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THE BLUEBOOK I
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I
o Preface to the Twentieth Edition

o This edition of Tbe Bluebook retains the same basic approach to legal
citation established by its predecessors. The layout of Tbe Bluebook
has been updated to make the information easier to access. Some cita-

o tion forms have been expanded, elaborated upon, or modilied from pre-
vious editions to reflect the ever-expanding range of authorities used in

o legal writing and to respond to suggestions from the legal community.

Here are some of the more noteworthy changes:

t The Bluepages, introduced in the Eighteenth Edition, have been con-

siderably overhauled for the Twentieth Edition. The Bluepages now
parallel thc Whitepages-helping practitioners cite a broader range of

o soufces and greatly improving cross-references. Typeface rules have

been relaxed to accommodate practitioner use of r.{R(;E ANr) sMAr.r- cAPs.
Bluetable BT2 has also been expanded to include more local court
I citation rules.
In addition to edits for clariry concision, and consistency, theTwentieth

o Edition contains the following significant changes: Rule 1..4(e) clari-

fies the order of authories when federal and state legislative materials

I are citecl together. In rule 1.5(b), the order of parentheticals has been
changed to reflect the removal of the "internal quotation marks omit-
tecf" and "available at" parentheticals. Rule 3.2(A> provides additional

a guidance for citing a range of pages and a single footnote within the
range in the same citation. Rule 3.5 provides guidance on the nam-
ing conventions for subdivisions that are numbered or otherwised des-

o ignated in a piece. Rule 5.2(dXi) no longer requires indicating the

omission of internal quotation marks. Rule 5.2(f) provides guidance

o on the use of internal quotation marks. Rule 1O.2.1(f) requires thc

omission of all geographical terms that follow a comma. Rule 1O.2.2
clarilies that words in a case name that would be abbreviated ie^cord-

I ing to table T6 should not be abbreviated if the words are part of a

state, country, or other geographical unit that is the entire name of a
pafry. Rule l0.9(a)(iii) provides additional guidance on the forma-

o tion of slip opinion short f<rrms. Rule 11 now provides guidance on

the citation of multiple amendments, sections within the same article,

o and clauses within the same section.Rule 12.9.4 combines former

rules 12.9.1 and 12.9.5, provides guidance on citing principles, and
revises the citation fbrmat of model codes, restatements, standards, and

o guidelines. Dean Richard Revesz and Professor Robert Sitkoff provided

valuable advice and assistance in revising this rule . Rule L3.5 clarifies
what year should be cited when a debate occurs in a different year
o from publication in the Congressional Recorcl.Rrile 14.2(b) has been
expanded to include detailed information on citing c()mments to agen-

o cies. Examples of citing guidances and manuals have been included

in rule 14.2(d> as well as detailcd information on citing opinion let-
ters. Rule 14.4 provides detailecl infbrmation on citing administra-

o tive sources found on commercial electronic databases. The citation

firrmats frrr Bar.r.nNtNe's l-tw Dlctton.tnv and Br,lcr's L,tw f)IcLIorl,,rnv
have been updated in rule 15.8(a). Rule 15.9 removes language vtl

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 O
that requires the use of"available at" in parallel citations. New rule
15.9(c) introduces a citation format for ebooks, stipulating that the
print versions of books are authoritative , but that ebooks may be cited
a
if they are the sole media through which the book is available. Rule
t6.6(a') requires that opinion pieces in newspapers be cited as"Opin-
o
ion" rather than "op-Ed." Rule 16.6(f) clarifies that online newspa-
pers may be used in place of print newspapers. Rule lE has been
updated in a number of areas to account for the increasing use and var-
a
ied forms of Internet sources. The rule no longer separately categorize s
Internet citations as either direct or parallel; all citations are treated as O
direct. Rule 18.2.l(b)(ii) provides for the direct citation of Internet
sources that share the characteristics of a print source such that they
can be fully cited according to another rule, whether or not the source
o
is in print. Rule 18.2.1(d) provides guidance on how to cite Internet
sources using archival tools. Rule 1.8.2.2(a) provides guidance on
citing author information on social media platforms. Rules 1A.2.2(b)
o
(iii) and 18.2.2(b)(v) detail how to cite titles for blogs contained
within a larger website and titles for social media posts, respectiv€ly. O
Rule 18.3 now catalogs where within Tbe Bluebook guidance is
provided for citing various sources found on commercial electronic
databases. Rule 21 has been expanded to include new rules for citinfi
o
materials from the International Monetary Fr-rnd and the International
Criminal Court and has adopted simpler ways of citing United Nations
documents. We are grateful to the American Society of International
o
Law for its assistance with rule 2l and tables T3.T4, and T5.
The tables have been updated and expanded. Table T1 has been
a
revised to reflect the most current titles for the various statutory com-
pilations, session laws, and administrative compilations and registers.
The abbreviations following the states and f)istrict of Columbia in
o
table T1.3 have been revised to follow the abbreviation convention
for jurisdiction names in the date parenthetical of cases. The citation
o
formats for these sources have been updated to reflect as accurately as
possible the uniquc breakdown of information within each. Table T2
has been updated to reflect changes in local law and legal citation. The
O
compilers are indebted to the following experts in foreign legal cita-
tion for their help in enhancing table T2: Zsuzsanna Antal, Francisco o
A. Avalos,Annette L. Demers, Christoph Malliet,Yukino Nakashima, E.
Dana Neacsu, and Charlotte Stichter. The format of table T13 has been
changed from an inclusive list of periodicals to a more general guide
I
to abbreviating periodicals. Table T13.1 contains the abbreviations of
common institutional names and tableTl3.2 lists common words for
in periodical titles. The table also prescribes abbreviating geographi-
o
cal terms according to table T1O. If a word in a periodical title is not
included in any of the previously listed tables, revamped table 13 pre-
O
scribes including the full word. Terms have been added to tables T6,
Ta,Tl4, and T15 as appropriate. o
The compilers wish to thank our Coordinating Editor Mary Miles Prince
for working with us in revising, clarifying, updating, and improving Tbe
o
t
Bluebook. The compilers would also like to acknowledge outside com-
vill mentators who contribute d the ir expe rtise to th€ Twentieth Edition of
I
o Tbe Bluebook. The compilers are grateful to the law journal editors,
law librarians, and practitioners who responded to our call for sr.rgges-
tions with helpful advice and comments.

o Finally, the compilers request that any errors, omissions, or suggestions

for revisions be reported to the Harvard Law Review, (;annett Housc,

o 151 1 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138.

o Acknowledgements

I Tbe Bluebrxtk: A UniJbrm System of Citation is compiled by the edi-

tors of the Columbia Lau Reuieut,tlr,e Haruard Lau Reuieu,the Uni-
aersit! of Pennqtluania Laut Reuieut, a.nd Tbe Yale Laut Journal. Tbe

o Bluebrx* is published and distributed by the Harvard Law Rcview

Association. The Coordinating Editor of Tbe Bluebook is Mary Milcs
Prince , Associate Director for Library Services, Vanderbilt University

o Law School Library with special editorial assistance on the citatk)ns of

foreign iurisdictions from the Directorate ofLcgal Research ofthe Law

a Library of Oongress.

