S.

VIVEKANAND COMPETITION CENTRE

thou&lead ¼Vital Statistics½

ifjHkk"kk& tUe ,oa e`R;q (Birth & Death)] fookg] rykd] jksx izolu vkfn thou&?kVukvksa ds lead thou&lead dgykrs gSA
(births and deaths, marriage, divorce, morbidity, migration or data related to all life events are known as
vital statistics)

fdlh Hkh ns’k ds fy, mlds thou&lead lHkh uhfr;ksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa lgk;d gksrs gSA¼for any country the vital statistics are
helpful in policy making½

tUe nj > e`R;q nj rks tula[;k esa o`f) gksxh

tUe nj < e`R;q nj rks tula[;k esa deh gksxh

thou leadksa ds ladyd dh fof/k ¼Method of collection of vital statistic½ &

1-iathdj.k fof/k ¼Registration method½%& ;g thou&lead ladyd dh lcls egRoi.kZ fof/k gSA (this is very important
method of collecting vital statistics)

nks"k& Hkkjr esa tUe] e`R;q] fookg] vkfn ds le; iathdj.k vfuok;Z ugha gS blfy, lgh lead izkIr ugha gksrs gSA(in India
registration is not compulsory at the time of birth, death or marriage etc there for obtained data is not
accurate)

mik;%& iathdj.k fof/k dks vfuok;Z :i ls ykxw djsa rFkk u;s dkuwu cuk;s tk;saA(registration method should be make a
compulsory and new laws should be introduced for this)

2-tux.kuk fof/k ¼Census method½ & ;g fof/k thou&leadksa dh izR;{k :i ¼Direct½ ls iwfrZ ;k Supply djrh gSA(this
method direct supply the vital statistics)

bl fof/k ds }kjk izR;sd bdkbZ ds] vk;q] f’k{kk] 'kknh] rykd vkfn lHkh izdkj lead izkIr gks tkrs gSA

nks"k&

i. thou lead dsoy tux.kuk&o"kZ ds fy, izkIr gksrs gSA(vital statistics can be obtain for only census year)

ii.T;knk le;] Je ,oa lalk/kuksa dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA (It requires more time, labour and money)

3-vLirky ds nLrkost ¼Hospital record½

4-vkirdkyhu losZ{k.k ¼Ad-hoc survey½ & t:jr ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh le; thou&lead izkIr djus ds fy;s vkikrdkyhu ;k
vLFkk;h losZ fd;s tkrs gSA(according to necessity the vital statistics are collected at any time on temporary basis
is known as ad-hoc survey)

,d fuf’pr le; ij fdlh ns’k dh tula[;k dk vkdkj ¼P1½

(at a fixed time estimated population size of a country)

P1 = P0 + (B-D) + (I-E)
P1 = orZeku le; esa ij fdlh ns’k dh tula[;k dk vkdkj (estimated size of population in current year)
P0 =iwoZ frfFk esa vkxf.kr tula[;k (size of population in previous census year)
B-60, Imli Phatak, Sahkar Marg, Beside Tonk Hospital, Mob-7073570529
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 S.VIVEKANAND COMPETITION CENTRE
I = vkizokfl;ksa dh dqy la[;k (immigrants after census year)
E = ml vof/k esa mRizokfl;ksa dh dqy la[;k (Emigrants after census year)
B = dqy tUe (total births after census year)
D = dqy e`R;q (total deaths after census year)

ej.kkad&lEcU/kh eki ¼measures of mortality½

1-v’kksf/kr e`R;q nj ¼crude death rate½

xq.k%&

i.ljyre eki gS¼easiest method½

ii.C.D.R. izkf;drk nj gS¼CDR is a probability rate½

nks"k%&

i.rqyukRed ugha gSa¼not comparable ½

ii.vk;q] fyax vkfn fo’ks"krkvksa dks vuns[kk fd;k gS

¼Age, sex and occupation is ignored½

2-fof’k"V e`R;q njsa ¼speecific death rate½& tula[;k ds fdlh fof’k"V Hkkx tSls] vk;q&oxZ] fyax ;k fof’k"V dkj.kksa ds vk/kkj ij
fudkyh tkrh gSA(if death rate is calculated for any specific section like age group, sex and for the specific
population group is known as specific death rate)

