IC 114- Globalization and Public Administration

Lesson 6 – Sustainability and

Globalization
Week # 11-12: October 25-November 6, 2021
Submit by November 6, 2021

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 LEARNING MODULE on IC 114 – Globalization and Public Administration

Module No. & Title Module 6: Sustainability and Globalization

Introduction

Sustainable Development refers to the organizing principle for meeting human

development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to
provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and
society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and
resources continue meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability
of the natural system.

This lesson will expose to us the various social issues and concerns to be
address as one united and global community. It will discuss the role of UN and the
purpose of the Sustainable Development Goal UN and its member-nations has been
advocating.

Intended Learning Outcome

At the end of this lesson, the learners shall be able to:

a. Understand the meaning of sustainability and differentiate it from

stability.
b. Learn the importance of the 17 UN Sustainable Goals and how they
can promote it as future Public Administrators.

This module will discuss the following Lessons:

a. Sustainable Development
Sustainability Versus Stability
b. Sustainable Development Goal
Sustainable Development Models
Global Challenges in Food Security
Global Food Security Model

Activity
World Issues!!! Attached in the 3 boxes provided 3 pictures of todays
current World issues and Problems. Example: Poverty, War, Pollution, etc. Provide a
short description for each photo. You may just attach your photo as different file if you
will answer online or via email.

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Analysis

1. What are the common Global issues you observed from the activity?

2. What are the effects of this issues in terms of economy, security, health, education,
and to the future generation?

3. Is there a way to resolve these issues?

4. Is it possible to come up with a global action to resolve these issues?

Abstraction

Sustainable Development

While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from

the 1987 Brundtland Report, it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest
management and twentieth century environmental concerns. As the concept
developed, it has shifted to focus more on economic development, social development
and environmental protection for future generations. It has been suggested that "the
term 'sustainability should be viewed as humanity's target goal of human-ecosystem
equilibrium (homeostasis), while 'sustainable development' refers to the holistic
approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability"

The concept of
sustainable
development has
been-and still is-
subject to criticism.
What, exactly, is to be
sustained in
sustainable
development? It has
been argued that there
is no such thing as a
sustainable use of a non renewable resource, since any positive rate of exploitation
will eventually lead to the exhaustion of earth's finite stock. This perspective renders
the industrial revolution as a whole unsustainable. It has also been argued that the
meaning of the concept has opportunistically been stretched from "conservation
management" to "economic development", and that the Brundtland Report promoted
nothing but a business as usual strategy for world development, with an ambiguous
and insubstantial concept attached as a public relations slogan.
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Sustainability versus Stability

Sustainability is the utilization of resources without compromising the other, of

the future generation. It's a broader normative term. Sustainability can hardly be used
as solely ecological feature without considering human perception and impact.

Stability is a way to characterize a system behavior and is quite well bounded

to certain method in dynamic system analysis.

Sustainable Development Goals

In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly formally adopted the
"universal, integrated and transformative" 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The goals are to be implemented
and achieved in every country from year 2016 to 2030.

Some Sustainable Development Goals:

1. Sustainable Environment

Environmental sustainability concerns the natural environment and how it

endures and remains diverse and productive. Since natural resources are derived from
the environment, the state of air, water, and the climate are of particular concern. The
IPCC Fifth Assessment Report outlines current knowledge about scientific, technical
and socio-economic information concerning climate change, and lists options for
adaptation and mitigation. Environmental sustainability requires society to design
activities to meet human needs while preserving the life support systems of the planet.
This, for example, entails using water sustainably, utilizing renewable energy, and
sustainable material supplies (e.g. harvesting wood from forests at a rate that
maintains the biomass and biodiversity).