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o
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Contents O
..., vtl

I
Preface
Introduction .7
Structure of The Bluebook . .t
General Principtes of Citation
Cattino qt2ripd
L

2
o
The Bluepages: An Introduction to Basic LegatCitation
lntroduction 3 o
Structure of Legal Citations

o
B1 3
a2 Typeface for Court Documents 6
B3 Subdivisions 7
B4
B5
ShortCitationForms
Quotations
......
Abbreviations, Numerals, and Symbols
8
8
9
I
o
B6
87 Italicization for Styte and in Unique Circumstances 9
B8 Capitalization. 9
B9
810
B11
Titles ofJudges
Cases . .

Constitutions
10
10
77
o
872
813
Statutes, Rules, and Restatements
Legislative Materials
.

AdministrativeandExecutiveMaterials ........22
18
27 o
o
874
815 BooksandOtherNonperiodicMaterials. .......22
815 PeriodicalMaterials. . ..23
877
818
879
Court and Litigation Documents
Thelnternet
Services
. . . 24
. .26
. ..27
I
820
827
ForeignMaterials.....
fnternationalMaterials
.. .28
.......28 o
The Bluepages Tables
BT1 Court Documents. . .

BT2 lurisdiction-Specific Citation Rules

.29
.30
I
8T2.1 Federal Courts .
and Styte Guides
30 O
8T2.2 State Courts.
BT2.3 Territories... .56
t
Rules
Rule
1.1
1 Structure and Use ofCitations
Citation Sentences and Clauses in Law Reviews.
57
57
o
1.2
1.1
lntroductorySignals
Order of Signals
5B
60
O
1.4 Order of Authorities Within Each Signat . . ... 6"t

O
.

1.5 Parenthetical Information 64

1.6 Related Authority. 65
Rute
2.1
2.2
2 Typefaces for Law Reviews
Typeface Conventions for Citations
Tvoeface Conventions for Textual Materia[ . .
67
67
69
o
O
.
o
o Rule
3.1
3.2
3 Subdivisions .

Volumes, Parts, and Supplements

Pages, Footnotes, Endnotes, and Graphical Materials
.77
..71.
..72
o 3.3
3.4
Sections and Paragraphs
Aooended Material
..75
..76

o 3.5 InternalCross-References.....
Rule 4
4.1
Short Citation Forms
"|d.".
.
..78
77
.74

O "Supra"and"Hereinafter" . . . .
Rule 5 Quotations
. ..80
. .42

o 5.7 Formatting of Quotations

5.2 Alterations and Quotations Within Quotations
<? Omissions
.
..83
.82

o
85
Rule 6 Abbreviations, Numerals, and Symbols . .87
6.1 Abbreviations . ..87

o
.

6.2 Numerats and Svmbols .,BB

Rute 7 ltalicization for Style and in Unique Circumstances. .. . .90

a Rule 8 Capitalization .

Rute 9 Titles of Judges, Officials, and Terms of Court

..97
. .94

o 10 Cases
Rule
10.1 Basic Citation
10.2 Case Names.
Forms .
..94
..95
.96
o 10.2.1 General Rules for Case Names
10.2.2 Additional Rules for Case Names in Citations . . .
.96
101

o 10.3 Reporters and Other Sources

10.3.1 Paratlel Citations and Which Source(s) to Cite
10.3.2 Reporters ..
.
..702
102

. 103
.704
O 10.4
10.3.3 Public Domain Format
Court and Jurisdiction
. .
. . 1,04
10.5 Date orYear. .. 106

o 10.5 Parenthetical Information Regarding Cases

10.6.1 Weight of Authority
. ..707
1,07

o 10.7
10.6.2 Quoting/Citing Parentheticals in Case Citations
10.6.3 Order of Parentheticals
Prior and Subsequent History
.
.. 108
.. 109
108

o l.0.7.L Explanatory Phrases and Weight of Authority

10.7.2 Different Case Name on Appeal
. .. 109
. . '111.

o 10.8 Special Citation Forms. . . . '11.'I

10.8.1 Pending and Unreported Cases . !1.

10.8.2 Fifth Circuit Sptit 1,1,3

o 10.9
10.8.3 Briefs, Court Filings, and Transcripts
10.8.4 Court Administrative Orders.
Short Forms for Cases
.
..775
1,13

't'15

O Rule 11 Constitutions.
..720
118

I
Rule 12 Statutes. . .

12.1 Basic Citation Forms . .. "120

12.2 Choosing the Proper Citation Form .. 1.2r

.. xl

o 12.2.1 General Rute . . 1,21

 o
72.2.2 Exceotions...
12.3 Current Officiat and Unofficial Codes. .
122
1,23 o
o
12.3.1 Additional lnformation 1,23
72.3.2 Yearof Code.. 124
12.4 Session Laws... 1,25
12.5
12.6
12.7
Electronic Media and Online Sources
Other Secondary Sources
Invatidation, Repeal, Amendment, and Prior History
726
727
728
I
o
.

'J.2.7.1. lnvalidation. . . . 728

12.7.2 ReoeaI "128
'I28

12.8
12.7.3 Amendment
1.2.7.4 Prior Historv .

Explanatory Parenthetical Phrases

1,29
129
o
12.9 Special Citation Forms.
12.9.1 Internal Revenue Code .
"12.9.2 Ordinances. . .
.

.
729
729
130
o
o
.

12.9.3 Rutes of Evidence and Procedure 130

12.9.4 Modet Codes, Principles, Restatements, Standards,
Sentencing Guidelines, and Uniform Acts . .
12.9.5 ABA Code of Professional Responsibility and
Ooinions on Ethics
. 137

733
a
12.10 Short
13
Rute
Forms for Statutes
Legislative Materials.
1.33

735
o
13.1 Basic Citation Forms .
13.2 Biltsand Resotutions......
13.3 Hearings
. 1.35
136
1.37
o
13.4
13.5
Reports, Documents, and Committee Prints.
Debates
. 138
1,40 o
13.6
13.7
13.8
Separatety Bound Legislative Histories.
Electronic Media and Ontine Sources
Short Forms for Legislative Materials
1,40
1,40
t4't
o
14 Administrative and Executive Materials
Rute
14.1 Basic Citation Forms . .
743
743 o
o
14.2 Rules, Regutations, and Other Publications '143
14.3 Administrative Adiudications and Arbitrations 't45
14.3.1 Names 746
14.3.2 Which Source(s) to Cite
14.3.3 lssuingAgency.
14.4 CommerciaI Etectronic Databases.
.
"r46
1.47
't47
o
14.5 Short Forms for Regutations . . . .
Rule 15
.

Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials.

't47

749
o
15.1 Author
15.2 Editor or Translator
15.3 Title
749
151
1,57
a
15.4
15.5
Edition, Pubtisher, and Date
ShorterWorks in Collection. . . . . .
152
1,53
o
15.6
15.5.1 Works in Cotlection Generally.
15.5.2 Coltected Documents
Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, and Epilogues
L53
754
"t54
o
xtl
15.7 Setial Number 1.55
o
l
lo
o 15.8
15.9
15.10
Speciat Citation Forms. .

Electronic Media and Online Sources

Short Citation Forms .
.155

.
1.56

o
. 757
15.10.1 Short Forms forWorks in Collection . . . . 157
Rule16 PeriodicalMaterials .....759
a 16.1
16.2
16.3
Basic Citation Forms .
Author
Titte
.
...
.

.....1.61.
159
767

o 16.4 Consecutively Paginated.lournats

15.5 NonconsecutivelyPaginatedJournalsandMagazines ........
. . 1.62

t
762
16.6 Newspapers..... ......1,63
16.7 SpeciatCitationForms.. ...1.65
16.7.1 Student-Written Law Review Materials . . 165

o 16.7.2 Non-Student-Written Book Reviews.

16.7.3 Symposia, Colloquia, and Surveys
16.7.4 Commentaries and Other Special Designations. . . .
.
.
.
766
L67

o . L67
16.7.5 MuttioartArticles .........767
15.7.5 Annotations.. ....168

o 1.6.7.7 Prcceedings, Regular Publications by Institutes,

and ABA Section Reoorts
16.7.8 Newsletters and Other Noncommercialtv Distributed
168

o 16.8
Periodicals
Electronic Media and Ontine Sources
1.69
169

o 16.9
Rule
17.1
17
Short Citation Forms . .
Unpublished and ForthcomingSources . .
770
772

o
Basic Citation Forms 1,72
17.2 Unpubtished Materials . . . ...1,72
17.2.1 Manuscripts..... 172

o 1.7.2.2 Dissertations and Theses .

17.2.3 Letters, Memoranda, and Press Reteases. . .

17.2.4 E-mail Correspondence and Listserv Postings
.
1.73
1,73
1,73

o 17.2.5 Interviews.....
17.2.6 SpeechesandAddresses........
17.3 ForthcomingPublications......
1.74
1.74
"t75

o 17.4 Working Papers .

17.5 Electronic Media and Online Sources . . . . .

1.75
L/O

o 17.6 Short Citation Forms .

Rule 18
.

The Internet, Electronic Media, and

........778
176

o Other Nonprint Resources.

18.1 Basic Citation Forms
LB.2 The lnternet.
........ 178
...'179

o 18.3
18.2.1 GenerallnternetCitationPrinciples
18.2.2 CitationstolnternetSources
Commercial ElectronicDatabases
......... 180
.......lB2
...186
a 1.8.4
18.5
CD-ROMandOtherElectronicStorageMedia..
Microform
......
....186
186

a 18.5.1 Microform Coltections Reproducing Preexisting

Materials.
18.5.2 Microform Cottections Containing Original Materiats. . .
....186
187

o 18.6 Fitms, Broadcasts, and Noncommercial Video Materials. . . . . . . 787

xltl
 o
18.7 Audio Recordings
18.7.1 CommercialRecordings......
..
.
188
188 o
o
18.7.2 Noncommercial Recordings . . . 188
18.7.3 Podcasts and Recordings Avaitabte Ontine. ..... . 188
18.8 Short Citation Forms . .... 188

I
.

Rule 19 Services. .. .. 190

19.1 Citation Form for Services . ... 190
....1,97
19.2 Short Citation Forms .
Rule 20 Foreign Materials . .
20.1 Jurisdiction....
.
.

. . ..
.
193
1.93
o
20.2 Non-Engtish-Language Documents.
20.2.1 Documents Appearing in More than One Language ... .
.. 1,93
1,93 o
20.2.2 Titles and Names of Documents in Languages
Otherthan Engtish .

20.2.3 Abbreviations in Languages Otherthan Engtish. . .

.... 793
.... 794 o
20.2.4 Languages That Do Not Use the Roman Alphabet
20.2.5 Citations to Translations of Non-English-
Language Documents.
. ....794
. .
o
o
1.95
20.3 Cases ... 196
20.3.1 Common Law Cases ... L96
20.3.2 Civil Law and Other Non-Common
20.4 Constitutions.
20.5 Statutes.
.. .
Law Cases . . . . .... 196
.. .. 796
.. 797
o
20.5.1 Statutes in Common Law Systems
20.5.2 Statutes in Civit Law and Other Non-Common
Jurisdictions
Law
1.97

1.97
o
20.6
20.7
Non-English-Language and Foreign Periodicals
Short Citation Forms . . ..
.
..
. 1.97
198
O
Rute
21.1
21.2
21 lnternational Materials.
Basic Citation Forms . .
200
200 o
o
Non-Engtish-Language Documents. 202
21.3 Jurisdiction Not Evident from Context 202
21.4 Treaties and Other InternationalAgreements 202
21.4.1 Name of the Agreement . . . .
21,.4.2 Parties to the Agreement , . . .
21.4.3 Subdivisions.
.

.
203
203 o
I
. 204
21..4.4 Date of Signing 204
2L.4.5 fteaty Sources 204
21.5 International Law Cases
21.5.1 The International Court ofJustice and the Permanent
CourtoflnternationalJustice,.. ....206
206
o
Eutooean Union Courts . . 209
21,.5.2
21.5.3 EuropeanCourtofHumanRights.. .. . ... 21.0
InterAmericanCommissionon Human Rights.. ...... 277
21.5.4
.
O
Inter-AmericanCourtofHumanRights.. ..... 271
21.5.5
lnternationalTribunatforthe LawoftheSea .... .... . 272
21.5.6 o
2!.5.7 lnternationalCriminalCourtand OtherTribunals.. . ... 21.2
21.5.8 Other International Courts .
21.5.9 lnternational Cases in National Courts. .
21,3
. . 214
o
xlv 21.5 lnternationalArbitrations and Claims Commissions . . . 274
o
o
o 21.7 United Nations Sources.
21.7.1 Verbatim and Summary Records
21.7.2 Resolutions and Decisions
2't5
21,5
2t5
o 21.7.3 U.N. Reports
21.7.4 Masthead Documents
21.7
278

a 21.7.5 U.N. Press Releases and Memoranda. . . . .

