Treaty of Kanagawa:

Major Military Role of Commodore Matthew C. Perry

Vatsal Lotwala

History 4313: American Military History to 1917

April 29, 2019

 2

Introduction

Treaty of Kanagawa was one of the most important treaty in relations between United

States of America and East Asia Countries. Treaty of Kanagawa was a treaty of peace and amity

between Empire of Japan and United States of America signed in 1854. In mid Nineteenth

century, Japan was following a seclusion policy which prohibits other foreign countries to do

trade with native people. Since 1636, no foreigners were allowed except for a small trading post

near Nagasaki which was used by the Dutch and Chinese vessels.1 This helped them to know the

news of the world, though rest of the world knew little about what’s going on in japan.2 Around

this time in America, Mexican war was concluded. Great state of Texas was annexed. Many

generals from the war of 1812 were becoming the top decision maker for navy. Technological

reforms were also brought to navy in 1800s. United States acquired state of California after the

victory over Spanish in Mexican war. This opened America’s reach on the other side of the

continent in pacific ocean which showed great gain as it was uncontested by any European

powers, unlike Atlantic which was dominated by British.

At the start of the 19th century, oil was becoming an important commodity in everyday

life as it was used for lighting and lubrication of machineries. The main source of oil in those

times were whales as oil fields were not found. Thus the sailor hunted for whales to obtain

valuable oil in them, this sailors were also called whalers. Whalers in pacific were getting

washed out and due to lack of supporting port in pacific ocean, many whalers did not return from

their voyage. The shipwrecked crew of the ship were stranded on one of the island of japan.

1
Bakenhus, Reuben E. "Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry." The Military Engineer 30, no. 169
(1938): 42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44566706.
2
Reuben, “Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry,"42.
 3

Crew was arrested and treated as an animal in zoo.3 The news of this treatment reached America.

To deal with this, President Fillmore sent Commodore Matthew C. Perry to japan to negotiate a

treaty to establish a trading port and support American whalers in bad weather. At this time,

Japan was following a seclusion policy for its citizens, which meant no trade or commerce with

foreign countries as no foreigners were allowed entrance in the kingdom.

Treaty of Kanagawa was not the first attempt made by America to establish relations in

Far-East. On July 3 1844, China became the first East-Asian country to sign a treaty with United

States of America. This treaty was overseen by U.S commissioner Caleb Cushing and the treaty

was called Treaty of Wanghia.4 This was part of efforts of expanding America’s relation with

more distant countries for trade and protection of American commerce. The other reason

America was pushing east in the Pacific Ocean was to dominate the area of water were no

European power had high significance. Bruisers tried to establish their relation with china but

instead they were fighting the opium war with them.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the military role that Commodore M.C. Perry played in

signing the Treaty of Kanagawa. This paper will also discuss the strategies used by Commodore

Perry to convince Japanese Empire to sign this treaty. This paper will also show how

Commodore Perry opened Japan to the world by ending their Seclusion Policy of 1636 which

lasted for 214 years.

American Navy

3
Kuhn Ferdinand, Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan (New York: Random House, 1955), 4.
4
The Library of Congress, Legislative Reference Service, and U.S. Policy towards the Far East: Chronology of
Significant Events, 1844 through July 30, 1966, by Majorie Ann Browne (Washington D.C.: Government Printing
Office, 1966), 3, accessed April 29, 2019, ProQuest Congressional Publications.
 4

In 1775, Stephen Hopkins and Samuel Ward asked the continental congress to build the

naval fleet to protect Colonist’s commerce from the Royal Navy.5 This was the first instance

when requirement of navy was discussed in America. The continental Congress rejected the idea

presented by these natives of Rhode Island. The idea of American fleet was so outrageous that

Samuel chase of Maryland quoted, “It is the maddest idea in the world to think of building

American fleet; ……. We should mortgage the whole continent “.6 Even though assembly failed

to pass the resolution in the congress, they started the debate for naval policy at the time.

