CHAPTER

The First Law of

Thermodynamics for
Control Volumes
 CONSERVATION OF MASS

Conservation of mass: Mass, like energy, is a conserved property, and it

cannot be created or destroyed during a process.
Closed systems: The mass of the system remain constant during a process.
Control volumes: Mass can cross the boundaries, and so we must keep track
of the amount of mass entering and leaving the control volume.

Mass is conserved even during chemical reactions.

Mass m and energy E can be converted to each other
according to
where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, which is
c = 2.9979  108 m/s.
The mass change due to energy change is absolutely negligible.
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Conservation of mass principle

Control volume can be thought of a region of space through which mass flows.

Mass
Control leaving
Mass Volume
entering (CV)
_ Total mass Net change
Total mass
entering leaving CV = in mass
within CV
CV

m  m i e   mCV
Note: i-inlet , e-exit , CV-control volume

The rate form   m   m i e  m

 CV
 dm
where m is mass flow rate, i.e
4-2 dt
 Flow through a pipe or duct

Velocity profile

Viscous effects
The average velocity Vavg is defined as The volume flow rate is the volume
the average speed through a cross of fluid flowing through a cross
section. section per unit time.

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The mass flow rate through a different area dA can be expressed as:

  Vn dA
dm
Velocity normal to dA

m   Vn dA (kg/s )
A

  Vavg A (kg/s )
m
density kg/ m3 average fluid velocity normal to A, m/s
3
The volume flow rate: 
V   V ndA  V av A( m )
s
A
The mass and volume flow rates are related by :
V
m  V 
v
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Conservation of Energy Principle

Total energy Total energy Total energy Net change

crossing boundary + of mass - of mass = in energy
as heat and work entering CV exiting CV of CV

W
Mass
in Q
Q  W   E in   E out   E CV

Mass out
This equation can also be expressed in the rate form (i.e. quantities per unit
time).

When there is no mass flow in and out of the system, the energy equation
reduces to that of a closed system:

Q  W  E

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Flow work or flow energy

The energy required to push fluid into or out of a control volume.

The force applied on the fluid element : F= PA
The work done in pushing the fluid element into the control volume:
i.e. the flow work : Wflow = F L = PAL = PV (kJ)
On a unit mass basis w flow
 Pv (kJ/kg)

(the fluid pushing

the fluid infront of it)

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Total Energy of a flowing fluid

2
V
For a nonflowing fluid : e = u + ke + pe = u + +gz (kJ/kg)
2
2
V
For a flowing fluid the total energy θ = Pv + e = Pv + u + + gz (kJ/kg)
2
2 h
V
Hence θ = h + ke + pe = h + + gz (kJ/kg)
2

The total energy consists of three parts for a nonflowing fluid and four parts for a flowing fluid.

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THE STEADY-FLOW PROCESS

Steady flow is defined such that all properties at each point in a system
remain constant with respect to time. (e.g. turbines, compressors, and
heat exchangers)

Under steady-flow conditions, the

Under steady-flow conditions, the mass
fluid properties at an inlet or exit
and energy contents of a control
remain constant (do not change with
volume remain constant.
time).

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Example:
Conservation of mass

mcv = constant for steady-flow process

 m i   m e

If there is only one inlet and one exit

1 1
m  m (kg/s) or  V A   V A
1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
(or
v
VA  V A
1
v
1 2 2
)
1 2

where   density (kg/m 3 )

  specific volume (m3 /kg)
V  average velocity (m/s)
A  cross  sectional area normal to area (m 2 )
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Mass (and
Conservation of energy for steady flow energy) in

ECV  constant or ECV  0 Work

Q  W   E 
out  E  E
in cv

 
Heat
 Q  W  m  
e e
m i i
Mass (and
energy) out

 Q  W   m (h   gz )   m (h 
2 2

  V V
e e
 gz ) e
e i i
i
i
2 2
For one-inlet, one-exit systems(i.e single stream systems):

m  m
1 2

V V In many cases:
Q  W  m {h  h  2
 g ( z  z )}
1
2 1
2 1
ke = pe =0
2  q  w  h
h ke pe
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Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices

1.Nozzels and Diffusers

0 0 0
q  w  h  ke  pe
V V 2 2

0h h 2 1
2 1

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2.Turbines and compressors

A modern land-based gas turbine used for electric power production. This is a
General Electric LM5000 turbine. It has a length of 6.2 m, it weighs 12.5 tons,
and produces 55.2 MW at 3600 rpm with steam injection.