2. Sustainable Agriculture

Sustainable agriculture consists of environment friendly methods of farming

that allow the production of crops or livestock without damage to human or natural
systems. It involves preventing adverse effects to soil, water, biodiversity, surrounding
or downstream resources as well as to those working or living on the farm or in
neighboring areas. The concept of sustainable agriculture extends intergenerationally,
passing on a conserved or improved natural resource, biotic, and economic base
rather than one which has been depleted or polluted.[25] Elements of sustainable
agriculture include permaculture, agroforestry, mixed farming, multiple cropping, and
crop rotation.[26] It involves agricultural methods that do not undermine the
environment, smart farming technologies that enhance a quality environment for

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humans to thrive and reclaiming and transforming deserts into farmlands (Herman
Daly, 2017).

3. Sustainable Development on Environment Economies

The total environment includes not just the biosphere of earth, air, and water,
but also human interactions with these things, with nature, and what humans have
created as their surroundings.

As countries around the world continue to advance economically, they put a

strain on the ability of the natural environment to absorb the high level of pollutants
that are created as a part of this economic growth. Therefore, solutions need to be
found so that the economies of the world can continue to grow, but not at the expense
of the public good. In the world of economics, the amount of environmental quality
must be considered as limited in supply and therefore is treated as a scarce resource.
This is a resource to be protected. One common way to analyze possible outcomes of
policy decisions on the scarce resource is to do a cost-benefit analysis. This type of
analysis contrasts different options of resource allocation and, based on an evaluation
of the expected courses of action and the consequences of these actions, the optimal
way to do so in the light of different policy goals can be elicited.

Benefit-cost analysis basically can look at several ways of solving a problem

and then assigning the best route for a solution, based on the set of consequences
that would result from the further development of the individual courses of action, and
then choosing the course of action that results in the least amount of damage to the
expected outcome for the environmental quality that remains after that development
or process takes place. Further complicating this analysis are the interrelationships of
the various parts of the environment that might be impacted by the chosen course of
action. Sometimes it is almost impossible to predict the various outcomes of a course
of action, due to the unexpected consequences and the amount of unknowns that are
not accounted for in the benefit-cost analysis.

Sustainable Energy

Sustainable energy is clean and can be used over a long period of time. Unlike
fossil fuels and biofuels that provide the bulk of the worlds energy, renewable energy
sources like hydroelectric, solar and wind energy produce far less pollution. Solar
energy is commonly used on public parking meters, street lights and the roof of
buildings. Wind power has expanded quickly, its share of worldwide electricity usage
at the end of 2014 was 3.1%. Most of California's fossil fuel infrastructures are sited in
or near low-income communities and have traditionally suffered the most from
California's fossil fuel energy system. These communities are historically left out
during the decision-making process, and often end up with dirty power plants and other
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dirty energy projects that poison the air and harm the area. These toxicants are major
contributors to health problems in the communities. As renewable energy becomes
more common, fossil fuel infrastructures are replaced by renewables, providing better
social equity to these communities. Overall, and in the long run, sustainable
development in the field of energy is also deemed to contribute to economic
sustainability and national security of communities, thus being increasingly
encouraged through investment policies.

Sustainable Technology

One of the core concepts in sustainable development is that technology can be

used to assist people meet their developmental needs. Technology to meet these
sustainable development needs is often referred to as appropriate technology, which
is an ideological movement (and its manifestations) originally articulated as
intermediate technology by the economist E. F. Schumacher in his influential work,
Small is Beautiful. and now covers a wide range of technologies. Both Schumacher
and many modern-day proponents of appropriate technology also emphasize the
technology as people-centered. Today appropriate technology is often developed
using open source principles, which have led to open-source appropriate technology
(OSAT) and thus many of the plans of the technology can be freely found on the
Internet. OSAT has been proposed as a new model of enabling innovation for
sustainable development.

Sustainable Politics

A study concluded that social indicators and, therefore, sustainable

development indicators, are scientific constructs whose principal objective is to inform
public policy-making. The International Institute for Sustainable Development has
similarly developed a political policy framework, linked to a sustainability index for
establishing measurable entities and metrics. The framework consists of six core
areas, international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change and
energy, measurement and assessment, natural resource management, and the role
of communication technologies in sustainable development.

