Olumba 1 - 5 Council

Knowledge and Attitude of Nurses Towards Information Technology in Nursing Care of Patients in The
University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar.
KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF NURSES TOWARDS INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE OF PATIENTS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF
CALABAR TEACHING HOSPITAL, CALABAR.
BY
MBA, OLUMBA KANU
INDEX NO: 2021/0940/84296/N
SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF NURSING SCIENCE
FACULTY OF ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR
CALABAR – NIGERIA
MAY, 2021
KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF NURSES TOWARDS INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE OF PATIENTS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF
CALABAR TEACHING HOSPITAL, CALABAR.
BY
MBA, OLUMBA KANU
INDEX NO: 2021/0940/84296/N
FACULTY OF ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR
CALABAR – NIGERIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF
NURSING AND MIDWIFERY COUNCIL OF NIGERIA FOR THE
AWARD OF REGISTERED NURSE
MAY, 2020
DECLARATION
This is to declare that this research project titled KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF
NURSES TOWARDS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE OF
PATIENTS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR TEACHING HOSPITAL, CALABAR.
is solely the result of my work except where acknowledged as being derived from other person’s
or resources.
EXAMINATION NUMBER:………………………….
IN THE
SIGNATURE:………………………
DATE:……………………………
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this research project by MBA, OLUMBA KANU with Examination No.:
…………………….. has been examined and approved for the award of
……………………………………………
Signature:……………………………………… Date:……………………………..
Mr Ndukaku Nwakwue C.
(Supervisor)
RN, B.Sc (Hons) Nursing, M.Sc Nursing,
Department of Nursing Science
University of Calabar, Calabar
Signature:………………………………………… Date:………………………………
Margaret Mombel Opiah
B.Sc (Hons) (Ibadan); M.Sc Nursing
M.Ed (Ibadan), PhD (Port Harcourt)
A.G. Head of Department
Signature:………………………………… Date:……………………………..
Name:…………….……………………………………………………
(Chief Examiner)
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to Almighty God who bestowed me with grace, strength and good health
to undergo this programme.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, my utmost appreciation goes to God almighty for His Grace that kept me
throughout the years of my academic pursuit.
I cannot express enough thanks to my amiable supervisor, Mr Ndukaku Nwakwue for his
unrelenting effort in reading and making useful corrections and suggestions that led to the
success of this work. I also appreciate the motherly Head of Department, Dr. Magaret Mombel
Opiah and all other lecturers in the Department of Nursing Science, University of Calabar for
their relentless effort and positive contribution to the successful completion of my academic
pursuit.
Very importantly, I sincerely appreciate my late parents Apostle Mba Kanu and Mrs Theresa
Mba for showing me the right path even before their demise. My humble appreciation goes to
my anty Mrs Ibum Kanu for her love, care, prayers, encouragement and financial support
throughout the course of my study and for being my new mom and dad. I extend the appreciation
to my anty Mrs Roseline for her guidance. To my ever supporting siblings and cousins Ibum,
Fortune, Unoh, Nancy, Onugu and all others, I love you specially.
To my friends, Lekan Macaulay, Inaku Basil, Odo Chukwudi, Isaiah Adeh and Promise Gabriel,
I say a very big thank you for your immeasurable contribution towards my success. I sincerely
appreciate my mentor, Mr Njor Asu, may Almighty God bless, replenish and reward you all
abundantly. I love you all.

v
ABSTRACT
Information technology is of high significance in the health sector as it eases the work of health
professionals and improves quality of care to patients. This study investigated knowledge and
attitude of nurses towards information technology in nursing care of patients in The University of
Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to determine
the knowledge of nurses on information technology in nursing care of patients in The University
of Calabar Teaching hospital, Calabar, examine the attitude of nurses towards information
technology in nursing care of patients in The University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar.
Theoretical and empirical literature was reviewed in line with the study objectives. The theory of
Roger’s diffusion was used for the study. A descriptive cross-sectional survey using quantitative
design was adopted to select 235 nurses in The University of Calabar Teaching hospital, Calabar
for the study. Ethical approval was obtained according to requirement. Data was collected using
structured questionnaire and the same was analyzed using frequency count and simple
percentages while Pearson product moment correlation was used to test for the null hypothesis.
Findings revealed that majority of the nurses (98.2%) had good knowledge of information
technology while 1.8% had bad knowledge. Furthermore, as regard attitude of nurses towards
information technology, findings showed that all (100%) of the nurses had positive attitudes
towards information technology in nursing care of patients. Also, results of null hypothesis
showed that there was a significant relationship between knowledge and attitude of nurses
towards information technology in nursing care of patients in The University of Calabar
Teaching Hospital, Calabar at p<0.05. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends that
trainings, seminars and workshops should be organized by nursing leaders so as to educate
nurses on information technology and its application in nursing care of patients. Also, the use of
practical sessions will help improve self-confidence of nurses towards application of information
technology in nursing care of patients.
Word count: 321

