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Theory Questions with Answers
Traffic Engineering
(5th Sem I Scheme Diploma in Civil Engg.)
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Certificate No: QMS/092020/11510
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Traffic Engineering: - The phase of highway engineering which deals with planning and
geometrical design of Roads, streets, adjoining lands with traffic operations for safe convenient and
economic transportation of persons and goods is called as Traffic Engineering.
Chapters
01 Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering - 04 M
02 Traffic Studies - 12 M
03 Road Signs and Traffic Markings - 16 M
04 Traffic Signals and Traffic Islands - 16 M
05 Road Environment and Arboriculture - 08 M

Student Review
06 Road Accident Studies - 14 M
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Theory Question with Answers

01 Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering - 04 M
Q) State Objects of Traffic Engineering Q) Write eight Purpose of Traffic Studies (Role of Traffic
To provide Engineering
1. free flow of traffic
2. safety to the traffic (1) To collect the data about the type of traffic and volume of
traffic
3. efficient flow of traffic
(2) To calculate or estimate future volume of traffic.
4. rapid flow of traffic (3) To decide the design of pavement.
5. To provide economical flow of traffic (4) To plan and design geometric design of road.
6. To provide convenient flow of traffic (5) To design drainage system for road.
(6) To design bridges, culverts etc.
(7) To design traffic signals.
(8) To estimate the road taxes.
Q) What is the Scope of Traffic Engineering
(9) To manage the traffic administration.
1. Traffic characteristics (10) To design the traffic control devices.
2. Traffic studies
3. Traffic analysis Q) Data Required to be Collected during Traffic Studies
4. Geometric design of traffic (1) Type of traffic
5. Traffic planning (2) Volume of traffic
6. Traffic operations (3) Nature of traffic
7. Traffic regulation (4) Origin and destination of traffic
8. Traffic control (5) Purpose of traffic
9. Traffic safety (6) Speed of traffic
10. Traffic administration (7) Conditions of traffic vehicles
11. Traffic management (8) Rate and causes of accidents.
(9) Environmental data
Q) State the factors affecting Design Speed

Design Speed: - It is the maximum safe speed of a
vehicle used for geometrical design of highways.
.
Factors affecting Design Speed
Coaching Classes
1. Types of highways (Offline & Olnine)
2. Types and condition of the road surface CIVIL MECH
3. Importance of highway
4. Nature and intensity of traffic CS IT
5. Types of curves along the road ENTC ELECTRICAL
6. Sight distance required, and
7. Topography of the area etc.

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Define the Gradient of Road?

Gradient It is defined as the rate of rising or falls along the length of the road with
respect to the horizontal is known as Gradient of Road.
OR it is the longitudinal slope provided to the formation level of the road along its
alignment.
- It is generally expressed in 1 in n (where 1 is a vertical unit to n is a horizontal unit)
It is also expressed in percentage.
Q) State Purpose or Significance of Providing Q) State Factors Affecting Gradient

Gradient to the Roads
1. Nature of the ground.
-To connect the two stations or points with each other, 2. Drainage required.
which are located at different levels. 3. Nature of the traffic.
4. The type of road surface.
-To provide effective drainage of 5. The total height to be covered.
rainwater, especially when the pavement is provided 6. Road and railway interaction.
with the curbs. 7. Safety Required.
8. Bridge Approaches.
-To construct the side drains economically.
-To make the earthwork required for the road

construction economic by balancing cutting and
filling.
-To reduce maintenance cost of the road surface

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Q) Enlist Types of Road Gradient & Explain any one

The types of road gradient are as follows
• Ruling Gradient.
• Limiting Gradient.
• Exceptional Gradient.
• Average Gradient.
• Floating Gradient.
• Minimum Gradient.
Ruling Gradient in Road Limiting or Maximum

Exceptional Gradient
OR Gradient
Design Gradient
The gradient, which is usually The gradient, which is steeper The gradient, which is steeper
adopted while making the than the limiting gradient, is than the ruling gradient, is
alignment of the road, is known known as the exceptional known as the limiting
as the ruling gradient. gradient. gradient.
As per IRC, the recommended Used in an extraordinary Used in hilly terrain and
value of ruling gradient for situation where shorter lengths rolling terrain.
plain or rolling terrain is 1 in of the roads are available.
30 or 3.3 %.

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Q) Explain with neat sketch PIEV Theory.

PIEV stands for Perception-Intellection-Emotion-Volition.
It states the overall process that happens in mind for taking any decision on road while moving onto
it.
Perception time Intellection time Emotion time Volition time
Time required for the is the time require for the is the time elapsed during is the time taken by the
sensations received by driver to understand the emotional sensational driver for the final action
the eyes or ears of the situation it is also the and other mental such as brake application
driver to be transmitted time required for disturbance such as fear,
to the brain through the comparing the different anger or any other
nervous system & spinal thoughts emotional feeling
cord or it is the time superstition etc.
required to perceive an
object or situation
Q) Write the essential road characteristics to be considered in traffic engineering.

i) Gradient
ii) Curve of road
iii) Design speed
iv) Friction between road and tyre surface
Q) State the factors which affects the Speed of Vehicle

The speed of vehicle affects the various geometric design factors of roads. These design factors
which affects the speed of vehicle are:
(a) Design of sight distances
(b) Design of super-elevation
(c) Design of length of transition curve
(d) Design of horizontal curve
(e) Width of traffic lane
(i) Design of gradient
(g) Capacity of traffic lane
(h) Design of intersections

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Q) Explain Efficiency of Tracks