21..7.7 Sales Publications

. 21,9
21.7.6 Adjudicatory Bodies Established by the United Nations 21,9
21.9

o 27.7.8 Yeatbooks and Periodicals

21.7.9 RegionaI Organization Documents.
220
220
220

o
21.7.1.O U.N. Charter
21..7.77 U.N. Internet Materials 220
27.8 League of Nations 221,

o 21.9 European Union..

21,.70 Councit of Europe
21,.17 World Trade Organization
227
225
225

o
.

27.12 International Monetary Fund. . . 227

21,.73 Other Intergovernmental Organizations 228

o 21.74 International Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

27.1.5 Yearbooks
21,.1,6 .
Digests .....
229
229
..230

o 27."17

Tables
ShortCitationForms.. ....23O

I Table T1 United States Jurisdictions

T1.1 Federat Judicial and Legislative Materiats
233
233

o T1.2 FederalAdministrative and Executive Materials.

T1.3 States and the District of Columbia . .
Atabama (Ala.)
236
248
248

o
.

Ataska (Ataska) 249

Arizona (Ariz.). . 250

o Arkansas (Ark.). .
California (Cat.). .
Cotorado (Coto.) .
.

.
25L
252
253
255
O Connecticut (Conn.)
Delaware (Det.). . . 256
257

o
District of Columbia (D.C.)
Ftorida (Fta) 258
Georgia (Ga.) 259

I Hawaii (Haw.)
ldaho (ldaho)
260
loL

I
Ittinois (ltt.) . . 262
Indiana (lnd.) 263
lowa (lowa). . 264

o Kansas (Kan.) 264

Kentucky (Ky.) 265
Louisiana (La.) 266

I Maine (Me.)
Marytand (Md.). .
Massachusetts (Mass.)
.
268
268
270 xv

o
.

I
 o
Michigan(Mich.)..
Minnesota(Minn.).
Mississippi (Miss).
......277
.....272
.....271
I
Missouri (Mo)..
Montana(Mont.).
.......274
......274 o
Nebraska (Neb)..
Nevada (Nev.)
NewHampshire(N.H)..
......275
.
........276
..276 I
NewJersey(N.J.)...
NewMexico (N.M.)..
NewYork(N.Y.)...
.....277
....278
... ..279
o
NorthCarotina(N.C.)..
NorthDakota(N.D.)..
.........283
...285
o
Ohio (ohio).
Oklahoma(Okla.).
Oregon(Or.)
.. ..285
......287
....288
t
Pennsylvanialna.)...
Rhodelsland(R.1.)...
SouthCarolina(S.C.)..
...289
...290
.........29I
o
SouthDakota(S.D.)..
Tennessee(Tenn.)..
...292
.....293
o
Texas0ex.).
Utah (Utah).
Vermont(Vt.) ...
....294
. ..297 o
Virginia(Va.)...
Washington(Wash.)
........298
.....300 O
WestVirginia(W.Va.).
Wisconsin(Wis.)..
Wyoming(Wyo.)..
...300
......301
......302
I
T1.4 OtherUnitedStatesjurisdictions. ........303
AmericanSamoa.
CanalZone
......303
.....303
o
Guam ..
NavaioNation.
.......
.........3O4
303
o
NorthernMarianalstands.
OklahomaNativeAmericans....
Puerto Rico.
.......3O4
........305 o
Table T2
Virginlslands
ForeignJurisdictions ...
...305
........3O7
o
12.7
T2.2
ArgentineRepublic.
Australia
........ 31.6
T2.2.7 AustralianStatesandTerritories.
.....3O7
......310 o
.....
12.3 Austria,Repubticof
T2.3.L AustrianLiinder..
T2.4 Belgium,Kingdomof .....
.......318
......323 o
......323
T2.5 Brazil,FederativeRepublicof..... .......328
T2.6 Canada . ... . ...332
o
T2.7 CathoticChurch. .......341
..341 I
xvl ..344
I
O
o 12.70 Colombia,Repubticof
T2.71, Czech Republic
Egypt, Arab Republic of
. ... 349
J)l
354

o
T2.1.2
12J,3 France, Repubtic of. . . . 356
T2.14 Germany, Federal Republic 362

a I z.t)
12.14.7 German Liinder
Greece
r2.76 Hong Kong
. J67
j68
370

o 12.t7 Hungary, Repubtic of .

12.78 India . . .
. 373
376

I T2.19 lran, lslamic Repubtic of

T2.20 lraq,Repubticof .....
T2.21, lreland (Eire), Repubtic of
379
382
384

o 12.22 lsraeI
12.23 Itaty, Repubtic of
T2.24 J4p4n........
387
390
393

o 12.25 Kenya . .

12.26 Lebanon, Republic of

402
404

t 12.27 Mexico
T2.28 Netherlands, Kingdom ofthe.
I z.z> New Zeatand
.
406
424
429

a r2.30 Nicaragua
T2.31, Nigeria .

1232 Pakistan, lslamic Republic of

434
436
439

o
... .

1233 Phitippines 441.

r234 Roman Law 444

o r235
12.36
Russian Federation
SouthAfrica.....
1237 SouthKorea.....
444
451.
454

o r238 Spain .
12.39 Sweden ..
. 457
460

o T2.40 Switzerland 464

T2.40.1 SwissCantons. ........468
T2.41 Taiwan, Republic of China ... . 469

o T2.42 UnitedKingdom
I2.42.I EnglandandWales
... ....472
.....480
T2.42.2 Northern lretand (and lreland Until 1'924)......... 485

o 12.42.3 Scotland
T2.43 Tambia,Republicof .....
......487
... 489

o TableT3
T3.1
T3.2
IntergovernmentalOrganizations. . . .
United Nations
League of Nations
.. 497
.. 497
.. 491
o T3.3
T3.4
Eurooean Union . .

European Commission of Human Rights .

.. 497
.. 492
.. 492
o T3.5
T3.5
T3.7
European Court of Human Rights.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
.

. ..
..
492
493

o T3.8
T3.9
InternationalTribunal forthe Law of the Sea
Intergovernmental Organizations. ..
493
493

o 494
Table T4 Treaty Sources XVll

I
 a
T4.1
T4.2
T4.3
U.SSources
Offficiat .....494
lntergovernmentalTreatySources ........495
UnofficialTreatySources ........495
I
TableT5 ArbitralReporters ......495 O
T6
I
Tabte Case Names and lnstitutional Authors in Citations 496
TabteTT CourtNames ...498
TableTS ExplanatoryPhrases .... 500
TableT9 LegislativeDocuments.
TabteTr0 GeographicalTerms....
......... 501
........ 502
I
T10.1 U.S.States,Cities,andTerritories ........502
T10.2 Austratian States and Canadian Provinces and Territories. . . . 503
T10.3 Countries and regions
o
o
.. . 5O4

TableTll JudgesandOfficials. ....509

TableTr2 Months. .......510
TableTr3 Periodicals
TableTl4 PublishingTerms......
.....510
........517
o
TabteTl5 Services
TabteTl6 Subdivisions
..... .. 518
..522
o
I
.