In 1775, two British cargo ships were heading towards the colonies with fire-arms and

supplies for the British troops. To intercept those cargo ships, Continental Congress made a

committee to tackle this problem. Due to lack of navy or any armed ship, the committee

requested sailors for Massachusetts and Rhode island to lend their ships and crew in exchange of

prize money. Following the3 order of General. Washington, Marblehead fishing schooner

“Hannah” became the first ship in American navy.7 “Hannah” was converted to light armed

commerce raider. This light armed commerce raider was the first ship to carry out a mission for

the American navy.8 American navy has come long distance form “Hannah” to becoming the

most powerful navy in the world. Since the revolutionary war, the American fleet has played an

important role in every war America has ever fought from war of 1812 to Second World War to

gulf wars, American navy has been formidable force to reckon with.

After the revolutionary war, the congress decided to dismantle the navy as it cost too

much and there was no opponent to fight with. But in 1793, congress passed a resolution to

combat the danger to the commerce in French waters as French revolution looked eminent.

5
Kenneth Hagan, This People’s Navy: The Making of American Sea Power (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 1.
6
Hagan, This People’s Navy, 1.
7
Hagan, This People’s Navy, 2.
8
Hagan, This People’s Navy, 2.
 5

Along with France, American commerce was also suffering from piracy and government

manipulation in Barbary States in Africa. To combat this problem, Congress introduced Naval

Act of 1794. This act authorized construction of 6 frigates with a condition that if a treaty with

Algeria is signed then the act would be suspended.9 In the decade of 1790s to 1800s, Naval

Expansion became the partisan topic as federalist wanted a big navy while republican opted for

bigger army and smaller navy. According to Hamilton10, Even a small navy would help America

to earn a some respect from its European counterparts in N. Atlantic Ocean. While some

republicans believed naval expansion will provoke the European powers who have the biggest

Navies. 11

Under the federalist government, the naval expansion grew. Congress approved of 3

frigates at sea and construction of 3 more frigates and placed a purchase order of 24 warships.

During Quasi wars with French, federalist controlled Congress approved the merchant vessels to

bear arms onboard of their ships.12 Under federalist government, Secretary of war relieved of

extra burden of navy by appointing a secretary of navy. Benjamin Stoddert became the first

secretary of navy of United States of America.13 Stoddert came into his post with high ambitions

and some personal motives for the navy. In 1799, Congress approved of the construction of six

74 gunned ships and 2 dry docks.14 As Federalist era ended, the republican came into power who

were not a fan of big navy. According to Jefferson15, Militia is the first line of defense, so he

urged congress to bring reforms in militia instead of bringing improvement in Navy.16 By 1802,

9
Allan Millett, Peter Maslowski, and William Feis. For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States
from 1607 to 2012, 3rd edition. (New York: Free Press, 2012), 88-90.
10
A Federalist Leader.
11
Millett, Maslowski, and Feis, For the Common Defense, 88-90.
12
Millett, Maslowski, and Feis, For the Common Defense, 91-92.
13
Millett, Maslowski, and Feis, For the Common Defense, 91.
14
Millett, Maslowski, and Feis, For the Common Defense, 91.
15
Then President and leader of Republican Party.
16
Millett, Maslowski, and Feis, For the Common Defense, 92.
 6

Republican government sold all the warships except for 13 frigates and small sloops as they

wanted to rely on smaller navy to reduce expense of the navy, which came to $ 915,516 in 1802,

almost 1/3rd of the 1800 expenditure.17

In 12th congress, Langdon Cheves of north Carolina asked Congress to expand the navy

to protect the commerce in wake of war of 1812. Despite denying the request, Congress

approved induction of 3 frigates Constellation, Cheseapeake and Adam. In years leading up to

1812, two things were clear about American navy: Navy was permanent, although the size

differed and Navy’s Size depended on the political allies of America and the relation between

France and Britain.18

Generals like Issac chancey, Oliver Perry, Cap. George Downie and many more played an

important role in war of 1812. By the end of the war, Navy emerged more strengthened than

before the war due to wartime construction, despite significant loss of ships.19 By june 1814,