Key words: information technology, nursing
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE i
TITLE PAGE ii
DECLARATION. iii
CERTIFICATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Purpose of the study
1.4 Research objectives
1.5 Research questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Scope of the study
1.8 Significance of the study

1.9 Limitation of the study
1.10 Operational definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conceptual Review
2.3 Empirical review
2.3.1. Knowledge of nurses on information technology in the nursing care of patients
2.3.2 Attitude of nurses towards information technology in the nursing care of patients
2.3.3 Factors affecting the knowledge and attitude of nurses towards information technology in
nursing care of patients
2.4 Theoretical framework
2.4.1 Concept of the theory
2.4.2 Application of the theory to the study
2.5 Summary viii
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Introduction
3.2 Research design
3.3 Research setting
3.4 Research population
3.4.1 Inclusion criteria

3.4.2 Exclusion criteria
3.5 Sample and sampling technique
3.6 Instrument for data collection
3.7 Validity of instrument
3.8 Reliability of instrument
3.9 Method of data collection
3.10 Method of data analysis
3.11 Ethical consideration ix
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
4.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants
4.2 Analysis of research questions
4.2.1 Research question 1
4.3 Test of hypothesis
4.3.1 Ho
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Implication of the study to nursing

5.3 Summary
5.4 Conclusion
5.5 Recommendations
5.6 Suggestions for further study
REFERENCES
QUESTIONNAIRE
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Participant’s socio-demographic characteristics (n = 231)
Table 2 Nurses’ knowledge on information technology in UCTH (n = 231)
Table 3 Nurses’ attitude towards information technology in UCTH (n=231)
Table 4 Pearson product moment correlation analysis (N = 231)

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1: A pie chart showing summary of nurses’ knowledge on information technology in UCTH
(n=231)
Fig 2: A pie chart showing final summary nurse’s attitude towards IT in UCTH (n=231)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
Information Technology (IT) has transformed the way people collaborate, identify potential
collaborators or friends, communicate with each other and identify information that is relevant to
their practice (Adeleke et al., 2014). The continuous and extensive use of information technology
(IT) is changing the way people and organizations work (Agwu, 2018). Fergus and Igwe (2013)
stated that technology has increased rapidly over the past four decades, and has become an
integral part of healthcare.
Many terms describe the processes related to information technology leading to difficulties in the
choice of terms which can affect the clarity of ideas and discussions. As a result of this, attempts
were made to standardize the terms. The application of information technology to the field of
health care was termed health information technology. According to Taiwo (2015), Health
Information Technology (HIT) is the application of information processing involving the
deployment of computers and computing technologies for storage, retrieval, sharing and use of
health information for communication and decision making to improve health care quality.
Due to the importance of health information, Nigeria is witnessing continually advocacy and an
increased number of individuals yearning for the computerization of health information and
healthcare processes. On the other hand, the government is evolving policies and strategies for
the adoption and implementation of health information (Adeleke et al., 2014). This is evident in
the development of a draft by the federal ministry of health and the ministry of communication
technology which was termed the National Health Information Communication Technology
(ICT) strategies framework. According to Kobryn (2015), Health Information Technology