Index
lndex .. ......525
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THE
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BLUEBOOK
A Uniform System of Citation'
a Twentieth Edition

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o Introduction

o Welcome to The Blueboo&, the delinitive style guide for legal citation in the
Llnitcd States. For generations, law students, lawyers, scholars, iudges, and other
legal professionals have relied on Tbe llluebook's uniform system of citation. In a

o diverse and rapidly changing legal profession, Tl:e Bluebook continucs to provide
a systematic mcthod by which members of the profession communicate impor-

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Tbe Bluebook can oftcn be intimidating for new users. This introduction is meant
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Blueboctk system of legal citation.

o Structure of The Bluebook

o The Bluebook contains three major parts. The lirst part contains the Bluepages,
a how-to guide for basic legal citation. tlnlike the remainder of Tbe Bluebook,

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the nceds of the law iournal publication process, the Bluepagcs provide casy-to-
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O convcntions standard in law journal footnotcs.

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there is a comprehensive indcx.

General Principles of Citation

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o
Getting Started o
The Bluepages provide the best place to begin your study of Tbe Bluebook ry*
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introduction to Tbe Bluebook system, however, and do not contain answers to
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o
to related rules and tables found in other parts of the The Bluebook.
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o INTRODUCTION
The Bluepages are a guide for practitioners and law clerks to use when citing

o authority in non-academic legal documents. Please keep the following in mind:

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Bluepages. The remainder of The Bluebook employs a more
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a explained in Bluepages 82.

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as explained in Bluepages 82.

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t parenthetical information. The Bluepages explore each of these

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a Citation Sentences and Clauses

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81.1

I generally appear within the text of the document immediately following the
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o 3
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
overcome successfully, for the situation was dominated by the
Bakers’ Union, who for a time decreed a five o’clock start. After a
time, however, the Society was successful in arranging for a four
o’clock start, and just before the conclusion of the period with which
we are dealing a three o’clock start was arranged for. This
arrangement made for the lessening of worry to the Bakery officials
by allowing the bread to be well baked and yet to be ready for early
delivery; but it meant for the bakers the turning of night into day. In
this connection it is worthy of note that in the last four months of
1893, after the new hours for the bakers came into operation, no
complaints whatever came in from societies.
Mention has already been made of the cake trade and of the
beginning of the cake shows in order to foster that trade. It was
growing rapidly, and the sales for the season 1893–94 reached the
grand total of 32½ tons, representing 14,533 cakes of 5 lbs. each in
weight, and 4½ tons of shortbread. The tearooms and the purvey
department also were flourishing, and were showing useful profits on
the turnover. It is said that there is nothing new under the sun, and
everyday experience goes to prove the wisdom of the Hebrew
philosopher who is credited with having been the first to note the
fact. At the quarterly meeting which was held in December 1893
notice was given of a motion to print synopses of the minutes and
distribute them to the societies before the quarterly meetings. The
motion was defeated, but it kept on making its appearance on the
agenda with unfailing regularity until a few years ago it found favour
with a majority of the delegates. Another motion of which notice was
given at the same meeting, and which found a great deal of favour
with the delegates when it came up for ratification at the 100th
quarterly meeting, was a proposal made by Mr William Barclay,
Kinning Park, on behalf of that society, that the shares of the Society
should be raised from 10/ to 15/ each. The motion received the votes
of a majority of the delegates, but as it meant an alteration of rule a
two-thirds majority was necessary, and so it too was lost, as was also
a proposal for raising the purchase qualification for a vote from £160
or a fractional part thereof to £320. At the quarterly meeting,
however, perhaps the most notable thing done was the election of Mr
James Bain, of Glasgow Eastern Society, as secretary. Mr Bain thus
completed twenty-five years of service as secretary at the 200th
quarterly meeting of the Society, held in March last. Mr Bain had
served, however, a period as the representative of his society on the
board of the Federation ere his election as secretary.
In looking over the various reports of contracts made during the
time the stables and biscuit factory were in course of erection, it is
interesting to note that one or two small contracts were secured by
the S.C.W.S., particularly in connection with engineering work.
Amongst other things which they did was the supplying of an
elevator for the biscuit factory.
 CHAPTER XI.
FURTHER EXTENSIONS.

MORE TEAROOMS—INCREASING BUSINESS—NEW BISCUIT

FACTORY AT WORK—ANOTHER EXTENSION—MORE
GROUND PURCHASED—NEW BAKERY OPENED—THE
POSITION OF THE FEDERATION—NEW STABLES—
ORGANISATION—MANAGER OR NO MANAGER?—
RELATIONS WITH THE C.W.S.—THE BIG BOYCOTT—
RELATIONS WITH MASTER BAKERS—SOME
NOTEWORTHY ALTERATIONS—THE FARMING
ASSOCIATION—ACCIDENTS—THE OATCAKE
DEPARTMENT—ADVERTISING AND ENTERTAINING—
DONATIONS—A WORKS DEPARTMENT—A FOUR YEARS’
RECORD.

