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Physics Project Class-XII (2021-22) -

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The Project Report On “ Electromagnetic Induction”

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Physics Project Class-XII (2021-22) -

Investigatory Project
Uploaded by
Samuel Kumar
The Project Report On “ Electromagnetic Induction”
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1
 Phy
sics
Proj
ect
Sess
ion :
2020
-
2021
A
Project
Report
On
lectrom
agnetic
Inductio
n
Submitt
ed by
Samuel
Kumar
Class
–
 XII
th
(Scienc
e) Roll
no.
(cbse)
–
 ______
Under
the
Guidanc
e of Mr.
Avinash
Sir PGT
(Physics
)
adDownload to read ad-free.

2
Tab
le
of
Co
nte
nts
Certifica
te
Declara
tion
Acknow
ledgem
ent
Aim of
Project
Introduc
tion
Theory
Apparat
us
Require
d
Law
Conclus
ion
Bibliogr
aphy
adDownload to read ad-free.

Kend
riya
Vidya
laya
Khag
aria
Certifi
cate
This is to
certify
that
SAMUEL
KUMAR
student of
class XII
th
(Sci.)
has
successf
ully
prepared
the report
on the
Project
entitled “
Electrom
agnetic
Induction
”
 under
the
guidance
of Mr.
AVINASH
(PGT
Physics).
The
report is
the result
of his
efforts &
endeavou
rs. The
report is
found
worthy of
acceptan
ce as
final
Project
report for
the
subject
Physics
of class
XII
th
(sci.).
Signature of
Physics
Teacher
Signature of
External
Examiner ----
------------------
----- ------------
--------------
Signature of
Principal -----
------------------
------
adDownload to read ad-free.

4
Dec
lara
tion
I hereby
declare
that the
project
work
entitled
“
Electrom
agnetic
Induction
”
 ,
submitted
to
Departme
nt of
Physics,
Kendriya
Vidyalaya
Khagaria
is
prepared
by
me
.
SAMUEL
KUMAR
Class: XII
th
Science)
adDownload to read ad-free.

5
 Ac
kno
wle
dge
me
nt
I would
like to
express a
deep
sense of
thanks
and
gratitude
to my
project
guide Mr.
Avinash
sir for
guiding
me
immensel
y through
the
course of
the
project.
He
always
envinced
keen
intrest in
my
project.
His
constructi
ve advice
&
constant
motivatio
n have
been
responsib
le for the
successf
ul
completio
n of his
project.
My
sincere
thank
goes to
our
principal
sir for his
co-
ordination
in
extending
every
possible
support
for the
completio
n of this
project. I
must
thanks to
my
classmat
es for
their
timely
help and
support
for
completio
n of this
project.
Last but
not the
least, I
would like
to thank
all those
who had
helped
directly or
indirectly
towards
the
completio
n of this
project.
SAMUEL
KUMAR
Class- XII
th
Science)
adDownload to read ad-free.

6
AI
M
“
To
dete
rmin
e
the
Fara
day’
s
law
of
Elec
trom
agn
etic
Indu
ction
usin
ga
copp
er
wire
wou
nd
over
an
iron
rod
and
a
stro
ng
mag
net.
”
Trusted by over 1 million members

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7
Intr
odu
ctio
n
F
araday’s
law of
induction
is a basic
law of
electroma
gnetism
that
predicts
how a
magnetic
field will
interact
with an
electric
circuit to
produce
an
electromo
tive force
(EMF). It
is the
fundame
ntal
operating
principle
of
transform
ers ,
inductors,
and many
types of
electrical
motors
and
generator
s.
Electrom
agnetic
induction
was
discovere
d
independ
ently by
Michael
Faraday
and
Joseph
Henry in
1831;
however,
Faraday
was the
first to
publish
the
results of
his
experime
nts.
Faraday
explained
electroma
gnetic
induction
using a
concept
he called
lines of
force.
These
equation
for
electroma
gnetic are
extremely
important
since
they
provide a
means to
precisely
describe
how
many
natural
physical
phenome
na in our
universe
arise and
behave.
The
ability to
quantitati
vely
describe
physical
phenome
na not
only
allows us
to gain a
better
understa
nding of
our
universe,
but it also
makes
possible
a host of
technolog
ical
innovatio
ns that
define
modern
society.
Understa
nding
Faraday’s
Law of
Electrom
agnetic
Induction
can
be
beneficial
since so
many
aspects
of our
daily life
function
because
of the
principles
behind
Faraday’s
Law.
From
natural
phenome
na such
as the
light, we
receive
from the
sun to
adDownload to read ad-free.

