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SAFE HANDLING OF PLANT PROTECTION

CHEMICALS AND FERTILIZERS AND OPTIMUM
USE OF AGRO-CHEMICALS
Technical Report · June 2017

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17441.40807
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SAFE HANDLING OF PLANT PROTECTION CHEMICALS AND
FERTILIZERS AND OPTIMUM USE OF AGRO
AGRO-CHEMICALS
CHEMICALS
19-21st June 2017
Reference Manual
Compiled by
R. Umamaheswari
D. Kalaivanan
N R Prasannakumar
S. Sriram
ICAR-Indian
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research
Hessaraghatta
araghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru
Bengaluru-560089
Disclaimer: The contents of this manual are meant exclusively for the use of the skilled
supporting staff and technicians of IIHR, as a part of a skill upgradation training
programme conducted at ICAR-IIHR during 19-21st June 2017. The editors or the institute
are not responsible for any consequences arising out of the use of the contents of this
manual by unauthorized persons.
Year of preparation: 2017
All rights reserved. Unauthorized, copying or transmission of the contents in any form
strictly prohibited. The sources from which the material for preparation of this study
material have been duly acknowledged.
For further information:

The Director,
ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research,
Hessaraghatta Lake Post,
Bangalore -560089.
Tel: 080-28466420-423
Fax: 080-28466291; e mail: director@iihr.res.in
CONTENTS
S. No. Chapters Page No

1. Essential nutrients, deficiencies and fertilizer requirements in 1
horticultural crops
2. Insecticides and Acaricides – Classification, application and 13
safety measures
3. Nematicides – Classification and safe application 24
4. Classification and list of fungicides 33
Appendix
1
Essential Nutrients, Deficiencies and Fertilizer Requirements in

Horticultural Crops
Dr. D. Kalaivanan
Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry
ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research
Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru - 560 089
Correspondence: kalaivanan@iihr.res.in
Plants, like all other living things, need food for their growth and development. Several
elements take part in the growth and development of plants, and those absorbed from the soil
are generally known as plant nutrients. Besides these, the plant takes up carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen, either from the air or from the water absorbed by roots. In all, 16 elements have
been identified and are established to be essential for plant growth. There are carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus(P), potassium (K), calcium(Ca),
magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), sulphur (S), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), boron (B),
molybdenum (Mo), and chlorine (Cl). These elements serve as raw materials for growth and
development of plants, and formation of fruits and seeds. Emanuel Epstein defined three
following criteria for an element to be essential for plant growth:
i. The completion of the life cycle of the plant cannot be achieved in the absence of such
an element.
ii. Plays a specific role in the plant.
iii. Causes set back to growth of the plant showing visual symptoms when the plant is
deficient in it.
Most of the essential elements are found in liberal quantities in the mineral soils. In spite of
the fact that these are available in plenty, these may not be available to the plants, as they are
tied up in mineral and chemical compounds. The roots cannot absorb and deliver them to the
growing plants for synthesis, and hence, the need for assessing the plant available amounts of
nutrients in the soil and meeting deficiency by application of manures and fertilizers to such
soils for optimum crop production.
Reference Manual on ‘Safe handling of plant protection chemicals and fertilizers and
th st
optimum use of agro-chemicals’; ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru, 19 to 21 June 2017
2
Sixteen elements identified as essential are listed below.
S. No Nutrient Element Symbol Status Major Natural Major Fertilizer

Source Source
1 Carbon C Air Free
2 Oxygen O Primary Air Free
Nutrients
3 Hydrogen H Water Free
4 Nitrogen N Organic matter and Urea (46% N)
soil DAP (18% N)
5 Phosphorus P Soil/ mineral SSP (16% P2O5)
Major DAP (46% P2O5)
Nutrients
6 Potassium K Soil/ Mineral MOP (60% K2O)
SOP (50% K2O)
7 Calcium Ca Soil/ mineral Gypsum (Ca
Secondary 21%; S 17.5%)
Nutrients Lime
8 Sulphur S Organic matter/ Elemental S (90
Soil/Mineral to 99% S) Pyrites
9 Magnesium Mg Soil/ Mineral Dolomite

lime stone
Magnesium
sulphate
10 Zinc Zn Soil/ mineral Zn Sulphate

Zinc Oxide
11 Iron Fe Soil/ Mineral Iron Sulphate

Micro
12 Copper Cu Soil/ mineral Copper sulpahte
nutrients
13 Boron B Soil/ Mineral Borax (10% B)
Solubor (20% B)
14 Manganese Mm Soil/ mineral Manganese
sulphate
15 Molybdinum Mo Sokfil/ Mineral Ammonium

molybdate
Sodium
molybdate
16 Chlorine Cl Water/ Salts Free
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3
Nutrient deficiencies & toxicities in horticultural crops
The following list describes general symptoms associated with nutrient disorders in plants. It
should be remembered that nutrient deficiencies or toxicities can resemble non-nutritional
disorders such as disease or herbicide damage. Use of soil and/or tissue analysis may help
confirm whether symptoms are nutritional.
Prominent nutrient deficiency symptoms in plants are summarized below
Nutrient Colour change in lower leaves

N Plant light green, older leaves yellow
P Plants dark green with purple cast, leaves and plants small
K Yellowing and scorching along the margin of older leaves
Mg Older leaves have yellow discolouration between veins-finally
reddish purple from edge inward
Zn Pronounced interveinal chlorosis and bronzing of leaves
Nutrient Colour change in upper leaves (Terminal bud dies)
Ca Delay in emergence of primary leaves, terminal buds deteriorate
B Leaves near growing point turn yellow, growth buds appear as white or
light brown, with dead tissue.
Nutrient Colour change in upper leaves (Terminal bud remains alive)
S Leaves including veins turn pale green to yellow, first appearance in
young leaves.
Fe Leaves yellow to almost white, interveinal chlorosis at leaf tip
Mn Leaves yellowish-gray or reddish, gray with green veins
Cu Young leaves uniformly pale yellow. May wilt or wither without chlorosis
Mo Wilting of upper leaves, then chlorosis

Cl Young leaves wilt and die along margin
Tips to identify nutrient disorders
· If it is a nutritional problem, all the plants within a small area are affected and within
a plant all parts of the same physiological age are affected.
· Observe whether the symptoms are in younger or older leaves
· If the symptoms are on the older leaves one may suspect for N, P, K or Mg deficiency
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4
a. Chlorosis if uniform – N or P deficiency

b. Symptoms on the margins – K deficiency
c. Interveinal (inverted V shape) – Mg deficiency
· If the symptoms are on younger leaves then possibility of Ca, S or micronutrient

deficiency
a. Symptoms similar to N but appear on younger leaf – S deficiency

b. Symptoms on terminal or growing tips – Ca, B or Cu deficiency
c. Interveinal chlorosis and short internodes – Zn, Fe, Mn deficiency
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5
Diagnostic Techniques for identifying nutrient deficiency
Reference Manual on ‘Safe handling of plant protection chemicals and fertilizers and optimum use of agro-chemicals’; ICAR-IIHR,
Bengaluru, 19th to 21st June 2017
6
Fertilizers and Manures
Fertilizers supply plant food and help to increase in yield of different crops through the
improvement of soil fertility. Manures not only supply plant nutrients but also improve the
soil physical environment influencing plant growth. Bio-fertilizers are above to make a
significant contribution towards the development of strategies for productivity improvement
which do not lead to an exponential rise in the consumption of non-renewable forms of
energy. Plant roots absorb the majority of their nutrients from the soil solution in the ionic
(inorganic charged) form. Larger molecules can also be absorbed by roots, but their rate of
absorption is slow. Thus, if a fertilizer (organic or inorganic) is applied, it must first be
broken down to its simplest forms to be used efficiently by plants. The amount of plant
nutrients in a fertilizer program can be reduced if organic manures are used.
Table 1. Nutrient contents of common inorganic fertilizers
Fertilizers Nutrient content (%)

N P2O5 K2O
Ammonium sulphate 20.5 - -
Ammonium chloride 28.0 - -
Ammonium nitrate 32.5 - -
Calcium ammonium nitrate(CAN) 26.0 - -
Calcium nitrate 13.0 - -
Urea 46.0 - -
Single super phosphate(SSP) - 16.0 -
Diammonium phosphate(DAP) 18.0 46.0 -
Rock phosphate - 20.0-23.0 -
Basic slag - 6.0-8.0 -
Potassium chloride(MOP) - - 60.0
Potassium sulphate - - 48.0
Potassium nitrate 13.0 - 37.0
The nutrient content of manures varies with type of livestock and methods used in storage,
handling, and application. As a general rule, the suggested rates of N, P2O5, and K2O can be
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7
reduced by 5.5, 2.2, and 5.5 kg for each wet ton applied per hectare respectively. Therefore, it
is essential to evolve and adopt a strategy of integrated nutrient supply by using a judicious
combination of chemical fertilizers, organic manures and bio-fertilizers in relation to their
importance, possible reactions in soils etc. The nutrient contents of common organic manures
and inorganic fertilizers are given in Table 1& 2.
Table 2. Nutrient contents of common organic manures
Manures Nutrient content (%)

N P K
FYM 0.6-2.1 0.26-1.10 1.0-3.6
Poultry manure 2.0-4.5 4.5-6.0 2.1-2.4
Compost 1.5-3.5 0.5-1.0 1.0-2.0
Vermi-compost 1.21 0.86 1.01
Biogas slurry 1.06 0.52 0.70
Ground nut cake 7.30 1.50 1.30
Sesamum cake 6.20 2.00 1.20
Neem cake 5.20 1.10 1.50
Castor cake 4.40 1.10 1.40
Coconut cake 3.00 1.90 1.80
Cotton seed cake 4.00 1.90 1.60
Sewage sludge 1.0-6.0 0.75-2.0 0.40
Daincha 3.50 0.60 1.20
Sesbania 2.80 0.10 1.40
Sunnhemp 2.30 0.50 1.80
Composted coir pith 1.06 0.40 1.20
Fish meal 4.00 3.90 1.80
Blood meal 10.10 1.20 1.00
Goat manure 2.40 0.90 2.00
Sheep manure 1.93 1.70 2.30
Pig manure 3.70 3.30 0.40
Night soil compost 1.40 2.80 4.00
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Fertilizer recommendations of horticultural crops
Horticultural crops occupy an area of 24.2 million hectares. Out of this 13.6 million hectares
are under perennial horticultural crops like fruits, nuts, spices and plantations. Perennial
horticultural crops differ significantly because the growth stages of perennial crops are
entirely different from those of annual crops and the rate of nutrient absorption follow the
growth trends. Perennial crops follow four growth stages viz., pre-plant stage, bio-renovation
stage, low-bearing stage and economic bearing stage. Hence there is need to deal with these
two distinctly different groups of horticultural crops differently.
Since the fertilizer practices of perennial crops differ from those of annual crops, the
recommendations also differ. Generalized recommendations of fertilizers for different groups
of horticultural crops are presented in Table 3. There are mostly two types of fertilizers such
as dry/granulated fertilizers and liquid fertilizers which are mostly used for horticultural crops
ranging from tree crops of fruits, plantation and perennial spices crops to vegetable crops,
annual spices and flower crops. Dried/granulated fertilizers are the most common type of
fertilizer applied to the orchards engaged with perennial fruit crops.
Table 3. Recommended dose of NPK for horticultural crops
Crops Recommended dose of NPK (kg/ha)

N P2O5 K2O
Fruit Crops
Banana 620 310 620
Mango 75 20 70
Citrus 110 35 55
Papaya 925 925 925
Guava 250 175 175
Apple 320 320 320
Pineapple 275 70 200
Sapota 100 50 50
Grapes 300 300 600
Pomegranate 500 425 975
Litchi 50 50 25
Vegetable Crops
Potato 60 100 120
Tomato 180 120 150
Onion 125 75 125
Brinjal 180 150 120
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9
Tapioca 45 90 120
Cabbage 150 125 100
Cauliflower 150 100 100
Okra 100 50 50
Peas 25 75 60
Sweet Potato 20 40 60
Chilli 150 75 75
Plantation Crops
Coconut 100 55 210
Cashewnut 100 40 60
Arecanut 140 55 200
Cocoa 70 30 100
Spice Crops
Garlic 40 75 75
Turmeric 150 60 108
Ginger 37.5 50 37.5
Cumin 30 20 20
Coriander 10 40 20
Tamarind 20 15 25
Fenugreek 30 25 40
Fennel 50 10 10
Pepper 110 50 155
Cardamom 75 75 150
Ajwan 40 20 20
Nutmeg 187.5 187.5 600
Source: IIHR (9, 10); Muvelet al. (11).
Fertilizer Requirement Calculations
RDF = Recommended Dose of Fertilizer: N: P2O5: K2O g/tree or kg/ha

Example:
RDF for Mango: 730:180:680 g N: P2O5: K2O/tree
RDF for Tomato: 180:120:150 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha
Major fertilizers:
N : Urea (46% N), DAP (18% N + 46% P2O5)
P2O5 : SSP (16% P2O5), DAP (46% P2O5+ 18% N)
K2O : MOP (60% K2O)
S: Elemental Sulphur (90 or 99% S), Gypsum (Ca = 21%; S = 17.5%)
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Conversion of recommended nutrient to required major fertilizer

N x 2.17 = Urea
P2O5x 6.25 = SSP
K2O x 1.67 = MOP
Calculation of NPK required per tree based on RDF