includes a set of subspecialties that identify diverse spheres of information technology
applications to medical science and practice namely clinical informatics, bioinformatics, health
care informatics, nursing informatics, imaging informatics etc. Nursing informatics is the
application of health technology to the field of nursing. Nursing informatics is the use of
computer science and information science to manage and communicate data, information
knowledge in nursing practice (Daniel and Oyetunde, 2013).
According to research carried out by Akpabio and Ella (2015) on the preparedness of graduate
nurses in Calabar, graduate nurses’ level of knowledge of informants possessed is mostly limited
to using the computer. The majority of them do not know the scope or components of
informatics and have limited knowledge of the management of information. Also, research by
Aanwoluwapo al. (2014) on the competencies and barriers to the use of nursing information
among nurses in primary, secondary and tertiary, health care facilities in Nigeria showed that
nurses’ knowledge of information technology was just far while the majority rated themselves as
not competent in the use of nursing informatics with various barriers identified. Ajibade et al.
(2013) in research to assess the knowledge and attitude towards the introduction of informatics to
nursing training among selected nurse educations/leaders in Nigeria, established that the
introduction of informatics to nursing training was a welcome idea by the generality of nurse
tutors and lecturers. Also, Abiola et al. (2014), on the assessment of ICT knowledge, utilization
and perception among health care providers at National Hospital Abuja, Nigeria, showed that the
health care workers massively indicated interests in further training in the use of computer and
the internment to boost their sources of information for better practice and improved public
health. These studies provide evidence that the knowledge of information technology was poor
among Nigeria nurses and as well prove that nurses are interested to have a better knowledge of
health informatics. It is against this background, it became necessary to examine the knowledge
and attitude of nurses towards information technology in nursing care of patients in The
University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. This study will include five chapters;
chapter one will introduce this study and the significance of the study, chapter two will review
the literature on the topic, chapter three will indicate methodology used in this study, chapter
four will analyse data and findings, and chapter five will discuss findings as well as conclusions.
1.2 Statement of problem
Globally, information technology is now an integral part of healthcare services. The impact of
information technology on nursing has been a subject of discourse. Despite its obvious benefits,
adapting information technology to healthcare has been relatively difficult in many developing
countries (Ayandiran, 2013). Fergus and Igwe (2013) opined that Nigeria, even with the
development of strategies to implement health informatics is still very far from achieving it, due
to a lack of foundational knowledge of information technology as well as a reluctance to undergo
such training due to opposing factors. Adams et al. (2020) showed that the high cost of modern
equipment, lack of power supply of electricity required to power the instruments, complexity of
the instruments, lack of self-confidence and fear of the unknown were the factors discouraging
nurses from using information technology in the care of patients.
Nigerian nurses still significantly lagging behind their fellow counterparts in other countries has
led to the development of questions as to if nurses should have a basic knowledge of information
technology and if they feel information technology does not influence the quality nursing care of
patients (Ademuyiwa et al., 2020). Furthermore, the emphasis is that nurses need to embrace new
technology to meet future demands on healthcare (Akpabio and Ella, 2015). The study, therefore,
seeks to assess the knowledge and attitude of nurses towards Information Technology in nursing
care of patients in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar.
1.3 Purpose of the study
The purpose of this study is to establish and determine the knowledge and attitude of nurses
towards information technology in nursing care of patients in The University of Calabar
Teaching Hospital, Calabar.
1.4 Research objectives
1. To determine the knowledge of nurses on information technology in nursing care of patients
in The University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar.
2. To examine the attitude of nurses towards information technology in nursing care of patients
in The University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar.
1.5 Research question
1 What is the knowledge of nurses on information technology in the nursing care of patients in
The University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar?
2. What is the attitude of nurses towards Information Technology in nursing care of patients in
The University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar?
1.6 Research hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the knowledge and attitude of nurses towards
information technology in nursing care of patients in The University of Calabar Teaching
Hospital, Calabar.
1.7 Scope of the study
The study is focused on the assessment of the knowledge and attitude of nurses towards
information technology and its relevance in promoting quality nursing care of patients in the
University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar and only based on research objectives set by
the study. It covers all cadres of nurses working in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital,
Calabar, Nigeria.
1.8 Significance of the study
This study on the knowledge and attitude of nurses towards information technology in nursing
care of patients in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar will be of great benefit to
some persons, including nurses, organizations and the government. Particular to the nurses this
study will help to increase their awareness of information technology and its application in
quality nursing care of nursing patients more specifically called nursing informatics. It will help
to erode the negative attitude of nurses towards information technology application.
Organizations, such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) will be encouraged to organize
and sponsor information technology campaigns across institution and hospitals. International
health bodies such as The World Health Organization (WHO) will be encouraged to fund the
computerization of health facilities.
The government also stands to benefit from the study as this study will establish the need for the
government to make purchases, install and manage information technology devices across
medical centres. The media will also be encouraged to increase the awareness of the relevance of
IT in quality nursing care.
1.9 Limitation of the study
Limitation of this study has to do with the challenge of collecting information as some of them
refused to give information for confidential purposes. The study only concentrates in The
University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, a wider study that will cover nurses in other hospitals
in Calabar will be required for generalization to be made. Also, the time gap for the completion
of the project was short.
1.10 Operational definition of terms
Information: Facts or details about a situation, person, event.
Technology: Techniques created by humans.
Nursing: The act and science of assisting people to promote and maintain health prevent
diseases,
recover from illness, adjust to and live with a disability and accept death in terminal
illness
(ICN, 1975)
Care: The provision of one’s needs.
Knowledge: This means having information about something.
Promotion: The process or action helping the progress of something