The United Nations Global Compact Cities Programme has defined sustainable
political development in a way that broadens the usual definition beyond states and
governance. The political is defined as the domain of practices and meanings
associated with basic issues of social power as they pertain to the organization,
authorization, legitimation and regulation of a social life held in common. This definition

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is in accord with the view that political change is important for responding to economic,
ecological and cultural challenges. It also means that the politics of economic change
can be addressed. They have listed seven subdomains of the domain of politics:

1. Organization and governance

2. Law and justice

3. Communication and critique

4. Representation and negotiation

5. Security and accord

6. Dialogue and reconciliation

7. Ethics and accountability

This accords with the Brundtland Commission emphasis on development that

is guided by human rights principles.

Sustainable Culture

Working with a different emphasis, some researchers and institutions have

pointed out that a fourth dimension should be added to the dimensions of sustainable
development, since the triple-bottom-line dimensions of economic, environmental and
social do not seem to be enough to reflect the complexity of contemporary society. In
this context, the Agenda 21 for culture and the United Cities and Local Governments
(UCLG) Executive Bureau lead the preparation of the policy statement "Culture: Fourth
Pillar of Sustainable Development", passed on 17 November 2010, in the framework
of the World Summit of Local and Regional Leaders - 3rd World Congress of UCLG,
held in Mexico City. This document inaugurates a new perspective and points to the
relation between culture and sustainable development through a dual approach:
developing a solid cultural policy and advocating a cultural dimension in all public
policies. The Circles of Sustainability approach distinguishes the four domains of
economic, ecological, political and cultural sustainability.

Other organizations have also supported the idea of a fourth domain of

sustainable development. The Network of Excellence "Sustainable Development in a
Diverse World", sponsored by the European Union, integrates multidisciplinary
capacities and interprets cultural diversity as a key element of a new strategy for
sustainable development. The Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development Theory has
been referenced by executive director of IMI Institute at UNESCO Vito Di Bari in his
manifesto of art and architectural movement Neo-Futurism, whose name was inspired
by the 1987 United Nations' report Our Common Future. The Circles of Sustainability
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approach used by Metropolis defines the (fourth) cultural domain as practices,
discourses, and material expressions, which, over time, express continuities, and
discontinuities of social meaning.

Sustainable Natural Capital

The sustainable development debate is based on the assumption that societies

need to manage three types of capital (economic, social, and natural), which may be
non-substitutable and whose consumption might be irreversible. Leading ecological
economist and steady-state theorist Herman Daly, for example, points to the fact that
natural capital can not necessarily be substituted by economic capital. While it is
possible that we can find ways to replace some natural resources, it is much more
unlikely that they will ever be able to replace eco-system services, such as the
protection provided by the ozone layer, or the climate stabilizing function of the
Amazonian forest. In fact, natural capital, social capital and economic capital are often
complementarities. A further obstacle to substitutability lies also in the multi-
functionality of many natural resources. Forests, for example, not only provide the raw
material for paper (which can be substituted quite easily), but they also maintain
biodiversity, regulate water flow, and absorb CO2.

The loss of biodiversity, for example, is often definitive. The same can be true
for cultural diversity. For example, with globalization advancing quickly the number of
indigenous languages is dropping at alarming rates. Moreover, the depletion of natural
and social capital may have non-linear consequences. Consumption of natural and
social capital may have no observable impact until a certain threshold is reached. A
lake can, for example, absorb nutrients for a long time while actually increasing its
productivity. However, once a certain level of algae is reached lack of oxygen causes
the lake's ecosystem to break down suddenly.

Sustainable Education

Education must be revisited in light of a renewed vision of sustainable human

and social development that is both equitable and viable. This vision of sustainability
must take into consideration the social, environmental and economic dimensions of
human development and the various ways in which these relate to education: 'An
empowering education is one that builds the human resources we need to be
productive, to continue to learn, to solve problems, to be creative, and to live together
and with nature in peace and harmony. When nations ensure that such an education
is accessible to all throughout their lives, a quiet revolution is set in motion: education
becomes the engine of sustainable development and the key to a better world.