Example: RDF for Mango: 730:180:680 g N: P2O5: K2O/tree
730 g N/tree = 730 *2.17 = 1584 g Urea /tree or 1.584 kg Urea/tree
180 g P2O5/tree = 180 * 6.25 = 1125 g SSP/tree or 1.125 kg SSP/tree
680 g K2O/tree = 680 * 1.67 = 1135 g MOP/tree or 1.135 kg MOP /tree
Calculation of NPK required per hectare based on RDF:

Example: RDF for Tomato: 180:120:150 kg N: P2O5:K2O/ha
180 kg N/ha = 180 x 2.17 = 390.6 kg Urea/ha
120 kg P2O5/ha = 120 x 6.25 = 750 kg SSP/ha
150 kg K2O/ha = 30 x 1.67 = 250.5 kg MOP/ha
Calculation of fertilizer (grams) required per plot:

Example formula for N:
Recommended (N kg/ha) x Plot area (m2)
------------------------------------------------------------x 2.17 x 1000 = Required urea g/plot
2
10000 (m )
Similarly for P2O5and K2O, substitute the values as per the requirement and as per the plot
size and use the specific conversion factors.
Pot culture studies:
Weight of 6” soil depth = 2, 00, 0000 = 2 million kg/ha (1 million = 10 lakhs)
(1 million = 1 x106)
AFC = Acre Furrow Slice = 6” depth = 2 million pounds/acre (~2.5 lb = 1 kg) (2.5 acres = 1
ha) i.e lb/ac = kg/ha
Fertilizer calculations for pot culture studies are based on soil weight, with the RDF value is
for the 2 million kg soil weight per hectare (instead of 10,000 m2 of area).
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Methods to enhance nutrient use efficiency
Source: Commonly used prilled urea is modified to improve its use efficiency by making it
slowly soluble through physical transformation (eg. Urea super granules, coated with lac
etc.,) and chemical/biological modifications (sulphur coated, neem oil/extract coated, guar
gum blended, tar coated etc.). Urea is also useful for foliar application and fertigation.
Ammonium sulphate is not recommended in high rainfall areas due to its high residual
acidity. Calcium ammonium nitrate is useful where supplement with calcium is necessary.
Single superphosphate and DAP are the most common phosphatic fertilizers used. Muriate
of potash is widely used potassic fertilizer. In crops like potato and grape in which chlorides
interfere with quality, sulphate of potash is recommended. The latter is also convenient for
foliar application and fertigation. Several compound/complex fertilizers are available that
contain more than one major nutrient but need supplement with straight fertilizers to meet the
exact needs of the crops.
Time and method of application
The key to enhance fertilizer use efficiency is to synchronize the time of fertilizer application
with the growth need of the crop and period of high root activity. It is useful to increase the
number of split applications provided the cost of application is not prohibitive. In fruit crops,
it is best to apply fertilizers prior to vegetative flushing, usually as pre- and post-monsoon
applications. In vegetable crops it is best to complete application of all the splits before the
grand growth / flowering stage. Although the same is recommended for potassic fertilizers,
split applications are found beneficial in banana and some long duration vegetable crops like
chilli, capsicum and tomato. It is best to apply fertilizers as a band close to the zone of high
root activity followed by proper incorporation into soil. In most vegetable crops application
of fertilizers at 5cm below the seed/plant row ensures maximum utilization of the applied
fertilizer and may economize on N and P input in some crops. In fruit crops, placement of
fertilizers in a band of 15-90 cm width midway between the trunk and drip circle ensures
application close to the zone of high root activity and thereby enhance utilization of the
fertilizer.
Foliar Fertilization
An appropriate time to consider foliar fertilization would be when a shortage of a nutrient is

evident as indicated by tissue analysis or visual symptoms. In these situations, foliar
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fertilization provides the quickest means to correct the problem. Certain soil conditions, such
as high pH, excess moisture, or cool temperatures, may render a nutrient or nutrients
unavailable to the plant root. If these conditions exist, the problem may be more effectively
corrected by foliar applications compared with soil applications. Two to three sprays of
micronutrients are needed to meet crop demands. Nutrients applied to the leaves can be
absorbed and utilized by the plant. However, for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium the
quantity absorbed at any one time is small relative to the larger levels required for growth by
the plant. Foliar application of these three nutrients cannot be expected to supply the total
amount required for crop production.
Fertigation
Fertigation refers to the application of water soluble fertilizer through the irrigation water.
Nutrients in a concentrated solution are injected in the irrigation water using an appropriate
injection device. Providing nutrients through the irrigation system enables more flexibility in
a fertilizer program. The type of system selected will depend on the crop being grown and
resources available. Nitrogen is the primary nutrient applied through the system. Urea is the
most economical source of nitrogen to apply; potassium nitrate and ammonium sulfate are
soluble and can also be used. Calcium nitrate is also water-soluble but may precipitate if
injected in high pH water. Drip irrigation, in combination with plastic mulch, allows for
precise timing (spoon feeding) of nitrogen. Small amounts can be applied daily (0.5-1.0 kg
N/a) or weekly (2.5-5.0 kg N/a) to meet the growth demands of the crop. Potassium can also
be injected without any precipitation problems, although in most soils, a broadcast and starter
application can meet plant requirements. Phosphorus may precipitate with micronutrients or
with calcium and magnesium in the irrigation water resulting in clogging problems. Some
micronutrients such as copper, iron, manganese, and zinc may also precipitate in high pH
water. For most situations, P and micronutrients, if needed, should be applied to soil before
planting. These elements can be injected alone in the drip system without precipitation
problems. For P applications through drip system phosphoric acid should be used. For
micronutrients, chelated forms should be applied to soils. Clogging problems in drip lines can
be corrected by injecting acids into the line to dissolve precipitates. If bacteria or algal growth
causes clogging, then chlorine should be mixed with water. In all cases, the cause of clogging
should be determined before treatment, and injection rates of chlorine or acid should be
carefully monitored to avoid damage to the system and the plants.
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13
Insecticides and Acaricides: Classification, Application and Safety

Measures
Dr. N. R. Prasannakumar
Division of Entomology & Nematology, ICAR – IIHR, Bengaluru
Correspondence: prasannakumar@iihr.res.in
Insecticides are designed to control insects, and acaricides control ticks and mites.
Pesticides: Being highly toxic, pesticides are not sold in its pure form. They are subjected to
dilute with any carrier to avoid the hazards of poisoning to applicator or human being. The
pure forms or technical grades are only used in analytical and toxicological studies. Pesticides
are commercially manufactured in various formulations (by adding various additives) like
emulsifiable concentrates, water-dispersible powders, dusts, granules, solutions etc. The
strength or active ingredient is mentioned on the label.
What is active ingredient?
It is the chemical in commercial products which is directly responsible for its toxic effect.
Classification of Insecticides
I. Based on Mode of Entry
1. Contact Poisons eg: Chloropyrifos

2. Stomach Poisons eg: Bt
3. Systemic Poisons eg; Dimethoate
4. Fumigants eg: EDB
Table: Classification of insecticides
Pesticide Target Pest / Function

Acaricide Mites, ticks
Algaecide Algae
Anticoagulant Rodents
Attractant Attracts insects or birds
Avicide Birds
Bactericide Bacteria
Defoliant Plant leaves
Desiccant Disrupts water balance in arthropods
Fungicide Fungi
Growth regulator Regulates insect and plant growth
Herbicide Weeds
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14
Insecticide Insects
Miticide Mites
Molluscicide Snails, slugs
Nematicide Nematodes
Piscicide Fish
Predacide Vertebrate predators
Repellent Repels vertebrates or arthropods
Rodenticide Rodents
Silvicide Woody vegetation
Classification of Insecticides based on Toxicity
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15
Let us see some commercially available pesticides
Pesticides are recommended in three ways for its field application such as amount of
pesticides per hectare (kg/ha), amount of active ingredient or acid equivalent per hectare
(kg a.i./ha) and concentration of solution to be applied (0.025 % of Malathion).
Before application or purchase of pesticides it is always strike in the mind of farmers that
how much amount of insecticides or herbicides or fungicides etc would be required for
application on their farm of definite size so that he could purchase only the required amount.
Let us see the methods for calculating the pesticide dose with some example.
If recommended as kg a.i./ha:
Rate of insecticide is given mainly in terms of a.i. /ha
Rate of application
Quantity of material required per hectare= ----------------------------------- X 100
Active ingredient in %
Example: Find out the quantity of Spiromesifen 22.9 SC to be sprayed in one hectare area if
rate of application is 120 g a.i. /ha
Quantity of Spiromesifen/ha =120/22.9 x 100 = 93.02 SC/ha i.e for 1 ac 93.02/2.5 = 37.20
SC/ha
For the calculation of this type we must know the a. i. present in the commercial product.
If recommended as kg/ha:
Experience has shown that to spray one hectare with a hydraulic nozzle sprayer in good
working condition and a 15 liter sprayer, one will need 300 liters of solution, i.e. 20 sprayer
loads.
Example: To control grasses, 5 liter of propanil should be applied per hectare. Its mean
1 liter = 1000 ml
20 sprayers (15 L each) per ha
5000 ml/ 20 = 250
i.e. 250 ml per 1 small Knapsack sprayer and 20 loads will be required.
Recommended as per cent concentration:

By Formulae
Volume of spray X Per cent strength of pesticide
solution (liter) (S) solution to be sprayed (C)
Amount of pesticide (F)= --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
per cent strength of pesticide given (a.i./l or kg)
Example: Amount of malathion 25 EC when applied as 0.025 per cent solution

500 × 0.025
= ---------------
25
= 0.5 liter or 500 ml/ ha
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16
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17
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18
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19
STORING PESTICIDES
It is necessary and legally required that pesticides be stored in a safe, secure and well-
identified place. Here are some rules which pertain to pesticide storage:
1. Always store pesticides in their original, labelled container with the label clearly
visible.
2. Always store pesticides in tightly sealed containers and check containers periodically for
leakage, corrosion breaks, tears, etc.
3. Always store pesticides where they are protected from freezing or excessive heat.
4. Always be certain that pesticide storage areas are well-ventilated to prevent the
accumulation of toxic fumes.
5. Always store different types of pesticides in different areas, to prevent cross
contamination and the possibility of applying a product inadvertently.
6. Never store pesticides in old bottles or food containers where they could be
mistaken for food or drink for humans or animals.
7. Never store pesticides near food, feed, or seed.
8. Agencies or programs that store significant amounts of pesticide should have a
designated pesticide storage facility.
Requirements for Pesticide Storage:
1. Locking doors
2. Adequate lighting
3. Adequate ventilation
4. Fire extinguishers readily available
5. Spill containment design or equipment
6. Warning placards if Category I or II pesticides are stored – including emergency contact
information
7. Personal protective equipment readily available
8. Wash water and eye wash stations available
9. Presence of label and MSDS book for stored materials
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20
Recommended for pesticide storage:
1. Fire resistant construction

2. Emergency shower station
3. Spill containment floor design or drum pallets
MIXING AND LOADING PESTICIDES
All pesticides are potentially harmful, particularly for those who work with them on a daily
basis because of the potential for being exposed to large doses and the likelihood of chronic
exposure. Many pesticide accidents occur when the chemicals are being mixed for use.
A few common sense rules can make mixing and loading safer, thereby helping you to avoid
the leading cause of pesticide-related illnesses:
1. Before handling a pesticide, READ THE LABEL.

