Westminster H.S.

• AP Chemistry
8,9,10 · Bonding, IMFs, Liquids & Solids
BIG PICTURE CHART
Electronegativity: how much an atom wants an electron from
ATOMS
another atom. (“TUG OF WAR”) [Noble Gases have no EN.)
 Across period: increase protons, electrons more attracted to the
H He nucleus, increase EN
Li Be B C N O F Ne  Down family: increase layers of electrons, electrons less
attracted to the nucleus, decrease EN
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Metals Non-Metals
Low EN; lose e- High EN; gain e-
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Form + ions Form – ions
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn “Strong Non-Metals” “Weak Non-
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Metals”
N, O, F, Cl All Others

COVALENT BONDS
BONDS Non-Polar Covalent Bond Polar Covalent Bond
IONIC BOND METALLIC BOND

δ+ δ– + – + +
Example Cl – Cl
H – Cl K – Cl K–K
Lewis
Structures
Electrons transferred;
Electrons shared equally Electrons shared unequally Metal cations surrounded by
Description Attraction between oppositely
between atoms. between atoms. “sea of electrons.”
charged ions.
Between non-metal atoms:
How do you Between non-metal atoms: Between cation and anion,
strong NM + strong NM Between metal atoms.
Know? strong NM + weak NM often M and NM.
weak NM + weak NM

COMPOUN
Non-Polar Compound Polar Compound
DS
Either:
(1) Compound has polar covalent
How do you (1) All non-polar covalent bonds
bonds, AND
Know? OR
(2) Polar bonds do not cancel out.
(2) Polar bonds cancel out.

SOLIDS Molecular Solid Network Solid Ionic Solid Metallic Solid

 He, Kr, N2, F2, Br2, I2, P4, S8  Cdiamond, Cgraphite Ionic Compounds (cation + anion) Metals: Pb, Ag, Au, Cu, Fe, Zn
 H2O, NH3, CO2, NO2,  SiO2 (sand, glass, quartz)  NaCl, KCl, KI, FeCl3, Alloys: Brass (Cu+Zn),
Examples
C6H12O6 CaCO3, CaCl2, MgSO4, Bronze (Cu+Sn),
 Organic Compounds Fe2O3, AgNO3 Stainless Steel (Fe+Cr+C)
Molecules of covalent compounds All non-metal atoms connected Repeating lattice of A lattice of metal cations
Description
held by weak IMFs. with covalent bonds. cations and anions. in a sea of electrons.
 Low MP and BP  High MP and BP  Brittle  Lustrous / shiny
 Poor Conductors  Poor Conductors  High MP and BP  Malleable / Ductile
Properties
(except graphite)  Dissolves in H2O  Conducts heat + electricity
 Conducts as (ℓ) , (aq), (g)
Inter-Particle Inter-Molecular Covalent Ionic Bonds Metallic
Forces Forces (IMFs) Bonds Bonds

IMFS London Dispersion Forces Dipole-Dipole Interactions Hydrogen Bonding

Examples CO2 HCl H2O
Attractions between temporary Special kind of Dipole-Dipole
Attractions between opposite
Description induced dipoles; main IMF in Interactions where H is tethered
charges of polar molecules.
non-polar compounds. between N, O, or F.
How do you Polar Compounds with
Non-Polar Compounds Polar Compounds
Know? H-N, H-O, or N-F