• Efficiency of tracks or tracking characteristics of vehicles depends on the design of
tracking and braking system.
• The tracking systems are either mechanical or fluid or air tracks.
• The safety of vehicle in a traffic flow is depends on the efficiency of tracking system of
vehicle.
• The vehicle operation, stopping distance and spacing between the two consecutive vehicles
are affected by the efficiency of tracking system of vehicle.
• The acceleration and deceleration of vehicle depends on the efficiency of tracking system of
vehicle.
Q) Explain Friction Between Road and Tyre

• When the vehicle tyers roll over the road surface, the irregularities, uneven surface and
roughness of the surface develop the friction between road and tyre.
• This friction is called as rolling resistance. Shocks and impacts are also caused by motion
and it affects the motion of vehicle.
• The rolling resistance is depends upon type of surface. The rolling resistance (friction) is
given by,
P₁ = mfg
P = Rolling resistance (N)
m = mass of vehicle (kg)
f = coefficient of rolling resistance
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/sec²)
The rolling resistance also depends on the speed of vehicles
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02 Traffic Studies - 12 M
Traffic Engineering Studies
Traffic studies may be grouped into three main categories:
(1) Inventories, (2) Administrative studies, and (3) Dynamic studies.
Purpose of Traffic Studies: Information required for Traffic studies:

• Determining relative significance of any • Type of Traffic
Highway • Volume of Traffic
• Planning and Geometric Design of road • Nature of Traffic
• Analyse road traffic pattern • Purpose of Traffic
• Structural design of pavement • Origin and Destination of Traffic
• Designing intersections • Speed of Traffic
• Planning of Signal Timing • Conditions of Traffic
• Planning of pedestrian traffic • Accidental Data
• Calculation of Road taxes

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Define
Types Definition Unit
Traffic Number of vehicles passes from any particular section of (Vehicles/ hour,
Volume road per unit time Vehicles/day)
Traffic Number of vehicles on a road per unit length at particular
vehicles per mile or
Density instant.
per kilometer
vehicles per hour
Traffic
Maximum value of traffic volume with no congestion per lane or
capacity
roadway
Traffic procedure to determine the volume of traffic or no of
minutes, hours or
Volume vehicles moving on the roads at a particular section during
days' etc.
study a particular time period
Peak Hour
is used to convert the hourly traffic volume into the flow
Factor
rate that represents the busiest 15 minutes of the rush hour.
(PHF)
Purpose of Traffic Volume Studies:

• To determine the magnitudes, classification and time of vehicular flow
• To determine the peak hour volume in PCU
• To design signal cycle time
• To design intersection and improvement purpose
• Traffic management purpose
• Estimation of highway usage
• Computation of accident rates
• Measurement of current demand of a facility
Q) Explain detail Methods of collection of Traffic Volume Count Data.
• Manual Counting method

• Automatic recorder Method
• Moving Car method
a) Manual counting:
• In this method, the members of field team collect the necessary information on the prescribed
record sheets at the selected points of road-way.
• The main advantage is that the field team can record the type and direction of vehicles.
However, it is not practicable to do manual counting for all the 24 hours of the day and all the
days around the year.
• This is done manually and the observations are recorded on the following sheet:

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b) Automatic recorders
• These are mechanical counters which can record automatically the total number of vehicles
passing a section of a road in the specified time.
• They may be either fixed type or portable type.
• The main advantage is that one can work day and night for the desired period recording total
hourly volume of traffic.
• The disadvantage is that they cannot record the type and direction of vehicles.
• They may record the data by following methods:

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a) Photoelectric cell method b) Electrical method c) Pneumatic method

Methods of representation of Traffic volume count data:
i) Annual Average Daily Traffic volume (AADT) ii) Volume flow diagrams at intersection
iii) Variation charts iv) Traffic flow map v) Traffic trend charts
VOLUME STUDIES
Average Annual Daily Traffic the average of 24-hour counts collected every day of the year
(AADT)
the average of 24-hour counts collected over a number of days greater
Average Daily Traffic (ADT)
than one but less than a year.
the maximum number of vehicles that pas a point on a highway during a
Peak Hour Volume (PHV
period of 60 consecutive minutes
with respect to the type of vehicles for cars, two-axle trucks, or three-
Vehicle Classification (VC) axle trucks. 5
Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) -
Q) Explain Passenger Car Unit
Passenger Car Unit (PCU): The passenger car is considered as

standard vehicle unit to convert the other vehicle classes and
this unit is called Passenger Car Unit’ or ‘PCU’.
Factors affecting PCU values:
1) Dimensions of vehicles.
2) Dynamic characteristics of vehicles
3) Transverse and longitudinal gaps or clearance
4) Traffic stream characteristics
5) Roadway
Origincharacteristics
and Destination study (O-D Study)
6) Regulation and control of traffic
ORIGIN AND DESTINATION STUDY

• Origin indicates where the trip begins.
• Destination indicates where the trip ends.
• Trip: It is the one directional movement of person from one place (origin) to another Place
(Destination) for single purpose.
Methods of measuring Spot Speed:
• Observing the time to cover known distance
• Long Base Method • Direct timing procedure
• Enoscope
• Pressure contact Tube method
• Short Base Method
• Radar Speed meter provides instantaneous Speed.
• Photographic Method and video camera method

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Uses of O-D study: Necessities of origin and destination study are:

• To determine the amount of by passable traffic that • To judge the adequacy of existing routes and to use
enters a town and thus establish need of in planning new network of roads.
bypass • To plan transportation system and mass transit
• To develop the trip generation and trip distribution facilities in cities including routes and
model in transport planning process. schedules of operation.
• To determine the extent to which the present • To locate Expressway or major routes along the
highway system is adequate and to plan for desired lines.
new facilities • To establish preferential routes for various
• To access the adequacy of parking facilities and to categories of vehicles including bypass.
plan for future • To locate terminals and to plan terminal facilities.
• To locate new bridge as per traffic demands.
• To locate intermediate stops of public transport.
• To establish design standards for the roads, bridges
Type of Speed Meaning and culverts along the route.
Speed It is the rate of movement of traffic expressed in Kmph
Spot Speed It is the instantaneous speed of vehicle at specified location.
It is average speed maintained by vehicle over a given course while the
Running Speed
vehicle is in motion. It excludes delay time.
Journey Speed It is the overall speed of vehicle It includes the delay time.
It is the average of speed measurement at one point in
Time mean Speed
space over a period of time.
Space Mean Speed It is the average of speed measurement at an instant of time over a space.
Method of Origin and destination study:

• Home Interview Survey
• Road side interview survey
• Post card questionnaire survey
• Registration Number plate survey
• Tags on vehicles
Q) Enlist Safety Application of Spot speed Studies.