British wanted to negotiate as the news of their defeat in Lake Champlain area reaches to

London. On Christmas eve of 1814, Treaty of Ghent was signed to bring peace between America

and britian. According to French minister, Louis Serurier who wrote ,” the United States are at

this moment, in my eyes a naval power, …… within 10 years they will be masters in their own

water and their coasts”.20

After the Tripoli war, President Monroe deployed Warships to the different Oceans to

protect American commerce. By 1826, secretary of navy refered these squadrons as:

mediteranean squadron, west india squadron, Brazilian squadron and Pacific Squadron.21 In
17
Kenneth Hagan, In Peace and War: Interpretation of American Naval History, 1775-1978 (Westport: Greenwood
Press, 1978) 39.
18
Hagan, In Peace and War, 43-44.
19
Hagan, In Peace and War, 59-61.
20
Hagan, This People’s Navy, 89-90.
21
Hagan, This People’s Navy, 95.
 7

1826, the board of engineers for fortification appointed by Madison concluded in their report that

the first line of defense was the navy, but as navy was kept small in numbers, fortifications must

be built to support it.22 By 1830s, Navy started building steam ships. Robert fulton build the first

steam powered warship called Fulton, to defend the New York harbor in 1814. In mid 1830s,

Secretary of navy orders the construction of “new Fulton”. In 1837, Congress approved of

construction of 3 steam ships which were completed in 1842. One of the ship didn’t do well and

it isn’t well known, but the other two steamships, Missisippi and Missouri are held to the highest

technical standard in their time. 23 In 1843, first armed vessel with iron plates was build by

Robert L Stephen called Michigan. This type of ships were called ironclads, this ship had armour

of 4-6 inches thick iron and screw propeller.24 Many technological reforms were taking place in

navy at this time. Navy was moving from sail to steam.

In 1840s, Navy accomplished another duty, Diplomatic assistance. This was also called

“Gunboat diplomacy”, which started in jacksonian era when meditereanen squadron commander

played an important role in making turkey sign the treaty with United states in 1830.25 Another

instance of this has been seen in china during opium wars, American naval commander

Lawrence Kearny sailed at the coast of china to protect the American sailors and their trades.

Kearny’s diplomacy helped America to convinced china to sign the Treaty Of Wanghia in 1844.26

Matthew Calbraith Perry

Matthew was a part of a family which lived and died in the navy with very rich

naval legacy. His elder brother was a hero of war of 1812 at lake Erie. His father Christopher

22
Millett, Maslowski, and Feis, For the Common Defense, 110-111.
23
Millett, Maslowski, and Feis, For the Common Defense, 116.
24
Millett, Maslowski, and Feis, For the Common Defense, 116-117.
25
Hagan, This People’s Navy, 104.
26
Millett, Maslowski, and Feis, For the Common Defense, 124.
 8

Raymond Perry fought in the revolutionary war against british. He was a prisoner in infamous

Prison ship Jersey , he escaped the ship and re-entered the war.27 All his four brothers and his

two brother-in-law are in navy. The word “Perry” adds an extra responsibility to continue the

legacy created by his grandfather, father and his brother Oliver.28

Matthew Perry was a native of Narragansett bay of rhode island. Perry was strict

and didn’t tolerate disobedience on his ship. Any lower rank officer would not dare to deisobey

his order. Some even compared his toughness to the New England granite.29 Despite his tough

routine for his sailor, those who serve with him respected him. He had a big part in abolishing

the brutal punishing practice of flogging and he had introduced some health measures on his ship

to keep his sailors healthy and dieases-free.30 He also advocated for the better training of the

seamen at the naval academy in Annapolis. He was one of the first commodore to accept steam

in the navy. He was designated as “Father of Steam Navy” for his efforts to modernize the navy

with steamships. He advocated for increasing the number of screw propelled steam ships.31 Perry

was the first commander of Fulton II. The experience of Fulton II helped Perry in future when

he was assigned to look over the construction of three steam ships in 1837. Missisippi was one of

this steam ships. This steam ship was the best piece of naval architecture in those times.32 Perry

took command of this ship and carried out many important mission in his career on Missisippi.

