Ch-1 General Prencipiles

Engineering Mechanics:
Statics in SI Units, 12e
1 General Principles
1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Chapter Objectives
• Basic quantities and idealizations of mechanics

• Newton’s Laws of Motion and Gravitation
• Principles for applying the SI system of units
• Standard procedures for performing numerical
calculations
• General guide for solving problems
2
Chapter Outline
1. Mechanics
2. Fundamental Concepts
3. Units of Measurement
4. The International System of Units
5. Numerical Calculations
6. General Procedure for Analysis
3
1.1 Mechanics
• Mechanics can be divided into 3 branches:

- Rigid-body Mechanics
- Deformable-body Mechanics
- Fluid Mechanics
• Rigid-body Mechanics deals with

- Statics
- Dynamics
4
1.1 Mechanics
• Statics – Equilibrium of bodies

 At rest (No Movement)
 Move with constant velocity (Acceleration is Zero)
• Dynamics – Accelerated motion of bodies
5
1.2 Fundamentals Concepts
Basic Quantities
1. Length
- locate the position of a point in space
2. Mass
- measure of a quantity of matter
3. Time
- succession of events
4. Force
- a “push” or “pull” exerted by one body on another
6
Idealizations
1. Particles
- has a mass and size can be neglected
2. Rigid Body
- a combination of a large number of particles (No
deformation)
3. Concentrated Force
- Load assumed to act at a point
on a body
7
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

• First Law
“A particle originally at rest, or moving in a straight line
with constant velocity, will remain in this state
provided that the particle is not subjected to an
unbalanced force”
8

• Second Law
“A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F
experiences an acceleration a that has the same
direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly
proportional to the force”
F  ma
9

• Third Law
“The mutual forces of action and reaction between two
particles are equal and, opposite and collinear”
10
Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction

m1 m 2
F G
r2
F = force of gravitation between two particles
G = universal constant of gravitation
m1,m2 = mass of each of the two particles
r = distance between the two particles
mM e
Weight: W  G 2
r
Letting g  GM e / r yields W  mg
2
11
1.3 Units of Measurement
SI Units
• Stands for International System of Units
• SI system specifies length in meters (m), time in
seconds (s) and mass in kilograms (kg)
• Force unit, Newton (N), is derived from F = ma
12
Name Length Time Mass Force
International Meter (m) Second (s) Kilogram (kg) Newton (N)

Systems of Units
(SI)
 kg .m 
 2 
 s 
13
• At the standard location,

g = 9.806 65 m/s2
• For calculations, we use
g = 9.81 m/s2
• Thus,
W = mg (g = 9.81m/s2)
• Hence, a body of mass 1 kg has a weight of 9.81 N, a
2 kg body weighs 19.62 N
14
1.4 The International System of Units
Prefixes
• For a very large or small numerical quantity, units can
be modified by using a prefix
• Each represent a multiple or sub-multiple of a unit

Eg: 4,000,000 N = 4000 kN (kilo-newton)
= 4 MN (mega- newton)
0.005m = 5 mm (milli-meter)
15
1.4 The International System of Units
16
1.5 Numerical Calculations
Dimensional Homogeneity
• Each term must be expressed in the same units
• Regardless of how the equation is evaluated, it
maintains its dimensional homogeneity
• All terms can be replaced by a consistent set of units
17
Significant Figures
• Accuracy of a number is specified by the number of
significant figures it contains
• A significant figure is any digit including zero
e.g. 5604 and 34.52 have four significant numbers
• When numbers begin or end with zero, we make use
of prefixes to clarify the number of significant figures
e.g. 400 as one significant figure would be 0.4(103)
18
Rounding Off Numbers

• Accuracy obtained would never be better than the
accuracy of the problem data
• Calculators or computers involve more figures in the
answer than the number of significant figures in the
data
• Calculated results should always be “rounded off” to
an appropriate number of significant figures
19
Calculations
• Retain a greater number of digits for accuracy
• Work out computations so that numbers that are
approximately equal
• Round off final answers to three significant figures
20
1.6 General Procedure for Analysis
• To solve problems, it is important to present work in a

logical and orderly way as suggested:
1. Correlate actual physical situation with theory
2. Draw any diagrams and tabulate the problem data
3. Apply principles in mathematics forms
4. Solve equations which are
dimensionally homogenous
5. Report the answer with
significance figures
6. Technical judgment
and common sense
21
Example
Convert to 2 km/h to m/s.
Solution
2 km  1000 m  1 h 
2 km/h      0.556 m/s
h  km  3600 s
Remember to round off the final answer to three significant figures.
22
QUIZ
1. The subject of mechanics deals with what happens to

a body when ______ is / are applied to it.
A) magnetic field B) heat C) forces
D) neutrons E) lasers
2. ________________ still remains the basis of most of

today’s engineering sciences.
A) Newtonian Mechanics B) Relativistic Mechanics
C) Greek Mechanics C) Euclidean Mechanics
23
QUIZ
3. Evaluate the situation, in which mass (kg), force (N),

and length (m) are the base units and recommend a
solution.
A) A new system of units will have to be formulated.
B) Only the unit of time have to be changed from second to
something else.
C) No changes are required.
D) The above situation is not feasible.
24
QUIZ
4. Give the most appropriate reason for using three

significant figures in reporting results of typical
engineering calculations.
A) Historically slide rules could not handle more than three
significant figures.
B) Three significant figures gives better than one-percent
accuracy.
C) Telephone systems designed by engineers have area
codes consisting of three figures.
D) Most of the original data used in engineering
calculations do not have accuracy better than one percent.
25
QUIZ
5. For a static’s problem your calculations show the final

answer as 12345.6 N. What will you write as your final
answer?
A) 12345.6 N B) 12.3456 kN C) 12 kN
D) 12.3 kN E) 123 kN
6. In three step IPE approach to problem solving, what

does P stand for?
A) Position B) Plan C) Problem
D) Practical E) Possible
26

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Engineering Mechanics:

Statics in SI Units, 12e

• Basic quantities and idealizations of mechanics

• Mechanics can be divided into 3 branches:

• Rigid-body Mechanics deals with

• Statics – Equilibrium of bodies

• Dynamics – Accelerated motion of bodies

Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction

Name Length Time Mass Force

International Meter (m) Second (s) Kilogram (kg) Newton (N)

• At the standard location,

• Each represent a multiple or sub-multiple of a unit

Rounding Off Numbers

• To solve problems, it is important to present work in a

Convert to 2 km/h to m/s.

1. The subject of mechanics deals with what happens to

2. ________________ still remains the basis of most of

3. Evaluate the situation, in which mass (kg), force (N),

4. Give the most appropriate reason for using three

5. For a static’s problem your calculations show the final

6. In three step IPE approach to problem solving, what

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