Spot speed data have a number of safety applications, including the following:
1. Speed trends: Establishing speed trends at the local, state and national level to assess effectiveness
of speed limit policy.
2. Traffic control planning: to establish speed limits, to determine safe speeds at curves
3. Accidental analysis: For example, to determine speeds at the problem locations; to validate
whether speeds are too high
4. Geometric design, say for example, establishing the speed zone of new or existing speed limit or
enforcement practices.

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e Research studies.
Q) Enlist Factors affecting spot speed studies.
Driver: Age, Gender, motive of the journey, distance of his trip;
Vehicle: Type, age, weight, manufacturer and horse power;
Roadways and environment: The graphical locations, grade, sight distance, number of lanes,
spacing of intersections; including time of day and weather
Traffic: Heavy or less volume, density, passing movements, speed regulations
Uses of Spot Speed Measurement:

• For geometric design of road elements like horizontal curvature, vertical Profile,
Sight distances, Super elevation, etc.
• For regulation and control of traffic operations Like Speed Zoning, establishing
Safe speed limit.
• Designing Traffic signals and deciding location and size of Traffic Sign Board.
• For carrying out accident analysis.
• For deciding road improvement scheme.
• For determining the problems of road congestion
Q) Discuss the method of spot speed studies on a road section
i) The simplest method of finding spot speed is by using endoscope.

ii) The observer is stationed on one side of the road and starts a stopwatch when a vehicle crosses
that section
iii) An endoscope is placed at a convenient distance of 50m in such a way that the image of vehicle
is seen by the observer when the vehicle crosses the section, where the endoscope is fixed and at this
instant, the stop watch is stopped.
iv) Thus the time required for vehicle to cross the known length is found and converted to the speed
in km/hr.

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Q) Write Note on Parking Study or Survey

Need of Parking Study:
• Availability of parking space, extent of its usage and parking demands are
essential database
• It is useful in deciding the parking charges
Parking facilities can be classified into two big categories
• On Street Parking
• Off Street Parking
1) On Street Parking
It also known as curb parking as the vehicles parked on the side of the road (along the curb) . This
type of parking adopted when width of shoulder and also road is sufficient and when open spaces are
not available in the nearby vicinity.
There are two types of On Street Parking
• Parallel Parking
• Angular Parking
Parallel Parking
In this type of parking , the vehicle parked parallel to roadway. It generally preferred when the width
of roadway and parking space limited. In this way minimum number of vehicle can accommodated
per unit curb length. The Parking and un-parking operation are difficult needing a few forward and
reverse movements.
Angular Parking
In this type of parking, the vehicles parked at some angle to roadway (30*45*60*90*).
Angular parking accommodates more vehicles per unit length of curb and maximum for vehicles
parked at 90*.

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2) Off Street Parking

In Off Street parking , the parking facility provided away from kerb at a separate place. This is a very
safe system of parking as it does not cause any congestion and delay in traffic flow on road. the only
disadvantage of this system is that the owner has to cover a distance if the facility is at some distance
from the main street.
There are two forms of Off-Street Parking,
Parking Lots
• This form of Off-Street Parking adopted when sufficient place is available at low cost. The
system may be self-parking or attendant parking.
Multi-Storeyed Parking Garages

This form of parking used when the space is not available or is very expensive. Ramps and elevator
are provided for multi-storeyed Garages. This system is also not very common.

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Terminologies related to Parking Studies

Total Number of Vehicles parking in an area at
Parking Accumulation specific moment.
Total Number of vehicles parking in a particular area over a given

Parking Volume period of time
Area under the parking accumulation diagram for a specified time

Parking Load
Parking Duration Length of time spend
……………END of Chapter Two ……………
03 Road Signs and Traffic Markings - 16 M

Q) Define Traffic Control Devices & its Necessity
• The various aids and devices used to control, regulate and guide traffic may be called traffic
control devices.
• The main object of providing traffic control devices on road is to provide safe, convenient
and economical transportation of persons and good.
Necessities/Objectives/uses/Functions of Traffic Control Devices

1. They give information of routes, directions.
2. They give information about points of intersections.
3. They give timely warning of hazardous situations.
4. They help to regulali the traffic.
5. They are useful for traffic control management.
6. They are useful for safe and smooth traffic flow.
Q) List out the traffic controlling devices.

Type of Traffic control devices:
(a) Road signs,
(b) Road markings,
(c) Road signals and
(d) Traffic Island
Q) Define Road Sign & Its Purpose

Classification of Road Signs as per IRC 67:19677
Road signs are the devices in the form of symbols and
Traffic Signs
inscriptions mounted on
Traffic Engineering fixed or portable support
• Regulatory signs or Mandatory Page signs18- give
provided on the roads to give information, warning or Online
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• Warning signs or Cautionary signs - give notice
of a situation that might not be readily apparent
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Q) Draw any Two each of Regulatory Signs and Cautionary Signs.

Regulatory Signs OR Mandatory signs:

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Warning signs OR Cautionary signs

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Informative signs OR Guide signs
Q) Explain the uses of various carriage way markings.