2. Based on label recommendations, put on protective clothing and use other necessary
protective equipment. Also from reading the label, follow instructions on what special
equipment is necessary. If you have questions concerning protective equipment,
contact your county agricultural commissioner or other expert before you open the
container.
3. Mix the pesticides outdoors, in a place where there is good light and ventilation. If
you must mix or load pesticides indoors or at night, make sure you have good
ventilation and lighting.
4. Stand upwind of the pesticide to avoid contaminating yourself.
5. Use a sharp knife to open paper bags; do not tear them or the label.
6. Measure accurately; use only the amount you need to apply at the rate specified on the
label.
7. When removing the concentrated material from the container, keep the container
below your waist if possible to prevent the possibility of splashing or spilling any
pesticide into your face and eyes.
8. If you splash or spill a pesticide while mixing or loading, stop immediately! Remove
contaminated clothing; and wash thoroughly with detergent and water. Speed is
essential if you or your clothing are contaminated. Clean up the spill.
APPLYING PESTICIDES
Careful attention to a few simple guidelines during pesticide application will greatly increase
your chances of effectively controlling the pest. At the same time, attention to these details
will make the job much safer for you, other people, pets, livestock, and the surrounding
environment.
1. Before you begin the application, READ THE LABEL. Don't trust your memory for
details concerning the use of any pesticide.
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2. Check the application equipment. Look for leaking hoses or connections, plugged or
worn nozzles, and examine the seals on the filter openings to make sure they will
prevent spillage of the chemicals.
3. Calibrate your equipment before use. Make certain that your equipment is adjusted
according to the manufacturer's specifications and meets label requirements for the
product being applied. This will assure that the proper dosage is being applied to the
target site.
4. Before the pesticide application starts, clear all livestock, pets and people from the
area to be treated. Although it would be the ideal situation, most ULV labels do not
require this. Always check the label for any specific restrictions.
5. Apply the pesticide at the recommended rate. Do not exceed the maximum
application rate specified on the label or the written recommendation.
6. Apply pesticides only at the correct time and under acceptable weather conditions –
check the label for specific limitations. Avoid applying pesticides when temperatures
are extremely high or low. Be especially careful when temperatures exceed 85ºF or
are below 50ºF.
7. When handling category I and II toxic pesticides, one should try to not work alone.
8. Use extreme care to prevent the pesticide from contaminating unintended target sites
(e.g., streams, ponds, lakes or other bodies of water). Remember also that direct
application of pesticides to these types of bodies of water requires special permitting.
9. Avoid situations where the pesticide may drift from the application area and
contaminate non-targets.
10. Do not contaminate food or feed through careless application methods.
EQUIPMENT CLEAN-UP
After completing the application of any pesticide, immediately clean the mixing,
loading, and application equipment. The cleaning operation can be somewhat hazardous if
proper precautions are not followed. People who clean the equipment must:
1. Know the correct procedures for cleaning and decontamination.
2. Wear the appropriate personal protective equipment.
3. Know and use the specific area set aside for cleaning. This will usually be on a wash
rack or concrete apron that has a well-designed sump to contain all contaminated wash
water and pesticides for later disposal, or in the field where rinse water may be considered
part of the application.
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DISPOSAL METHODS FOR PESTICIDE WASTES
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Waste materials should be considered hazardous to the public, the people handling them and
the environment. Deciding how to dispose of pesticide wastes should be done on a case-by-case
basis.
DISPOSAL OF UNUSED AND EXCESS PESTICIDES
Disposing of unused (still in the original container) and excess (already mixed, but not
needed) pesticides can be a significant problem. For vector control agencies, the easiest
solution is to mix only as much product as will be needed. This is critical for Bacillus
thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) because it loses efficacy after 24 hours.
The best way to dispose of any currently labelled pesticide is to apply it according to the
label. For any currently labelled pesticide, the best alternative would be to find another
person or area with the same pest problem, so that the pesticide gets used up legally and
effectively.
If you cannot find another area with the same problem, you might decide to dispose of the
pesticide in an designated location.
PERSONAL CLEAN-UP
· After you have completed the pesticide application, disposed of excess material, and
cleaned the application equipment, you should thoroughly wash all your protective
equipment.
· Remove your work clothes and place them in an area separate from other laundry
items or properly dispose of them if they are disposable coverall, e.g., Tyvek®.
· Do not allow children to play in or with the contaminated clothing.
· The pesticides on your work clothes could contaminate people who touch them, so
warn whoever will be washing the clothes of the possible danger, and tell this person
that pesticide-contaminated clothing should be washed separately from other clothing.
· Take a shower. Wash yourself completely with soap and water. Remember to include
your hair and fingernails in the wash-up. Do not put on any article of clothing worn
while working with pesticides until after it has been laundered.
PESTICIDE SPILLS
In spite of the most careful use and handling of pesticides, accidental spills and fires
occasionally occur. These range in size from small spills of a household pesticide container to
huge fires involving entire manufacturing warehouses filled with the most toxic pesticides.
Intelligent planning, knowledge of the chemicals involved and calm consideration of the
actual hazards to be dealt with during the emergency will reduce the risk and damage
resulting from the accident. Pesticide spills can and do happen anywhere pesticides are
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transported, stored, or applied. When a spill occurs, it should be cleaned up as quickly and
safely as possible. For some pesticides and formulations, such as Altosid® pellets, clean-up
is as simple as collecting the spilled product and using it. A few general rules apply to all
pesticide spill clean-ups.
1. Avoid exposure of people and animals to the pesticide. If you spill a pesticide,
immediately see to it that no one is exposed or contaminated by accidentally walking into
the spill or breathing the fumes.
2. Start by putting on protective clothing so that you do not contaminate yourself.
3. Provide some sort of a barrier to the spread of a liquid pesticide. A barrier may be made
of dirt, sawdust, old newspapers or anything that will soak up the pesticide.
4. Remove the contaminated materials to a safe place. If the spill is inside the home or
another building, soak up liquid pesticides or sweep up powders and remove them to the
outside. Ventilate the area to prevent the build up of toxic fumes.
5. Thoroughly clean the affected surface. Consult the label for specific disposal and
decontamination instructions. Take care to prevent the wash from spreading and possibly
contaminating a larger area. Make sure any wash does not go into storm drains or sewer
systems.
6. If the spill that cannot be easily cleaned involves a public area, such as a highway, notify
the police, sheriff's office, fire department, the highway patrol, or other local emergency
services agency.
7. While waiting for emergency personnel to arrive, do what you can to prevent others from
being exposed to the pesticide.
Remember: The highest priorities are to prevent exposure to the pesticide and to prevent the
spread of the spill. In the event of a large spill that cannot be easily contained, contact
emergency services personnel, tell them about the nature of the chemical and explain to them
what you know about the pesticide involved. If it is a Toxicity Category I or II pesticide, their
lives may depend on your warning!
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Nematicides – Classification and safe application
Dr. R. Umamaheswari
Division of Entomology & Nematology, ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru
Correspondence: umanema@iihr.res.in
Plant-parasitic nematodes are recognized as one of the greatest threat to crops

throughout the world. Nematodes alone or in combination with other soil microorganisms
have been found to attack almost every part of the plant including roots, stems, leaves, fruits
and seeds. Nematodes are microscopic worms that cause eighty billion dollars of crop loss in
the world each year. All crops are damaged by at least one species of nematode. In general,
nematodes have slender, cylindrical, non-segmented bodies tapering towards the head and
tail, but females of some of the plant-parasitic species assume varying forms, such as pear,
lemon or kidney shapes. They are called plant-parasitic because of the nutrients they get from
plants and have a needle-like structure called stylet, which is used to pierce plant cells to get
food. The economic consequences of crop loss due to nematode-borne disease are many and
involve reduction in quality and quantity of crop yield.
Plant parasitic nematodes attacking the roots
NEMATODE DISEASE SYMPTOMS AND DIAGNOSIS

The symptoms of nematode diseases are commonly those of root impairment, such as growth
reduction, increased wilting, mineral-deficiency symptoms, decreased winter-hardiness and
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dieback in perennials. However, some nematode disease symptoms are easily recognized in
plants.
Above ground Symptoms
· For many plant parasitic nematodes, the above ground symptoms of nematode
infection are indirect and are rather nondescript, such as reduction in vigour, stunting,
yield decline, or chlorosis.
· Certain species of seed gall nematodes (Anguina spp.) transform floral parts,
producing characteristic galls in place of normal seeds. Other species of Anguina
produce galls and distortion in leaves and stem.
· The stem nematode causes swelling and distortion of stems and leaves.
· Bud and leaf nematode causes foliar discoloration.
Above ground symptoms –chlorosis, wilting and stunting due to nematodes
Symptoms due to foliar nematodes – Aphelenchoides spp.
Root symptoms
· The characteristic root galls are produced by root knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp.
· Lesion nematodes produce characteristic lesions in the root cortex of plants.
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· Female cyst nematodes can be seen on the roots of host plants if the soil is carefully
removed from the roots.
· Soil clings to a gelatinous matrix secreted by the citrus nematode, causing infected
citrus roots to appear dirtier than uninfected ones.
Root galling due to root knot nematodes
Cyst nematodes in potato roots Lesions in banana roots and corms due to nematodes
Table. Classification of nematicides

Common name Trade name Formulation
FUMIGANTS
Metham Sodium Vapam Liquid
Dazomet Basamid Dust
Methylisothiocyanate Di-Trapex Liquid
ORGANOPHOSPHATES
Thionazin Nemaphos Granular and EC
Ethoprophos Mocap EC
Fensulfothion Dasanit Granular and EC
Isazophos Miral Granular
Parathion Folidol E-605 EC
Phenamiphos Nemacur EC
Phorate Thimet Granular
Terbufos Counter Granular
CARBAMATES
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Oxamyl Vydate Granular and EC

Carbofuran Furadon/ Curator Granular and Flowable
Cloethocarb Lance Granular
Application of nematicides
Fumigation
· Volatile toxicants (fumigants) such as Dazomet and Metham sodium are the best
chemical sterilants for soil to kill nematodes as they penetrate the soil efficiently.
Fumigations are normally done in nursery areas and in glass houses. The fumigant is
applied to the soil and covered by thin polythene sheets for 7-10 days and removed.
· Prior to fumigant application, soil is often turned or tilled to increase porosity and
uniformity and promote decomposition of residual plant roots, which can serve as
hiding places for nematodes or interfere with fumigant movement. Adequate but not
excessive soil moisture is critically important to the success of some fumigants.
Irrigation
· Liquid and emulsifiable formulations of nematicides can often be applied through

surface or drip irrigation systems.
· Drip irrigation in particular offers a means of precisely controlling the amount of
active ingredient delivered to a field, as well as regulating the amount of water, so that
leaching of active ingredient beyond the root zone and into groundwater can be
eliminated.
· Drip irrigation also is useful for post plant applications, and it avoids the use of
granular materials that may pose risks to birds.
· Use of drip irrigation also reduces the amount of personal protective equipment
required for field workers
Granules and Broadcasting
· The most widely practiced method of applying non fumigant nematicides is with
granular formulations.
· In some cases, adequate control can be achieved by band application of nematicides at
or before sowing.
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· Broadcast application of granules or sprays followed by a thorough mixing of the soil

is also effective. Tillage is necessary to distribute nematicide to a broad area to
provide control, and a thorough mixing is particularly important for nematicides with
poor soil mobility characteristics. Use of broadcast sprays often promotes greater
uniformity in distribution.
· For many annual crops, incorporating nematicides into the upper 10–15 cm of soil
provides the best balance of efficacy, expense, ease, and safety to wildlife.
Seed Dressing and Bare Root Dip
· Few nematicides have been registered as seed coatings due to the difficulty in
applying a sufficient quantity of nematicide needed to provide control beyond the
seedling stage as with control of Pratylenchus penetrans on corn by seed treatment
with oxamyl.
· In addition, seed-transmitted nematodes can be successfully treated with nematicidal
treatment of seeds.
· The principle behind bare root dips is similar to that for seed dressings; i.e., sufficient
nematicide is applied to transplants to protect them at a highly vulnerable time. Root
dips have provided nematode control in several situations.
Bionematicides and their application

– Paecilomyces lilacinus 1% W. P.
– Pochoniachlamydosporia 1 % W. P.
– Pseudomonas fluorescens 1% W. P.
– Trichoderma harzianum 1% W. P. & Trichoderma viride 1.5 % W. P.
Seed treatment: Dosage – 15 to 20 grams of formulation /kg of seed
Substrate treatment: Treatment of coco-peat (substrate) in which seedlings are grown under
shade net or protected conditions: Dosage – 5 – 10g of formulation/kg of coco-peat
(substrate).
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A B C D
A – Substrate (cocopeat) treatment with biopesticides
B – Filling of treated cocopeat in portrays
C – Seed treatment with biopesticides
D – Sowing of biopesticide treated seeds in biopesticide treated substrate
Process of Enrichment of FYM/ vermicompost/ neem cake

