6 criteria to identify science- Consistency, Observable, Natural, Predictable, Testability,

Tentative. "Fight or flight" response: Your body's reaction to stress. Adrenaline, dilation of pupils,
, increase in heart rate and blood pressure.

The nervous system processes sensory information. Sensory neurons(eyes/skin) convey info
to Central NS. Motor neurons control contraction of skeletal muscle. Collecting sensory info
and transmitting info from CNS through the body is Peripheral NS.

4 structures that eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have in common

-Cell membrane. Cytoplasm.Ribosomes. Genetic material (DNA)
Ribosomes- Organelles that synthesize proteins by translating instructions from the DNA

Negative Feedback: The result of the process shuts that same process down
Positive Feedback: -The result of the process intensifies the same process
Dehydration increases ADH(antidiuretic hormone) in blood. Diuretics such as alcohol affect
release of ADH

-Stimulants stimulate the affected portion of the nervous system by either enhancing the effect
of an excitatory neurotransmitter or blocking the effect of an inhibitory one

-Depressants either block the effect of an excitatory NT or enhance the action of an inhibitory
one. Narcotics induce sleep or drowsiness by binding to endogenous opiates.
Haploid- 1 copy of each chromosome. Diploid- 2 copies of each chromosome
Epigenome- cellular element located on top of genome, control whether genes are silenced

Spermatogenesis: takes place in male testes & results in production of 4 sperm from 1
spermatocyte. Oogenesis: takes place in female ovaries and results in production of 1 egg and
3 polar bodies from 1 oocyte.(Difference is bc size of gametes)

Mitosis: The process of cell replication in which the cell doubles its chromosomes and then
separates the 2 copies into 2 separate nuclei. Produces 2 daughter cells that are exact copies
of the parent cell. Function is to form body cells, which are produced during development,
growth, cell replacement, regeneration, and asexual reproduction. Growth and repair; to form
somatic (body) cells, which are produced during development, growth, cell replacement,
regeneration, and asexual reproduction.

Meiosis
-The process that produces the gametes necessary for sexual reproduction
-The diploid parent cell divides twice to produce 4 haploid daughter cells
-Generates genetic diversity

-Recombination (crossing over): when maternal and paternal chromosomes swap sections of
DNA
-Independent assortment: homologous chromosomes line up randomly. Provides many
possible chromosome combinations and therefore many possible genetically diverse gametes

Metastasis: Cancer spreads from its primary site through the bloodstream or the lymphatic
system

Allele: Those genes which occupy the same position on each homologue. The 2 alleles can be
identical (homozygous) or alternative forms (heterozygous) of the same gene

Genotype- The specific allele combination. Phenotype- The observable traits which are under
genetic control

Gel Electrophoresis: -Once cut, DNA fragments are separated according to size by gel
electrophoresis. An electric current repels negatively charged DNA fragments through
microscopic pores in the gel. Individuals can compare their DNA fingerprints and determine
whether or not they carry a certain gene. Used in paternity tests and DNA tests at crime scenes
DNA Microarray: assortment of DNA fragments attached to a solid surface. Provide data on
which genes are expressed on these microchips in varying quantities.
Humans have 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of each of their cells. Each chromosome
contains one long strand of DNA. DNA strands must be tightly packaged as chromatin in order
to fit compactly in your cells

Chromosome: A single strand of DNA that is tightly wound around proteins.

Genes: The functional unit of DNA. A gene is a location on the chromosome where the code for
a particular trait might be found.

Each chromosome of a homologous pair has the same gene locations to the same traits.
Humans have 21000 genes. Tumor suppressor proteins regulate mitosis and correct division