vk;q&fof’k"V e`R;q njsa ¼Age-S.D.R½

xq.k%&

i.;g nj C.D.R ds nks"k dks nwj djrh gS blfy, C.D.R ls T;knk vPNh gSA¼It removes the drawback of CDR so better
than CDR ½

ii.bldk iz;ksx ¼N.R.R.½ dh x.kuk ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS ¼SDR is used to calculate N.R.R ½

iii. S.D.R dk mi;ksx thou lkj.kh ¼life table½ ds fuekZ.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA¼SDR is used in construction of Life table½
B-60, Imli Phatak, Sahkar Marg, Beside Tonk Hospital, Mob-7073570529
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 S.VIVEKANAND COMPETITION CENTRE
nks"k%&blds }kjk nks lewg tks vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij jgrs gS mudh e`R;q njksa dh rqyuk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA¼we cannot
compare the mortality rate of two or more places by SDR ½

3-izekfir e`R;q&njsa ¼standardised death rate½& blds }kjk nks LFkkuksa dh e`R;q njksa dks vkil esa rqyuk dj ldrs gSA¼we can
compare the mortality rate or death rate of two or more places by S.T.D.R ½

f’k’kq&e`R;q nj ¼Infant mortality rate½ &

xq.k%&

i.bldh x.kuk ds fy, tux.kuk lead ¼Census data½dh vko’;drk ugha gSa¼For calculating I.M.R there is no
requirement of census data½

ii. f’k’kq&e`R;q nj }kjk fdlh Hkh ns’k dh LokLFk&lqfo/kkvksa ds ckjs esa vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA¼By using I.M.R we can
estimate the medical facilities of any state or country½

nks"k&

i.;g izkf;drk nj ugha gSA ¼ it is not a probability rate½

ii. I.M.R thfor cPpksa dh la[;k dks de djds ¼ shows under registration of live births½fn[kkrh gSA

iii. rFkk cPpksa dh e`R;q dks T;knk djds ¼shows over registration of Infants death½ fn[kkrh gSA

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 S.VIVEKANAND COMPETITION CENTRE
moZjrk ds eki ¼measurements of fertility½

moZjrk ¼fertility½ & fL=;ksa }kjk tfUer thfor f’k’kqvksa dh okLrfod la[;k ^^moZjrk** dgykrh gSA ¼actual occurrence of live
birth by females is known as fertility½

cgqiztrk dk lqtuurk ¼fecundity½ & fL=;ksa ds vf/kdre f’k’kq iSnk gksus dh izkf.k’kkL=h; {kerk ^^cgqiztrk** dgykrh gSA
¼Capacitty to bear of children’s in females is known as fecundity½

uksV& cgqiztrk moZjrk dh Åijh lhek gksrh gSa (fecundity is upper limit of fertility)

1-v’kksf/kr tUe nj ¼Crude birth rate or C.B.R½

nks"k%&

i. C.B.R izkf;drk nj ugha gSa¼ it is not a probability rate½

ii. laiw.kZ tula[;k ¼cPps] iq:"k rFkk fL=;k¡ ftudh vk;q 15 ls de rFkk 49 o"kZ ls vf/kd gS½ iztuu ds fy;s ftEesnkj ugha gS rFkk
C.B.R esa budksa Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS blfy;s ;g vPNk eki ugha gSA ¼Total population is not responsible for
Births/fertility (children, male and female below the age of 15 and above the age of 49) but in CBR all these
are included so CBR is not a good measure½

2-lkekU; moZjrk nj ¼General fertility rate or G.F.R½ & iztuu ;ksX; vk;q esa izfr gtkj ¼child bearing age½ fL=;ksa }kjk
tfUer dqy f’k’kqvksa dh la[;k lkekU; moZjrk nj dgykrh gSA¼Total births in the child bearing age by 1000 female are
called G.F.R½