• One ton of well decomposed FYM has to be enriched by mixing with 2 kg each of
Pseudomonas fluorescens + Trichoderma harzianum + Paecilomyces lilacinus
formulation under shade. It has to be covered with mulch and optimum moisture of 25
- 30% has to be maintained for a period of 15 - 21 days.
• Once in a week thoroughly mix the FYM for homogenous spread of the
microorganisms in the entire lot of FYM.
Fig. Enrichment of FYM/neem cake with biopesticides
Step 1: Soil application
• Apply two tons of FYM or 500 kg of neem cake/ pongamia cake or one ton of
vermicompost enriched with Pseudomonas fluorescens+ Trichoderma harzianum +
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Paecilomyces lilacinus during the land preparation or on the beds 5 – 10 days before
sowing seeds or transplanting the seedlings.
Step 2: Spraying:
• Liquid biopesticide formulation (eg. Arka Plant growth promoter and yield enhancer)
containing Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma harzianum can be sprayed on
the plants at regular intervals of 30 days at a dosage of 5g/ lit or 5ml/ lit.
Step 3: Drenching or application through drip irrigation system:
• Liquid biopesticide formulation (Arka Plant growth promoter and yield enhancer)can
be given through drip/ by drenching @ 5g/ lit or 5ml/ lit. at regular intervals of 30
days.
Nematicide Safety
1. Site and application restrictions
Do not plant crops in soil treated with a product until the specific waiting period has elapsed,
to avoid exposing non-registered plant species to the active ingredient. Unless specifically
permitted on the label, do not use these products to treat potting soil or other growing media.
Soil into which such pesticides have been incorporated can be extremely dangerous to
persons who are not aware of the presence of the pesticide in the mix.
2. Precautionary statements, hazards to humans and domestic animals
Chemical nematicides are poisonous if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin or by
eye contact; some are rapidly absorbed through the skin. Do not breathe their dust, vapours or
spray mists. Wash hands, arms and face before eating or going to bathroom. Bathe at the end
of the work day, washing your entire body and hair with soap and water.
3. Symptoms of poisoning
All of these nematicides are carbamate or organophosphate pesticides act on the critical
nervous system enzyme, cholinesterase. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal
cramps, diarrhoea, excessive salivation, runny nose, sweating, headache, dizziness, weakness,
constriction of pupils, blurring or dimness of vision, excessive tearing, loss of muscular
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coordination, slurring of speech, twitching of muscles (especially tongue and eyelids), mental
confusion, drowsiness, difficulty in breathing, slow pulse and unconsciousness.
4. First Aid
· In case of skin contact, remove clothing and wash all the exposed areas immediately with
plenty of soap and water.
· If eyes are contaminated, wash with flowing water for at least 15 minutes and call a
physician.
· If swallowed, call a physician or go to an emergency room. If victim is conscious, induce
vomiting; never induce vomiting or give anything by mouth to an unconscious person
5. Personal protections when handling chemicals
These pesticides are potentially hazardous even to someone exposed to only a little dust
or fine spray mist. Each label has its own specific warnings; the following are the precautions
that are to be followed
Eye protection: Goggles are needed to prevent dust or mist from reaching the eyes, which
are highly susceptible to pesticides. An eye wash apparatus should be available
Respiratory protection: A pesticide respirator or a mask should be worn to prevent the entry
of chemicals through the nostrils or mouth.
Skin covering: These pesticides are all water-soluble; most labels specify that protective
clothing, especially gloves should be made of waterproof materials such as latex or neoprene.
Each product label specifies minimal clothing, gloves, rubber boots and goggles or face
shield when handling, mixing or loading these products.
6. Storage:
Do not store nematicides in or around the home. Store in a cool, dry place in such a manner
to prevent contamination with other pesticides, fertilizers, food and feed. Do not store where
extreme temperatures occur.
7. Disposal:
Wastes and emptied containers of these pesticides pose a very difficult disposal problem.
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· Empty container completely into application equipment, then dispose the container.
Containers of liquid products should be triple-rinsed and the rinse material added to the spray
tank before disposal.
· Spills must be treated with caution. Avoid skin contact or breathing dusts. A fine water spray
mist, plastic cover or floor sweeping compound must be used to prevent generating dusts if
necessary. Sweep spill together into a pile and dispose of it as directed on the individual
product label.
8. Fires
The active ingredients can be transported in the smoke from a fire. Avoid contact with the
smoke. Inform firemen of the potential dangers of the chemicals involved. Use dry chemical,
carbon di oxide or foam to extinguish the fire. Water spray may be used to cool exposed
containers. Contain run off to prevent entry into sewers or waterways.
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Classification and list of fungicides
Dr. S. Sriram
Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR – IIHR, Bengaluru
Correspondence: sriram@iihr.res.in
Fungicides are classified into three categories: Protectants, eradicants and therapeutants.
1. Protectants: These are the chemicals which are effective only when used before infection
(prophylactic in behavior). Contact fungicides which kill the pathogen present on the host
surface when it comes in contact with the host are called protectants. These are applied to
seeds, plant surfaces or soil. These are non-systemic in action (i.e, they cannot penetrate plant
tissues). Ex: Zineb, sulphur, captan, Thiram, etc.
2. Eradicants: Those chemicals which eradicate the dormant or active pathogen from the
host. They can remain on/in the host for some time. Ex: Lime sulphur, Dodine.
3. Therapeutants: These are the agents that inhibit the development of a disease syndrome in
a plant when applied after infection by a pathogen. Therapy can be by physical means (solar
and hot water treatment) and chemical means (by use of systemic fungicides, i.e.,
chemotherapy).
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGICIDES BASED ON CHEMICAL NATURE

Many fungicides have been developed for purpose of managing crop diseases which maybe
used as sprays, dusts, paints, pastes, fumigants, etc. The discovery of Bordeaux mixture in
1882 by Professor Millardet, University of Bordeaux, France led to the development of
fungicides. Major group of fungicides used include salts of toxic metals and organic acids,
organic compounds of sulphur and mercury, quinones and heterocyclic nitrogenous
compounds. Copper, mercury, zinc, tin and nickel are some of the metals used as base for
inorganic and organic fungicides. The non-metal substances include sulphur, chlorine,
phosphorous etc. The fungicides have been classified based on their chemical nature as
follows:
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COPPER FUNGICIDES: Copper fungicides can be classified as preparatory and proprietory

copper compounds.
PREPARATORY COPPER FUNGICIDES

Common name Chemical composition Diseases managed
1. Bordeaux mixture It is prepared by suspending Downy mildew of grapes, Coffee
5Kg of copper sulphate and rust,Tikka leaf spot of groundnut,
5Kg of lime in 500 liters of citrus canker, citrus scab, etc.
water (1%)
2.Bordeaux paste It is prepared by mixing 1 Kg It is a wound dressing fungicide
of copper sulphate and 1 Kg of and can be applied to the pruned
lime in 10 liters of water parts of the host plants such as
fruit crops and ornamentals.
Ex: Citrus gummosis, Stem
bleeding of coconut, Bud rot of
coconut, etc.
3.Burgundymixture Sodium carbonate is used in Downy mildew of grapes, Coffee
place of lime. It is prepared by rust, Tikka leaf spot of groundnut,
mixing 1 Kg of copper citrus canker, citrus scab
sulphate and 1 Kg of sodium
carbonate in 100 liters of water
4.Cheshuntcompound It is a compound prepared by It is used for soil drenching only.
mixing 2 parts of copper Sclerotial wilt diseases of chilli,
sulphate and 11 parts of tomato and groundnut. Fusarial
ammonium carbonate wilt diseases. Damping-off
diseases of solanaceous crops.
5.Chaubattiapaste It is a compound prepared by Pink disease of citrus, stem canker
mixing 800g of copper and collar rot of apple and pears
sulphate and 800g of red lead
in 1 liter of lanolin or linseed
oil
Proprietary copper fungicides or Fixed or insoluble copper fungicides: In the fixed or

insoluble copper compounds, the copper ion is less soluble than in Bordeaux mixture. So,
these are less phytotoxic than Bordeaux mixture but are effective as fungicides.
Common name Trade name Dosage Disease managed
1. Copper oxy Blitox-50, Blue 0.3 to 0.5% for foliar Anthracnose of
chloride copper-50, application, grapevine, Tikka leaf
Cupramar-50 25 to 35 Kg/ha for spot of groundnut,
dusting Sigatoka leaf spot of
banana, citrus canker,
black arm of cotton
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2. Cuprous oxide Fungimar and 0.3% for foliar spray Anthracnose of

Perenox grapevine,Tikka leaf
spot of groundnut,
Sigatoka leaf spot of
banana, citrus canker,
black arm of cotton
3. Copper hydroxide Kocide 0.3% for foliar spray Blister blight of tea,
False smut of rice,
Tikka leaf spot of
groundnut
SULPHUR FUNGICIDES
Sulphur is probably the oldest chemical used in plant disease management for the control of
powdery mildews and can be classified as inorganic sulphur and organic sulphur. Inorganic
sulphur fungicides include lime sulphur and elemental sulphur fungicides. Organic sulphur
fungicides, also called as carbamate fungicides, are the derivatives of dithiocarbamic acid.
INORGANIC SULPHUR FUNGICIDES
Preparatory sulphur compounds
1. Lime sulphur It is prepared by 10-15 liters in 500 Powdery mildew of
mixing 20 Kg of liters of water apple, Apple scab,
rock lime and 15 Kg bean rust
of sulphur in 500
liters of water
2. Sulphur dust Kolo dust, 4-5g/Kg seed for Common scab of
Mico-999 ST, 10-30 Kg/ha for potato, Grain smut
dusting on crops,100 of jowar, Powdery
Kg /ha for soil mildew of tobacco,
application in chilli, rose, mango,
tobacco, 500 Kg/ha grapes, etc
for furrow
application in potato
3. Wettable sulphur Sulfex, Thiovit, 0.2-0.4 % for foliar Powdery mildews of
Cosan spray various crops
ORGANIC SULPHUR COMPOUNDS

Organic sulphur compounds are derived from dithiocarbamic acid and are widely used as
spray fungicides. In 1931, Tisdale and Williams were the first to describe the fungicidal
nature of Dithiocarbamates. Dithiocarbamates can be categorized into two groups, viz.,
dialkyl dithiocarbamates (ziram, ferbam and thiram) and mono alkyl dithiocarbamates
(nabam, zineb, vapam and maneb).
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Dialkyl Dithiocarbamates
1. Ziram Ziride, Hexazir,Milbam, 0.15 to 0.25% Anthracnose of pulses,
Zerlate for foliar spray tomato, beans, tobacco,
etc. bean rust
2. Ferbam Coromet, Ferbam, 0.15 to 0.25% Fungal pathogens of
Fermate, Fermocide, for foliar spray fruits and vegetables,
Hexaferb, Karbam Black leaf curl of peaches,
apple scab, downy
mildew of tobacco
3. Thiram Arasan, Hexathir,Tersan, 0.15 to 0.2% as Soil borne diseases
Thiram,Thiride foliar spray, 0.2- caused by Pythium,
0.3% as dry seed Rhizoctonia solani,
treatment, 15- Fusarium, etc. Rust of
25Kg/ha as ornamental crops, Scab
soilapplication on pears and Botrytis
spp.on lettuce
Monoalkyldithyiocarbamates
1. Nabam Chembam, Dithane D-14, 0.2% as foliar Used as foliar spray
Dithane A-40 and Parzate spray against leaf spot
liquid diseases of fruits and
vegetables. Also used
against soil borne
pathogens, Fusarium,
Pythium and
Phytophthora
2. Zineb Dithane Z-78, Hexathane, 0.1 to 0.3% for Chilli die-back and fruit
Lanocol and Parzate foliar application rot, Apple scab, Maize
leaf blight, early blight
of potato
3.Vapam or Chem-vape,vapam, 1.5 to 2.5 liters Fungicide with
Metham sodium vitafume,VPM per 10 m2 area fungicidal, nematicidal
and insecticidal
properties. Soil fungal
pathogens like
Fusarium, Pythium,
Sclerotium and
Rhizoctonia.
4. Maneb Dithane M22, 0.2% to 0.3% as Early and late blight of
Manzate an dMEB. foliar application potato and tomato, rust
Mancozeb (78%Maneb + diseases of field and
2% zincion): Dithane M fruit crops
45, Indofil M 45
HETEROCYCLIC NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS

The group of heterogeneous fungicides includes some of the best fungicides like captan,
folpet, captafol, vinclozoline and Iprodione. Captan, folpet and captafol belong to
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dicarboximides and are known as pthalamide fungicides. The new members of dicarboximide
group are Iprodione, vinclozolin, etc.
1.Captan Captan 50W, 0.2 to 0.3% for dry Onion smut, Chilli
(Kittleson’s killer) Captan 75 W, Esso seed treatment, 0.2 die-back and fruit
fungicide, Orthocide to 0.3% for foliar rot, Damping off of
406, Hexacap, spray, 25 to 30 beans, chilli and
Vancide 89 Kg/ha for furrow tomato, seed rots
application and seedling blights
of maize
2. Folpet Phaltan 0.1 to 0.2% for Apple scab, tobacco
spraying brown spot, rose
black spot
3.Captafol Difosan, Difolaton, 0.15 to 0.2% for Sorghum
Sanspor, Foltaf spraying, 0.25% for anthracnose, cotton
seed treatment, seedling diseases,
0.15% for soil seed rot and seedling
drenching diseases of
rice, downy mildew
of crucifers, apple
scab
4. Iprodione Rovral, Glycophene 0.1 to 0.2% for Diseases caused by
foliar application Botrytis, Monilinia,
Alternaria,
Sclerotinia,
Helminthosporium
and Rhizoctonia
5. Vinclozolin Ornalin, Ronilan, 0.1 to 0.2% for Effective against
Vorlan foliar application sclerotia forming
fungi like Botrytis,
Monilinia and
Sclerotinia
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MISCELLANEOUS FUNGICIDES

1. Chlorothalonil Bravo, Daconil, 0.2 to 0.3% for A broad spectrum
Kavach, Thermil, foliar application contact fungicide
Exotherm,Safegaurd often used in
greenhouses for
control of Botrytis on
ornamentals and for
several molds and
blights of tomato.
Also used for the
control of sigatoka
leaf spot of banana,
onion purple blotch,
tikka leaf spot and
rust of groundnut
2. Dinocap Karathane, 0.1 to 0.2% for It is a good acaricide
Arathane, Capryl, spraying and contact fungicide
Mildex, Mildont and and it controls
crotothane powdery mildews of
fruits and
ornamentals
effectively. This can
be safely used on
sulphur sensitive
crops like cucurbits
and apple varieties
for control of
powdery mildews
3. Dodine Cyprex, Melprex, 0.075% for spraying Apple scab, black
Guanidol and Syllit spot of roses and
cherry leaf spot
SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES
The systemic fungicides were first introduced by Von Schelming and Marshall Kulka in1966.
The discovery of Oxathiin fungicides was soon followed by confirmation of systemic activity
of pyrimidines and benzimidazoles. A systemic fungicide is capable of managing a pathogen
remote from the point of application. On the basis of chemical nature these fungicides are
classified as follows
ACYLALANINES
1. Metalaxyl Ridomil 25 % WP, 3-6 g/Kg seed for It is highly effective
Apron 35 SD, seed treatment, 1 against Pythium,
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Subdue, Ridomil to 1.5 Kg a.i/ha Phytophthora and