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter will review the literature on the knowledge and attitude of nurses towards
information technology in nursing care of patients. It will consist of conceptual review, empirical
review, theoretical framework and conclusion.
2.2 Conceptual review
Information technology also called information and communication technology (ICT) more
extensively encompasses all those digital and analogue technologies that facilitate the capturing,
processing, storage and exchange of information via electronic communication. According to
Yekini, (2014), information technology is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit and
manipulate data or information. The term is commonly used as a synonym for computer and
computer networks but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as
television and telephone (Yekini, 2014). In the health sector, information technology refers to a
set of projects or services that allow for remote care (telehealth), interdisciplinary clinical
support, as well as knowledge transfer (Cote et al., 2015). A computer is an important tool in
information technology because of the speed with which it processes information. According to
Adeleke et al. (2015), the computer is a major information technology tool that has transformed
information and data handling processes in all endeavours. The computer is a device that is
capable of automatically accepting (input) storing and processing data into useful (output) at a
very high speed under the control of stored instructions (programs) (Yekini, 2014). It is made of
hardware and software. Hardware is the physical parts of the computer that can be seen while the
software is any set of machine-readable instructions that directs a computer's processor to
perform specific operations. Examples of hardware include mouse, speakers while software
include Microsoft word, electronic health records etc. According to Adeleke et al. (2014), it was
reported that the deployment of information technology in healthcare management has provided
a mechanism for promoting greater reliability in healthcare quality. The application of
information technology to the healthcare sector known as health information technology is seen
by Adeleke et al. (2014) as the application of information processing involving the deployment
of computers and computing technologies for storing, retrieving and sharing and use of health
information for communication and decision-making to improve health care quality. Information
technology is an important part of the healthcare system it makes it easy for the integration of
data, information and knowledge to support health care providers including nurses in their
provision of services. According to Daniel and Oyotunde (2013) information technology is used
in the direct provision of care, establishing effective administration systems, managing and
delivering educational experiences, supporting lifelong learning and supporting nursing research.
It was also stated that the goal of information technology in the health sector is to improve the
health of the population, communities, families and individuals by optimizing Information
Management and communication.
According to the Canadian nurses association according to the Canadian association of schools
of nursing (2012), the basic foundational information technology skills among nursing students
should include device use (featuring personal computers, tablets, modems, flash drives of
loading downloading use of the internet) and application use (featuring the use of emails,
creating videos, YouTube channels, use of MS words, spreadsheets and presentations, use of
technology for self-directed learning familiarity with social networking applications such as
Twitter, Facebook). This of course helps to access patients and their families to access, review
and evaluate information using Information and Communications Technology to manage their
health.
2.3 Empirical review
2.3.1 Knowledge of nurses on information technology in the nursing care of patients
Possessing the necessary knowledge about a subject area such as information technology is of
utmost importance as it ensures great competence. Knowledge of information technology helps
nurses to provide good quality care to their clients. In a descriptive study by Akpabio and Ella
(2015) on the nursing Informatics preparedness of graduate nurses in Calabar, a convenience
sampling technique was used to gather 102 respondents from a target population of 165 graduate
nurses. From the result 25 (25%) of the respondents rated themselves as adequately computer
literate while 76 (75%) admitted fair knowledge as they do not know the components of
information technology and its application to inpatient care. This showed inadequacy in the
computer literacy level among nurses and the need to emphasize information technology
education. In addition to this, a quantitative study carried out by Ayandrian et al (2013) on
nurses’ perception and barriers to the use of information technology in a teaching hospital in
Nigeria showed that out of the 100% of sample size, 37.8% stated that they had never had formal
training on information technology and many rated themselves as possessing little or no skills in
areas such as word processing, spreadsheet, presentation. 55.6% stated that they do not have
access to information technology despite the fairly widespread satisfaction perception established
among them results further showed that 48.9% of the nurses had never used information
technology in patient care. Also, a cross-sectional survey was conducted by Blank et al (2014) on
the health workers’ knowledge of and attitudes towards computer applications in rural African
health facilities. A total of 108 providers responded, only 40% had ever used computers and 29%
had prior computer training. About 80% were completely illiterate or beginners. Hence, they
lacked knowledge about information technology and its application in the care of patients.
Adopting a cross-sectional survey designed, Aanwoluwapo et al. (2014) performed a study on
the competencies and barriers to the use of nursing Informatics among nurses in primary,
secondary and tertiary health care facilities in Nigeria. Data was collected from 350 nurses from
1 tertiary, 6 secondary and 30 primary health care facilities using multi-stage sampling
techniques from six towns. The result showed a fair knowledge of information technology by
55.4% of the respondents who were able to use information technology devices to perform basic
operations on the internet, word processing in the care of patients.
Ademuyiwa et al (2020) in a study on knowledge and use of nursing Informatics among nurses
in a university teaching hospital, Lagos, used a multi-stage sampling technique to achieve a
sample size of 162. It was discovered that the overall knowledge of nursing Informatics was
high, 121.5 (75%) had a good knowledge of nursing Informatics and its application in the care of
patients in the area such as the internet, word processing, nursing process application. In a
children's cancer hospital in Cairo Egypt, Ebrahem et al (2014), found that 100% of the study
sample had a good knowledge of information technology in the nursing care of patients.
2.3.2 Attitude of nurses towards information technology in the nursing care of patients
According to Karani et al (2014), a positive attitude could cause rapid adoption with
accompanying realization of the benefits of information technology. Therefore positive attitudes
are important and the willingness of health workers to use any health information technology
system is influenced by their perceptions of its value, clinical benefits and ease of use. In a study
conducted by Adams et al (2020) on the assessment of nurses’ attitudes towards the use of
modern technology in Nigeria, 250 nurses were selected from three hospitals in Benin city, Edo,
60% of the respondents expressed a positive attitude towards information technology and its
application in the care of patients. This is in agreement with a similar study carried out in
Singapore in 2011 to explore nurses’ knowledge and attitude towards the adoption of modern
technology in nursing practice and found that more than 64% of the nurses experienced a
positive attitude towards the use of modern technology.
In research by Ajibade et al (2013), among nurse educators and leaders, 175 respondents were
randomly selected for the study on attitude towards the introduction of information technology to
nursing training, 100% of the study sample had a positive attitude towards the introduction of
information technology to nursing training. This of course goes a long way to influence the
application of information technology to nursing care positively. Accordingly in research also
performed by Blank et al (2014), of the 180 respondents 95.3% had positive attitudes towards
information technology in the nursing care of patients.
2.3.3 Factors affecting the knowledge and attitude of nurses towards information
technology in nursing care of patients
A study conducted by Afzal et al (2019) on factors influencing nurses’ attitudes towards
information technology in nursing practice revealed that gender, nationality, educational levels
and duration of computer use were the factors that affected the attitude of nurses towards
technology in nursing care of patients. Karani et al (2014) cited age, educational level, years of
nursing experience and experience with computers as factors influencing nurses’ attitudes
towards information technology. Age was consistently found to influence nurses’ attitudes
towards the computerization of nursing care plans as younger nurses demonstrated a greater
enthusiasm in the use of technology. Additionally, Irinoye et al (2013) discovered that nurses’
poor access to information technology facilities and unreliable network connections as barriers to
the use of information technology. Also, Adams et al (2020) on the assessment of nurses’
knowledge and attitudes on the use of information technology in Benin city discovered the high
cost of modern equipment, lack of power supply of electricity required to power the instruments,
complexity of the instruments, lack of self-confidence and fear of the unknown as the factors that
affected the knowledge and attitude of nurses towards information technology in nursing care of
patients.
2.4 Theoretical framework
Rogers’ Diffusion of innovation is a behavioural theory that describes the process the users go
through in the adoption or rejection of new ideas, practices, or technology. It was developed by
Rogers in 1962. The main components of this theory are innovation, adopters, communication
channels, time and social systems. (Fink et al., 2005). Rogers suggests that there are five
perceived attributes of an innovation that affect its uptake and use. These are:
 Relative advantage whether an innovation is perceived as better than the idea it replaces;
 Compatibility which is the degree to which an innovation is perceived as congruous with
the values, experiences, and needs of potential adopters;
 Complexity, whether an innovation is perceived as difficult to understand and use;
 Trialability which is the degree to which an innovation may be experimentally tested;
 Observability whether the results of an innovation are visible to others.