So successful were the tearooms in Renfield Street proving that, at

the 101st quarterly meeting of the Society, the directors sought power
to increase the number of these places of business. There was a
difference of opinion amongst the delegates as to the best course to
pursue. Some were not in favour of any further extension of this
branch of the business, and carried their opposition so far as to move
an amendment that power be not granted. Others favoured the
principle, but urged the committee to “hasten slowly,” and moved
that power to open one only be granted. The vast majority of the
delegates, however, were fired with the enthusiasm of the committee,
or, at least, were prepared to trust them not to go further than was
going to be for the benefit of the Society; so the powers sought, which
were “to open one or two more tearooms as opportunity offered,”
were granted by a large majority. The result of this permission was
that rooms were taken at Glasgow Cross—they will be remembered
by most Co-operators. They were leased for ten years, the rental
being £100 for the first two and a half years and £115 for the
remainder of the period. Steps were immediately taken to have them
fitted up as first-class tea and dining rooms, and it was decided that
they should be lighted by electricity. The premises were opened to
the public on 25th October, when there was a large gathering of
representatives from the societies in the Glasgow and Suburbs
Conference area, friendly and other societies, and trade unions. Mr
M‘Culloch presided, and the rooms were declared open by Mr
Maxwell, president, S.C.W.S. Mr Glasse, Mr Bain, Mr Chaddock, and
other gentlemen also delivered addresses.
While negotiations and preparations had been proceeding for the
opening of the Cross tearooms, preparations were also being made at
the bakery for the opening of a dining hall and bread shop, and
shortly after the function at the Cross these also were opened.
The next venture of the Federation was in Paisley Road, where, on
25th May 1895, tearooms were opened. Following on the opening of
the Paisley Road premises, no alterations took place in this section of
the Society’s business until the end of 1897, when the committee,
having failed to come to an arrangement with the factor for the
Renfield Street premises, and being faced with the prospect of having
to pay increased rent for the premises if they renewed their lease,
decided to accept an offer of premises at 102 and 104 West Nile
Street at £300 rental per annum. It was decided that the tearooms
should be known as “The Union Rooms,” and also that electric
lighting be installed. Quite a long time was spent in fitting up the
new premises so as to make them thoroughly worthy of the part
which it was hoped they would play in the social life of the Co-
operative community of the city and district, and it was not until the
28th of June 1898 that they were formally opened. The premises
comprised a tearoom and smaller rooms and offices on the ground
floor, as well as two large flats above. To celebrate the opening the
board had decided that a tea should be given to the regular
customers of the Renfield Street premises, and of these about 100
attended at a social gathering. A jovial evening was passed in song
and sentiment, and many kind things were said of Mr Watson,
manager, and the new premises.
 Meantime, the Society had undertaken yet another venture in the
catering line. In connection with the National Halls, Main Street,
Gorbals, there had been a catering department, which was giving up
business, and the business and plant were purchased by the Baking
Society, a tearoom and an auxiliary purvey department being
established there in the spring of 1898.
 INCREASING BUSINESS.
For many years the hands of the Bakery board were never out of
the mortar tub, and by a slight inadvertence they fell foul, in the early
summer of 1894, of the building regulations of the city. From the
beginning of the year they had been in communication with the
master of works of the city about some alterations which they wished
to make on an old building situated on their land at Clydeside. It was
necessary that some work should be carried out inside this building,
and, in the course of alterations, a part of the outside wall was taken
down, and was in process of rebuilding when the master of works
came on the scene, stopped the work, and reported the Society to the
Procurator Fiscal for a contravention of the by-laws. The result was
that the Society was fined £1, 1s., but, as the work they had done was
allowed to stand, they came out of the business not so badly.
By the middle of August 1894, the new biscuit factory had started
operations, and the Society was able once more to fulfil the orders for
biscuits which came pouring in. Already, however, the latest
extension of the bread bakery was beginning to have its productive
capacity taxed, and at the 104th quarterly meeting the directors
obtained power from the quarterly meeting to proceed with a further
extension of the bakery, this time at the corner of Govan Street and
South York Street. First, however, they turned their attention to a
further extension of the biscuit factory, where they had plans
prepared for the erection of another flat, with provision for seven
ovens. Already they had a biscuit traveller on the road who was doing
well, and by the middle of the year arrangements were made with the
Wholesale whereby they secured premises for a biscuit depot at
Leith, and a van was placed on the road for the delivery of their
goods in the East.
It was not until the beginning of the following year that the plans
for the addition to the bakery were ready. These provided for a
building with three flats of ovens, giving an additional baking
capacity of fifty ovens. When the plans were agreed to by the
quarterly meeting a strong recommendation was made that the work
be carried out by the Society’s own workmen, and this was done.
The next step in the scheme of extensions was the purchase of the
ground at the south corner of South York Street and Govan Street on
which the stables and St Mungo Halls now stand. This ground, which
had an extent of 9,813 square yards, cost £8,839, 9s. In pursuance of
the policy of the Society to carry out the construction of the addition
to the bakery themselves, a foreman builder was engaged, at a salary
of £4 a week, and building plant was bought at a cost of almost £500.
The new addition was not completed until October 1897; its opening
being made the occasion of a demonstration, at which a company of
1,600 people were present. The cost of the new building was
£29,000. The building was a bakery complete in itself, having fifty
ovens, a barmroom, breadroom, and storage for 3,000 sacks of flour.
The whole bakery now had a baking capacity of 150 ovens, capable of
turning out over 560,000 loaves per week.
 THE OPENING CEREMONY.
The formal inauguration of the new buildings was performed by
Mrs M‘Culloch, wife of the president, who turned the steam on to the
engine which was to drive the machinery in the department. In a
short speech, Mr Bain then sketched the history of the Federation.
On entering, each of the ladies present had been presented with a
silver souvenir brooch bearing a representation of the building, and
at the conclusion of the opening ceremony Mrs M‘Culloch was
presented with a gold brooch of similar design.
A huge vehicular demonstration, in which over a hundred vehicles
took part, paraded the streets of the city after the opening ceremony.
Many mottoes were displayed on the decorated lorries and vans,
amongst the most prominent being one which stated “Our answer to
the boycott—other 54 ovens added.” The dinner took place in the
East End Industrial Exhibition buildings, and Mr M‘Culloch,
president of the Society, presided.
In welcoming the visitors, he referred to the inception of the
Society in a little back court in Coburg Street, with a bakery capable
of doing a trade of forty sacks a week, and contrasted that small
beginning with the size and strength of the Federation that day; the
possessor of plant capable of dealing with 3,500 sacks each week. He
laid stress on the fact that the building had been done by the
Society’s own workmen, and that over £11,000 had been paid in
wages to the builders.
Mr Peter Glasse said the Society had proved to the world the power
of the Co-operative movement. During its twenty-eight years of
existence it had disbursed £143,000 in the form of dividends to
customers, and during all that time it had never had a strike of its
workers, because it had always paid the highest rate of wages and
worked the shortest possible number of hours.
Mr William Maxwell, in the course of a stirring address on “Co-
operation,” said that through the influence of the Co-operative
movement the masses had learned that that inanimate thing called
capital could be made into a willing and obedient servant, instead of,
as formerly, a harsh taskmaster. There was a community of thought
and action in the Co-operative movement which was bringing out
much that was noble and sympathetic in human nature. The social
gulfs which lay between the various classes in society would never be
bridged over by the competitive system, because that system was the
cause of these gulfs. That bridging could only be done by Co-
operation. Their opponents were saying that they were lamentably
deluded, but, if those opponents only knew it, they had aroused the
members of the movement from that apathy and indifference in
which they had hitherto lain dormant.
The point of Mr Maxwell’s address, which was punctuated with
applause, was that the “boycott” movement was then at its height in
Glasgow and the West, and everywhere attempts were being made to
intimidate Co-operators into forsaking the stores. These attempts
only resulted in giving the movement a splendid advertisement.
Everywhere the opponents came out into the open they were
defeated, and some well-known firms, which, until then, had been
reaping large profits from their trade with Co-operation, found that
the boycott was a double-edged weapon, and that the measure which
they meted out to Co-operative workmen could be meted out to
themselves by Co-operative societies.
 THE POSITION OF THE FEDERATION.
As showing the power and influence to which the Federation had
attained by this time, we cannot do better than quote from an article
which appeared in Copartnership for June 1897. After describing the
beginnings of the Society, the writer goes on:—
“But the day of small things is past; the society has grown into one of the
largest as well as one of the most important in the movement. The trade last
year—1896—was £220,536; but in case that sum should not convey a definite
notion of the work involved it should be remembered that the U.C.B.S. carries
on the largest business of its kind in the United Kingdom. At present 340
sacks of flour are baked into 65,300 loaves every day, while 25 sacks are made
into pastry and hand-made biscuits, 20 sacks into machine-made biscuits, and
the oatcake department requires 13 sacks daily; practically 400 sacks of flour
and meal daily; a great growth from the early days when it was difficult for the
committee to keep with them the baker they employed, who had no faith in
the society’s future.
The biscuits and cakes are sold not only in Glasgow and all over Scotland,
but are now finding their way into England, and winning favour. These goods,
of course, go by rail, but it will readily be understood that the bulkiest part of
the trade, bread for use in the co-operative households in and around
Glasgow, requires a large staff and rolling stock; and, as a matter of fact, the
delivery department employs 62 carmen, dealing with 71 vehicles and 107
horses.
A great capital is needed to carry on so large a business, and the extent of
the capital is shown in the following figures:—

Capital. Societies. Workers. Outside Individuals.