The uses of various carriage way markings are:
i) Center line marking: They are provided on two-way roads to separate the streams of traffic
moving in opposite direction.
ii) Traffic lane marking: They are provided on multilane road to guide the traffic and to properly
utilize the carriageway.
iii) No passing zone marking: They are provided to indicate to the road users that overtaking is not
permitted in that much portion of the road.
iv) Pedestrian crossing or cross walk line: They are provided at places where pedestrians have to
cross the road.
v) Stop lines: They are provided near the pedestrian crossing to indicate to the driver to stop and then
to proceed when signal is green.
vi) Markings at approaches to intersections: They are provided near intersections to designate
proper placement of vehicles before turning to different directions.
vii) Parking space limit marking: They are provided for proper utilization of parking facility.
viii) Obstruction approach marking: They are provided to indicate that there is some obstruction
in the form of monument within the carriageway so as to prevent vehicles from colliding with the
obstruction

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Q) Write the points to be considered while erecting road signs.

The points to be considered while erecting road signs are:
i) The signs should be placed on the left hand side of the road.
ii) Road sign should normally be placed at right angles to the pavement and facing the approaching
traffic except in case of parking signs.
iii) In location where the traffic sign may obstruct the vision to pedestrians, they should be mounted
at a height of not less than 2.15m above the crown to the lowest edge of the sign.
iv) The sign faces should normally be kept vertical, but on gradient it may be desirable to tilt a sign
to improve the visibility.
v) On kerbed road, the bottom edge of the lowest sign should not be less than 2m above the kerb and
on unkerbed roads, the same should not be less than 1.5m above the crown of the pavement.
vi) On kerbed roads, extreme edge of the sign adjacent to highway, should not be less than 60cm
away from the edge of the kerb.
Q) Discuss the factors affecting selection of type of roadside trees.

Factors affecting selection of type of roadside trees are:
i) Trees selected should be such that it provides a large and dense crown with beautiful and uniform
shape.
ii) Trees must be able to resist heavy wind blows and heavy storms.
iii) They must suit the soil and climatic conditions of the site.
iv) The trees which demand less amount of water should be preferred to those which require frequent
irrigation.
v) They should be able to produce valuable small fruits, timber and other useful products.
vi) Trees should be able to withstand lopping and pruning.
vii) They are chosen on the basis of physical growth, shape and size, growth rate, branching pattern
etc. viii) Trees like Gulmohar, Ashoka can be planted for landscaping on highways.
Q) Define Traffic Markings & Its Objective

Traffic markings are the special signs used to regulate the traffic. Traffic markings are made lines,
patterns, words, symbols or reflectors on the pavement, Kerb, and side of islands or fixed objects
within or near the roadway.
Objects of Traffic Markings

(1) To warn the road users
(2) To inform the road users
Q) Classification Of Traffic Markings
(3) To guide the road users
(a) Pavement markings (Carriage way markings)
(b) Kerb markings
(c) Object markings
(d) Reflector unit

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Q) Enlist Types of Road Markings

Road markings are used as a means of controlling and guiding traffic.
Carriage way markings: Longitudinal markings such as centre line, traffic lanes, border or
edge lines, bus lane etc. and 'no parking zones', 'warning lines' etc.
Markings at intersections: Stop lines, pedestrian crossings, direction arrows, give way, marking
on approaches to Intersection, speed change lanes, box marking etc.
Marking at hazardous locations: Obstruction approaches, carriageway width transition,
road-rail level crossings, check barriers etc.
Marking for parking: Parking space limits, parking restrictions, bus stops etc.
Word messages: Stop, slow, bus, keep clear, right turn only, exit only etc.
Object markings: Kerb marking, objects within the carriageway, objects adjacent carriageway etc.
Q) State Object markings

i) Objects within carriageway Special Batches
ii) Kerb marking for visibility
iii) Kerb marking for parking restriction
iv) Objects adjacent to the carriageway
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v) Median Marking
Q) Colour of Road Marking
Q) Draw a sketch Center line marking

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……………END of Chapter Three ……………

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04 Traffic Signals and Traffic Islands - 16 M

Q) Define Traffic Signals
The devices used for controlling, warning or guiding the traffic.
These are provided at intersection of roads to control and guide the traffic especially heavy vehicular
traffic.
Q) Write the types of signals to be provided on road.

The types of traffic signals to be provided are:
i) Traffic Control Signals: a) Fixed time signal b) Manually operated signal c) Traffic actuated
signal
ii) Pedestrian signal
iii) Special traffic signal
i) Traffic Control Signal

The traffic signal works on light signals, which include three colours: red, yellow and green.
Red indicates the vehicles to stop, yellow indicates the vehicles to slow down and get ready to stop,
and the green light indicates the vehicles to go ahead.
Traffic control signals are of three types.
• Fixed time signal: This type of signal repeats the cycle of red, yellow and green lights based
on a present timing. The timing is determined and fixed based on the traffic on that particular
road. It is one of the simplest types of traffic signals which operates automatically without
any human intervention.
• Manually operated signal: As the name suggests, it is a human-operated traffic signal. The
traffic police observe the traffic movement and adjust the timing of the red, yellow and
green lights. For instance, the timing may be different at peak hours (morning and evening)
compared to other times of the day. This type of signal requires continuous attention from
the traffic police to adjust the timing as per the traffic flow.
• Traffic actuated signal: In this type of traffic signal, one can change the timing of the
traffic light cycle based on the intensity of the traffic. For instance, the green light phase
extends to clear the vehicles at the intersection. Similarly, the timing can be changed for
other lights depending on the situation.

