ACLAO, MEL JOHN D.

BSCE-3B
CEA 132

ASSIGNMENT #2

1. Enumerate, describe and provide drawings/diagrams of the different types of valves.

 Gate Valve- is the most common type of valve in any process plant. It is a linear motion
valve used to start or stop fluid flow. In service, these valves are either fully open or fully
closed. Gate valves are used in almost all fluid services such as air, fuel gas, feedwater,
steam, lube oil, hydrocarbon, and almost any services. The gate valve provides a good
shutoff.

 Globe Valve- is used to stop, start, and regulate the fluid flow. Globe Valves are used in
systems where flow control is required, and leak tightness is also necessary. A Globe
valve provides better shut-off than the gate valve and is costlier than a gate valve.

 Check Valve- it prevents backflow in the piping system. The pressure of the fluid passing
through a pipeline opens the valve, while any reversal of flow will close the valve.
 Plug Valve- is a Quarter-turn rotary motion Valve that uses a tapered or cylindrical plug
to stop or start the flow. The disk is in plug shape, which has a passage to pass the flow.
Plug valves are used as on-off stop valves and are capable of providing bubble-tight
shutoff. The plug valve can be used in a vacuum for high-pressure & temperature
applications.

 Ball Valve- is a quarter-turn rotary motion valve that uses a ball-shaped disk to stop or
start the flow. Most ball valves are quick-acting, requiring a 90° turn of the valve handle
to operate the valve. The ball valve is Smaller and lighter than a gate valve of the same
size and rating.

 Butterfly Valve- is a quarter-turn rotary motion valve used to stop, regulate, and start the
flow. The butterfly valve has a short circular body. Butterfly Valve is suitable for large
valve applications due to its compact, lightweight design that requires considerably less
space than other valves.
 Needle Valve- are similar to a globe valve in design, with the biggest difference being the
sharp needle-like disk. Needle valves are designed to give very accurate control of flow
in small diameter piping systems. They get their name from their sharp-pointed conical
disc and matching seat.

 Pinch Valve- is also known as a clamp valve. It is a linear motion valve. Used to start,
regulate, and stop fluid flow. It uses a rubber tube, also known as a pinch tube, and a
pinch mechanism to control the fluid. Pinch Valve is ideally suited for handling slurries,
liquids with large amounts of suspended solids, and systems that convey solid material
pneumatically.

 Pressure Relief Valve- is used to protect equipment or piping system during an

overpressure event or in the event of a vacuum. This valve releases the pressure or
vacuum at a pre-defined set pressure.
2. What are the general rules in designing the sanitary system?
 Local Regulations and Codes: Familiarize yourself with local building codes, regulations, and
permitting requirements related to sanitary systems. Compliance with these rules is essential to
ensure safety and legality.
 System Planning: Carefully plan the layout and size of the sanitary system based on the building's
occupancy, type of use, and anticipated wastewater flow. Consider future expansion needs as
well.
 Gravity Flow: Whenever possible, design the system to rely on gravity flow. This minimizes the
need for pumps and reduces the risk of system failures.
 Proper Slope: Ensure that wastewater pipes are properly sloped to allow for efficient drainage.
The slope typically ranges from 1/8 inch to 1/4 inch per foot (1 to 2% gradient).
 Ventilation: Provide adequate ventilation for the sanitary system to prevent the buildup of gases
and maintain proper airflow. Vent pipes should extend above roof level.
 Separation of Systems: Keep sanitary and stormwater drainage systems separate to prevent
contamination. This is often a regulatory requirement.
 Materials Selection: Choose appropriate materials for pipes and fixtures, considering factors like
durability, corrosion resistance, and compatibility with the transported waste.
 Fixture Placement: Strategically place fixtures (sinks, toilets, showers, etc.) to minimize long pipe
runs and reduce the risk of clogs and drainage issues.
 Trap Installation: Install P-traps or S-traps under drains to prevent sewer gases from entering the
building. Maintain a proper water seal in these traps.
 Backflow Prevention: Incorporate backflow prevention devices to prevent wastewater from
flowing back into the potable water supply.
 Accessibility: Ensure that sanitary fixtures and facilities are accessible to people with disabilities
in compliance with accessibility codes and regulations.
 Maintenance Considerations: Design the system with ease of maintenance in mind. Access
points, cleanouts, and inspection ports should be strategically placed.
 Pipe Sizing: Size pipes appropriately to handle the expected flow rates and loads. Undersized
pipes can lead to blockages and backups.
 Grease Traps: Install grease traps or interceptors in commercial kitchens to prevent grease
buildup in the sanitary system.
 Sustainable Practices: Consider incorporating water-saving fixtures and sustainable practices like
rainwater harvesting or graywater reuse to reduce water consumption and environmental
impact.
 Professional Design: Engage a qualified plumbing engineer or designer to ensure that the
sanitary system is designed correctly and complies with all regulations.
 Regular Inspection and Maintenance: Implement a schedule for regular inspection and
maintenance of the sanitary system to identify and address issues promptly.