2.4.1 Concept definition
According to Rogers, diffusion is a process by which an innovation is communicated through
certain channels over time among members of a social system”. The process includes:
 Innovations: This represents newness. It is not the same thing as invention. The
invention is about the discovery of new ideas or approaches; innovation is about their
application.
 Awareness: The individual is exposed to the innovation but lacks complete information
about it.
 Interest: The individual becomes interested in the new idea and seeks additional
information about it.
 Evaluation: Individual mentally applies the innovation to his present and anticipated
future situation and then decides whether or not to try it.
 Trial: The individual makes full use of the innovation.
 Adoption : The individual decides to continue the full use of the innovation (Rogers,
2003)
2.4.2 Application of the theory to the study
Patient care should be scientific, technological and research-based to achieve high-quality patient
care. The vision for nursing in the twenty-first century is for all nurses to seek out innovations
and evidence and apply it in their everyday practice. As health care is evolving constantly, wave
after wave of new technologies, insurance models, regulatory changes, information technology
system and institutional arrangements buffer the system and the people in it. Innovation is not a
new concept to nursing, as a profession. Nurses worldwide are in engaging in current
technological trends to promote efficient nursing care of patients. Many of these developments
by nurses have resulted in significant improvements in the health of patients, populations and
health systems. Nurses occupy a unique and powerful position in the healthcare system. They
spend more time than other health professional in direct patient care and interact with patients
and families, often in times of great need and distress (Johnson and Ryan, 2015). As such, they
are critically positioned to provide creative and innovative solutions for current and future global
health challenges.
 Innovation
Innovation is a broad category, relative to the current knowledge of the analyzed unit. Any idea,
practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption could be
considered an innovation available for study. Information technology is an important innovation
that is highly significant in the health sector. It has changed the way nurses work to perform their
tasks, making it easy.
 Adopters
Adopters are the minimal unit of analysis. In most studies, adopters are individuals, but can also
be organizations (businesses, schools, hospitals.), clusters within social networks, or countries
(Meyer, 2004). in this study, the adopters of information technology are the health institutions
that seek to use this innovation to improve health care services.
 Communication channels
Diffusion, by definition, takes place among people or organizations. Communication channels
allow the transfer of information from one unit to the other. Communication patterns or
capabilities must be established between parties as a minimum for diffusion to occur.

