GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE - 21st Century Fox

- Facebook
Free flow of Information: The Road to
- Bertelsmann
Modernization
- Viacom
1. Models of development through Mass - CBS
Media and the free flow of information - Baidu
(Modernization of Paradigm) - News Corp
2. Mass Media plays a critical role in the
WORLD LARGEST MEDIA COMPANY (2020)
modernization paradigm.
3. Positive association between 1. AT & T
communication components to that of the - World’s biggest telecom co.
social, political, and economic components 2. Alphabet Inc
in national growth - Parent co. of Google, YouTube
3. Comcast
GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE
- NBC, MSNBC, Universal Corp.
- Developing societies must follow the 4. Walt Disney
Western concept of 5. Facebook
modernity in order to achieve development. - Social media, the juggernaut of tech
- Treat Mass Media as a factor that 6. Tencent Holdings
intervenes between - Chinese based media co. largest video
antecedents and consequences of game co.
modernization. 7. Charter Comm. Inc
- Criticisms were also laid down against - US broadband, cable, and internet\
these theories. 8. News Corp. Ltd. / 21st Century Fox
- Government espousing this Western 9. Apple Inc
Model of Modernization used the media - American multi -tech company
system to control over the 10. Sony Entertainment
population rather than promoting education - Subsidiary of Japanese Corp.
for democracy.
ANNUAL GLOBAL RANKING OF THE
- Such Criticisms mark the shift to the
LARGEST MEDIA COMPANIES IN THE WORLD
cultural imperialism
paradigm (CONTROL OF THE Television
IDEOLOGICAL MINDSET)
- most important advertising medium.
DEMANDING FOR THE BALANCED FLOW OF
Internet
INFORMATION
- replaced print media as the second.
- The cultural Imperialism Paradigm grew in
influence Print Media
- Non-Aligned Countries Declaration of 1979
also known as the Havana Declaration - goes down to third.
- Against uneven flow of information Contribution of Media Imperialism Scholars
- Slight differences between cultural
imperialism and media imperialism - Demand change in UNESCO’s
- Cultural Domination paved the way for the communication policies based on the
entry of Western-based transnational NWICO debate.
corporation that would dominate non- - Report of the MacBride Commission aimed
western economies. to promote independence, diversity, and
pluralism of media, and to strengthen the
WORLD’S LARGEST MEDIA COMPANY (2014) national media of the South.
- Google CRITICISM OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
- Walt Disney PARADIGM
- Comcast
 - Against its theoretical coherence
- Romanticizing the national as an agent of
resistance which could be oppressive and
homogenizing
- The theory may have to be reevaluated as
the new media penetrate into developing
nations
CULTURAL PLURALISM
Transition from Homogenization to
Heterogenization
Cultural Pluralism
- result of the criticisms against cultural
imperialism
- also known as Cultural Globalization
Transition from “one way” to “multidirectional
flows”
Heterogenization is anchored on the meaning of
globalization as hybridization, synchronization, re-
territorialization, and indigenization
CRITICISM OF HETEROGENIZATION
- It is systematically Marginalizing the role of
the State (think global, act local -
Glocalization idea).
- The power it provides the audience without
taking into account the inequality of their
access to media and communications.
- Neglect of the economic clout of global
media firms
- Concentration in the United States
- It is not also reflective of the assumptions
of the paradigm.
- Which is to provide equal access to media
for the development
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEDIA AND
GLOBALIZATION
- Facilitates culture exchange and multiple
flows of information ----- Free flow of
Information
- Media has a critical role in the road to
modernization;
- Communication media have become
increasingly global, extending their reach
beyond the nation-state 9homogenous
sovereign states) to conquer audiences
worldwide.
- The development of media is divided into
two different ages, the broadcast age and
the interactive age.
---- In the broadcast age, media were almost
exclusively centralized where one entity—such as
a radio or television station, newspaper company,
or a movie production studio—distributed
messages to many people. Feedback to media
outlets was often indirect, delayed, and
impersonal.
Interactive Media
- With the rise of digital and mobile
technologies, interaction on a large scale
became easier for individuals than ever
before; and as such, a new media age was
born where interactivity was placed at the
center of new media functions.
- One individual could now speak to many,
and instant feedback was a possibility.
HOW IT BEGAN
- The rapid expansion of global
communications in the 21st century can be
traced back to the mechanical
advancements of technologies during the
course of the 18th and 19th centuries,
which started mainly with the invention of
the telegraph in 1837, and included the
growth in postal services, cross- border
telephone and radio communications
and the creation of a modern mass
circulation press in Europe.
- Evolution of technologies capable of
transmitting messages via electromagnetic
waves that marked a turning point in
advancing the globalization of
communications.
- The emergence of international news
agencies in the 19th century, such as
Reuters, paved the way for the beginnings
of a global system of codification.
- The launch of the first geo-
stationary(1960’s) communication
 satellites, that communication by
electromagnetic transmission became fully
global, thus making the globalization of
communications a distinctive phenomenon
of the 20th century (Thompson, 1995, 159).
SELF – SUSTAINING INSTITUTIONS
- The powerful countries control ownership
of media technology thus resulting in the
institutionalization of Western thoughts and
ideas among societies of the non -
economics / developing countries / poor
communities.

