Eukaryotic cell

components
ARGUITXU DE LA RIVA CABALLERO
COLEGIO EL VALLE ALICANTE
Cell membrane
Source:
https://socratic.org/que
stions/what-are-the-
main-functions-of-the-
cell-membrane

✓ Composed by lipids, which make a bilayer. The lipids are mainly phospholipids, which confer
great fluidity.
✓ Cholesterol (another type of lipid) will control the excess of fluidity.
✓ There are also proteins that act as molecules channels and glycoproteins (protein +
carbohydrate), which are membrane receptors.
Exchange of substances through
the cell membrane
 Depending on the size of the molecules, the exchange of substance
between the inside and the outside of the cell can be:
 Diffusion – like gases – just pass through the membrane.
 Osmosis – pass of water from the less concentrated side to the more
concentrated.

DIFFUSION. Source:
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school- OSMOSIS. Source: https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-difference-
biology/hs-energy-and-transport/hs-passive-and-active- between-simple-diffusion-and-osmosis
transport/v/diffusion-video
Exchange of substances through
the cell membrane
 When substances are bigger then the process is different:
 Exocytosis – exo means outside and cyto means cell. It consists in the
fusion of a vesicle with the membrane towards the outside of the cell,
containing insoluble or large molecules.

http://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-
level/topic-1-cell-biology/14-membrane-
transport/bulk-transport.html
Exchange of substances through
the cell membrane
 Endocytosis – endo means inside and cyto means cell. It is the process
in which the cell captures large substances. It will form an inward
invagination of the cell membrane towards the cytoplasm.
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-
is-endocytosis-4163670
Exchange of substances through
the cell membrane
 Permeasas – there are proteins that transport substances across the cell
membrane against concentration gradient, therefore consuming
energy.
https://www.digopaul.com/english-
word/permeases.html
Cell wall
 In animal and plant tissues there is an extracellular matrix occupying
the space between cells. One type of this extracellular matrix is the
cell wall, which is composed by proteins and carbohydrates.
Only in plant cells

https://slideplayer.info/slid
e/4101642/
Cytoplasm

 It is the content between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It is

divided in two parts: cytoskeleton and cytosol.
 CYTOSKELETON – cyto means cell and skeleton means skeleton
allows movements of the cell (like the amaeboid movement),
transport of substances within the cell, transport of organelles within
the cell.
 Organised as a complex net of protein filaments: microtubules,
microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
 Connections between the different filaments are weak – to assemble
and disassemble easily.
Cytoskeleton

 Microtubles – made out of

tubuline, protein which forms
hollow and rigid structures.
 Microfilaments – made out of
the protein actine. They are
overall in the cell, but more
concentrated close to the
cellular membrane. They
break easily.
 Intermediate filaments –
made out of proteins joined
like ropes. Easy to build,
difficult to break.
Centrosome

 Only in animal cells.

 Close to the nucleus usually
 Divides and separates to
opposite poles when cell
division
 Functions:
 Forms the mitotic spindle
 Involved in formation and
organisation of cytoskeleton
 Movements of cells, cilia and
flagella https://byjus.com/biology/cell-organelles-ii-cytoskeleton-cilia-and-flagella-
centrosome-centrioles/
Centrosome

 Composition:
 Two perpendicular structures
called centrioles
 Each centriole is made up of
nine groups of microtubules
 During cell division around the
centrosome develops the
aster, which is made up of
microtubules in all directions.

https://byjus.com/biology/cell-organelles-ii-cytoskeleton-cilia-and-flagella-
centrosome-centrioles/
Ribosomes
 Found in the cytosol – attached
to the membranes of different
organelles such as RER or
nuclear membrane or inside
some organelles such as
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
 Larger in eukaryotic than in
prokaryotic
 Made out of proteins and RNA
 FUNCTION – make proteins using
the information contained in the
DNA

https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/ribosomes-structure-and-functions/
Endoplasmic Reticulum

 Membranous system which forms a

system of interconnected sacs and
sacs-like structures.
 Connected also to the Golgi body
and the nuclear membrane
 FUNCTIONS:
 RER – synthesis of proteins for the
reticulum, cellular membrane
and other organelles
 SEM – lipids that will also form
part of cellular membranes
Golgi body

 Group of disc-shaped membranous sacs close to the ER.