 Time
The passage of time is necessary for innovations to be adopted; they are rarely adopted
instantaneously. Nurses, with time, are expected to have a good knowledge of and a positive
attitude to information technology in the nursing care of patients.
 Social system
The social system is the combination of external influences (mass media, surfactants,
organizational or governmental mandates) and internal influences (strong and weak social
relationships, distance from opinion leaders) (Sarah et al, 1998). There are many roles in a social
system, and their combination represents the total influences on a potential adopter of
information technology.
Five stages of the adoption process
- Knowledge / Awareness
The individual is first exposed to innovation but lacks information about the innovation. During
this stage the individual has not yet been inspired to find out more information about the
innovation, hence deficient knowledge of information technology.
- Persuasion
The individual is interested in the innovation and actively seeks related information/details.
- Decision
The individual takes the concept of the change and weighs the advantages/disadvantages of using
the innovation and decides whether to adopt or reject the innovation. Due to the individualistic
nature of this stage, Rogers notes that it is the most difficult stage on which to acquire empirical
evidence.
- Implementation
The individual employs the innovation to a varying degree depending on the situation. During
this stage, the individual also determines the usefulness of the innovation and may search for
further information about it.
- Confirmation / Continuation
The individual finalizes his/her decision to continue using the innovation. This stage is both
intrapersonal (may cause cognitive dissonance) and interpersonal, confirmation the group has
made the right decision.
2.5 Summary
The literature review has identified a lack of knowledge towards the information technology by
nurses in the care of patients. A positive attitude and willingness to have a knowledge of
information technology and apply it in the nursing care of patients was also highlighted by the
review. The literature review has also shown that lack of adequate facilities and proper policies
affected nurses’ attitude towards information technology in the nursing care of patients.
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the method adopted by the researcher in carrying out the study and will
comprise of the following sub-units; research design, study setting, study population, sample
size/sampling technique, methods of data collection, instruments of data collection, the validity
of the instrument, reliability of the instrument, ethical consideration and conclusion.
3.2 Research Design
The research design refers to the basic structure and strategies a researcher uses to answer
questions and test hypothesis (Polit and Beck, 2018). The research design adopted for this study
is the non-experimental, descriptive cross-sectional survey using the quantitative method. A
cross-sectional survey was adopted because of its ability to generalize its results to the
population of interest depending on the sampling method; it is also economical and easy to
manage (Nieswiadomy and Bailey, 2018). It is therefore preferred because the researcher will
collect data using a cross-sectional survey.
3.3 Research Setting