Perry joined navy at tender age of 15 to accompany his elder brother in war of 1812. He

was assigned to a port that was blocked by a superior forces, while the elder brother Oliver Perry

27
Reuben, “Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry,"40.
28
Arthur Walworth, Black Ships off Japan: The Story of Commodore Perry’s Expedition (New York: Alfred A Knopf,
1946), 20.
29
Ferdinand, Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan, 11.
30
Ferdinand, Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan, 12-14.
31
Ferdinand, Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan, 13.
32
Walworth, Black Ships off Japan, 19-21.
 9

brought fame to the family name. After the war of 1812, He was assigned to office of merchant

marines for few years, following this he captained his father’s merchant ship. Seeing his ability

to handle the task of protection of the merchant vessels, navy asked him to reenter the navy.

Perry soon reentered the navy, where his first task was as an executive officer of U.S.S. Cyane,

who was on conveying duty to S.S Elizabeth which carried freed slaves to Liberia where

American colonist society had established some settlement for freed slaves. One year later he

commanded U.S.S. Shark to Africa for the same mission and this ship become the first ship to

come back from Africa without a single death or ill sailor onboard. This was due to his

precaution and his strict health rules, he ordered no sailor will sleep on the shores and he built a

fire in between the decks of two ships which kept dieases bearing mosquitos away.33 After almost

20 years he went back to Africa to check the tribesmen who were harassing the newly

established settlements and killed some white mercenaries in Nigeria. Perry decided to use

powder and ball diplomacy, which means to use more than required firepower to check the

tribesmen.34 On his trip to Russia, Perry had command of Concord. The Czar of Russia, Czar

Nicholas called them for dinner. He was so impressed from Perry that he asked him to stay in

Russia and be the chief of Russia’s naval command. But Perry gracefully refused.35

Perry was a positive, full of patience and true to his duties. He did not liked lazy and

ignorant people. He married Jane Sidell; native of New York. Despite his toughness, he had a

soft spot for children. He himself had 10 children. He was a religious man. One of his first act as

a chief of navy yard was to appoint chapel and start the divine services in the yard.36 Perry

inherited the honor of working in navy from his grandfather as he learned from his Irish mother
33
Walworth, Black Ships off Japan, 25.

34
Walworth, Black Ships off Japan, 29.
35
Reuben, “Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry,"40.
36
Reuben, “Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry,"41.
 10

who raised them by herself. Perry’s never turn their back to a fight. Press was well aware of this

as showed in their prediction of the japan expedition with quotes like,” Perry must open Japanese

ports, even if he has to open his own”. A British journalist feared opening japan would result in

bloodshed and misery. Addressing this secretary of state wrote a letter to Commodore Perry to

use force as last resort only for defense.37

Trip to East

In 1852, Secretary of navy gave Commodore Matthew Perry the command of the Asiatic

Squadron. Perry was promised 12 ships, a role to select his own officers and to write his own

orders. But there was only one objective that he had to finish: Opening Japan. Previous missions

to Japan had failed, David Porter asked President Madison for the japan trip in 1815, Edmund

Roberts attempted in 1836, and most recently James Biddle in 1846.38

Japanese empire was one of the oldest empire in existence. Its origin is dated back to 660

B.C. Japanese culture is highly influenced by Chinese literature and Chinese language. Japan has

been part of many invasions. In 12th century Mongol king of china, Genghis khan invaded Japan.

His grandson Kublai khan attempted to cross the ocean, but failed. In 1603, tokugawa shogunate

came in power and around this Europeans started coming to Japan for trade and commerce.