MZ-72WP for soil application, many downy mildew
0.1to 0.2% for foliar fungi
spray
2. Benalaxyl Galben 25% WP 0.1 to 0.2% for Blue mold of tobacco,
and 5% G foliar spray, 1 to late blight of potato
1.5 Kg a.i/ha for and tomato, downy
soil application mildew of grapevine
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
1. Chloroneb Demosan 0.2% for seed Seedling diseases of
treatment cotton , peanut, peas
and cucurbits caused
by species of
Pythium,
Phytophthora,
Rhizoctonia and
Sclerotium
BENZIMIDAZOLES
1. Carbendazim Bavistin 50WP, 0.1% for foliar Effectively controls
MBC, Derosol spray, 0.1% for anthracnose, powdery
60WP, Agrozim, soil drench, mildews and rusts
Zoom 0.25% for ST, caused by various
500-1000ppm for fungi. It is also used
post-harvest dip as a soil drench
of fruits against wilt diseases
and for post-harvest
treatment of fruits
2. Benomyl Benlate 50WP 0.1 to 0.2% for Effective against
ST, 50-60g/100 powdery mildews of
L for foliar spray, cucurbits, cereals and
50-200ppm for legumes. It is highly
soil drenching, effective against
12-45 Kg a.i/ha diseases caused by
for soil the species of
broadcast, 100- Rhizoctonia,
500 ppm for post Theilaviopsis and
harvest fruit dip Cephalosporium.
Benomyl has no
effect against
Oomycetes and some
dark coloured fungi
such as Alternaria
and
Helminthosporium
3. Thiabendazole Mertect 60WP, 0.2 to 0.3% for Blue and green molds
Mycozol, Arbotect, spraying, 1000 of citrus, loose smut
Tecto and Storite ppm for fruit dip of wheat, Tikka leaf
spot of groundnut
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40
ALIPHATICS
1. Prothiocarb Previcur, Dynone 5.6 Kg a.i/ha for Highly active against
soil application soil borne Oomycetes
like Pythium and
Phytophthora
2. Propamocarb Previcur-N, 3.4 and 4.8 Kg Effective against soil
Dynone-N, Prevex, a.i/ha for soil borne Oomycetes like
Benol application Pythium and
Phytophthora
OXATHINS or CARBOXIMIDES
1. Carboxin Vitavax 75WP, 0.15 to 0.2% for Highly effective
Vitaflow seed treatment, against smut diseases.
0.5% for Commonly used for
spraying the control of loose
smut of wheat, onion
smut, grain smut of
sorghum. As a soil
drench it is used for
the control of diseases
caused by
Rhizoctonia solani
and Macrophomina
phaseolina.
2. Oxycarboxin Plantavax 75 WP, 0.1 to 0.2% for Highly effective
Plantavax 20EC, foliar spray, 0.2 against rust diseases.
Plantavax 5% liquid to 0.5% for ST Commonly used for
the control of rusts of
wheat, sorghum,
safflower, legumes,
etc.
IMIDAZOLES
1. Imazalil Fungaflor, Bromazil 0.1 % as post Blue and green molds
and Nuzone harvest dip of citrus
2. Fanapanil Sistane 25 EC 0.05% foliar Spot blotch of barley,
spray0.05% foliar loose and covered
spray smut of barley
MORPHOLINES
1. Tridemorph Calixin 75EC, 0.1% for foliar Powdery mildew of
Bardew, Beacon spray cereals, vegetables
and ornamentals.
Rusts of pulses,
groundnut and
coffee, Sigatoka leaf
spot of banana, pink
disease of rubber,
Ganoderma root rot
&wilt
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41
ORGANOPHOSPHATES
1. Iprobenphos Kitazin 48EC, 30-45 Kg of Fungicide with
Kitazin 17G, granules/ha, insecticidal
Kitazin 2% D 1 to 1.5 liters of properties. Highly
48% EC in 1000 specific again trice
ml of water for blast, stem rot and
foliar spray sheath blight of rice
2. Ediphenphos Hinosan 30 and 400 to 500 ppm Highly specific
50% EC, Hinosan for spraying, 30 against rice blast,
2%D to 40 Kg/ha stem rot and sheath
blight of rice
ALKYL PHOSPHONATES
1. Fosetyl-Al or Aliette 80WP 0.15% for foliar Ambimobile
Aluminium Tris spray, 0.2% for fungicide. Specific
soil drench against Oomycetes
fungi
PYRIMIDINES
1. Fenarimol Rubigan 50% WP, 2g/Kg seed as Powdery mildew of
12%EC ST, 20 to 40 cucurbits, apple,
ml/100 liters of mango, roses, grapes
water for and ornamental crops
spraying
THIOPHANATES
1. Thiophanate Topsin 50WP, 0.1 to 0.2% for Powdery mildew of
Cercobin 50WP spraying cucurbits and apple,
club root of crucifers,
rice blast
2.Thiophanate Topsin M 70WP, 0.1% for Blast and sheath
methyl Cercobin M 70WP spraying blight of rice,
sigatoka leaf spot of
banana powdery
mildew of beans,
chilli, peas and
Cucurbits
TRIAZOLES
1. Triadimefon Bayleton, Amiral 0.1 to 0.2% for Highly effective
spraying, 0.1% against powdery
for seed mildews and rusts of
treatment several crops.
Effective against
diseases caused by
species of Erysiphe,
Sphaerotheca,
Puccinia, Uromyces,
Phakopsora,
Hemileia and
Gymnosporangium
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42
2. Tricyclazole Beam 75WP, Baan 2g/Kg seed for Highly effective

75WP, Trooper ST, 0.06% for against blast of rice
75WP spraying
3. Bitertanol Baycor and Sibutol 0.05 to 0.1% for Powdery mildews and
foliar spray rusts of various crops,
apple scab, Monilinia
on fruit crops, late
leafs pot of groundnut
and sigatoka leaf spot
of banana
4. Hexaconazole Contaf 5%EC, 0.2% for Sheath blight of rice,
Anvil spraying powdery mildew and
rust of apple, rust and
tikka leaf spot of
groundnut
5. Propiconazole Tilt, 25% EC, 0.1% for foliar Sheath blight of rice,
Desmel application Sigatoka leaf spot of
banana, brown rust of
wheat
6. Myclobutanil Systhane 10WP 0.1 to 0.2% for Apple scab, cedar
spraying apple rust and
powdery mildew of
apple
STROBILURINS
1. Azoxystrobin Amistar, Quadris 0.1% for Broad spectrum
spraying fungicide
2.Kresoxim methyl Ergon, Discus, 0.1% for Commonly used for
Stroby spraying Control of ornamental
diseases
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGICIDES BASED ON METHOD OF APPLICATION

The fungicides can also be classified based on the nature of their use in managing the
diseases.
1. Seed protectants: Ex. Captan, thiram, carbendazim, carboxin etc.
2. Soil fungicides (preplant): Ex. Bordeaux mixture, copper oxy chloride, Chloropicrin,
Formaldehyde, Vapam, etc.
3. Soil fungicides: Ex. Bordeaux mixture, copper oxy chloride, Captan, PCNB, thiram etc.
4. Foliage and blossom: Ex. Capton, ferbam, zineb, mancozeb, chlorothalonil etc.
5. Fruit protectants: Eg. Captan, maneb, carbendazim, mancozeb etc.
6. Eradicants: EX. Lime sulphur
7. Tree wound dressers: Ex. Boredaux paste, chaubattia paste, etc.
8. General purpose sprays and dust formulations.
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LIST OF FUNGICIDES
Sl. Technical Name Formulati Trade Name Dosage Targeted diseases

No. on (%)
1 AZOXYSTROBIN 25 EC Amistar (Syngenta) 0.01 Broad spectrum against foliar diseases like downy mildews,
powdery mildews and anthracnose
2 AUREOFUNGIN Aureofungin (Hindustan 0.02 – Soil borne Basidiomycetous fungi like Ganoderma of
Antibiotics Ltd.) 0.05 palms. Application through root feeding
3 BENOMYL 50 WP Benlate (Dupont) 0.1 Wilts and leaf spots (Colletotrichum, Septoria and
Benomyl (Coromandel) Cercospora)
Cure – 500 (Tropical)
4 BITTERTANOL 50 WP Baycor (Bayer) 0.1 Leaf spots, powdery mildews and rusts
5 2-BROMO-2- Bactrinashak (Indofil) 0.1 Along with Copper oxy chloride (0.2%). Bacterial spots
NITRO PROPANE- and blights on leaves and fruits.
4,3 DIOL
6 CARBENDAZIM 50 WP Bavistin (BASF),Benfil 0.1 Fusarial wilts, basal rots caused by Sclerotium and
(Indofil),Dhanusten Rhizoctonia, anthracnose on leaves, fruits and blossom
(Dhanuka),Zen (Nagarjuna blights. Leaf spots due to Septoria, Phoma andCercospora
Chemicals .Botrytis infections and powdery mildews
Ltd),Zoom(United
Phosphorus Ltd.)
7 CARBENDAZIM + 12 + 63 Saaf (United Phosphorus 0.1 Fusarial wilts, basal rots caused by Sclerotium and
MANCOZEB WP Ltd.), Companion (Indofil) Rhizoctonia, anthracnose on leaves, fruits and blossom
12 + 63 Revive (Tropical Agro- blights and powdery mildews
WP Systems Ltd.)
8 CHLOROTHALONI 75 WP Kavach (Syngenta) 0.2 Broad spectrum, soil drench against Rhizoctonia,
L Jatayu (Coromandel Phytophthora, Pythium and Sclerotium, early (Alternaria)
Fertilizers Ltd) and late blights (Phytophthora), rusts
9 CAPTAN 50 WP Captra (Indofil) 0.2 Broad spectrum, soil drench against root rots caused by
Deltan (Coromandel) Pythiaceous fungi, Rhizoctonia and Sclerotium. Seed
Captaf (Rallis) dressing agent
10 CARBOXIN 50 WP Vitavax (Uniroyal) 0.1 Rusts, smuts and bunts. Soil drench against Rhizoctonia
and Sclerotium. Blister blights in tea. Seed dresser
11 CAPTAFOL 80 DS Foltaf (Rallis) 0.2 Seed dresser and soil application
12 COPPER 50 WP Kocide (Dupont) 0.2 Used against bacterial diseases along with antibiotics.
HYDROXIDE Downy mildews, Phytophthora and Pythium infections.
13 COPPER 50 WP Blue Copper (Syngenta), 0.3 Broad spectrum soil applicant against soil borne diseases.
OXYCHLORIDE Blitox (Rallis), Cupramar Used against bacterial diseases along with antibiotics.
(Coromandel Fertilizers Downy mildews and Phytophthora and Pythium infections.
Ltd), Trucop (Indofil)
Topgun DF (Sulphur
Mills)
14 CYMOXANIL + 72 WP Curzate (Dupont), 0.2 Downy mildews, Phytophthora blights and Pythium root
MANCOZEB (8 + 64) Maximate (Indofil) rots
15 DIFENCONAZOLE 25 EC Score (Syngenta) 0.05 Anthracnose, Powdery mildews and leaf spots
16 DINOCAP 46 EC Karathane (Downocil) 0.1 Powdery mildews and rusts. Not recommended for papaya,
grape and cucurbits.
17 DIMETHOMORPH 50 WP Acrobat (BASF) 0.2 Downy mildews and Phytophthora blights
18 DIMETHYLDITHI 75 WP Thiram 0.2 Seed dresser
OCARBAMATE
19 DODINE 65 WP Noor (Indofil) 0.1 Scab and leaf spots.
Syllit (Bayer)
20 EDIPHENPHOS 50 EC Hinosan (Bayer) 0.1 Blast (Pyricularia)
21 FENARIMOL 50 EC Rubigan (Dupont) 0.05 Powdery mildews, scab and rusts
22 FLUSILAZOLE 40 EC Nustar (Dupont) 0.05 Powdery mildews , rusts and leaf spots
23 FOSETYL-AL 80 WP Aliette (Bayer) 0.2 Downy mildews and Phytophthora infections(except late
blight in potato and tomato). Guignardia bunch rot and
dead arm (Phompsis viticola) in grapes.
24 HEXACONAZOLE 5 EC Contaf (Rallis), Sitara 0.1 Powdery mildews, rusts and leaf spots
(Indofil), Anvil (Syngenta)
25 IPRODION + 25 + 25 Quintal (Bayer) 0.2 Grey moulds (Botrytis), early blights (Alternaria). Soil
CARBENDAZIM WP drench against basal rots caused by Sclerotium,
Rhizoctonia, Phoma in vegetables, black rot in cucurbits
and dollar spot in turf.
26 KASUGAMYCIN 3% SL KASU-B (Dhanuka) Bacterial diseases
27 KITAZIN 25 EC Kitazin (Pesticides India 0.2 Grenaria and Anthracnose in grapes and Pyricularia
Ltd)
28 MANCOZEB 75 WP Dithane M-45 (Dow 0.2 Leaf spots and blights.
Nocil), Indofil M-45
(Indofil), Manzate M-45
(Dupont), Bilzeb (Bayer)
Zinthane – M-45,
(Tropical), Manfil WG
(Indofil)
29 METALAXYL 35 SD Apron (Syngenta) 3g/ kg As seed dressers for millets against downy mildews and
Krilaxyl – 35 EC (Krishi seed as infections caused by Phytophthora and Pythium
Rasayan) seed
dresser
30 METALAXYL- 72 WP Ridomil MZ (Syngenta), 0.2 Downy mildews and root rots and all aerial infections
MANCOZEB (8 + 64) Matco (Indofil), Master caused by Phytophthora and Pythium root rots.
(Rallis), Mixol (Crystal
Phosphates Ltd), Krilaxyl
(KrishiRasayan), Ulaxyl
(United Phosphates Ltd)
31 METIRAM 50 WP Polyram (BASF) 0.2 Downy mildews along with dimethomorph. Leaf spots and
Alternaria blights
32 MYCLOBUTANIL 10 WP Boon (Indofil), Index 0.1 Powdery mildews, rusts, smuts, scabs anthracnose, leaf
(Nagarjuna Chemicals), spots and bunch rot in grapes.
Systhane (Dow Nocil)
33 OXYCORBOXIN 50 EC Plantvax (Uniroyal) 0.1 Rusts, smuts
34 POTASSIUM 40 EC Akomin (Rallis) 0.2 Downy mildews and Phytophthora diseases (except late
PHOSPHONATE blight in tomato and potato)
35 PROPICONAZOLE 25 EC Tilt (Syngenta) 0.1 Powdery mildews, rusts, leaf spots (banana Sigatoka, tikka
Dhan (Indofil) leaf spot in ground nut and black spot in rose.) and aerial
infections caused by Basidiomycetous fungi and bunch rot
in grapes.
36 PROPINEB 50 WP Antracol (Bayer) 0.2 Broad spectrum contact fungicide especially leaf spots
caused by Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Cercospora and
downy mildews
37 PENCONAZOLE 10 EC Topas (Syngenta) 0.05 Powdery mildews, rusts, leaf spots (banana sigatoka and
black spot in rose) and aerial infections caused by
Basidiomycetous fungi, apple scab and bunch rot in grapes.
38 STREPTOMYCIN 90 + 10 Streptocyclin (Hindustan 0.03- Bacterial diseases along with copper based fungicides/
SULPHATE + WP Antibiotics Ltd.) 0.05 mancozeb and also used as seed dressing agent against seed
STREPTOCYCLIN borne bacterial diseases
E
HYDROCHLORIDE
39 SULPHUR 85 WP Thiovit (Syngenta) 0.2 Powdery mildews and mites. Avoid using when
Cosavet (Sulphur Mills) temperatures are high as it may cause phytotoxic
Sulfex (Excel Industries) symptoms.
Sulfil (Indofil)
40 THIOPHANATE- 70 WP Topsin-M (Motilal 0.2 Anthracnose, inflorescence blights, fungal scabs and soil
METHYL Pesticides), Roko drench against damping off caused by Sclerotium and
(Wockhardt), Stopcin Rhizoctonia
(Coromandel
FertilizersLtd)
41 TRIDEMORPH 80 EC Calixin (BASF) 0.1 Powdery mildews, Sigatoka on banana and Ganoderma
diseases of palms and blister blight of tea. Avoid using on
papaya, tomato and ber.
42 TRIADIMEFON 25 WP Bayleton (Bayer) 0.04 Powdery mildews and rusts
43 TRICYCLAZOLE 50 WP Baan (Indofil) 0.04 Powdery mildews, anthracnose. blasts (Pyricularia), brown
spot (Helminthsporium) and sheath blight (Rhizoctonia) in
rice
44 VALIDAMYCIN 3WP Rhizocin (Nagarjuna 0.2 Sheath blight in rice
Chemicals)
45 ZIRAM 80 WP Cuman L (Syngenta) 0.2 Leaf spots caused by Alternaria
46 ZINEB 75 WP Indofil Z-78 (Indofil), 0.2 Leaf spots caused by Alternaria, Helminthosporium and
Hexathane (Coromandel anthracnose
Fertilizers Ltd.), Dithane –
Z-78 (Dow Nocil)
APPENDIX
CONVERSIONS
Length
1 mile (mi) = 1.609 kilometer (km)
1 km = 0.621 mi
1 meter (m) = 1.094 yards
1 centimeter (cm) = 0.394 inches (in)
1 in = 25.4 mm
1 micron (mµ) = 0.001 mm
1 mµ = 1/25,000 in
Speeds
1 mile/hour (mph) = 1.609 kilometers/hour (km/h)
1 mph = 0.447 meters/second (mps)
1 km/hr = 0.621 mph
Area
1 acre (ac) = 0.405 hectares (ha)
1 ha = 2.471 ac
1 ac = 43,560 ft2
Liquids
1 fluid ounce (floz) = 0.0296 liters (l)
1 pint (pt) = 0.473 l
1 pt = 16 floz
1 gallon (gal) = 3.785 l
1 gal = 128 floz
1 pound (lb) = 0.454 kilogram (kg)
1 liter (l) = 33.81 floz
1 l = 2.113 pt
1 l = 0.264 gallons (gal)
Weight
1 ounce (oz) = 0.0283 kg
1 kg = 2.205 lbs
APPLICATION RATES
1 oz/ac = 0.070 kg/ha
1 meter/sec = 2.24 mph
1 l/ha = 13.69 fl oz/ac
1 l/ha = 0.855 pts/ac
1 kg/ha = 0.898 lb/ac
1 kg/ha = 14.27 oz/ac
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I. PESTICIDES / FORMULATIONS BANNED IN INDIA
Pesticides Banned for manufacture, import and use .