technolog
ies that
improve
our
quality of
life such
as
electric
power
generatio
n,
Faraday’s
law has a
great
impact on
many
aspects
of our
lives.
Faraday’s
law is the
circuit of
the
experime
nts of the
English
chemist
and
physicist
Michael
Faraday.
The
concept
of
electroma
gnetic
induction
was
actually
discovere
d
simultane
ously in
1831 by
Faraday
in London
and
Joseph,
an
American
scientist
working
in New
York, but
Faraday
is
credited
for the
law since
he
published
his work
first. An
important
aspect of
the
equation
that
qualifies
Faraday’s
law
comes
from the
work of
Heinrich
Lenz, a
Russian
physicist
who
made his
contributi
on to F
araday’s
law, now
known as
Lenz’s
law, in
1834
(Institute
of
Chemistr
y).

Faraday’s
law
describes
electroma
gnetic
induction,
whereby
an
electric
field is
induced,
or
generate
d, by a
changing
magnetic
field.
Before
expandin
g upon
this
descriptio
n, it is
necessar
y to
develop
an
understa
nding of
the fields,
as well as
the
related
concept
of
potentials
.
adDownload to read ad-free.

Faraday’s
first
experime
ntal
demonstr
ation of
electroma
gnetic
induction
(August
29,
1831), he
wrapped
two wires
around
opposite
sides of
an iron
ring or
“torus”
(an
arrangem
ent
similar
to a
modern
toroidal
transform
er) to
induce
current.
araday’s
 First
Experime
nt:-
Some
physicists
have
remarked
that
Faraday’s
law is a
single
equation
describin
g two
different
phenome
na :- The
motional
EMF
generate
d by a
magnetic
force on
a moving
wire (see
Lorentz
force),
and the
transform
er EMF
generate
d by an
electric
force due
to a
changing
magnetic
field (due
to the
Maxwell-
Faraday
equation)
. James
Clerk
Maxwell
drew
attention
to this
fact in his
1861
paper on
physical
lines of
force. In
this latter
half part
II of that
paper,
Maxwell
gives a
separate
physical
explanati
on for
each of
the two
phenome
na. A
reference
to these
two
aspects
of
electroma
gnetic
induction
is made
in some
modern
textbooks
.
adDownload to read ad-free.

10
The
ory
Magne
tic flux
:-
The
magnetic
flux
(often
denoted
or

B
) through
a surface
is the
compone
nt of the
B field
passing
through
that
surface.
The SI
unit of
magnetic
flux is
the weber
Wb)
(in
derived
units :-
volt-
second),
and the
CGS unit
is the
Maxwell.
Magnetic
flux is
usually
measure
d with a
flux-
meter,
which
contains
measurin
g coils
and
electronic
s that
evaluates
the
change of
voltage in
the
measurin
g coils to
calculate
the
magnetic
flux. If the
magnetic
field is
constant,
the
,magnetic
flux
passing
through a
surface of
vector
area
S
is
B
=B
∙
S = BS
cos
Where
B
 is the
magnitud
e of the
magnetic
field (the
magnetic
flux
density)
having
the unit of
Wb/m
2
(Tesla),
S
 is the
area of
the
surface,
and
is the
angle
between
the
magnetic
field lines
and the
normal
(perpendi
cular) to
S
.
adDownload to read ad-free.

11

For a
varying
magnetic
field, we
first
consider
the
magnetic
flux
through
an
infinitesi
mal area
element
dS
, where
we may
condiser
the field
to be
constant
d

B
=B
∙
dS
From the
definition
of the
magnetic
vector
potential
A
and the
fundame
ntal
theorem
of the
curl, the
magnetic
flux may
also be
defined
as :
B
=

∙
d
Where
the line
integral is
taken
over the
boundary
of the
surface
S
, which is
denoted
dS
.
adDownload to read ad-free.