Shares £37,907 £2,900 Nil.
Loans 79,114 580 £10,728

£117,021 £3,480 £10,728

Total £131,229.”

The article goes on to state that the total number of employees was
829, 77 of these being employed in the building department, while
275 were members of the Bonus Investment Society. It concludes:—
 “Some organisations are mere aggregations without either heart or mind.
The parts mistakenly believe that they can evade as organisations duties that
belong to them as individuals. But the problem before co-operators allows no
such evasion. They have to set up, not only good businesses in sanitary
buildings, but also a new industrial system, where labourers are recognised as
human beings entitled to share in the results and direction of their own lives.
Because the leaders of the United Baking Society have recognised this, and
have not allowed prosperity to poison aspiration, all men will wish them well,
and we may say with an inner meaning to the words that we hope in time
great multitudes may eat their bread and be thankful.”

BELFAST ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Top Row—ALEXANDER PATTERSON; JOHN PALMER; DAVID

T. GILCHRIST.

Bottom Row—JAMES MURPHY; WILLIAM J. M‘GUFFIN,

Chairman; ROBERT RODGER, Secretary.
 1. JAMES YOUNG,
General Manager.

2. JAS. H. FORSYTH,
Cashier and Accountant.
 NEW STABLES.
The rate at which the trade of the Society was growing called for an
almost continuous growth in live and rolling stock, and consequently
for increased accommodation. Already the provision for stables and
van-sheds which had been made when the removal to M‘Neil Street
took place was much too small, and various makeshift methods had
to be adopted to provide the necessary accommodation for the
growing stud of horses. At the same time the committee were now
getting a different idea of the possibilities of the enterprise, and were
desirous, therefore, of making the bakery as compact, and with its
various parts as well co-ordinated as possible. They were desirous,
therefore, of removing the stables away from the bakery altogether,
and it was with this object in view that the ground on the south side
of Govan Street was purchased. At the quarterly meeting held in
September 1896 they were granted power to proceed with the
erection of stables and workshops, and this work was commenced
immediately. At the same time, plans were prepared and the erection
proceeded with of a temporary stable on a part of the same ground.
By the end of 1898 the new stables and workshops were completed,
and the December meeting of the Society was held there, so that the
delegates might have an opportunity of being shown over the
premises.
 ORGANISATION.
Never at any time had the directors shown carelessness in their
supervision of what had now become a gigantic concern, and they
were continually giving thought to means of improving the
organisation of the Federation and of improving the supervision by
the committee. Early in the period with which this chapter deals,
they made arrangements whereby the members of the committee
took it in turn to visit the bakery each week. These visits were found
of value by the members of the committee, as it enabled them to
acquire fuller information about the working of the Society. Each
member reported the result of his visit to the sub-committee,
together with any suggestion he had to make.
Towards the end of 1894 the committee appointed a biscuit
traveller, Mr Archibald Petrie being the man appointed.
 MANAGER OR NO MANAGER.
The quarterly meeting had under consideration the question of the
general management of the Society, the points discussed being the
appointment of a general manager, or the development of the system
of departmental managership. The discussion was inaugurated on a
motion moved by Mr Malcolm of Newton Society, “that a general
manager be appointed.” The result of the discussion was the
adoption of a suggestion by Mr Glasse—who said he had sat in
committee with a manager and without a manager, and was of the
opinion that the business could be best managed without a manager.
He suggested that the matter should be remitted back to the
committee for consideration and report, and the other motions and
amendments which had been moved were withdrawn in favour of
this suggestion.
The committee took up consideration of the question within a
month, and came to the conclusion that the business of the Society
could be best managed by being divided into six departments, with a
departmental manager over each, who would be in direct touch with
the committee. These departments were: (1) The counting-house;
with Mr James H. Forsyth as head—this department to include all
the commercial transactions of the Society. (2) The productive
department, including the production of all bread, smallbread,
biscuits, and oatcakes; to be under the charge of Mr Robert Fraser,
who was also to have control of the enginemen and oilers. (3) The
distributive department, which was to include the dispatching of the
bread and the packing and dispatching of the biscuits and oatcakes;
to be under the management of Mr William Miller. (4) The delivery
was to be under the control of Mr Milne, stable foreman, who was to
have control of all the horses, vanmen, and nightwatchman. (5) The
building and repairs department, including the tradesmen and their
assistants; to be controlled by Mr Davidson. (6) The purvey
department and tearooms, under the management of Mr Robert
Watson.
The committee recommended, further, that they should meet
fortnightly, but that the monthly meeting remain as at present, the
bi-monthly meeting to be devoted to the interviewing of all the heads
of departments, each of whom was to present a written report.
Another recommendation was that the term for which members of
committee were elected should be extended, as they were of opinion
that the frequent changes amongst the membership of the Board
prevented members from acquiring a proper knowledge of the
business, and had in this way interfered with the successful
management of the Society. They believed that, if the delegates
would accept this suggestion for the alteration of the rule governing
elections, it would do much to consolidate the management of the
business in the hands of the committee. At the following general
meeting of the Society the principle of the report was accepted, and it
was decided to hold a special meeting at the close of the next general
meeting for the purpose of considering the alteration of rule
proposed. At this special meeting the delegates, however, refused to
make the alteration, and the tenure of office of members of
committee remained at one year.
In 1894 the Society attained to the dignity of a registered
telegraphic address, “Federation” being the name adopted. They also
had the telephone installed, as well as private lines communicating
with their teashops. At the end of the year they became members of
Kinning Park, St George, and Glasgow Eastern societies for the
purposes of trade, and later, of other societies as well. They also
undertook a census of their employees for the purpose of finding out
who amongst them were Co-operators and who were not. The census
showed that the Society had 431 employees, of whom 236 were
unmarried. Of the remainder 152, or 78 per cent., were associated
with Co-operative societies, and 43, or 22 per cent., were not.
 THE SOCIETY AND THE C.W.S.
Naturally the directors were anxious to push their biscuit trade as
rapidly as they could, and having fixed up a trading agency with the
S.C.W.S. and with the Co-operative Institute, London, they
endeavoured to do the same with the C.W.S. This society had a
biscuit factory of their own, however, and were, not unnaturally,
reluctant to introduce what were really the goods of a competing
concern, therefore they refused to accept the agency. The next step
taken by the Society was that of appointing a traveller for the
purpose of pushing biscuits and oatcakes in England. Against this
step, however, a very vigorous protest was made by Mr James Young,
