The music during the Medieval period was largely sacred.

Most music that survived was vocal and instruments served as

UNIT 1 - MUSIC OF MEDIEVAL, RENAISSANCE, AND BAROQUE PERIOD
accompaniment. The organ was the most prominent instrument during this period. In addition, professional musicians were employed by

the Christian church.

Element Description of Medieval music

Overview: Primarily vocal; instruments were used to accompany vocal lines
Performance
The Medieval period was the time that Pope Gregory I was believed to have collected and codified the music known as

“Gregorian Chant” and later on the organum. In Europe, secular music was performed by the troubadours and trouvẻres of France. Rhythm No regular beat; has complex syncopations

The Renaissance period saw the breaking away of sacred music. Secular music through instrumental and dance music was Melody Small melodic intervals, sacred melodies often based on church modes

performed in abundance and later on performed by the English madrigals.

Harmony Mixture of consonance and dissonance, parallel fifths and octaves
The Baroque period saw composers rebelling against the styles that were prevalent during the Renaissance period and created

an entirely new style of music. Opera and instrumental concerto found its way in this period. Dance became formalized into instrumental
Texture Monophonic texture; heavy, dense, thick sound
suites, but vocal and choral music still reigned supreme.
1. Syncopation – accents placed on the weak beats in a meter.
These periods in music span from the year 700 to 1750. They saw the rise of sacred and secular music, polyphonic vocal
2. Consonance – notes blend or sound pleasing when heard simultaneously.
writing, and the start of instrumental music. Each period has its own historical and cultural background and characteristics.
3. Dissonance – notes clash or sound unpleasant when heard together.
4. Monophonic – a single melody is heard.
LESSON 1 - MUSIC OF THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Music during this period is characterized by the beginning of musical notation as well as polyphony. Hence there were two general

types of musical styles: the monophonic and the polyphonic.

Music Styles of the Period

The Medieval period or the Middle Ages was a long period in history which dates from 500 AD to 1500 AD. It is also known as
Sacred Music
the “Dark Ages” because they were marked by constant warfare, the absence of a Holy Roman Emperor, and the virtual disappearance
The early Christian church derived its music from existing Jewish and Byzantine religious chants. A famous example of these
of urban life.
chants is the “Gregorian Chant,” which is also known as plain chant or plainsong. The “Gregorian Chant” is also known as “Roman
Significant Breakthroughs
chant,” was named after Pope Gregory the Great (patron of choir boys and singers) who may have composed some of the melodies and
In History
who actively encouraged an orderly, ritualized use of music by the church.
 It was the period of fall of the Roman Empire where local kings and rulers tried to grab power.
Elements of the Gregorian Chant:
 Richard I, also known as Richard the Lionheart, became the King of England.
It consists of a single melodic line.
 The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan.
 Marco Polo left for his famous journey to explore Asia.
 Joan of Arc, a French heroine, was executed by the English at the age of 19. It is monophonic in texture.
 Charlemagne, King of the Franks, was crowned as the Holy Roman Emperor. He united much of Western Europe and is

considered “the father of both the French and the German Monarchies.”

 The Ottoman Empire captured the city of Constantinople.

There are three types of chants:

In Science 1. Syllabic – one note sung to each syllable of text.

 German inventor, Johannes Gutenberg, invented the printing press.

2. Neumatic – small groups of up to five or six notes sung to a syllable.

The Black Death was the name for a terrible disease that spread throughout Europe from 1347 to 1350. There was no cure
3. Melismatic – long groups of notes set to a single syllable of text.

The Church mode is the predecessor of the major and minor scale. It consists of seven different tones with the eighth notes
for the disease and it was highly contagious. Today, the disease is called “the bubonic plague.”
duplicating the first note but an octave higher. It was the basic scale used in sacred and secular music.
In Art
The organum or polyphony is the singing of two melodic lines simultaneously. It is the added voice part which simply
Leonardo Da Vinci painted “The Last Supper.” parallels the chant melody at the interval of a fourth and fifth above it.

Musical Characteristics of the Period

Secular Music
Hundreds of secular songs were created and performed (and later notated) by bands of musicians who had improvised > “Le Rondel Adam” contains probably the first polyphonic settings of vernacular song in Europe.

accompaniments and were often rhythmically lively. The subjects of the majority of these songs were love, joy, and pain. The songs

reflected every aspect of Medieval life which rose in courts and castles and were performed by:

1. Minstrels refer to lowly musicians or mini servants.

2. Jongleurs/Jongleuresses refer to versatile entertainers, who play musical instruments, sing and dance, juggle, and show tricks with

animal acts.