MEDIA CONCEPTS OF RELIGION

- Religion and revitalization In its spiritual sense
- Economic development
- idea of transcendence, relation to
- Modernization to benefit people
sacredness/ holiness, relation of people to
- Development for the people
the ultimate condition of existence
Demography, population growth and globalization
In its material sense
and ho it is impacting migration.
- Beliefs capable of motivating
individuals/group to mobilize to achieve
WHY PEOPLE MIGRATE? political goals, suppress mass actions as a
tool of repression.
- Demography is the study of the size,
territorial distribution, and composition of
population, changes therein, and the
SECULARIZATION: CONSEQUENCE OF
components of such changes, which may
be identified as natality, mortality, territorial MODERNIZATION
movement (migration), and social mobility Secularization
(change of status).” (Duncan & Hauser
1972). - refers to the belief that religion would lose
its significance with economic development
and modernization.
DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
- Auguste Comte
- Focuses on this enduring collectivity >> - Max Weber
studying changes in its size, growth rates, - Emile Durkheim
and composition - Karl Marx
- Emphasis is on understanding aggregate
TSCHANNEN (1991) SECULARIZATION
processes, but demography is also
PARADIGM
attentive to the implications of those
processes for individuals Many of the Three Core Concepts of Secularization
indexes used in demography (life Paradigm”
expectancy at birth, total fertility rate)
translate aggregate-level processes into 1. Differentiation
statements about the demographic 2. Rationalization
circumstances faced by an average or 3. Worldliness
randomly-chosen individual (Preston et. al. Secularization Paradigm
2001 as cited in United Nations, 2014).
- is a family of theories that vary in terms of
the extent of the decline or displacement of
SYNTHESIS religion, the direction of the process, and
the driving forces they ascribe to the
- There has been inequality in terms of secularization.
media access globally specifically in
developing countries;
GORSKI (2000)’s FOUR BASIC POSITIONS IN
UNDERSTANDING THE THEORIES
- The disappearance of religion thesis
- The decline of religion thesis
- The privatization thesis
- The transformation thesis
GOLDSTEIN (2009)’s UNILINEAL
CONCEPTION OF THE SECULARIZATION
PROCESS
The three (3) different camps within the old
secularization paradigm:
- the functionalists
- the phenomenologists
- the dialectic theorists
THE RESURGENCE OF RELIGION IN THE
CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
Clash of civilization thesis by
Huntington
- it will be the cause of the resurgence of
religion.
- it will be cultural not economic or
ideological.
Azzouzi (2013)
- the resurgence of religion
consequence of globalization.
- In Judaism, the Ten Commandments are
the guide for moral and religious conduct.
- According to Jewish thought, God gave his
laws and commandments in the Torah.
This is the written record and beliefs of
Hebrews.
- The Torah is the first five books of the Old
Testament in the Bible.
- Israel is the Jewish home state or country
CHRISTIANITY
- a monotheistic religion since the followers
of Christianity believe in only one God.
- Christians believes that Jesus is the son
of God. They believe in the New
Testament which records the life and
teaching of Jesus.
- Christians believe that there is life after
death. The way a person lives while alive
determines what life after death will be like.
Righteous, moral living will be rewarded in
Samuel the after life.
- Early church councils determined or
established Christian Doctrine. Christianity
is practiced all over the world but is
concentrated in North and South America
and Europe.
- The holy book for Christians is the Old and
New Testament of the Holy Bible. This has
the religious teachings and followings
is the
recorded for Christian believers.