3. Enumerate and provide pictures of the different plastic pipe fittings.

 Elbows: Such pipe fittings are used to
change the direction of the flow. They are
majorly available in two standard types - 90-
and 45-degree angles owing to their high
demand in plumbing. The 90-degree elbow is
primarily used to connect hoses to water
pumps, valves, and deck drains, while the
45-degree elbow is mostly used in water
supply facilities, electronic and chemical
industrial pipeline networks, food, air-conditioning pipelines, garden production,
agriculture, and solar-energy facility.
 Couplings: A coupling is a pipe fitting used
to stop leakages in broken or damaged pipes.
The pipes to be connected should be of the
same diameter. The two kinds of couplings
used in plumbing are regular coupling and
slip coupling. The regular coupling is
arranged between the two pipes to prevent
further leakages with the help of rubber seals
or gaskets on the both sides. The slip
coupling itself contains two pipes to repair the damaged lengthy pipes.
 Union: This type of pipe fitting is almost
similar to coupling in terms of functions, but
just with a difference, i.e., a union can be
removed easily any time while the coupling
cannot. A variety of dielectric unions are
used to join pipes made of different materials
to avoid any kind of galvanic corrosion
between them. These pipe fittings comprise
of a nut, female and male ended threads.
 Adapters: Adapters are connected to pipes
to either increase their lengths or if pipes do
not have appropriate ends. These pipe fittings
make the ends of the pipe either male or
female threaded as per the need. This permits
unlike pipes to be connected without any
need of extensive setup. They are mostly
used for PVC and copper pipes.
 Nipple: This is a short butt of a pipe that
works as a connection between two other
fittings having male threads. A close nipple is
a type of pipe fitting having continuous
threading on them. They are mostly used in
hoses and plumbing.
 Reducer: This pipe setting is used to reduce
the flow size of the pipe from the bigger to
smaller one. There are two kinds of reducers-
 concentric reducer and eccentric reducer. The former one is in the shape of a cone used
for gradual reducing of the size of the pipe. The latter one has its one edge facing the
mouth of the connecting pipe reducing the chances of air accumulation.
 Tee: This T-shaped pipe fitting used in the
plumbing system has one inlet and two
outlets arranged at an angle of 90 degrees to
the main pipe. This kind of fitting is used to
connect the two pipes and make their flow
direction as one. If all the three sides of this
fitting are same in size, it is called equal tee,
otherwise unequal tee.

 Cross: This type of pipe fitting contains four

openings in all the four major directions.
This fitting is adjoined to four pipes meeting
at common point. There is either one inlet
and three outlets or vice-versa to flow water
or any other liquid in four different
directions. These kinds of pipe fittings are
commonly used in fire sprinkler systems.
 Flanges: A flange is another pipe fitting used
to connect pipes, pumps, valves, and other
components to form a full-fledged piping
system. They come with a flexibility of
easily cleaning or inspecting the whole
system from within. They are fixed to the
pipes using welding, threading or screwing
techniques and then finally sealed with the
help of bolts. They are used in residential
pump systems and majorly for industrial purposes.
 Caps & Plugs: Both these pipe fittings are
used to close the ends of the pipe either
temporarily or permanently. The plugs are
fitted inside the pipe and threaded to keep the
pipe for future use. There are a good number
of ways a cap can be applied to the pipe like
soldering, glue, or threading depending on
the material of the pipe.
 Bushings: These pipe fittings are used to
combine pipes of different sizes together by
decreasing the size of the larger fitting to the
size of the smaller pipe. Bushings are not
always threaded inside out and occupy very
little space in comparison to a union or
coupling used for the same purpose.
 Wyes: Such type of pipe fittings are used in
drainage systems and have a branch line at
 45 degrees to keep the flow of water smooth. When the sanitary tees fail to work in a
horizontal connection, such cases needs a wye.

 Valves: Valves are used in the plumbing

system to stop the flow of gases or liquids.
There are of three types – throttling,
isolation, and non-return. The isolation
valves are used to disconnect a part of the
piping system temporarily for maintenance
or repair. The throttling valves are used to
regulate the amount of pressure of a liquid in
a pipe; they can also withstand the stress caused by this process.
 Barb: A barb is another useful pipe fitting
used in the plumbing system that connects
flexible tubing to pipes. It has a male-
threaded end on one side that connects with
the female threads, and the other end has a
single or a multi-barbed tube that is inserted
in the flexible tubing.
 Diverter tee: This kind of a tee-shaped pipe fitting
is commonly used in the pressurized hydronic
heating systems to redirect a part of the flow from
the main line to the side branch connected to a heat
exchanger.

4. Look around you and evaluate the current situation of the sewage disposal system in your
place. Document your observations by pictures and provide appropriate captions or descriptions
(minimum of five pictures). Write down your observations and recommendations in tabular form.

It is often clogged with leaves

and rubbish.
 There is no disposal system in
the vicinity.

Trash has accumulated in the

entryway.

The path is being obstructed

by tree roots.

It is narrow and might cause

flooding in surrounding
homes.

Observation  Some regions lack

disposal systems,
increasing the
likelihood of floods.
 Some systems feature
impediments that
restrict the system's
entry and exit points.
Recommendation  The sewage route must
be properly
 maintained, cleaned,
and examined on a
regular basis.
 Install a disposal
system in the region,
even if it is
inexpensive.

5. Vent pipes are used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system. Differentiate the
various types of vents by defining and giving diagrams.

 True Vent – most basic and common type of plumbing vent. It is a

vertical pipe that extends from the drainage system to the roof of a
building to allow air to enter the plumbing system and equalize
pressure.
 Auxiliary Vent - This is a secondary vent that is installed to
supplement the primary venting system. Its purpose is to run up and
connect to the true vent, similar to how common vents work.
 Common Vent – it is used to connect multiple fixtures to a single vent stack. It is commonly
used in high-rise buildings where space is limited.

 Air Admittance Valve (AAV) – it is used to allow air to enter and exit the system. It is typically
used in situations where it is not possible to install a traditional vent stack.