 Connect to the ER through vesicles that go from the ER to the cis-face of the
Golgi apparatus.
 Connect to the cell membrane through vesicles that go from the trans-face of
the Golgi body to the cell membrane.

 FUNCTION:
 Produces most of polysaccharides of the cell.
 Sorts and maduration of lipids and proteins from the ER.
 Maduration takes place on the way from the cis- to the trans-face
 Mature lipids and proteins will be packed in vesicles for excretion or distribution within
the cell.
Golgi body Image: https://scienceover.com/science/biology/cell-
structure-golgi-complex/
Lysosomes and vacuoles

 Lysosomes – vesicles from the Golgi body filled with digestive enzymes
 Digest nutrients from outside the cell, own waste or phagocytised
microorganisms
 Protects from digesting own structures.
 Through the transport proteins of the lysosome membrane – digestion end
products are released in the cytoplasm to be reused or excreted by the cell.
 Vacuoles – present in all types of cells, bigger in plants.
 Similar to lysosomes (in animals) but carry out more functions. One cell might
have different vacuoles, each with a different function.
 In plants – store water and mineral salts, occupies most of the cytoplasm,
exerting pressure over the cell membrane and maintaining cell turgidity. Its
membrane is called tonoplast.
Lysosomes
and vacuoles

Image right:
https://www.shutterstock.com/es/image-
illustration/anatomy-lysosome-hydrolytic-enzymes-
membrane-transport-
781949383?src=zZbfJ1XK9dT42Q4yT688sA-1-8

Image: left: https://sites.google.com/a/asu.edu/the-

almighty-cell/the-source/animal-cell/vacuole
Mitochondria

 In cytoplasm of all eukaryotic

cells
 Surrounded by doubled
membrane
 Able to duplicate themselves-
new mitochondria from pre-
existing mitochondria

 FUNCTIONS:
 Provide E to the cell – enzymes
in crest and matrix involved in
cellular respiration.

Image: https://demedbook.com/was-sind-mitochondrien/
Mitochondria and cell respiration
 Cellular metabolism – set of chemical reactions that allow the cell to
survive, develop and reproduce. Divided in two independent phases:
 Catabolism – complex molecules are broken in simpler ones, releasing E in the
process.
 Anabolism – simple molecules are joined together forming more complex
molecules, consuming E in the process.

 Cellular respiration – important catabolic process.

 Using O2 (aerobic process) organic matter is broken to CO2 and H2O,
summarized in a chemical equation would be:

C6H6 + 15/2 O2 → 6CO2 + 3H2O + E

 It is an exothermic reaction
Chloroplast

 Only in plant cells

 Surrounded by a double
membrane
 Have DNA (circular) – can
duplicate by themselves

 FUNCTION:
 CARRY OUT PHTOSYNTHESIS

Image: https://bilimfili.com/hiperfizik/hbase/biology/imgbio/
Chloroplast and photosynthesis
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS – process that converts inorganic matter into simple
organic matter using the E of light. It has two stages:
 LIGHT REACTION – the energy of the SUN (light) will be transformed into
chemical E. H2O molecules are broken down releasing O2 to the atmosphere,
process also known as hydrolysis.
 DARK REACTION – glucose (organic material) will be synthesized from CO2 and
the H from the hydrolysis of H2O, consuming part of the chemical E produced
during the light reaction.
 Chemical reaction can be summarized as:
CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

 It is an ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
The nucleus

 It contains the majority of an

eukaryotic cell genetic material

 FUNCTIONS:
 Controls cell functions.
 Related to transfer of traits
from one cell to the
daughters.
 Place where most of the DNA
and RNA synthesis takes place.

Image: https://kidsbiology.com/biology-basics/nucleus/
https://opuntiavisual.org/blo
g-en-
espaol/2016/10/31/retratos-
celulares
https://opuntiavisual.org/blo
g-en-
espaol/2016/10/31/retratos-
celulares
 both types

eukaryotic

both cells

eukaryotic cells

eukaryotic cells

both cells

eukaryotic cells

prokaryotic cells
 cylia

cylia

golgi body

lysosoma
mitochondria s

endoplasmic reticulum
nucleous

mitochondria
vacuoles
 cell wall

cloroplast
mitochondria

golgi body

vaculoe

nucleous
endoplasmic reticulum

cytopasm chloroplast
 mitochondria

nucleous

endoplasmic reticulum

cylium

golgi body

lysosomas

cell wall

chloroplast

vaculoe