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Q) Enlist Advantages of providing traffic control Q) Enlist Disadvantages of providing traffic

Signals: control signals:
(i) Orderly movement of traffic is facilitated through (i) Sometimes these signals cause delay in quick
traffic control signals. movement of heavy traffic.
(ii) The frequency of right-angled accidents gets (ii) These signals may result re-entrant collision of
reduced through these signals. vehicles.
(iii) They provide authority to drivers to move with (ii) Improper design and location of signals may lead
confidence. to violations of control system.
(iv) They directs traffic with less congestion on (iv) Electric power failure or any other defect may
different vehicular routes. lead to confusion to traffic movement.
(v) Safe interception of heavy traffic at road
intersection is achieved through such signa
(vi) The speed of vehicle is maintained on main and
secondary roads.
ii) Pedestrian Signal
While the traffic control signal controls the movement of vehicular traffic, a pedestrian signal
guides the pedestrians who cross the intersection. Both traffic control and pedestrian signals work
in conjunction to ensure a smooth traffic flow. During the red-light phase, the pedestrian signal
indicates the pedestrians to cross the road safely.
iii) Special Signal/flashing signal

This type of signal warns the oncoming traffic to approach the intersection with caution. If you see
a flashing red light at a signal, it means that you must stop and then cross the intersection. In case
of flashing yellow light, it means that you need to approach the intersection slowly and then proceed
Q) What are the types of traffic of control signals. Explain any one in brief.
Type of Traffic Signal Control Signals
• Fixed time signals,
• Manually operated signals,
• Traffic actuated (automatic) signals,

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Location Of Signals
Following are the points to be considered while deciding location of signals:
(i) Signals should be located at such a place that one or more faces of a signal must be visible to the
drivers approaching an intersection.
(ii) The height at which the signals are mounted on the side of a roadway varies from 2.4 to 3 m.
(iii) In urban areas, two or more signal face installed on an approach so that drivers behind the truck
get visibility of signals.
(iv) Planning of signal position should be done according to shape of intersection of roads.
Computation of Signal Time

There are various methods for computation of signal time as listed below:
(1) Fixed time cycle method (2) Trial cycle method (3) Approximate method
(4) Webster's method (5) IRC method
Q) What is Traffic Island? Also state advantage & disadvantage
A small raised area in the middle of a road which provides a

safe place for pedestrians to stand and marks a division
between two opposing streams of traffic. (OR)
A traffic island is a solid or painted object in a road that
channelizes traffic. It can also be a narrow strip of island
between roads that intersect at an acute angle.
• If the island uses road markings only, without raised kerbs
or other physical obstructions, it is called a painted island.
Traffic islands can be used to reduce the speed of vehicles
driving through.

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Advantages of island: Disadvantages of island:

(a) They enable all the traffic to proceed at a fairly (a) They require comparatively larger area and may
uniform speed. not be feasible in many built-up areas.
(b) They provide an orderly organized traffic flow. (b) They make the travel troublesome, if provided at
(c) They eliminate points of direct conflict, and the close intervals.
accident, if occurring is of minor nature. (c) They result a little extra distance to be travelled
(d) They provide self-governing traffic flow and need by the vehicles while turning right.
no control by police or traffic signals. (d) They are to be supplemented by the traffic police
to control the traffic in case the pedestrian
Rotary or Central Island. A traffic island constructed in the centre of an intersection to complete
movement of traffic in a clock-wise direction.

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The main objects of providing a rotary are:

(a) To eliminate the necessity of stopping the crossing stream of vehicles.
(b) To reduce the area of conflict.
Channelizing islands: The traffic islands provided at entries and exits of traffic rotary are called
channelizing island or refuge island.
Used through intersections, most frequently to channelize right-turn traffic away from the
adjacent through movement.
These are very useful as traffic control devices for the intersection at grade.
These are used to guide the traffic into a proper channel through the intersection area.

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Road Intersection is an area shared by two or more roads.

This area is designated for the vehicles to turn to different directions to reach their desired
destinations.
Its main function is to guide vehicles to their respective directions.
Traffic intersections are complex locations on any highway.
The road intersections should be well planned and signaled properly. At the time of planning and
designing of road intersections following points should be kept in mind:
(a) The road intersection should as far as possible be at right angle. The acute crossing should be
avoided.
(b) It should have proper provision for pedestrian crossings.
(c) It should be free from gradients and sharp curves.
(d) It should have proper drainage facilities for rain water.
(e) It should have good lighting arrangement during night hours.
(f) As far as possible, at intersections camber should be avoided and the whole area should be at
same level.

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Type of Road Intersection
1. Intersection at Grade
2. Grade Separated intersection
Intersection at Grade
Grade separation Intersection is a method developed to avoid the disruption of traffic flow at
intersections. It is adopted at junctions where two or more surface transport axes cross with each
other.
Grade separation can be achieved by two types of intersections and they are:
1. Overpass 2. Underpass

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Interchange Grade separation eliminates intersection of traffic flow at junctions but it is incomplete
without provision for interchanges. Interchanges facilitates the change of direction of traffic from one
highway to another highway at intersections.
Interchange ramps at grade separations can be provided in three different types and they are :
Different types of interchanges at grade separated intersections are as follows:
1. Diamond Interchange
2. Trumpet Interchange
3. Rotary Interchange
4. Partial Cloverleaf Interchange
5. Cloverleaf Interchange

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Q) Draw the following road intersections showing traffic flow pattern on it
i) Cloverleaf pattern ii) Trumpet type
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Advantages of Grade Separation Disadvantages of Grade Separation
• Grade separation eliminates the stopping of • Grade separation and interchange

vehicles while crossing the roads. construction require a lot of money and
• It provides safety and reduces the risk of land.
accidents.
• Construction and design of grade
• Speed-limits for grade-separated roads are separations and interchanges is complicated
generally higher hence, high speeds can be
and requires skilled professionals.
maintained at intersections which results in
saving of travel time. • Cloverleaf, stack interchange types may
• Grade separation can be provide for all tender confusion for road users while
likely angles of any two intersecting roads. interchanging roads. Hence, the driver
should know the direction of each
interchange ramp.
Q) Define Segregation of Traffic & its Purpose

