07-Jan-21 CHAPTER:2 CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL MADE EASY SoIL MECHANICS India's Best Institute for IES, GATE & PSUs eat ae TE] [x Bette Introduction ~ 1. Particle Size Classification Classification of soil is done to arrange it into different groups on the basis of its engineering 1. Clay d<2u properties. Classification of soil can 2. Silt 2u 300mm07-Jan-21 barnes w In this method classification of soil is done on the basis of clay, silt and sand present in soil in relative percentage which is read from the above textural chart. For Example: ‘Sand 20% Silt 30% Clay 50% Clay (from chart) + This method is generally used for pavement construction. + In this method soil is divided into 7 groups which are further divided into several ‘subgroups, on the basis of group index. + Higher is the value of group index, lower is the quality of material when used for pavement ‘construction. iG ‘Soil Mechanics. 1. = 0.2a + 0.01 bd + 0.005 Ca were, (754 sieve possing-35) Should be in between Ota 40 ‘b= (75u sieve passing 15) expressed in betwaon 0 to 40. liquid imit-40) expressed in between 010.20, ‘d= (plasticity ndex-10) expressedin between 0 1020. Cree 0-4 Good 24 fair 59 poor 10-20 Very poor Suitability number OnF sutaiey number = 12 poe oF Table-t Backfill Evaluation Criteria 5] Suitability | Rating of the quality of No. | Number _| the backfill material i 0.10, Excellent 210.20. Good 3 |20:30 Faie 4 Poor 3 asta $C Eonmectanis ia 4. Indian Standard Classification S\ + In this system classification of soil is. done on the basis of particle distribution, plasticity characteristics and its compressibility. + In this system, soil is broadly classified into coarse grained soil and fine grained solO7-Jan-21 Soil Mechanics A. Coarse Grained Soil Step: 1. A is termed as coarse ‘rained if 50% or more (> 50%) soil fraction are greater than 0.075 mm. or retained over 0.075 mm sieve (75 ” Boece | ‘Step: 2. Coarse grained soil is further classified into gravel and sand (2) if gravel fraction (4.75 mm soil fraction (751 soil is gravel (G). (b) if sand fraction (75 Gravel fraction (4.75 mm 60°C, <160,23:628 (SW: Wot Graded Sand:¢,> 68 1 6, L se: Poon GrasedSand: 0, + 6 0" Joo clayey Gravel: 527% Soll Mechanics ase (b): When % fineness is greater than 12% © Gravel above sine; GS: > it Cu: Sty Gravel: 14% oF Below A tine; 62S; MC ‘ow-cc: sit clay € Soil Mechanics 3 ase (b): When % fineness is greater than 12% '$ Sand (SEH ciayey Sand 19> 7% orabove Aline, $> 6; C> Mt SHi¥sity Sand: 7.4% or Below A-line, S>@; M> C SSHESEH sity = sand 4451p: M8 3G; MCO7-Jan-21 f bnes S ‘Caée (c): When % fineness is in between 5% to 12% GW- GC: Well graded Gravel with clay G,> 4,815 Co lp>T (oF) Above Adine GW. GM : Well graded Gravel with sit 6,24, 815 0,53; fp 6,812 Cc23; fp>7 (or) Above Aline 'SW- SM: Well graded Sand with sit C,> 6,81 < Cc=3; fp <4 (oF) Below Adine grained soil, if more than 50% of the soil fraction passes through the 75, sieve or have size smaller than 75. Fine grained soil is further classified into clay (C), silt (M) and organic soil (©) [Organic clay or Organic silt] . In this classification system, fine grained soil is further classified on the basis of compress e k PG: out rade rv wih cy S30: Pony arated san win ty Cire kee trees set Teh Abo Ane Soesa eee eee a Ins a) bore Ane GP -cu: Pony grado Crave wth it 0 2: Pony aaa Sanya st Song ecct eras aT Aon Bom Ane Be eee ee ow Ane Tomeconce c=) Reo ns} B. Fine grained sol stop: 1. A soll is. tomed as fine Step -2 In this classification system, fine grained soil is further classified on the basis of compressibility as Low compressible (L) wm, < 35% Intermediate compressible (I): 35 < w, 50% High compressible (H): wy, > 50% Soll Mechanics n=] CL_: Low compressible clay cl CH : High compressible clay ML ; Low compressible silt MI__: Intermediate compressible silt MH : $C Eonmectanis 3 OL: Low compressible organic soil Ol : Intermediate compressible organic soilO7-Jan-21 3 tonmecraics tS ee Mechanics 3 > Equation of A - line, |= 0.73 (w, ~ 20) Ww, = Liquid Timitis > In order to mark the presence of upper of soil,a line termed as U-line is defined. + No soil is found to exist above U-line > Equation of U -line, 9 (w, - 8) > In order to separate inorganic clay from silt and organic soil, A. Casagrande defined a term A - line which represents the relationship between plast dex and liquid limit of soil, > Soil above A -line is clay and soil below A-line is silt (or) organic soil. Bats . Pasty chat