1. Aldicarb (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
2. Aldrin
3. Benzene Hexachloride
4. Calcium Cyanide
5. Chlorbenzilate (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
6. Chlordane
7. Chlorofenvinphos
8. Copper Acetoarsenite
9. Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) (vide S.O. 569 (E) dated 25th July 1989)
10. Dieldrin (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
11. Endrin
12. Ethyl Mercury Chloride
13. Ethyl Parathion
A. 14. Ethylene Dibromide (EDB) (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
15. Heptachlor
16. Lindane (Gamma-HCH)
17. Maleic Hydrazide (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
18. Menazon
19. Metoxuron
20. Nitrofen
21. Paraquat Dimethyl Sulphate
22. Pentachloro Nitrobenzene (PCNB) (vide S.O. 569 (E) dated 25th July 1989)
23. Pentachlorophenol
24. Phenyl Mercury Acetate
25. Sodium Methane Arsonate
26. Tetradifon
27. Toxaphene(Camphechlor) (vide S.O. 569 (E) dated 25th July 1989)
28. Trichloro acetic acid (TCA) (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
Pesticide formulations banned for import, manufacture and use
1. Carbofuron 50% SP (vide S.O. 678 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
B. 2. Methomyl 12.5% L
3. Methomyl 24% formulation
4. Phosphamidon 85% SL
th st
C. Pesticide / Pesticide formulations banned for use but continued to manufacture for
export
1. Captafol 80% Powder (vide S.O. 679 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
2. Nicotin Sulfate
II. PESTICIDES RESTRICTED FOR USE IN THE COUNTRY

Name of Details of Restrictions
S.No.
Pesticides
The Pest Control Operations with Aluminium Phosphide may be
undertaken only by Govt./Govt. undertakings / Govt. Organizations
/ pest control operators under the strict supervision of Govt. Experts
or experts whose expertise is approved by the Plant Protection
Advisor to Govt. of India except 1Aluminium Phosphide 15 % 12 g
tablet and 2Aluminum Phosphide 6 % tablet.
Aluminium [RC decision circular F No. 14-11(2)-CIR-II (Vol. II) dated 21-09-
1.
Phosphide 1984 and G.S.R. 371(E) dated 20th may 1999]. 1Decision of 282nd
RC held on 02-11-2007 and, 2Decision of 326th RC held on 15-02-
2012.
The production, marketing and use of Aluminium Phosphide tube
packs with a capacity of 10 and 20 tablets of 3 g each of Aluminium
Phosphide are banned completely.
(S.O.677 (E) dated 17thJuly, 2001)
The use of Captafol as foliar spray is banned. Captafol shall be used
only as seed dresser.
2. Captafol
The manufacture of Captafol 80 % powder for dry seed treatment
(DS) is banned for use in the country except manufacture for export.
Cypermethrin 3 % Smoke Generator, is to be used only through
Pest Control Operators and not allowed to be used by the General
3. Cypermethrin
Public. [Order of Hon,ble High Court of Delhi in WP(C) 10052 of
2009 dated 14-07-2009 and LPA-429/2009 dated 08-09-2009]
The use of Dazomet is not permitted on Tea.
4. Dazomet
(S.O.3006 (E) dated 31st Dec, 2008)
Diazinon is banned for use in agriculture except for household use.
5. Diazinon
(S.O.45 (E) dated 08th Jan, 2008)
The use of DDT for the domestic Public Health Programme is
restricted up to 10,000 Metric Tonnes per annum, except in case of
Dichloro any major outbreak of epidemic. M/s Hindustan Insecticides Ltd.,
Diphenyl the sole manufacturer of DDT in the country may manufacture DDT
6.
Trichloroethane for export to other countries for use in vector control for public
(DDT) health purpose. The export of DDT to Parties and State non-Parties
shall be strictly in accordance with the paragraph 2(b) article 3 of
the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
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(S.O.295 (E) dated 8th March, 2006)
Use of DDT in Agriculture is withdrawn. In very special
circumstances warranting the use of DDT for plant protection work,
the state or central Govt. may purchase it directly from M/s
Hindustan Insecticides Ltd. to be used under expert Governmental
supervision.
(S.O.378 (E) dated 26thMay, 1989)
The use of Fenitrothion is banned in Agriculture except for locust
7. Fenitrothion control in scheduled desert area and public health.
(S.O.706 (E) dated 03rdMay, 2007)
The use of Fenthion is banned in Agriculture except for locust
8. Fenthion control, household and public health.
(S.O.46 (E) dated 08th Jan, 2008)
Methoxy Ethyl The use of MEMC is banned completely except for seed treatment
Mercuric of potato and sugarcane.
9.
Chloride (S.O.681 (E) dated 17thJuly, 2001)
(MEMC)
Methyl Bromide may be used only by Govt./Govt.
undertakings/Govt. Organizations / Pest control operators under the
Methyl
10. strict supervision of Govt. Experts or Experts whose expertise is
Bromide
approved by the Plant Protection Advisor to Govt. of India.
[G.S.R.371 (E) dated 20thMay, 1999 and earlier RC decision]
Methyl Parathion 50 % EC and 2% DP formulations are banned for
use on fruits and vegetables.
Methyl (S.O.680 (E) dated 17thJuly, 2001)
11.
Parathion The use of Methyl Parathion is permitted only on those crops
approved by the Registration Committee where honeybees are not
acting as a pollinators. (S.O.658 (E) dated 04th Sep., 1992.)
Monocrotophos is banned for use on vegetables.
12. Monocrotophos
(S.O.1482 (E) dated 10thOct, 2005)
The use of Sodium Cyanide shall be restricted for Fumigation of
Sodium Cotton bales under expert supervision approved by the Plant
13.
Cyanide Protection Advisor to Govt. of India.
(S.O.569(E) dated 25thJuly, 1989)
Completely banned w.e.f. 1 st January, 2018
Benomyl is toxic to aquatic organism, hence should not be used
near water bodies, aquaculture or pisciculture area The product is
14 Benomyl
teratogenic and foetotoxic hence pregnant women to avoid contact
with the product”
[F. No. 13035/31/2013-PP-I]
15 Carbary Completely banned w.e.f. 1 st January, 2018.
16 Diazinon Completely banned w.e.f. 1 st January, 2018.
17 Fenarimol Completely banned w.e.f. 1 st January, 2018
18 Fenthion Completely banned w.e.f. 1 st January, 2018
th st
19 Linuron Completely banned w.e.f. 1 st January, 2018
Methoxy Ethyl Completely banned w.e.f. 1 st January, 2018
Mercury
20
Chloride
(MEMC)
Methyl Completely banned w.e.f. 1 st January, 2018
21
Parathion
Sodium Completely banned w.e.f. 1 st January, 2018
22
Cyanide
23 Thiometon Completely banned w.e.f. 1 st January, 2018
24 Tridemorph Completely banned w.e.f. 1 st January, 2018
25 Trifluralin Completely banned w.e.f. 1 st January, 2018
No person shall import, manufacture or formulate Alachlor w.e.f.1st
January, 2019.
26 Alachlor
The use of Alachlor shall be completely banned w.e.f. 31st
December, 2020.
No person shall import, manufacture or formulate dichlorvos w.e.f.
1st January, 2019.
27 Dichlorvos
The use of dichlorvos shall be completely banned w.e.f. 31st
December, 2020.
1st January, 2019.
28 Phorate
December, 2020.
1st January, 2019.
29 Phosphamidon
December, 2020.
1st January, 2019.
30 Triazophos
December, 2020.
1st January, 2019.
31 Trichlorfon The use of dichlorvos shall be completely banned w.e.f. 31st
December, 2020.
[F. No. 13035/31/2013-PP-I]
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APPROVEDUSESOF REGISTERED INSECTICIDES
For use in horticultural crops (as on 22.04.2016)
Crop Common name of Dosage/ha Waiting

the pest a.i (gm) Formulation Dilution in Period
(gm/ml) Water (Liter) (days)
ACEPHATE75%SP
Cabbage Aphids 15 75 500-600 7
Okra Aphids 15 75 500-600 3
Chilli Thrips 10-20 50-100 500-600 3
AZADIRACHTIN1%(10000PPM)MIN.NEEMBASEDE.C. CONTAINING
Tomato Fruitborer (Helicoverpa - 1000-1500 500 3
armigera)
Brinjal Fruit and Shoot - 1000-1500 500 3
borer(Leucinodes orbonalis)
AZADIRACHTIN0.03%(300PPM)NEEMOILBASEDWSP CONTAINING
Okra Fruit borer, - 2500-5000 500-1000 7
Whiteflies
Leaf Hopper
Brinjal Shoot &Fruit - 2500-5000 500-1000 7
borer, beetles
Cabbage Aphids, DBM, - 2500-5000 500-1000 7