The techniques used to separate the traffic for safe and easy movement of vehicles and/or
pedestrians at any particular time and place is called as segregation of traffic.
Purpose:
The following are the purposes behind providing segregation of traffic:
(i) To increase the capacity of existing roads.
(ii) To regulate the traffic at intersections.
(iii) To increase the safety of vehicles and/or pedestrians.
(iv)To understand and to improve traffic situation.
(v) To reduce traffic congestion at road intersections.
(vi)To achieve better utilization of resources.
Types of segregation of traffic

Signals
(A) Vehicle-Vehicle
(B) Pedestrian- (i) Longitudinal (ii) Lateral (iii) Total (iv) Special
vehicle
(C) Time
……………END of Chapter Four ……………

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Result Section
05 Road Environment and Arboriculture - 08 M

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Q) Define Street Lighting & its necessity

Street Lighting It is a system which gives source of light to the road users to safe, comfortable and
convenient use of road.
It is useful to see accurately and easily the road/carriage way and immediate surrounding in
darkness.
Q) Give Any Four Necessity of Street Lighting

Necessity of Street Lighting
(1) It provides safety to the road users.
(2) It provides security on the road.
(3) It helps to reduce road accidents.
(4) It reduces street crime.
(5) It reduces glare from vehicle headlights. (6) It helps for easy movement of vehicles.
(7) It helps for easy driving at intersections.
(8) It helps for easy movement of traffic in bridge, flyover etc.
Q) Enlist Sources of Street Lighting

Following are the sources of street lighting:
A B
(a) Filament (a) Tungesten Filament
(b) Mercury vapour (b) Tubular Fluorescent
(c) Fluorescent (c) Sodium Vapour Discharge
(d) Sodium vapour (d) High pressure mercury Discharge
(e) Solar (e) Solar System
Q) How many Types of Street Lighting

Types of Street Lighting
A B
(1) Tungsten filament (1) High lumen
(2) Fluroescent tubular street light: 60
(3) Low pressure sodium Watt
(4) High Pressure Sodium (HPS) (2) Street light
(5) Mercury bulb (MB) (6) Mercury bulb (Fluorescent) (MBF) (7) LED solar (30 W to
solar street light (Light Emitting Diode) (8) Street light solar (9) High 300 W)
efficiency LED (10) Narrow-Band Amber (NBA) LED street light (11)
Phosphor Converted Amber (PCA) LED street light

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Q) Define
Luminous flux is a measure of the power of visible light produced by a light source or light fitting.
It is measured in lumens (lm).
Note that luminous flux only relates to the perceived power of light.
Lumen is a measure of the amount of brightness of a light bulb
One lux is the amount of illumination provided when one lumen is evenly distributed over an
area of one square meter
Luminous is the quotient of the elementary luminous flux by the elementary solid angle in
Intensity which it is propagated. It is expressed in candela (cd).
Candela (cd) is the unit of luminous intensity
illuminance is the transmission of natural light (windows, lighting plates.)
Lighting is the distribution of artificial light (Lamp, floor lamp, neon...)

Q) Explain Factors Affecting Utilization and Q) Elist eight Factors Affecting Visibility At Night
Maintenance of Steet Lighting 1. Amount of Light
• Sources/Type of light 2. Distribution of Light
• Luminaire Distribution of Light 3. Size of object
• Spacing of Lamp 4. Brightness of object
• Mounting Height 5. Types of lamps
6. Glare on the driver's eye
• Overhang of Lamp
7. Mounting height
• Type of Pavement
8. Brightness of background
• Prevention of Glare
9. Colour or pavement
• Planning Road Side Development
10. Reflecting characteristics of pavement surface
11. Time available to see the object.
Q) Define Arboriculture
Arboriculture is defined as planning of plantation of trees along the road land.
- This is important aspects of road side development.
- It give attractive, pleasant landscape to the road sides.
Q) Write the Use/ Objectives/ Purpose of Road Arboriculture.

The objectives of road arboriculture are:
i) To provide attractive landscape on the roadside.
ii) To provide shades to the road user.
iii) To interrupt the annoying sound waves and fumes from road vehicles.
iv) Prevention of glare from the headlight of incoming vehicles.
v) To provide Job to local people.
vi) To lessen the impact of noise pollution caused due to increase in number of vehicles.
vii) We get fruit bearing trees and timber.
viii) To decrease the impact of air pollution and dust.

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Q) Explain Factors Affecting Selection of Type of Tree

(1) Crown of the tree:
• Wide crown trees are not preferred, as they obstruct day light.
• It is noted that crowns of the tree planted on both sides of the road should not cover carriage way.
• It is also noted that, crown of trees do not extend beyond the pavement edges.
(2) Soil type: Plantation is depends upon the type of soil. For clayey soil Jamun, Mango trees are
preferred.
In sandy soil: Shisham, Kaju and Arroo are suitable.
Loamy soils are suitable for plantation of all types of trees species.
• In case of water-logged areas, Jamun, Arjun, Tarcharbi are suitable.
(3) Climate: Climate plays important role in the growth of trees. Selection of trees should be
inconsideration with climate. In dry and hot climate trees like Neem can survive easily.
Q) Write a note on maintenance of trees

Location of Tree Planting
-It is required to decide the location of trees along the road side.
-Their spacing is marked and pits for planting the trees are then prepared at the selected locations.
-Plants are selected from nursery having size 1 to 1.5 m tall and the steam of diameter is about 20
mm.
-Sufficient manure is required to placed at the bottom of the pit.
Protection of Care of Trees
After planting the trees, for their proper growth protection is needed.
For proper protection,
(1) Steel Guard (2) RCC Guard (3) Brick Work Guard (4) Plastic Drums
(5) Trenches are used to protect the trees.
Care of Trees
For proper development and wellbeing of trees through their life span following operations are
required to do.
(1) Pruning (2) Lopping (3) Felling
(1) Pruning:
-Pruning is done to maintain the symmetry of tree. In this
unwanted growth of branches are removed.
-Pruning help them to grow straight and be more.
-Generally cold weather season is chosen for this operation.
-Sharp knife or a special pair of selssors is used to cut the
unwanted growth of branches.
-After this wound of the trees are covered with bitumen
coating.