Along with firearms, ship building good, Christianity also came to Japan and started spreading

like wildfire. This upsets the conservative ruling group who are the firm beliefs of Confucius. It

is hard for colonists to understand Confucius. To stop the Christianity from spreading, the

shogunate in Japan expelled all the foreigners in 1636. They imposed Seclusion Policy to avoid

any foreigners to come to japan. According to an official of the office of bafuku’s foreign

37
Walworth, Black Ships off Japan, 30-32.
38
Hagan, This People’s Navy, 145-147.
 11

ministry, stated that westerners are more profit- oriented world, in which strong feed on weak

and rich exploits poor, like all humans are bunch of tiger and wolves.39 Only one trading post

near Nagasaki is allowed to foreigner of Dutch and Chinese origin once a year. 40

By 1850s, whalers started moving to the coast of California in Pacific Ocean. By 1850s,

America had invested $17,000,000 in whaling in the pacific Oceans. But without a nearby base

many ships are getting extensive damages from the weather or some never return from their

voyage. This was a big problem for the merchant steamers. Thus, the japan expedition was

arranged to open trade and support for the American sailors. Many in Washington believed Perry

is the right person for the job and he is more capable to succeed than Aulick ever was.41

On March 24 1852, Perry got the orders to command the expedition to japan. He was

tasked to mask a list of required ships and personnel onboard for the trip. In the list included

Mississippi and Susquehanna, two paddle wheeler with seven other ships.42 He also selected his

officer from the Mexican war, Flag lieutant Silas Bent, Commodore Glynn, Commodore Henry,

Commodore Buchanan and Lee. 43 Perry started learning anything he can about japan. He looked

for navigation routes, maps, books, he interviewed renowned merchant promoter Aaron palmer

for information about japan. Perry went through New York, Boston, and London looking for

anything he can find on japan. He read through around 40 books in course of learning about

japan.44

39
Tao, De-min. "Negotiating Language in the Opening of Japan: Luo Sen's Journal of Perry's 1854
Expedition." Japan Review, no. 17 (2005): 91-119. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25791292.
40
Reuben, “Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry,"42.
41
Walworth, Black Ships off Japan, 8-10.
42
Hagan, This People’s Navy, 146.
43
Walworth, Black Ships off Japan, 23.
44
Walworth, Black Ships off Japan, 23.
 12

He began his trip from Norfolk on November 24, 1852 after receiving a letter from

President at Annapolis. He travelled via Madeira, St. Helena, Cape Town, Colombo, Singapore,

china to Loo Choo town45, where he and his sailors were treated as they would on mainland. On

paper 12 ships were promised to Perry but on the morning of July 8th 1853, only four remained in

his squadron. Mississippi, Susquehanna, wheel paddler Saratoga and Plymouth.46 Four days

after celebrating Independence Day, Perry anchored on the shore of Yeddo bay near Cape Adze.

Two Japanese fighting boats came near the squadron for closer observation and the quickly went

back to shores to inform the arrival of the foreigners. The black smoke from two steam ship

appeared to Japanese people as dragons exhaling smoke.47 These black smoke made the ship

appear black from distance, which gave Japanese the common referral of Perry’s arrival as

“black ships of evil men”. 48 Before reaching the shore Perry instructed his captains and

Commodores to give utmost respect to the Japanese and at any cost impress them to sign the

treaty. Perry also instructed them to take notes, draw sketch, draw maps and gather any

information that can help us in future expeditions.

Meanwhile in japan, there is a huge chaos as they think the squadron is an invading force

and they are here to kill people. The rumors like “one hundred thousand devils with white face”

were being spread. The Japanese government was informed of the visit multiple times but the

news didn’t reach shogun till two days after their arrival on eddo bay.49 Evidently that night, a

meteorite shower was seen, this led priests conclude that “barbarians” had come to punish them

for their sins. As Perry’s squadron moves closer to the capital city, swarm of rowboats came near

45
Present day Okinawa.
46
Walworth, Black Ships off Japan, 21.
47
Rhoda Blumberg, Commodore Perry in the Land of the Shogun (New York: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Books,
1985), 13-15.
48
Ferdinand, Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan, 14-16.
49
Blumberg, Commodore Perry in the Land of the Shogun, 8-17.
 13

them and started to climb the ships. Perry’s men were under strict order to not let anyone aboard.

