
These include the Clean Air Act, the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, and the
Philippine Clean Water Act, among others. However, more needs to be done to effectively
address the sources of pollution in the country and protect the environment and public health.
Overall, addressing environmental degradation requires a multifaceted approach that involves
individuals, communities, and governments working together to promote sustainable
practices and protect the environment. By taking action to address environmental
degradation, we can help to ensure a healthy planet for future generations.

IV. Conclusion
In conclusion, environmental degradation is a significant threat to the health and well-being
of the planet and its inhabitants. The loss of biodiversity, habitat destruction, pollution, and
climate change are just some of the many negative impacts of human activities on the
environment. However, there are potential solutions to address environmental degradation,
including promoting sustainable practices, protecting, and restoring habitats, reducing
pollution, mitigating the impacts of climate change, promoting environmental education and
awareness, and encouraging policy change. It is critical that individuals, communities, and
governments work together to address environmental degradation and protect the
environment for future generations. By taking action to promote sustainable practices and
protect the environment, we can help to ensure a healthy planet and a sustainable future.

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