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 Higher education in sustainability across education streams including
engineering, finance, supply chain and operations is gaining weight-age Multiple
institutes including Wharton, Columbia, CASI Global New York offer certifications in
Sustainability. Corporate's prefer employees certified in sustainability.

Refence https://www.wharton.upenn.edu/ http://www.columbia.edu/ http:// casiglobal.us/

Sustainable Progress

The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD also

known as Rio 2012) was the third international conference on sustainable
development, which aimed at reconciling the economic and environmental goals of the
global community. An outcome of this conference was the development of the
Sustainable Development Goals that aim to promote sustainable progress and
eliminate inequalities around the world. However few nations met the World Wide
Fund for Nature's definition of sustainable development criteria established in 2006.
Although some nations are more developed than others, all nations are constantly
developing because each nation struggles with perpetuating disparities, inequalities
and unequal access to fundamental rights and freedoms.

(Source: Shaker, R.R. the Spatial Distribution of Development in Europe and Its Underlying
Sustainable Correlations, 2015)

Sustainable Development Models

The 1987 Report of the Brundtland Commission, Our Common Future,

defined sustainable development as, "meeting the needs of the present generation
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet own needs." To
supplement that touchstone definition and others, here are three sustainability models
that might help explain what a sustainable society looks like, according to Bob Wilhord
(2010). These are the 3-legged
stool model. The common three
dimensions of sustainability:
economic, environmental, and
social/cultural. The 3-legged stool
metaphor reinforces the three
dimensions that are required for us
to enjoy a high quality of life- and
shows that society is unstable if
one of them is weak. The downside
of this metaphor is that the
economic, environmental, and
social legs look separate and
equal.

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 Some people add a fourth leg / dimension: Culture is intertwined with the social
leg, but organizations like Living Principles divide the social aspect into people and
culture. They define the people dimension as, "actions and issues that affect all
aspects of society, including poverty, violence, injustice, education, healthcare, safe
housing, labor and human rights," and the culture dimension as "actions and issues
that affect how communities manifest identity, preserve and cultivate traditions, and
develop belief systems and commonly accepted values." Living Principles refer to the
economy, environment, people, and cultures as sustainability "streams." Others refer
to three or four "pillars" of sustainability. Metaphors abound.

3-overlapping-circles model. The overlapping-circles model of sustainability

acknowledges the intersection of economic, environmental, and social factors.
Depending on our mindset, we re-size the circles to show that one factor is more
dominant than the other two. For example, some business leaders prefer to show the
economy as the largest circle because it is the most important to their success and it
makes their world go around.

They draw society as the second largest circle because that is where their
customers and other important stakeholders live. The environment would then be the
smallest because it is the most external to standard. business metrics. Unfortunately,
this model implies that the economy can exist independently of society and the
environment that the part of the red circle that does not overlap with the blue and green

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circles has an existence of its own. This large incongruity leads us to the next, more
accurate model.

They draw society as the second largest circle because that is where their
customers and other important stakeholders live. The environment would then be the
smallest because it is the most external to standard business metrics. Unfortunately,
this model implies that the economy can exist independently of society and the
environment that the part of the red circle that does not overlap with the blue and green
circles has an existence of its own. This large incongruity leads us to the next, more
accurate model.

3-nested-dependencies model. If
you were to ask a maritime fisherman
whether the devastating collapse of the cod
fishery off the east coast of Newfoundland
an environmental disaster, a social disaster,
or an economic disaster was, he would say,
"Yes." The 3-nested-dependencies model
reflects this co-dependent reality. It shows
that human society is a wholly-owned
subsidiary of the environment that without
food, clean water, fresh air, fertile soil, and
other natural resources, we're cooked.

It's the people in societies who decide how they will exchange goods and
services. That is, they decide what economic model they will use. Because they create
their economies, they can change them if they find their current economic models are
not working to improve their quality of life. To add another metaphor: the economy is
the tail and society is the dog not vice versa.