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2.Turbines and compressors Mass (and

energy) in

Work
Turbine
q  w  h  ke  pe
V V 2 2

w  ( h  h 
2 1
) 2 1

Mass (and
2 Heat
0 0 energy) out
q  w  h  ke  pe
Heat
qwh h 2 1

Compre
Work ss or

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Ex: Steam turbine

For steady flow m = 600 kg/h
h1 = 3120 kJ/kg
m  m  m
1 2
V1 = 3 m/s
V V2 2
z1 = 3 m
Q  W  m {h  h 
2 1
2
 g ( z  z )}
1
2 1
2
Q W 2
V V 2

  (h   gz )  (h   gz )  0
m m
1 2
2 2
600 kg kg
w
m  hr  0.167
3600 sec sec
hr Q = 630 kJ/h
h2 = 2330 kJ/kg
630 kg V2 = 130 m/s
Q  hr  0.175kW
3600 sec z2 = 0
hr
0.175 kJ W (100 m ) 2
9.81m 2 (130 m ) 2

 s   (3120 kJ  s  s )  (2330 kJ  s  0)  0
kg 2(1000 J ) 1000 J kg 2(1000 J )
0.167 kg 0.167 kg kJ kJ kJ
s s
W
 1.05 kJ   (3120 kJ  5 kJ  0.029 kJ )  (2330  8.45  0)  0
kg kg kg kg
0.167 kg
s
 W  131.183kW
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3.Throling Valves
Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices that cause a significant pressure
drop in the fluid.
Why there is a pressure drop?

Energy per unit volume before = Energy per unit volume after

P1 + ½۷12 + gz1 = P2 + ½۷22 + gz2

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3.Throling Valves
What is the difference between a turbine and a throttling valve?
The pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied by a large drop in temperature, and for
that reason throttling devices are commonly used in refrigeration and air-conditioning
applications.

Energy balance
0 0 0 0
q  w  h  ke  pe
h h2 1

u  Pv  u  P v
1 1 1 2 2 2

During a throttling process, the enthalpy of a fluid remains constant. But

internal and flow energies may be converted to each other.
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3.Throttling Valves

Internal energy +flow =const.

If P v increase then u2 decreases
2 2
drop in temperature
If Pv decrease then u1 increases increase in temperature
For an ideal gas, h=h(T) and since h1  h2, the temperature does not change T1  T2 .
1 1

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4. Heat exchangers
Mass flow rate of fluid A:
Mass flow rate of fluid B: m  m  m
i e A
m  m  m
i e B
Energy equation for blue CV:

 
2 2
V V
Q  W  m (h   gz ) 
e e
e
e
m (h   gz )
i i
i
i
2 2
 m h   i i
m h e e

m h  m h  m h  m h
B Bi A Ai B Be A Ae

Energy equation for red CV: single stream

0 0 0
Q  W  m (h  ke  pe) A

Q  m (h  h ) A 2 1

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5.Mixing Chambers

 m i   m 2
m 1 m 3
m 1  m 2  m 3  1 
0 0 m 2 0 m2 0 0 0
2 2
V V
Q  W   m e (he  e
 gze )   m i (hi  i
 gzi )
2 2
 m i hi   m e he
m 1h1  m 2 h2  m 3h3
m 1
Divide by m and let y   y h1  h2  ( y  1) h3
m 2
2

The T-elbow of an ordinary shower serves as the

mixing chamber for the hot- and the cold-water
streams.

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6.Pipe and Duct Flow

Q  W  m (h  ke  pe)

Q  W  m (h  h ) 2 1

Pipe or duct flow may involve more When air treated as ideal gas
than one form of work at the same tim

RT
v 
1
1

P 1

V
m  1

v 1
Heat losses from a hot fluid flowing
through an uninsulated pipe or duct to
the cooler environment may be very  Q  W  m C (T  T ) p 2 1
significant.
(We  Wsh )
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 m  V (kg )
 s
m
V1  m
1 A1 ( s )
m (m )
V2  s
 2 A2

z2 Enthalpy change for incompressible substance:

h2  h1  (u 2  P2 v2 )  (u1  P1v1 )
Pump
 (u 2  u1 )  v( P2  P1 )
 C (T2  T1 )  v( P2  P1 )

 u
z1
Energy equation becomes:
22  12
Q  Wsh  m { C (T2  T1 )  v ( P2  P1 )   g ( z2  z1 )}
2

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 𝜗2 2 −𝜗1 2
Energy Equation: 𝑄 − 𝑊𝑠ℎ = 𝑚 𝐶 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 + 𝜐 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 + + 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
2

When 𝑄 is neglible and 𝑇1 = 𝑇2 :

𝜗2 2 − 𝜗1 2
→ 𝑊𝑠ℎ = 𝑚 𝜐 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 + + 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
2
In the case of negligible changes of kinetic and potential
energies:
→ 𝑊𝑠ℎ ≈ 𝑉 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
Definition of pump efficiency :
m3
𝑉( ) × 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 kPa
 pump 
Water (output) Power
 s
Shaft (input) Power 𝑊𝑠ℎ (kW)
Electric Pump
𝑊𝑠ℎ
𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑊𝑒𝑙
Power delivered
Electric motor to the fluid The overall pump efficiency :
P2
ov   pump   motor

Wel
Electric power consumption:
P1 𝑊𝑠ℎ 𝑉 × (𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )
W sh
Electric power
𝑊𝑒𝑙 = =
𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
Shaft power