Criticisms:
ISLAM
1. Amartya Sen’s inadequate recognition of
Huntington of the heterogeneities with - Followers of Islam believe in the
cultures. supremacy of one God, therefore, Islam is
2. Edward Said’s problems of the a monotheistic religion. Followers of the
conceptualization of civilization and Islam religion are known as Muslims.
identities of Huntington into what they are - Muslims call their God, Allah. Islam
not followers that the prophet Muhammad is
the messenger of Allah.
- The Five Pillars of Islam are the five most
WORLD RELIGIONS important acts of a Muslim. Devout
Muslims will perform the Five Pillars
Five World Religions have had a profound impact
faithfully because they consider them
on culture and civilizations.
essential for pleasing Allah.
JUDAISM - The Holy book for Muslims is the Koran.
Muslims believe that the Koran was
- A monotheistic religion.
revealed to Muhammad by God.
- This means that followers believe in one
God.
 - Mecca is the most holy city in Islam. It
located in Saudi Arabia. Followers of Allah
journey on pilgrimages to Mecca and face
Mecca during their daily prayers.
- Medina, which is a city located in western
Saudi Arabia, was the home of
Muhammad the prophet. Medina only
permits Muslims to enter and there is a
shrine to Muhammad in this holy city.
BUDDHISM
- The founder of Buddhism is Siddhartha
Guatama known as Buddha. As the
founder, Buddha is the key figure
Buddhism.
- Buddha taught his followers the Four Noble
Truths. He also gives an Eightfold Path to
Enlightenment.
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
- There is suffering
- Suffering has an origin
- Suffering can cease
- There is a path out of suffering
- Buddhism began in northern India.
Asoka’s missionaries spread Buddhism
from India to China and other parts of Asia.
HINDUISM
- Hinduism does not have a single founder
but it originated in India. Hindus believe in
one deity with many forms.
- The pattern of social classes in Hinduism is
called the "caste system." The caste
system is basically a simple division of
society in which there are four castes
arranged in a hierarchy and below them the
outcast caste.
- Hindus believe in reincarnation of the spirit
in another life form after death. A person
may be reborn successively into one of five
classes of living beings depending on the
person’s on actions
- Karma is the belief that a person’s actions
determine his destiny in his next
reincarnation.
Five world religions have had a profound impact on
culture and civilization. These religions are found
worldwide, but their followers tend to be
concentrated in certain geographic areas.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF WORLD’S
MAJOR RELIGIONS:
Judaism
- Concentrated in Israel and North America
Christianity
- Europe, north and South America
Islam
- Middle East, Africa, and Asia
Hinduism
- India
Buddhism
- East and Southeast Asia
WHAT IS A GLOBAL CITY?
- Also known as “Alpha City” or “World
Centers”
- Regarded as a primary node in the global
economic network
- An urban center that enjoys significant
competitive advantages and that serves as
a hub within a globalized economic system
(Brenner, 1998)
- It serves as an important focal point for
business, global trade, finance, tourist, and
globalization to exist (Sassen, 1994)
THE NEW WORLD ORDER OF CITIES
- Establish World Cities
- Emerging World Cities
- New World Cities
Six (6) Cities stand out:
1. London
2. New York
3. Paris
4. Tokyo
5. Hong Kong
6. Singapore
ESSENTIAL TRIATS OF GLOBAL CITY
- There is an apparent presence of a variety
of international financial services notably in
finance, insurance, real estate, banking,
accountancy, and marketing.
- Headquarters of several multinational
corporations
- The existence of financial headquarters, a
stock exchange, and major financial
institutions.
- Domination of the trade and economy of a
large surrounding area.
- Major manufacturing centers with port and
- container facilities.
- Considerable decision-making power on a
daily basis and at a global level.
- Centers of new ideas and innovation in
business, economics, culture, and politics.