3. Troubadours (South France) and Trouvẻres (North France) refer to the travelling poet musicians.

4. Minnesingers refer to singers of courtly love.

Famous Composers of the Period

Hildegard of Bingen (1098 - 1179)

> Known as “Saint Hildegard” and “Sybil of the Rhine.”

> Head of a monastery in a small town in western Germany.

> Her parents promised her to the service of the church.

> She lived in a stone cell with a single window.

> Took her vows at fourteen.

> She is made famous throughout Europe by her miracles and prophecies.

> Popes, kings, and priests sought her advice on political and religious issues.

> Today, she is remembered for her writings on natural history, medicine, poetry, and music for special church services.

> O Successores (You Successors) was one of her great works, which was a highly expressive example of a Gregorian chant.

Adam de la Halle (1240 - 1287)

> Known as “Adam le Bossu” or “Adam, the Hunchback.”

> French-born trouvẻre, poet, musician, and innovator of the earliest French secular theater.

> He was the “Last of the Trouvẻres,” bringing to a close the brilliant early flowering of Old French lyric poetry and conventional courtly

chansons.
th
> He made traditional monophonic compositions mixed with the more esoteric form of the 13 century motet, and performances of the

first experiments in polyphonic secular song.

> He produced literary and musical works. UNIT 1 – ANCIENT ART

> He composed 36 chansons in the Trouvẻre tradition.

> He wrote 17 jeux-partis

or poetic debates (a stanzaic dialogue between two poets) containing his wittily-phrased and conventional contributions on the subject of courtly love. Ancient art refers to the earliest surviving works of art like cave paintings and portable sculptures of humans and animals.

The ancient times can be classified into three periods: Paleolithic (Stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle Age), and Neolithic (New Age).
WRITTEN WORKS:
> An epic “Chanson de geste” Paleolithic artists usually used five main colors in creating art, which are yellow, red, brown, black, and white and
> A satirical drama “Le jeu de la Feuillée depicted animals, humans, and archaic symbols. These symbols may be drawn or sculpted realistically, or represented by giving
> Musical plays like “Jeu de la feuillée” (“Play of the Greensward”), a satirical fantasy emphasis on a subject’s distinctive characteristics.
> “Le Congĕ” (“The Leave Taking”)

> “Jeu de Robin et de Marion,” which is often dubbed as the “first comic opera.” Cave art symbolizes life emanating from within and cave dwellers represented their world and beliefs through visual images.
> “Jeu de pèlerin" (“Play of the Pilgrim”) It consists of five principal motifs: human figures, animals, tools and weapons, rudimentary local maps, and symbols or
* He completed at least five essays in the genre of the polytextual French motet and rondeaux. ideograms.
Examples of Ancient Art:

1. Lascaux Cave paintings are abstract representations done using brushes made from animal fur.
2. Venus of Willendorf is one of the earliest images of the body made by humankind. It was carved from limestone and colored with red

ochre. Some theories suggest it was used as a fertility charm.

3. Venus of Brassempouy is a fragmentary ivory figurine from the Upper Paleolithic age, discovered by Edouard Piette and Joseph de

Laporterie. It is one of the earliest known realistic representations of the human face in triangular shape with the forehead, nose, and

brows carved in relief and with no mouth. The head is done in a checkerboard-like pattern formed by two series of shallow incisions at

right angles to each other.

UNIT 1 – THE FOOD PYRAMID AND THE FOOD PLATE

Lifestyle has a significant influence in the physical and mental health of individuals. It refers to the characteristics and the way

of living of the people in every region. It includes day-to-day behaviors of individuals towards their jobs, activities, recreation, and diet.

A food pyramid or diet pyramid is a pyramid-shaped diagram representing the number of servings to be eaten each day for

each of the basic food groups. The pyramid, also called the plate guide, shows the proper proportions of the five food groups promoting a

healthy eating pattern.

MyPlate was coined in 2011 to emphasize the division of the five food groups namely: grains, vegetables, fruits, protein,

and dairy foods.

1. Grains are sources of magnesium, vitamin B, and fiber.

2.Vegetables are loaded with nutrients and are naturally low in fat and cholesterol-free.

3. Fruits are low in calories and can positively contribute to one’s health. Fruits also contain anti-oxidant properties.

4. Protein supports muscles and an important component of body tissues, blood, and hormones.

5. Dairy foods have all the nutrients good for bone health. These nutrients are potassium, calcium, and vitamin D. They also help control

blood pressure.