who considered that there should be no further pushing of the
Society’s goods into English societies against the wishes of the
English Wholesale Society’s committee. Following on this decision, it
was agreed that the Society’s productions should be exhibited at the
Crystal Palace Exhibition. This activity in England brought a letter
from the C.W.S. committee, who pointed out that the action of the
Baking Society would lead to competition and overlapping. Later,
that committee also passed a resolution in which they stated that
they were ready and willing to supply all the societies in England
with biscuits if they would only be allowed to do so, and sent a copy
of the resolution to the Baking Society’s committee.
 THE BIG BOYCOTT.
Reference has already been made to the boycott of Co-operators
which was inaugurated all over Scotland and continued throughout
1896 and 1897. The traders had made their organisation very
complete, with the result that every manufacturing firm on which
they were in a position to bring pressure was compelled to discharge
all employees who remained members of Co-operative societies, or
whose parents continued members, or else to suffer very
considerable loss of trade. In no department of labour was it easier to
bring effective pressure to bear than on the baking trade, and the
result was that all the big baking firms in the city were compelled to
post up notices informing their employees that they must cease to
trade at Co-operative stores or leave their employment. Similar
notices were posted up in every workshop and factory where the
Traders’ Association was in a position to apply any pressure, often
against the will of the employers, who recognised that those of their
workers who were Co-operators were usually the best and steadiest
men, but who were compelled to choose between perpetrating a
manifest injustice and seeing their businesses ruined. No tactics were
too mean or despicable to be resorted to by the traders’ organisation.
They had their spies everywhere, and a favourite method of
operations was that of watching the shops of the Co-operative
societies and tracking the customers home, then ascertaining where
the husbands were employed, and writing to their employers to
demand their dismissal. This espionage system was very perfect in its
way, and considerable hardship was caused to individual Co-
operators by it; while the boycott had a lasting effect in another
direction, for it was the direct cause of the large proportion of
householders, in the places throughout Scotland where the boycott
raged most fiercely, which became represented amongst the
shareholders of the societies by the wives of the householders instead
of by the householders themselves.
While it lasted the boycott was not without its humorous incidents.
If the traders had their system of espionage, so also had the Co-
operative Defence Association, and there was not a meeting of the
Traders’ Association held, however great the precautions which
might be taken to ensure absolute secrecy, of which a practically
verbatim report of the proceedings was not in the hands of the
secretary of the Co-operative Defence Committee next morning. One
of the laughable incidents concerned one such meeting, a full report
of which was published by the Co-operators. This was followed by a
visit from an irate traders’ official, who demanded to know the
source from which the report had come. It is hardly necessary to
state that he went away without the information asked for, and to
this day it is probable that the source of the information is known to
less than half a dozen people, not one of whom had anything to do
with the traders’ organisation.
But if the boycott was the cause of hardship to individuals here
and there, it brought grist in a very real sense to the Co-operative
mill in other directions. Already, in this chapter, it has been pointed
out that it was a two-edged weapon, and while Co-operative societies
did not cease to trade with private manufacturers who did not adopt
the boycott, they were kept well informed of those manufacturers
who did. It was found that while some manufacturers had no wish to
employ Co-operative labour they were keenly desirous of retaining
Co-operative custom, and it came as an unpleasant surprise to some
of them to find that Co-operative societies objected to the dismissal
of employees because of their Co-operative connection, and that they
refused to trade with manufacturers who adopted such tactics. It is
said that one Glasgow firm lost Co-operative trade at this time worth
£20,000 a year and never regained it.
In two directions the boycott benefited Co-operative production,
therefore. It turned the attention of those at the head of the
movement to the need of being as far as possible independent of
private manufacturers for supplies, and thus it did much to stimulate
Co-operative manufactures and to hasten entry into new spheres of
work. On the other hand, the operation of the boycott, where
manufacturers refused to supply goods which were already being
produced Co-operatively, increased the demand for the Co-operative
manufactures; while the process of retaliation mentioned above also
stimulated this demand. In both of those directions, the Baking
Society was a gainer. One or two societies in the neighbourhood of
Glasgow, which hitherto had always stood aloof from the Federation
and had done very little trade with it, now approached it for supplies;
while a rapidly growing city society, whose members had consistently
refused to give the Federation the whole of their bread trade, were
now prepared to do so. Notwithstanding the fact that the capacity of
the bakery was fully taxed, an endeavour was made by the committee
to supply the wants of those societies who had brought home to them
in this manner the value of federation in the day of adversity. A big
trade in biscuits had also been done hitherto with Co-operative
societies by the biscuit manufacturers of Glasgow, but the boycott
put an end to that trade, and in this direction also the Bakery gained
very considerably. It may be asserted with confidence, therefore, that
not only did the traders’ organisation fail to achieve the object they
had in view—the destruction of the Co-operative movement in
Scotland, and especially in Glasgow and the West—but their
campaign had exactly the opposite effect, and ended by leaving the
Co-operative movement stronger in membership, stronger in trade
and capital, and with a membership more closely knit together than
it would have been but for the agitation and the boycott.
The members of the Federation were not slow to recognise the
vital nature of the issues at stake, and placed a credit of £1,000 in the
hands of the directors to use as they might deem advisable for the
defence of the Co-operative movement. At the Perth Congress, which
was held when the boycott campaign was at its height, the delegates
had decided in favour of Co-operative representation in Parliament;
and later, when the Co-operative Union sent out a circular, with the
object of ascertaining what support a Parliamentary campaign was
likely to secure amongst the societies, the delegates to the Baking
Society’s meeting, by a large majority, decided in favour of a
Parliamentary campaign; mainly owing to the eloquence of the
chairman, Messrs Glasse and MacNab, Wholesale, Mr Gerrard, and
Messrs Low and Stewart of Kinning Park. Undoubtedly, the boycott
had its influence on the decision. The chairman was particularly
strong in his remarks at the meeting, and, in referring to the debate
on the subject which had taken place at Congress, suggested that if
their English friends had had a taste of the boycott they would put
aside any party prejudices. With the defeat of the traders, however,
and the apathy of the Co-operators on the other side of the Border,
the agitation died down, and, except as a subject of academic debate
at Congress, nothing further was heard of it for some years.