- Focal point of media and communications
for global networks.
- Dominance of the national region with great
international significance.
- High percentage of residents employed in
the
- services sector and information sector.
- High-quality educational institutions,
including renowned universities,
international student attendance, and
research facilities.
- Multi-functional infrastructure offering
some of the best legal, medical, and
entertainment facilities in the world.
- High diversity in language, culture, religion,
and ideologies.
ANALYZING GLOBAL CITIES
GaWC ranked World Cities by their
connectivity through four(4) “advanced
producers services”.
- accountancy
- advertising
- banking/finance
- law
Manila is listed as an Alpha City
- means that Manila is considered as an
emerging global economic player.
GLOBAL CITIES INDEX
Current Performance of Cities based on the 27
metrics spanning five dimensions:
- business activity
- human capital
- information exchange
- cultural experience
- political engagement
Evaluation of the Global Cities Outlook of a
city’s potential based on the rate of change for
13 metrics across four (4) dimensions:
- personal well-being
- economics
- Innovation
- Governance
MAX WEBER
- We are living in a society that is “post –
secular / post-modern – emphasis on the
secularizing trend was finally cast aside,
allowing us to perceive the countless
phenomena of de – secularization. (Martelli
1995, p.18)
- Third World reality --- the sacred has
persisted it cannot be denied that religion
has undergone a process of revitalization,
parallel to the First World’s re-
enchantment. (Negrao, 1994, p.134)
- The process of secularization seen through
– The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of
Capitalism process to the development.
 - Weberian Theory of secularization – aim is
to practice a sociology that recognizes the
capacity demonstrated by religion to resist
the jagged attacked of modernity.
“Data available for Europe show that even in the
countries though to be more ‘secularized’ the
percentage of individuals that believe in god is high
and much greater than those consider themselves
atheist”
More recently we are experiencing a period called
“return of the sacred” or “God’s revenge”, where
the world is, somehow becoming re – enchanted.
God decrease as the state attempts to regulate
religion;
Religion not only helps the poor and the oppressed
people to survive but also to change the condition
to be better.
- Human being feel that they have attained
the powers needed to be safe
- Societies are willing to change their beliefs
because of the existence of a new
knowledge (era of high modernity)
(Giddens 1991)
COMTE’S CONCLUSION
- That religion in a radical and geometrical
decline (based on his ideology of the
happenings in the sciences.)
- A systematic erosion of religious practices,
values and beliefs has occurred among the
more prosperous strata in rich nations
(Okoli & Uroko, 2018)
Secularization: Declining participation in religious
activities and decline of individual religious beliefs.
Changes in the practice of religious rituals

For the poor and oppressed people, religion can Religious conversion --- adopting a different set of
encourage them to respond the enormous beliefs and practices
problems that caused by globalization, such as
poverty, environmental crisis, social justice and the
like.

Thesis of Auguste Comte --- The rise of secularism

threatened the survival of religion. He said there
would be a time when the irrelevant nature and
death of religion would be re order.

Comte’s three stages of intellectual belief are the

theological stage (religious and superstitious
beliefs would be dominant’) (Birnbaun 2000:494),
the metaphysical stage (forces of a disembodied
and hyphothetical king’ (Birnbaun 200:494) and
the positive age (science alone would dominate
human thinking and direct human behavior)

IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND

MODERNIZATION TO RELIGION

- People no more feel subordinated to the

Supreme – Being with regard to certain
aspects of their lives such as health,
finance, politics, and education, among
others;