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 S.VIVEKANAND COMPETITION CENTRE
xq.k%&

i.;g izkf;drk nj gSA¼It is a probability rate½

ii. C.B.R ls T;knk 'kq) gSA¼More accurate then C.B.R½

nks"k&

i. bldh ekU;rk ds vuqlkj 15 ls 49 lky dh efgykvksa esa izR;sd vk;q oxZ esa moZjrk nj leku gksrh gS tks fd okLro esa
lgh ugha gSA blfy, ;g rqyukRed ugha gSA¼It assumes that women in age group 15-49 have same fertility
rate which is actually not true so it is not comparable½

3-fof'k"V moZjrk nj ¼Specific fertility rate or S.F.R½

xq.k&

i. vk;q oxkZuqlkj fo’ys"k.k ds fy;s mi;ksxh gSA¼This is useful for age group wise analysis½

ii. ldy iztuu nj (G.R.R) rFkk 'kq) iztuu nj (N.R.R) dh x.kuk esa mi;ksx dh tkrh gSA ¼it is used in calculation of
N.R.R and G.R.R½

4-dqy moZjrk nj ¼Total fertility rate or T.F.R½ & vk;q oxkZuqlkj fof’k"V moZjrk njksa dk ;ksx dqy moZjrk nj dgykrh
gSA¼sum of age –S.F.R is known as T.F.R½

Or

Ikzfr 1000 fL=;ksa }kjk tUe nsus ;ksX; vk;q ¼15&49½ esa tfUer thfor f'k’kqvksa dh la[;k dqy moZjrk nj dgykrh gS ;fn tUe nj
fof’k"V moZjrk nj ds v/khu gSA¼total live birth by 1000 females in child bearing age 15-49 is known as total fertility
rate if birth rate is under specific fertility rate½

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 S.VIVEKANAND COMPETITION CENTRE
 ;fn iztuu ;ksX; vk;q ¼15&49½ esa fdlh Hkh L=h dh e`R;q u gks rks dqy moZjrk nj ¼T.F.R½ }kjk 1000 fL=;ksa }kjk tfUer
dqy f’k’kqvksa dh izR;kf’kr ¼expected½ la[;k izkIr gksrh gSA¼T.F.R gives estimate of total live births by 1000
females in child bearing age 15-49 if none of female dies in child bearing age group½

uksV&

i. T.F.R bl dYiuk ij vk/kkfjr gS fd 15&49 esa fdlh Hkh L=h dh e`R;q ugha gksxh tks fd xyr dYiuk gS blfy, T.F.R ,d
dkYifud la[;k gSA ¼T.F.R assumes that none of female dies between child bearing age group (15-49)and this
wrong assumption. So T.F.R is a hypothetical figure ½

ii. T.F.R ifjokj dk iw.kZ vkdkj (complete family size) dk vuqeku nsrh gS ;k ,d L=h vuqekur% vius iwjs thou dky esa fdrus
f’k’kqvksa dks tUe nsrh gS] dqy moZjrk nj ¼T.F.R) mldk eki gSA

¼T.F.R gives the estimate of complete family size or T.F.R is measure of total number of live births given by a
female on an average in the whole child bearing age)

tula[;k o`f) ds eki

¼Measurement of population growth½

1-izkd`frd o`f) dh v’kksf/kr nj ¼Crude rate of natural growth½

= v'kksf/kr tUe nj & v’kksf/kr e`R;q nj (C.B.R – C.D.R)

2-iyZ dk tUe&e`R;q lwpdkad ¼pearl’s vital index½

3-ldy iztuu nj ¼Gross Reproduction Rate or G.R.R)

;fn dqy moZjrk nj (T.F.R) dh x.kuk esa dsoy dU;kvksa dh tUe la[;k ¼only female births½ yh tk;s rks (G.R.R) ldy iztuu
nj izkIr gksrh gSA(If T.F.R is calculated by only female child birth then it is known as G.R.R)

or

q kj fL=;ksa esa fof’k"V moZjrk njksa dk ;ksx ldy iztuu nj dgykrh gSA¼sum of
tUe nsus ;ksX; vk;q esa izR;sd o"kZ ds vk;q oxkZul
female age – S.F.R for each year of reproductive period is known as G.R.R½