Cabbage worm, Cabbage loop
AZADIRACHTIN5%W/WMIN.NEEMEXTRACTCONCENTRATES
Cauliflower Spodoptera, - 200 400 5

Diamondback moth,
Aphids
Bhindi Leafhopper, - 200 400 5
whitefly,Aphid,
Pod Borer
Tomato Aphids,Whitefly, - 200 400 5
Fruitborer
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. GALLERIAE
Cabbage & Diamond back - 06-1.0 500
Cauliflower moth(Plutella xylostella)
Tomato Fruit borer (H. armigera) - 1.0-1.5 500
Bhindi Fruit borer (Earias spp.) - 1.0-1.5 500
Chillies Fruit borer (spodoptera litura)- 1.5-2.0 1000
th st
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SEROVARKURSTAKI(3A,3B, 3C)5%WP
Cabbage Diamondbackmoth 25.00-50.00 500-1000 500-1000 -
BEAUVERIA BASSIANA 10% SC
Cabbage DBM 1-1.5 - 500-750 -
BIFENAZATE50%WP
Rose TwoSpottedMite 375 750 3000 Notapplica
(Tetranychusurticae) ble
BIFENAZATE22.6% SC
Rose TwoSpottedMite 120 500 2000 Notapplica
(Tetranychusurticae) ble
BUPROFEZIN25%SC
Chilies YellowMite 75-150 300-600 500-750 5
Mango Hoppers 0.025%to 1-2ml/liter 5-15liter 20
0.05% Of water Per tree
Grapes Mealybugs 250-375 1000-1500 500-1000 7
BUPROFEZIN70%DF
Okra Jassids 200 286 500 5
CARBARYL 5%D.P.Allowed only till 31 December, 2017
Bhindi Jassid 1000 20000 8
Cabbage Cabbage borer 600 20000 8
Cauliflower Cabbage borer 600 12000 8
CARBARYL10%D.P. Allowed only till 31 December, 2017
Bhindi Fruit borer, Jassids 2500 25000 -
Cabbage Diamond back moth 2500 25000 -
Armyworm
CARBARYL 50% WP Allowed only till 31 December, 2017
Tomato Fruit Borer 1000 2000 500-1000 8
Chillies Thrips 1000 2000 500-1000 -
Brinjal Fruit Borer, Jassids 1000 2000 500-1000 5
Bhindi Fruit Borer 1000 2000 500-1000 3
Cauliflower Cabbage borer 800 1600 500-1000 8
Cabbage Cabbage Borer 800 1600 500-1000 5
CARBOFURAN3%CG
French bean Whitegrub 700 23300
Potato Aphid, 500 16600
Jassids 1000 33300
Bhindi Jassids 1000 33300
Chillies Aphid , Thrips 1000 33300
Apple Woolly aphid 5/tree 166/tree
Citrus Nematode 360 12000
Leafminer 1500 50000
th st
Cabbage Nematode 1000 50000
Brinjal Rootknot nematode 2000 66600
Reniform nematode 2000 66600
Banana Rhizome weevil 1g/ 33g/sucker
Aphid suckers 166g/sucker
Nematode 50g/sucke 50g/suckers
Peach Leaf curl aphid rs
1000 33300
Mandarins Soft greens scale 0.4g/plant 13.3g/plant
French bean White grubs 750 23300
Grey & Stemweevil 1000 33300
Pea Shootfly &Aphid 1000
CHLORANTRANILIPROLE18.5%SC
Cabbage Diamondback moth 10 50 500 3
Tomato Fruit borer 30 150 500 3
Chilli Fruit borer 30 150 500 3
Brinjal Shoot & Fruit borer 40 200 500-750 22
Bitter gourd Fruit borers & Caterpillars 20-25 100-125 500 7
Okra Fruit Borer 25 125 500 5
CHLORFENAPYR10%SC
Cabbage Diamondback moth 75-100 750-1000 500 7
(Plutella xylostella)
Chilli Mites 75-100 750-1000 500 5
(Polyphagotarsonemus
latus)
CHLORFLUAZURON 5.4% EC
Cabbage Diamond back moth, Tobacco 75 1500 500 7
leaf eating caterpillar
CHLORPYRIFOS 20% EC
Brinjal Shoot & fruitborer 200 1000 500-1000
Cabbage Diamondback moth 400 2000 500-1000
Onion Root grub 1000 5000 500-1000
Apple Aphid 0.05% 3750-5000 1500-2000
Ber Leafhopper 0.03% 2250-3000 1500-2000
Citrus Blackcitrus, Aphid 0.02% 1500-2000 1500-2000
CYANTRANILIPROLE 10.26% OD
Grapes Thrips- Scirtothrips dorsalis 70 700 1000 5
Flea beetle- Scelodonta
strigicollis
Pomegranate Thrips – Scirtothrips dorsalis 75 1000 5
Pomegranate butterfly- 750 (0.075%)
(0.0075%)
Deudorix isocrates
Whitefly- Siphoninus 90 900 (0.09%)
phillyreae (0.009%)
Aphids- Aphis punicae
th st
Cabbage Cabbage Aphid- Brevicoryne 60 600 500 5
brassicae
Mustard Aphid- Lipaphis
erysimi
Chilli Diamond back moth-dorsalis
Thrips- Scirtothrips Plutella 60 600 500 3
Fruit borer- Helicovepra
armigera
Tomato Tobacco
Leaf caterpillar-
miner – Liriomyza 90 900 500 3
trifolii
Aphids – Aphis gossypii
Gherkins Thrips-
Leaf Thrips
miner tabaci
– Liriomyza 90 900 500 5
trifolii
Red pumpkin beetle -
Aulacophora foveicollis
CYPERMETHRIN0.25%DP
Brinjal Fruit & shootborer 50-60 20000-24000 3
CYPERMETHRIN10% EC
Cabbage Diamondback moth 60-70 650-760 100-400 7
Okra Fruit borer 50-70 550-760 150-400 3
Brinjal Fruit & shootborer 50-70 550-760 150-400 3
CYPERMETHRIN25% EC
Bhindi Shoot & fruitborer 37-50 150-200 500 3
Jassids 37-50 150-200 500 3
Brinjal Shoot & fruitborer 37-50 150-200 500 1
Jassids, Epilachna grub
DELTAMETHRIN2.8% EC
Bhindi Shoot & fruitborer 10-15 400-600 400-600 1
Jassid 10 400 400-600 1
Mango Hoppers 0.03-0.05% 0.33to As per spray 1

0.5ml/lit field
requirement
Chilli Fruit borer 10-12.5 400-500 400-600 5
Brinjal Shoot & Fruit Borer 10-12.5 400-500 500 3
DICHLORVOS 76% EC
Cucurbit Red pumpkin beetle 500 627 500-1000
Cashew Apple borer 0.05% 940-1253 1500-2000
DICOFOL18.5% EC
Okra Red Spider mite 250-500 1350-2700 500-1000 15-20
Citrus Red Spider mite 0.05% 2700-4050 1000-5000 15-20
Litchi Red Spider mite 0.05% 2700-4050 1000-5000 15-20
Brinjal Yellow mite 500-1000 2700-5400 500-1000 15-20
Bottle & Bitter Red Spider mite 250-500 1350-2700 500-1000 15-20
gourd
th st
DIAFENTHIURON50%WP
Cabbage Diamond Back Moth 300 600 500-750 7
Chilli Mites 300 600 500-750 3
Brinjal Whitefly 300 600 500-750 3
DIMETHOATE30% EC
Bhindi Aphid 700 2310 500-1000
Leafhopper, Jassid 600 1980 500-1000
Brinjal Shoot borer 200 660 500-1000
Cabbage&Cauliflo Aphid , Painted bug 200 660 500-1000
wer Mustard aphid
Chillies Mite 300 990 500-1000
Onion Thrips 200 660 500-1000
Potato Thrips 200 660 500-1000
Tomato Aphids 200 660 500-1000
Whitefly 300 990 500-1000
Apple Stemborer 0.03% 1485-1980 1500-2000
Apricot Aphid 0.03% 1485-1980 1500-2000
Banana Aphid, Lacewing bug 0.03% 1485-1980 1500-2000
Citrus Blackcitrus aphid 0.03% 1485-1980 1500-2000
Fig Figjassid 0.03% 1485-1980 1500-2000
Mealybug 0.03% 2475-3300 1500-2000
Mango Hopper 0.05% 2475-3300 1500-2000
Rose Scale 750 2475 500-1000
Thrips 400 1320 500-1000
EMAMECTIN BENZOATE5%SG
Okra Fruit& Shoot Borer 6.75-8.5 135-170 500 5
Cabbage DBM 7.5-10 150-200 500 3
Chilli Fruit borer, Thrips& 10 200 500 3
Mites
Brinjal Fruit and Shoot borer 10 200 500 3
ETHION50% EC
Chilli Mites &thrips 750-1000 1500-2000 500-1000 05
ETOXAZOLE 10% SC
Brinjal Red Spider Mite 40 400 400-500 5
FENAZAQUIN10% EC
Chilli Yellow mite 125 1250 400-600 10
Apple Red spider mitea nd 40 400 1000 30
two spotted mite
Okra Red spider mite 125 1250 500 7
Brinjal Red spider mite 125 1250 500 7
Tomato Two spotted 125 1250 500 7
spider mite
FENPROPATHRIN30% EC
Chilli Thrips,Whitefly, Mites 75-100 250-340 750-1000 7
Brinjal Whitefly,Shoot and 75-100 250-340 750-1000 10
Fruit borer, Mites
th st
Okra Whitefly,Shoot and 75-100 250-340 750-1000 7
Fruit borer, Mites
FENPYROXIMATE5% EC
Chilli Yellow mite 15-30 300-600 300-500 7
FENVALERATE20% EC
Cauliflower Diamond back moth , America60-75 300-375 600-750 7
bollworm, Aphids, Jassids
Brinjal Shoot & fruit borer 75-100 375-500 600-800 5
Aphids 75-100 375-500 600-800 5
Okra Shoot & fruit borer 60-75 300-375 600-750 7
Jassids 60-75 300-375 600-750 7
FIPRONIL5%SC
Cabbage Diamondback moth 40-50 800-1000 500 7
Chillies Thrips, Aphids, 40-50 800-1000 500 7
Fruit borers
FLUBENDIAMIDE20%WG
Tomato Fruit borer 48 100 375-500 5
Cabbage Diamond back moth 18.24 37.5-50 375-500 7
Chilli Fruit borer 50 – 60 250-300 500 5
HEXYTHIAZOX5.45%W/WEC
Chilli Yellow mites 15-25 300-500 625/ha 3
Apple European Red Mite 0.002% 0.04% 10ltr./tree 15
IMIDACLOPRID 70%WG
Okra Jassids, Aphids, Thrips 21–24.5 30–35 375–500 3
Cucumber Aphids & Jassids 24.5 35.0 500 5
IMIDACLOPRID70%WSPER100KGSEED
Okra Jassid, Aphid 350–700 500–1000
Chillies Jassid, Aphid, Thrips 700–1050 1000–1500
IMIDACLOPRID17.8%SL
Chilly Jassid, Aphid, Thrips 25–50 125-250 500-700 40
Mango Hopper 0.4–0.8 2-4ml/tree 10litre 45
g/tree
Okra Aphid, Jassid, Thrips 20 100 500 3
Citrus Leaf miner, 10 50 Dependingon 15
psylla sizeoftree&Prot
ion
Tomato Whitefly 30-35 150-175 equipmentused
500 3
Grapes Flea bettle 0.06-0.08 300-400 1000 32
INDOXACARB14.5%SC
Cabbage Diamondback moth 30-40 200-266 400-750 7
th st
Chillies Fruit borer 50-60 333-400 300-600 5
Tomato Fruit borer 60-75 400-500 300-600 5
INDOXACARB15.8% EC
Cabbage Diamondback moth 40 266 500-1000 5
LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN4.9%CS
Brinjal Shoot & fruit borer 15 300 500 5
Okra Fruit borer 15 300 500 5
Tomato Fruit borer 15 300 500 5
Grapes Thrips & Flea beetle 12.5 250 500-1000 7
Chilli Thrips & pod borer 25 500 500 5
LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN5% EC
Brinjal Shoot & fruit borer 15 300 400-600 4
Tomato Fruit borer 15 300 400-600 4
Chilli Thrips ,mite, pod borer 15 300 400-600 5
Onion Thrips 15 300 300-400 5
Bhindi Jassids ,shoot borer 15 300 300-400 4
Mango Hoppers 0.0025- 0.5-1.0 7
0.005% ml/lof water
MALATHION50% EC
Bhindi Aphid 500 1000 500-1000
Jassids, 625 1250 500-1000
Spotted Boll Worm 750 1500 500-1000
Brinjal Mites 750 1500 500-1000
Cabbage Mustard aphid 750 1500 500-1000
Cauliflower Head borer 750 1500 500-1000
Radish Stem borer 750 1500 500-1000
Turnip Tobacco caterpillar 600 1200 500-1000
Tomato Whitefly 750 1500 500-1000
Apple San jose scale, 0.05% 1500-2000 1500-2000
Wooly aphid
Mango Mealy scale, 0.075% 2250-3000 1500-2000
Mango hopper
Grape Beetle 500 1000 1500-2000
METHOMYL40%SP
Tomato Pod borers 300-450 750-1125 500-1000 5/6
Chilli Podborers & Thrips 300-400 750-1125 500-1000 5/6
Grapes Mealybug 500 1250 500-1000 10
METHYLBROMIDE98%W/W
th st
Dry Fruits, Nuts Rust Red Flour Airtight 24-32 24hrs waiting Aswhen
Spices &Oil Beetle cover gms/m3 Period 72hrs residues notto
Seeds exceed25 ppm
MILBEMECTIN1% EC
Rose Two spotted 4.5 450 1000 5
spidermite
Chilli Yellow/white mite 3.25 325 500 7
MONOCROTOPHOS 36%SL
Citrus Black aphids 0.040% 1500-2000 500-2000 10lit./trees
Mite 0.025% 937-1250 500-2000 10lit./trees
Mango Bugmite 0.040% 1500-2000 500-2000 10lit./trees
Gall maker 0.04% 1500-2000 500-2000 20lit./trees
Hopper, 0.04% 1500-2000 500-2000 20lit./trees
Mealybug 0.04% 1500-2000 500-2000 20lit./trees
Shoot borer 0.04% 1500-2000 500-2000 20lit./trees
NOVALURON10% EC
Cabbage Diamondback moth 75 750 500-1000 5
Tomato Fruit borer 75 750 500-1000 1-3
Chilli Fruit borer, 33.5 375 500 3
Tobacco Caterpillar
OXYDEMETON–METHYL25% EC
Bhindi Whitefly 250 1000 500-1000
Jassid/Leaf beetle 400 1600 500-1000
Chilli Aphid 400 1600 500-1000
Mites 500 2000 500-1000
Thrips 250 1000 500-1000
Onion Thrips 300 1200 500-1000
Tomato Whitefly 250 1000 500-1000
Potato Aphids 250 1000 500-1000
Apple San jose scale 0.07% 4200-5600 1500-2000
Wooly Aphid 0.025% 1500-2000 1500-2000
Banana Tingyi bug 0.025% 1500-2000 1500-2000
Aphids 0.05% 3000-4000 1500-2000
Mango Hoppers 0.025% 1500-2000 1500-2000
Peaches Leaf curl aphids 0.025% 1500-2000 1500-2000
PAECILOMYCES LILACINUS 1.15% WP
Brinjal Root Knot Nematode 3kg 500kg - -
Organic
Manure/org
anic
Fertilizer
PHOSALONE35% EC
Brinjal Fruit borer 500 1428 500-1000
th st
Cabbage Aphid 500 1428 500-1000
Tomato Fruit borer 450 1285 500-1000
PHOSPHAMIDON40%SL
Brinjal Jassid, Aphid, 250-300 625-750 500 10
Whitefly
PROPARGITE57% EC
Chillies Mite 850 1500 500-625 7
Apple European red Mite, 2.85-5.7 5-10ml/tree 10lit/tree 9
Two spotted mite /tree
Brinjal Two spotted spider 570 1000 400 6
mite
PYRIPROXYFEN 10% EC
Chilli Whitefly, Aphids 50 500 300 7
QUINALPHOS 25% EC
Bhindi Fruit borer 200 800 500-1000
Leafhopper 250 1000 500-1000
Mite 250 1000 500-1000
Cauliflower Stem borer 500 2000 500-1000
Chillies Aphid 250 1000 500-1000
Mite 375 1500 500-1000
Tomato Fruit borer 250 1000 500-1000
Apple Wooly Aphid 0.05% 3000-4000 500-1000
Banana Tingid bug 0.05% 3000-4000 500-1000
Citrus Scale 0.07% 4200-5600 500-1000
Citrus butterfly 0.025% 1500-2000 500-1000
Pomegranate Scales 0.08% 4800-6400 500-1000
SPINETORAM 11.7 % SC
Chillies Thrips, 56-60 470-500 400-500 7
Fruit borer 56-60 470-500 400-500
Tobacco caterpillar 56-60 470-500 400-500
SPINOSAD45.0%SC
Chillies Fruit borer, Thrips 73 160 500 3
SPINOSAD2.5%SC
Cabbage& Diamondback moth 15.0-17.5 600-700 500 3
Cauliflower
SPIROMESIFEN22.9%SC
Brinjal Red spider mite 96 400 500 5
Apple European Red Mite& 72(0.03%) 300 1000 30
Red Spidermite
Chilli ChilliYellow Mite 96 400 500-750 7
Okra Red spider mite 96-120 400-500 500 3
Tomato Whiteflies & Mites 150 625 500 3
th st
THIACLOPRID21.7%SC
Chilli Thrips 54-72 225-300 500 5
Brinjal Shoot & fruit borer 180 750 500 5

