ECEG-3201-DLD-Lec - 07 - Adders Comparators Decoders Encoders

ECEG-3201 Digital Logic Design
Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

(AAIT) Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Learning Outcomes
 At the end of the lecture, students should get

familiarized with;
 Adders/Subtractors.
 Comparators.
 Decoders.
 Encoders.
AAIT, Department of
Electrical and Computer 2 Nebyu Yonas Sutri
Engineering
Adders
 Addition is an important process in digital
systems, especially computers.
 There are two types of basic adders:
 Half Adder
Simple Binary Addition
 Full Adder
0+0= 0
0+1= 1
1+0= 1
1 + 1 = 10
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Half Adders
 Half adder: Is a circuit that add two binary digits
and produce a sum bit and a carry bit.
A A B
+ B
Half Adder
Co S Circuit
Carry Sum CO S
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Half Adders
Truth table: Equation:
A B CO S
S  A B
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 CO  A  B
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
A
S
B
Logic Circuit:
CO
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Full Adders
 Since half adder cannot handle crisis when there
is an input carry from previous bit, we need to use
a full adder.
 Full adder: circuit that adds two binary numbers
with the existence of a carry in bit. It produces a
sum and a carry out. A B
Cin
A Full Adder
+ B Circuit Cin
Co S
Carry Sum CO S
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Full Adders
Truth table: Equation:
A B Cin CO S
0 0 0 0 0 S  ABCin  ABCin  ABCin  ABCin
 A B  C
0 0 1 0 1 Co  ABCin  ABCin  ABCin  ABCin
0 1 0 0 1  AB  C in ( A  B )
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Full Adders
 Full adder circuit can also be implemented using 2
half adders.
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Full Adders
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Parallel Binary Adder
 Two bit adder
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
 A group of 4 bits is called a Nibble.
 Four bit parallel adder.
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
 Parallel adders can be placed in to two categories
based on the way in which the internal carries
from stage to stage are handled.
 Ripple carry adder
 Look-ahead carry adder
 Externally, both types of adders are the same in
terms of inputs and outputs.
 The difference is the speed at which they can add
numbers. The look-ahead carry adder is much
faster than ripple carry adder.
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Ripple Carry Adder
 In ripple carry adder, the second full adder (FA2) needs to
wait for the input carry (Cin), coming from the output carry
(Cout) from first adder (FA1).
 Assume one adder has a delay of 8 ns. 4 adders will
contribute to 32 ns delay in adding up the 4 bits number .
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Look-Ahead Carry Adder
 The objective of the adder is to reduce the adder’s delay in
performing the addition. This is because, the input carry
and output carry is dependent on the input’s value of the
adder itself.
 No propagation delay from one adder to the other.
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
4 Bit 2’s Complementer Circuit
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
4 Bit Adder Subtractor
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Comparator
 Comparator is a device that compares two digital
quantities to determine the relationship of those
quantities.
 Comparison is made in terms of:
 Equal to ‘=’
 Less than ‘<’
 Greater than ‘>’
 The function of a comparator is to compare either
the input bit is the same as the reference bit or
not.
 It can be a 1-bit, 2-bit or 4-bit comparator.
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Comparator
 1 bit comparator
The output is 1 when the inputs are equal.
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 0 Equals to X-NOR
1 0 0
1 1 1
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Comparator
 2 bit comparator
The output is 1 when A0 = B0 AND A1 = B1.
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Comparator
 4 bit comparator.
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Decoder
 Circuit that:
 Accepts a set of inputs (binary number /code) and
 Activates the only output that corresponds to that
particular input.
 Types of decoders:
 Binary decoder
 3-bit decoder
 4-bit decoder
 BCD-to-decimal decoder
 BCD-to-7-segment decoder
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Binary Decoder
 Is used to determine if a specific binary number
occurs or not in a digital circuitry.
The output is 1 only when:

A0 = 1
A1 = 0
A2 = 0
A3 = 1
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
3-Bit/Binary to Octal Decoder
 The decoder converts standard 3-bit binary into one octal
high output at a time.
Enable Data input Active high data outputs
EN2 EN1 C B A X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 X X X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
X 0 X X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
3-Bit/Binary to Octal Decoder
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
3-Bit Active-Low Decoder
Enable Data input Active high data outputs
EN2 EN1 C B A X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 X X X X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
X 1 X X X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
3-Bit Active-Low Decoder
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
4-Bit Decoder
Input Output
D C B A X
0 0 0 0 X0
0 0 0 1 X1
Also called 0 0 1 0 X2
0 0 1 1 X3
binary to
0 1 0 0 X4
hexadecimal 0 1 0 1 X5
decoder. 0 1 1 0 X6
0 1 1 1 X7
1 0 0 0 X8
1 0 0 1 X9
1 0 1 0 X10
1 0 1 1 X11
1 1 0 0 X12
1 1 0 1 X13
1 1 1 0 X14
1 1 1 1 X15
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
BCD to Decimal Decoder
 Act the same as a 4-bit decoder but limited to 10 decimal
digits only
Input Output
D C B A X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
BCD-to-7 Segment Decoder
 Output of the decoder is active Low, therefore, common
anode 7-segment display is used.
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
BCD-to-7 Segment Decoder
 If Active High;
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Encoder
 It works opposite ways from decoders.
 Circuit that allows only one input to be activated,
and produces an N-bit output code, depending on
which input is activated.
 Common encoders:
 8-line-to-3-line encoder
 Decimal-to-BCD encoder
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
8-Line-to-3-Line Encoder
 Octal to binary converter: Octal input is applied by pressing
one of the push buttons at a time. Circuit converts the applied
input to a binary at the output, X.
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
Decimal-to-BCD Encoder
 Also called 10-Line-to-4-Line converter.
AAIT, Department of
Engineering
What to do this week?
 Read about Multiplexers, Demultiplexers and

Code Converters.
 Digital Fundamentals, Thomas L. Floyd, Chapter 6,
Pages 329 – 342.
AAIT, Department of
Engineering

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ECEG-3201 Digital Logic Design

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

 At the end of the lecture, students should get

The output is 1 when the inputs are equal.

The output is 1 only when:

 Read about Multiplexers, Demultiplexers and

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