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 S.VIVEKANAND COMPETITION CENTRE
G.R.R dh ekU;rk (Assumption of G.R.R)&

i.lHkh dU;k;sa ftUgksaus tUe fy;k gS oks iztuu dky dh mPp lhek ¼end of child bearing age½ rd thfor jgsxh ;k 49 lky rd
mUesa ls fdlh Hkh e`R;q ugha gksxhA (All new born female Childs will live till the end of child bearing age or will not
die up to age of 49 or none of them is subject to risk of mortality till attaining the upper limit of the
reproductive period)

ii. iztuu&dky esa moZjrk nj fLFkj jgsxh (the current level of fertility will be stable or same throughout the
reproductive period)

vizR;{k lw= ¼Indirect formula½& tc vk;q ds vuqlkj ekrkvksa }kjk tUe fn;s f’k’kqvksa dk fyax irk u gks rc iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA(This formula is used when the classification of births according to the age of mother at the time of births
the sex of new born babies is not available or not known)

xq.k&

i. G.R.R rqyukRed v/;;u ds fy;s mi;ksxh gSA(G.R.R is useful for comparison)

ii. G.R.R crkrk gS fd vkt dh ekrkvksa ds LFkku ij Hkfo"; esa fdruh ekrk,¡ gksxhA (G.R.R tells us about the number of
future mothers in place of current mothers)

;fn

G.R.R < 1 tula[;k ?kVsxh (Population will be increased)

G.R.R < 1 tula[;k c<+sxh(Population will be decreased)

G.R.R=1 tula[;k fLFkj gksxh(Population will be stable)

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 S.VIVEKANAND COMPETITION CENTRE
nks"k&
i. G.R.R ,d dkYifud uEcj gS D;ksafd bldh nksuksa ekU;rk,¡ okLrfodrk esa lgh ugha gSA (G.R.R is a hypothetical figure
because assumption of G.R.R is not real)

ii. G.R.R esa 'kq}rk dh deh gksrh gSA (G.R.R. is not accurate)

4- 'kq) iztuu nj ¼Net reproduction rate½ or N.R.R

;fn ldy iztuu nj ¼G.R.R½ esa e`R;q nj dk izHkko 'kkfey fd;k tk;s rks N.R.R izkIr gksrh gS D;ksafd thfor jgus okyh dU;k,a gh
Hkfo"; esa ekrk;sa cusxha ,oa tula[;k o`f) esa Hkkxhnkj gks ldrh gSA (If in G.R.R mortality effect is included then N.R.R is
obtained because girls which are living or female Childs will be future mothers or helpful in reproduction)

uksV&
i. 'kq) iztuu nj ges’kk ldy iztuu nj ls NksVh ;k cjkcj gksrh gSA (N.R.R is always less than or equal to G.R.R)

N.R.R. ≤ G.R.R

ii.N.R.R. tula[;k o`f) dk loksZÙke ,oa okLrfod eki gSA (N.R.R is most accurate method of population growth or it is
real rate of population growth)
N.R.R < 1 tula[;k ?kVsxh (Population will be decreased)
N.R.R > 1 tula[;k c<+sxh(Population will be increased)
N.R.R=1 tula[;k fLFkj jgsxh ;k iw.kZ izfrLFkkiu gksxk
(Population will be stable or will be exact replacement)
fLFkj tula[;k (Stable Population) & dksbZ Hkh tula[;k tks fLFkj nj ls c<+rh gS ;k ?kVrh gS rks vfLFkj tula[;k
dgykrh gSA fLFkj tula[;k esa tUe nj rFkk e`R;q nj fLFkj gksrh gSA (Any Population which increased or decreased by
constant growth rate is known as stable population)
LFkkoj tula[;k (Stationary Population) & og tula[;k ftldh o`f) nj 'kwU; gks LFkkoj tula[;k dgykrh gSA bl
tula[;k esa tUe nj rFkk e`R;q nj leku gksrh gS rFkk ;g tula[;k u dHkh ?kVrh gS u dHkh c<+rh gSA (Any Population whose
growth rate is zero and that never increase or decrease is known as stationary population. In stationary
population birth rate and death rate are equal.)
uksV& LFkkoj tula[;k dks fLFkj tula[;k dg ldrs gSA (Stationary population can be called as stable
population)

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