THIODICARB75%WP
Cabbage Diamond backmoth 750to1000 1000to1330 500 7
Brinjal Shoot & Fruitborer 470to750 625to1000 500 6
Chilli Fruit borer 470to750 626to1000 500 6
THIAMETHOXAM 25%WG
Okra Jassid, Aphid,Whiteflies 25 100 500-1000 5
Mango Hoppers 25 100 1000 30
Tomato Whiteflies 50 200 500 5
Brinjal Whiteflies 50 200 500 3
Potato Aphids
-foliar application 25 100 500 77
-Soil drench 50 200 400-500 77
Citrus Psylla 25 100 1000 20
COMBINATIONPRODUCTS
Betacyfluthrin 8.49% + Imidacloprid 19.81% OD
Brinjal Aphids, Jassids 15.75+36.75 - 175-200 500 7
shoot & fruit borer 18 + 42
Cypermethrin3%+ Quinalphos 20% EC

Brinjal Shoot & Fruitborer 350-400 500-600 7
Flubendiamide 19.92% w/w+ Thiacloprid 19.92% w/w
Chilli Thrips 48+48-60+60 200-250 500 5
Fruit borer
Indoxacarb14.5%+ Acetamiprid7.7%w/wSC
Chillies Thrips,& 88.8-111 400-500 500 5
Fruitborer
Novaluron 5.25% + Indoxacarb 4.5% SC
Tomato Fruit borer & 43.31 + 37.13 825-875 500 5
leaf eating caterpillar - 45.94 + 39.38
Pyriproxyfen 5% EC + Fenpropathrin 15% EC
Brinjal Whitefly, shoot and fruit borer 25+75 – 37.5500-750 500-750 7
+112.5
th st
Okra Whitefly, fruit borer 25+75 – 500-750 500-750 7
37.5
Chilli Whitefly, fruit borer +112.5
25+75 – 500-750 500-750 7
37.5
Thiamethoxam 12.6%+Lambda cyhalothrin 9.5%ZC
Chilli Thrips, Fruit borer 33 150 500 3
Chlorantraniliprole 8.8% w/w + Thiamethoxam 17.5 % w/w SC:

Soil drench
( Single application)
Tomato Leaf Miner, 150 500 50-100 36 days
Whitefly & ml/plant
Fruit borer
th st
PESTICIDE COMPATIBILITY CHART
FUNGICIDES INSECTICIDES &ACARICIDES
Cymoxanil+Mancozeb
Iproalicarb+Propioneb
Fosetyl-Al+Mancozeb
Lambda – cyhalothrin
Metalaxyl+Mancozeb
Thiophanate methyl
Copper oxychloride
Fosetyl-Aluminium
Micronised sulphur
Propamocarb HCL
Copper hydroxide
Difenoconazole
Chlorothalonil
Hexaconazole
Imidachloprid
Tebuconazole
Cypermethrin
Azoxystrobin
Propamocarb
Deltamethrin
Malathion
Formetanate
Acetamiprid
Cyromazine
Azocyclotin
Azadiractin
Fenazaquin
Methiocarb
Indoxacarb
Profenofos
Abamectin
Thiodicarb
Lufenuron
Mancozeb
Cyfluthrin
Metalaxyl
Iprodione
Benomyl
Spinosad
Fenthion
Carbaryl
Amitraz
Dicofol
Thiram
Cartap
1 Azoxystrobin C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
2 Benomyl C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
3 Chlorothalonil C C C C C C C C C C X C C C C C C X C X C X C X C C C C C C C X C X C C C C C X C C X X C
4 Copper hydroxide C C C C C X C X X C C C X X X X C C X X X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C X C C X C X
5 Copper oxychloride C C C C C X C X X C C C X X X X C C X X X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C X C C X C X
6 Cymoxanil+Mancozeb C C C X X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
7 Difenoconazole C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
8 Fosetyl-Aluminium C C C X X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C
9 Fosetyl-Al+Mancozeb C C C X X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C
10 Hexaconazole C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
11 Iprodione C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
12 Iproalicarb+Propioneb C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
13 Mancozeb C C C X X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C X C C C C X
14 Metalaxyl C C C X X C C C C C C C C C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C X C C C C X
15 Metalaxyl+Mancozeb C C C X X C C C C C C C C C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C X C C C C X
C C C X X C C C C C C C C X X C C C C X C C C C C C C C C C C X C C C C C C C X C C X C C
FUNGICIDES
16 Micronised sulphur
17 Propamocarb HCL C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
18 Propamocarb HCL+Mancozeb C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C X C C C C C
19 Tebuconazole C C C X X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
20 Thiophanate methyl C C X X X C C C C C C C C C C X C C C C C X C C C C C C C C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C C
21 Thiram C C C X X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
22 Abamectin C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
23 Acetamiprid C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
24 Amitraz C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C X C C C C C
25 Azadiractin C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
26 Azocyclotin C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
27 Carbaryl C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
28 Cartap C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
&ACARICIDES
INSECTICIDES
29 Cyfluthrin C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
30 Cypermethrin C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
31 Cyromazine C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
32 Deltamethrin C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C X C C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
33 Dicofol C C C C C C C X X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
34 Fenazaquin C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
35 Fenthion C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
36 Formetanate C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
37 Imidachloprid C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
38 Indoxacarb C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
39 Lambda – cyhalothrin C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
40 Lufenuron C C X X X C C C C C C C X X X X C X C C C C C X C C C C C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
41 Malathion C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
42 Methiocarb C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
43 Profenofos C C X X X C C C C C C C C C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
44 Spinosad C C X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
45 Thiodicarb C C C X X C C C C C C C X X X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
46 Trichlorfon C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
C = Compatible X = Non-compatible Note: Information collected from different sources
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SAFE HANDLING OF PLANT PROTECTION

Technical Report · June 2017

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Prasannakumar N.R. Subbaraman Sriram

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Development and Standardization of Soilless Cultivation of Vegetables under Protected Conditions

Management of potato cyst nematodes View project

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19-21st June 2017

Year of preparation: 2017

For further information:

S. No. Chapters Page No

Essential Nutrients, Deficiencies and Fertilizer Requirements in

Sixteen elements identified as essential are listed below.

S. No Nutrient Element Symbol Status Major Natural Major Fertilizer

9 Magnesium Mg Soil/ Mineral Dolomite

10 Zinc Zn Soil/ mineral Zn Sulphate

11 Iron Fe Soil/ Mineral Iron Sulphate

15 Molybdinum Mo Sokfil/ Mineral Ammonium

Nutrient deficiencies & toxicities in horticultural crops

Prominent nutrient deficiency symptoms in plants are summarized below

Nutrient Colour change in lower leaves

Mo Wilting of upper leaves, then chlorosis

Tips to identify nutrient disorders

a. Chlorosis if uniform – N or P deficiency

· If the symptoms are on younger leaves then possibility of Ca, S or micronutrient

a. Symptoms similar to N but appear on younger leaf – S deficiency

Diagnostic Techniques for identifying nutrient deficiency

Fertilizers and Manures

Table 1. Nutrient contents of common inorganic fertilizers

Fertilizers Nutrient content (%)

Table 2. Nutrient contents of common organic manures

Manures Nutrient content (%)

Fertilizer recommendations of horticultural crops

Table 3. Recommended dose of NPK for horticultural crops

Crops Recommended dose of NPK (kg/ha)

Fertilizer Requirement Calculations

RDF = Recommended Dose of Fertilizer: N: P2O5: K2O g/tree or kg/ha

Conversion of recommended nutrient to required major fertilizer

Calculation of NPK required per tree based on RDF

Calculation of NPK required per hectare based on RDF:

Calculation of fertilizer (grams) required per plot:

size and use the specific conversion factors.

Pot culture studies:

Weight of 6” soil depth = 2, 00, 0000 = 2 million kg/ha (1 million = 10 lakhs)

Methods to enhance nutrient use efficiency

Time and method of application

An appropriate time to consider foliar fertilization would be when a shortage of a nutrient is

Insecticides and Acaricides: Classification, Application and Safety

What is active ingredient?

I. Based on Mode of Entry

1. Contact Poisons eg: Chloropyrifos

Table: Classification of insecticides

Pesticide Target Pest / Function

Classification of Insecticides based on Toxicity

Let us see some commercially available pesticides

Recommended as per cent concentration:

Example: Amount of malathion 25 EC when applied as 0.025 per cent solution

Recommended for pesticide storage:

1. Fire resistant construction

MIXING AND LOADING PESTICIDES