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(2) Lopping:
For the roadside trees, certain shape of trees is required to maintain.
To train the trees to develop a particular shape during its growth, Lopping process is done.
In this extra branch of trees are removed, which otherwise disturb the traffic.
Generally, in the month of February or in the month of September lopping is carried out.
(3) Felling:
Felling is the process of removing or cutting the trees. To remove over-
matured trees, it is done. It is also done when the trees are too closely
spaced. In this process, earth around the trees is removed, upper roots are
exposed and then trees are removed.
Q) Name Any Four Trees Planted on Road Side

Mango, Neem, Ashok, Shisham, Arroo, Kanji,Tun, Imli etc.
……………END of Chapter Five ……………

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06 Road Accident Studies - 14 M

Q) Give Objectives of Accident Studies
Objectives of Accident Studies
The various objectives of accident studies are:
(a) To study the causes of accident and to suggest remedial measures.
(b) To check the existing designs and put the suggestions for the proposed design.
(c) To carry out before and after studies and to demonstrate the improvement in the problem.
(d) To make computation of financial loss and to justify the proposal for improvement.
(e) To give economic justification for the improvements suggested by the traffic engineer.
Q) Give Classification of Road Accidents

The road accidents may be grouped in the following two groups:
1. Collision accidents: Under this head, following

types of accidents may be grouped:
(1) Collision with pedestrians.
(ii) Collision with other motor vehicles, train, cycle
and any other objects etc.
(iii) Collision with fixed objects (Le. building,
kerbs, traffic separators etc.).
2. Non-Collision accidents: Under this head,
following types of accidents may be grouped:
Collision Accidents
(i) Running-off the roadway.
(ii) Over turning
(iii) Any other non-collision on roadway.
Q) Necessity of Accident Studies

(1) To study the causes of accidents.
(2) To suggest engineering measures to reduce the accidents.
(3) Measurement of length of skid.
(4) Recording the relative positions of vehicles and objects involved in accidents.
(5) To study condition of pavements.
(6) To study defects in pavements.
(7) Environmental studies and weather conditions responsible for accidents.
(8) Preparation of collision diagram.
(9) Preparation of condition diagram.
(10) To prepare accident investigation report.

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Collision Accidents Non-Collision Accidents

A collision accident is also called motor vehicle collision A motor vehicle accidents which does not
(MVC). involve a collision is called as non-
This type of accidents occurs when a vehicle collides collision
with other vehicle, or pedestrian or animal or any other Non-collision accidents are:
stationary objects such as tree, pole or building. (i) Jackknifes (Folding of vehicle)
Type of Collision Accidents: (ii) Overturns
(1) Head on collision (iii) Fires
(2) Right angled collision (iv) Cargo shifts and spills
(3) Right turn collision: (v) Run-off the road
(4) Rear end collision (vi) Rollover Accident
(5) Side Impact collision
Q) Enlist Causes of Accidents

Causes of Road Accidents
• Over Speeding.
• Drunken Driving.
• Distractions to Driver.
• Red Light Jumping.
• Avoiding Safety Gears like Seat belts and Helmets.
• Non-adherence to lane driving and overtaking in a wrong manner.
Q) Discuss the legislation and law enforcement education in road accident studies.
Various Legislative Measures have been adopted like

1. Age limit of drivers
2. Penalties of fine on License for careless driving.
3. Enable Police to check the drivers for the drunkenness.
4. Prescribe Rules for cyclists.
5. Prescribe Rule for Motorcycle & Scooter Riders.
6. lay rules for parking of vehicles.
7. Control loading & unloading of goods. (Size & weight of vehicles) 8. To make third party Insurance
compulsory.
Law enforcements.
1. Legislation by itself cannot be able to archive its objective unless it is enforced rigidly.
2. The enforcement is in the hands of police department in cooperation with Traffic courts.
3. The Police force should be adequately strengthened to deal with detection.

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4. The work of the police is Rendered easy in cases of detection of offenses such as exceeding speed
limits by Mechanical aids.
5. The Radar speed measuring instrument can reward the speed Instant
6. Breath Analysis can detect the drunken driver.
7. Police Patrols in Vehicle equipped with wireless phones are of great help.
Education
1. It is very essential to educate the Road users for the various measures to use the roadway facilities
with safety.
2. The passengers & pedestrians should be taught the rules of the road, correct manner of crossing
etc.
3. By introducing necessary instructions in schools for children.
4. Posters exhibiting serious results due to carelessness of road users can be useful.
Q) Suggest The Preventive Measures to Prevent Road Accidents.