To prevent them from climbing the sailor put a big banner in French saying,” go away! Do not

dare to anchor!” One of the Japanese shouted in English, “I speak Dutch”. Sailor on deck called

for Anton Portman, their Dutch translator. Dutch translator then told that Commodore Perry

would only see the highest official in the area. The Japanese brought onboard vice governor with

him.50 Commodore Perry refused to meet the guy saying he is not equal to his level so he made

second officer Contee talk with him. Contee explained that Commodore Perry was the highest

commanding officer in the American navy. He also mentioned they were here on a peaceful

mission. But if those rowboats don’t clear soon it would not be peaceful. Upon hearing this Vice

governor left the ship stating the highest official will be here next day morning51.

The next morning a police officer named Kayama posing governor appears with an

interpreter to flagship Susquehanna but Perry still refused to see him as he knows this is not the

highest official in the area. So he make commodore Buchanan and commodore Henry talk to

him. Kayama told them to go to Nagasaki as that is the only port where all foreign affairs are

taken place. But Perry refuses and threatened to land. He told kayama through Buchanan that if

he doesn’t see any highest level official then he would consider this as an insult of America.

Perry is Playing “Ping Pong “diplomacy to show strength to manipulate them in signing the

treaty. After the meeting, kayama went straight to prince and explained the threats and demands.

To this prince requested a hall to be built near shore and he wrote a letter addressing to

Commodore Perry but addresses him as admiral instead of Commodore as Admiral is the highest

ranking officer in Japanese military.52

50
The person is a minor official in vice governor’s office.
51
Blumberg, Commodore Perry in the Land of the Shogun, 20-24.
52
Kitahara, Michio. "Commodore Perry and the Japanese: A Study in the Dramaturgy of
Power." Symbolic Interaction 9, no. 1 (1986): 53-55. doi:10.1525/si.1986.9.1.53.
 14

Perry and all his sailors dressed in their uniforms to show strength and discipline to

Japanese people. Perry even allowed kayama and his interpreter to tour the ship and guns as they

knew they had the superior power over Japanese army. The ceremony was arranged to give the

Presidential letter to prince “Ido” or prince “Toda”. With the letter from president, Americans

also brought gifts like quarter scale steam train with tracks, two sets of telegraph, numerous

mechanical apparatus and some agricultural things; Americans also brought dozen of fire arms,

they also brought books about natural history, technology, surveys of water in pacific, and

American government documents.53 Perry left the shores to return next spring to sign the treaty.

Perry left Japan on July 18th 1853.

Perry returned to Japan on February 13, 1854 to negotiate the treaty. But Perry didn’t like

how the treaty hall is so away from the capital so the told them to move near the capital and he

would not meet a lower ranking official as he only wanted princes on the negotiation table. The

treaty house was transferred to kanagawa near eddo city. Perry used all the tricks in the book to

gain maximum amount from the Japanese as he threatened to attack with 100 ships within 20

days, would not talk to lower ranked officer and changed the place of treaty to near the city. 54 On

March 31, 1854, Treaty of Kanagawa was signed. Perry achieved two goals out of three: coal

supplies on the port for the steamships and Protection of whalers. He could not agree on the deal

on trade with japan.55 This treaty was done in Chinese language due to familiarity of the

language by both the countries. 56

53
Courtney Fullilove, Gift and Gunboat: Meanings of Exchange in the Perry
Expedition, Diplomatic History, Volume 42, Issue 1, January 2018, Pages
90–108, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhx081
54
Michio. "Commodore Perry and the Japanese, 59.
55
National Archives, ”The Treaty of Kanagawa”,accessed on April 29, 2019,
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/treat-of-kanagawa
56
De-min. Negotiating Language in the Opening of Japan, 93-96.
 15

Perry used all his experience in manipulating Japanese empire to sign the treaty by

threatening them, by refusing to meet their demands and putting up new demands. This

expedition was successful as he was the one who opened japan after 200 years of isolation. The

Harris treaty was signed in 1858, to ensure smooth flow to trade between two countries who

considered each other as “barbaric “nations.

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