To be fair, the society-economy relationship is symbiotic. During the recent

recession, the economic downturn had a significant impact on people's quality of life.
Good jobs are so important to a vibrant modern-day society that sustainability
champions who portray the economy as subservient to society are sometimes
accused of being naïve about how the "real world" works.

Global Challenges in Food Security

Malnutrition affects all countries in the world. Malnutrition, including over-and

under-nutrition and micro-nutrient deficiencies is the top contributor to global disease
burden. Globally, 800 million people are under-nourished, 2 billion are overweight or
obese and 2 billion are micronutrient deficient.

The vast majority of the world's hungry live in developing countries. Southern
Asia faces the greatest hunger burden, with about 281 million undernourished people.
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In sub-Saharan Africa, the current rate of undernourishment is currently around 23 per
cent. Despite decreasing under-nutrition, levels remain unacceptably high.

Despite improved food access at all income levels, diet quality is declining.
Notwithstanding recent food production increases, nutritious foods remain
unaffordable for many. The consequences are severe; poor nutrition causes nearly
half the deaths in children under five, and one in four children suffer stunted growth;
66 million primary school-age children attend classes hungry across the developing
world, with 23million in Africa alone. Without policy changes, obesity will increase in
all countries and reach 3.28 billion by 2030, increasing non-communicable disease
prevalence and health costs.

Sustainable agriculture is the foundation of food security and has the

potential to secure livelihoods

Agriculture is the single largest employer in the world, providing livelihoods for
40 per cent of today's global population and it is the largest source of income and jobs
for poor rural households. Investing in smallholder farmers is an important way to
increase food security and nutrition for the poorest, as well as food production for local
and global markets.

However, providing food and securing livelihoods must be done in a manner

which does not compromise the environment. Since the 1900s, some 75 per cent of
crop diversity has been lost from farmers' fields. Better use of agricultural biodiversity
can contribute to more nutritious diets, enhanced livelihoods for farming communities
and more resilient and sustainable farming systems. Reference: Third International
Conference on Global Food Security, December 2017, Cape Town, Africa.

Global Food Security Index

The Global Food Security Index developed by the Economist (Magazine).

Intelligence Unit with sponsorship from DuPont, is a universal benchmarking tool on
food security.

It examines the core issues of food affordability, availability, quality and safety,
as well as natural resources and resilience in 113 countries. It is based on 26 unique
indicators that measure these drivers of food security across both developing and
developed countries. "This index is the first to examine food security comprehensively
across the three internationally established dimensions. Moreover, the study looks
beyond hunger to the underlying factors affecting food insecurity. This year the GFSI
includes an adjustment factor on natural resources and resilience."

"This new category assesses a country's exposure to the impacts of a changing

climate; its susceptibility to natural resource risks; and how the country is adapting to
these risks." The GFSI is available at no charge online at foodsecurityindex.eiu.com.

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Overall

Singapore is the runaway winner (Global Rank: 19), followed by Malaysia (43),
Rice exporters are at lower tiers: Thailand (53), Vietnam (64), Cambodia (84), and
Myanmar (80). Rice importers' ranks, excluding Singapore and Malaysia, are:
Indonesia (73) and the Philippines (79). ASEAN countries with high GFSI are ahead
in affordability, availability, and quality and safety criteria.

1. Affordability

Singapore posted the highest per capita income at $73,168, distantly followed
by Malaysia with $9,503 in 2016. Indonesia has $3,570, the Philippines $2,951, and
Vietnam, $2,186. The two leaders had little (if no) poverty. Malaysia's poverty
incidence was only 1.6% in 2014 versus 21.6% for Philippines in 2015.

2. Quality;

3. Safety; and

4. Availability Rice importers Singapore and Malaysia beat rice exporters

Vietnam and Thailand by a mile. The index has several factors of which supply
sufficiency is only one of six. The Philippines is even ahead of Cambodia, a rice
exporter.

The level of development of a country affects the quality and safety criteria.
Singapore and Malaysia are far ahead. Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines are in
the middle cluster.