Following measure/remedies are suggested to prevent road accidents: -
1) Engineering Aids 2) Enforcement Aids 3) Educational Aids
Engineering Aids/Measures
1. By checking and Redesigning the Road geometrics, if necessary (sight distance, width of
pavement, Horizontal alignment, vertical alignment)
2. By providing Required Traffic control devices (signs, Markings, signals, islands)
3. By providing proper pedestrian crossing neatly lined in white colors for pedestrians to cross the
road.
4. By providing footpaths along both sides of the Road subjected to heavy intensity of Traffic in
urban areas.
5. By segregation of Traffic on urban roads subjected to heavy intensity of traffic.
6. By improving road Intersections with the provision of traffic signals, rotary, channeling islands
or grade separations.
7. By providing adequate lighting especially at road intersections.
8. By “Before & After” studies of Road accidents.
Enforcement Aids: Traffic police should be engaged on important and busy road junctions to
guide the vehicles. Traffic police should also be given power to prosecute drivers for committing
traffic offenses, breaking the rules, driving at excessive speeds, disobeying the signals, driving on
wrong sides & making wrong turns.
- Speed control.
- Traffic control devices.
- Training & supervision (License, Driving schools)
- Medical check (Tested for vision once in 3 years)
- Observance of law & regulation.

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Educational Aids: Road users should be educated so as to know the importance of cultivating road
manners & road senses.
- Rules of Road
- Correct manner of crossing
- Posters & slide shows regarding safety should be displayed
- This knowledge should also be given to children, schools, parents
Q) Write a Short Note on Accident Report & Records

Accident Report
• After the incident of accident, the accident should be reported to nearby police station/police
authorities
• Police authorities further collect required details of accident.
• Police authorities take legal action as per the condition of accidents l.e. injuries, casualties or
severe damage to property.
• After collecting accident data accident report is prepared with all facts. This report might be
useful for subsequent analysis, evaluation of accident cost, further legal procedure, claims for
compensation, insurance etc.
Accident Records
• Accidents records are maintained with all details related to accidents.
• It contains location of accidents, time of accidents and other details related to accidents.
• The content of accident records are:
(i) Location files (ii ) Spot maps (iii) Collision diagram (iv)
Condition diagram
(i) Location Files:

• These files are useful to keep record of location of accidents.
• It indicates the zone of the area. It helps to identify location of high accident incidence.
• Location files are maintained by each police station for respective legal action and
jurisdiction.
(ii) Location Spot Files: Location spot maps show accident by spots:
• These maps are drawn by a scale 1 mm = 1 to 6 m.
• It is used for making spot maps of urban accidents.
• It shows total and non-total accidents by symbols.

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Q) Explain with Neat sketch Collision Diagram

• Collision diagram give the judgement of accident location.
• It also shows the approximate path of the vehicles and pedestrians involve in the accidents.
• It also shows the path of vehicles and other objects with which the vehicles have collided.
Use of Collision Diagram:

• Collision diagram are most useful to compare the accident pattern before and after the
remedial measures have been taken.
• Collision diagram are used to display and identify similar accident patterns.
• It also gives the information of type and number of accidents.
• Collision diagram gives the information about other factors related to accidents like:
(a) Time of day (b) Day of week (c) Climatic conditions (d) Pavement conditions
Q) Expain With sketch any Four Condition Diagram

• A condition diagram is a drawing of the accident location drawn to scale.
• Scale 1: 100 to 1: 250 is used for drawing of condition diagram.
• Condition diagram shows all important physical features of the road and adjoining.
• The important features to be shown in condition diagram are :

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Q) Draw the collision diagram for the following cases.

i) head on collision of two vehicles ii) strucking of vehicle on another moving vehicle

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Concept Engineering Academy & Research’s Solapur

As Per MSBTE Syllabus Notes

Certificate No: QMS/092020/11510

Contact: - Solapur & Pune - 9405011293

03 Road Signs and Traffic Markings - 16 M

04 Traffic Signals and Traffic Islands - 16 M

05 Road Environment and Arboriculture - 08 M

Traffic Engineering Page 2

Traffic Engineering Page 3

Only 15 Days Cleared

Theory Question with Answers

Q) State the factors affecting Design Speed

Traffic Engineering Page 5

Define the Gradient of Road?

Q) State Purpose or Significance of Providing Q) State Factors Affecting Gradient

-To make the earthwork required for the road

-To reduce maintenance cost of the road surface

Traffic Engineering Page 6

Q) Enlist Types of Road Gradient & Explain any one

Ruling Gradient in Road Limiting or Maximum

Traffic Engineering Page 7

Q) Explain with neat sketch PIEV Theory.

Q) Write the essential road characteristics to be considered in traffic engineering.

Q) State the factors which affects the Speed of Vehicle

Traffic Engineering Page 8

Q) Explain Efficiency of Tracks

Q) Explain Friction Between Road and Tyre

P = Rolling resistance (N)

m = mass of vehicle (kg)

f = coefficient of rolling resistance

g = acceleration due to gravity (m/sec²)

The rolling resistance also depends on the speed of vehicles

Contact for Special or Individual Batches for

Traffic Engineering Page 9

Purpose of Traffic Studies: Information required for Traffic studies:

Traffic Engineering Page 10

Purpose of Traffic Volume Studies:

Q) Explain detail Methods of collection of Traffic Volume Count Data.

• Manual Counting method

Traffic Engineering Page 11

Traffic Engineering Page 12

a) Photoelectric cell method b) Electrical method c) Pneumatic method

Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) -

Q) Explain Passenger Car Unit

Passenger Car Unit (PCU): The passenger car is considered as

ORIGIN AND DESTINATION STUDY

Traffic Engineering Page 13

Uses of O-D study: Necessities of origin and destination study are:

Method of Origin and destination study:

Q) Enlist Safety Application of Spot speed Studies.

Traffic Engineering Page 14

Uses of Spot Speed Measurement:

Q) Discuss the method of spot speed studies on a road section

i) The simplest method of finding spot speed is by using endoscope.

Traffic Engineering Page 15

Q) Write Note on Parking Study or Survey

Traffic Engineering Page 16

2) Off Street Parking

Multi-Storeyed Parking Garages

Traffic Engineering Page 17

Terminologies related to Parking Studies

Total Number of vehicles parking in a particular area over a given

Area under the parking accumulation diagram for a specified time