12
Ap
par
atu
s
Re
quir
ed
1.
Insulate
d copper
wire 2.
An iron
rod 3.
A strong
magnet,
and 4.
A light
emitting
diode
(LED)
adDownload to read ad-free.

13
La
w
.
The most
widespre
ad
version of
Faraday’s
law
states
:-
“The
induced
electromoti
ve force in
any closed
circuit is
equal to
the time
rate of
change of
the
magnetic
flux
through
the
circuit.”

This
version of
Faraday’s
law
strictly
holds
only
when the
closed
circuit is
a loop of
infinitely
thin wire
and is
invalid in
other
circumsta
nces as
discusse
d below.
A
different
version,
the
Maxwell-
Faraday
equation
(discusse
d below),
is valid in
all
circumsta
nces.
When the
flux
changes
–
 because
B
changes,
or
because
the wire
loop is
moved or
deformed
, or both
Faraday’s
law of
induction
says
that the
wire loop
acquires
an EMF
 , defined
as the
energy
available
per unit
charge
that
travels
once
around
the wire
loop (the
unit of
EMF is
the volt).
Equivalen
tly, it is
the
voltage
that
would be
measure
d by
cutting
the wire
to create
an open
circuit
and
attaching
a
voltmeter
to the
leads.
Accordin
g to the
Lorentz
force law
(in SI
units),
F=qE+
V
×
B)
adDownload to read ad-free.

14

The EMF
on a wire
loop is :-
=

∙
d

+
×
∙

where
E
is the
electric
field,
B
 is the
magnetic
field (aka
magnetic
flux
density,
magnetic
induction)
,
is an
infinitesi
mal arc
length
along the
wire, and
the line
integral is
evaluated
along the
wire
(along
the curve
the
coinciden
t with the
shape of
the wire).
The
Maxwell-
Faraday
equation
states
that a
time-
varying
magnetic
field is
always
accompa
nied by a
spatially-
varying,
non-
conservat
ive
electric
fields,
and vice-
versa.
The
Maxwell-
Faraday
equation
is :-
×
=
−

Where
is the curl
operator
and again
E(r,t) is
the
electric
field and
B(r,t) is
the
magnetic
field.
These
fields can
generally
be
functions
of
position
r
and time
t
.
The four
Maxwell’s
equation
(including
the
Maxwell
-Faraday
equation)
, along
with the
Lorentz
force law,
are a
sufficient
foundatio
n to
derive
everythin
g in
classical
electroma
gnetism.
Therefore
it is
possible
to “prove”
Faraday’s
law
starting
with
these
equation.
Faraday’s
law could
be taken
as the
starting
point and
used to
“prove”
the
Maxwell
Faraday
equation
and/or
other
laws.
adDownload to read ad-free.

15
Co
ncl
usi
on
Faraday’s
law of
Electrom
agnetic
Induction,
first
observed
and
published
by
Michael
Faraday
in the
mid-
nineteent
h century,
describes
a very
important
electroma
gnetic
concept.
Although
its
mathema
tical
represent
ations are
cryptic,
the
essence
of
Faraday’s
is not
hard to
grasp : it
relates an
induced
electric
potential
or voltage
to a
dynamic
magnetic
field. This
concept
has many
far-
reaching
ramificati
ons that
touch our
lives in
many
ways :
from the
shining of
the sun to
the
convenie
nce of
mobile
communi
cations,
to
electricity
to power
our
homes.
We can
all
appreciat
e the
profound
Faraday’s
law has
on us.
adDownload to read ad-free.

16
Bibl
iogr
aph
y
https://en.
wikipedia.
org
https://w
ww.googl
e.co.in
Class 12
Physics
Lab
Manual
Class 12
NCERT
Textbook
https://w
ww.vaibh
avkandw
al.com
Th
ank
Yo
u!!
-Samuel
Kumar
Read this document in other languages

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