5. Natural Resources and 6. Resilience (NRR)

The 2017 GFSI includes "a new environmental criterion that recognizes the
growing emphasis on resource conservation, climate change adaption, and
sustainable agriculture practices. With factors, such as temperature change, land
deforestation, and depletion of water resources, the NRR category measures future
impacts on the countries in the GFSI." (To read the report, please visit the link
http://bit.ly/ secure food or use a smartphone to scan the QR code.)

Global Food Security Model

MINK is the process-based crop modeling for global food security. This was
pointed out by Richard Robertson of the International Food Policy Research Institute
(IFRI) in September 5, 2017.

Over the last decade, computer models of crop growth have increasingly been
used to understand how climate change may affect the world's capacity to produce
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food. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) has undertaken a major
sustained effort to analyze changes in the productivity of major crops across the entire
world. The results are integrated into economic modeling efforts ranging from
household to country-level economy-wide models to the global agricultural sector
partial-equilibrium economic model known as IMPACT. With the models working
together, researchers can examine how biophysical changes in crop growth interact
with changes in social and economic conditions.

Now, for the first time, IFPRI is releasing a comprehensive volume describing
the global-scale crop modeling system behind IMPACT known as "Mink" for short.

Crop modeling starts at the field level and scaling this up to the global level is
challenging. Climate data must be collated, processed, and formatted. Representative
crop varieties and planting calendars have to be chosen. Fertilizer input levels need
to be specified. Myriad other assumptions need to be considered and appropriate
values and strategies determined. And that is just the preparation phase. All the data
then have to be organized, exported, and run through the crop models to obtain
simulated yields under different climate scenarios and production environments. This
necessitates employing parallel computing to get the job done quickly enough to be
useful. And then the reams of output data must be organized, manipulated, analyzed,
and finally interpreted to provide context as well as specific information so
policymakers can plan appropriately for the future.

Naturally, with so much going on, the process can be mysterious for those
looking in from the outside and potentially confusing even for those on the inside.

The document addresses how Mink works at several different levels. There is
the broad discussion of interest to policymakers and managers concerning how global-
scale crop modeling can be used, its strengths and weaknesses, how to think about
the issues, and where it sits in the wider context of agricultural and policy research. At
a middle level, every step of the process is described for those who wish to understand
how it works so they can use the results properly, but not necessarily generate the
numbers themselves. Along the way, though, various tips, tricks, and lessons learned
are revealed for those who do, in fact, wish to replicate this kind of work on their own.
And finally, for collaborators and researchers who wish to use Mink themselves, there
is the nitty-gritty, nuts-and-bolts level documentation and tutorial aspects that literally
say "Change this number; click here and drag there."

Mink has been used to provide insight for numerous reports, peer reviewed
journal articles, and the popular press.

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Application

Provide specific actions that you can do in support to the sustainable

development goals of all member-nations of UN. Put the specific aspect of the Goal
and write a commitment, a specific action, you will be undertaking. Then post in in your
respective Social Media Accounts (FB, Twitter, etc.) and tag me @Sìr Goi.

Example: In support to Gender Equality

I will respect women and the members of the LGBTQI community knowing we have equal rights.

In Support to _____________________________________
I will ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

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Assessment

NAME: ______________________________ YR. & Section: ___________

LESSON 6 ACTIVITIES:

I- Definition- Define the following terms based on the lesson discussed in this
learning module. (2 pts. Each)

1.) Sustainability –

2.) Stability –

3.) Sustainable Development-

4.) Global Food Security-

5.) Sustainable Development Models-

II- Differentiate: Compare and Contrast the Following Regions of the World.
(10 points each item)

1 Stability Sustainability

2 3-legged Stool Model (Draw) 3 overlapping- Circles Model (Draw)

III - Essay: Answer and Expound these questions. (10 points)

1.) Why is Sustainability Important?

2.) Among the 17 Sustainable Development Plan, what do you think are the TOP
3 most important areas the Philippines needs to focus? Explain each.

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