The setting for this study was the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar (UCTH)
established in 1979. It is a tertiary health facility located in Calabar Municipal Local
Government Area along Unical hotel road by the West, bounded in the North by Edim-Otop
community, in the East by Satellite Town and in the South by the University of Calabar. The
hospital has a health care service department, the administrative department, laundry, tailoring
unit and mortuary services. The health care services include laboratory department, internal
medicine, surgery, nursing services, community medicine, family medicine, paediatrics,
obstetrics and gynaecology, radiology, ophthalmology, physiotherapy, orthopaedics, food and
nutrition, accident and emergency, dental department, blood bank and dialysis unit. It is also a
research centre and is made up of seven clinical departments, 48 nursing units, 415 beds and 300
cots. The staff strength is 2,946, the number of nurses is six hundred and one (601). The hospital
renders the following services, clinical, manpower development (teaching of nursing,
paramedical and medical students) and research. The University of Calabar teaching hospital
comprises both the administrative offices and the clinical ward which is suitable for quality
nursing care.
3.4 Research population
The research population is a complete set of persons or objects that has similar characteristics of
interest to the researcher (Nieswiadong and Bailey, 2018). Target population defines the total
group of elements to which the researcher wishes to generalize is studies, while the accessible
population is the number of elements of the study to which the researcher can have access
(Nieswiadong and Bailey, 2018). The study population comprised of all registered nurses
working in the university of Calabar teaching hospital totalling six hundred and one (601). The
accessible population will be nurses available at the time of the study.

3.4.1 Inclusion criteria
This will include all registered nurses that are practising and are willing to take part in the study.
3.4.2 Exclusion Criteria
This study will exclude professional nurses who are not practising, not willing to participate in
the study and also those who are unstable and not physically able to.
3.5 Sample and sampling technique
Sampling is the process by which a researcher selects a portion of the population to represent the
entire population (Polit and Beck, 2018). The sampling technique used in this study is the
purposive sampling technique. This sampling technique enables the researcher to choose objects
or people based on own judgement (Akpabio, 2018). A sample of two hundred and forty (235)
nurses was drawn from the target population of (601) six hundred and one. This sampling
technique was used to ensure equal participation of nursing staff in each nursing units (wards)
and eliminate bias. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's (1977) formula, which is
stated as;
Z 2 pq
2
n0 = c
Where;
n0 = Cochrane sample size
Z = Level of confidence = 1.96
P = Proportion of population = 0.5
q = 1-p (1-0.5) = 0.5
c2 = level of precision = 0.05
(1.92)2 (0.5)(0.5)
n0 = (0.05)2
n0 = 385
Calculating for a smaller sample size.
( n0 )
1+( no −1)
n = N
385
1+(385−1 )
n = 601
385
n = 1+0 .64
365
n = 1.64
n = 235.
Therefore, the total sample size was 235
3.6 Instrument for data collection
Research instruments are the tools used by the researcher to collect data for observation and
measurement of variables of interest (Nieswiadong and Bailey, 2018). A well-structured
questionnaire with close-ended was used to collect data for this study.
The instrument will be divided into four sections:
Section A will be used to elicit information on the socio-demographic characteristics of the
respondents.
Section B will be used to elicit information on the knowledge of nurses towards information
technology in nursing care of patients.
Sections C will elicit information on the attitudes of nurses towards information technology in
the nursing care of patients.
3.7 Validity of the instrument
The validity of a research Instrument refers to the extent to which the instrument measures what
it is designed to measure (Polit and Beck, 2018).
Face validity: an instrument is said to have face validity when its preliminary examination
shows that it measures what is supposed to be measure (Nieswiadong and Bailey, 2018). To
ensure face validity the instrument will be given to the project supervisor for assessment,
correction, modification, and approval.
Content validity: this shows the degree to which an instrument has the appropriate sample of
items to measure the variables and construct domain in research (Polit and Beck, 2018). To
examine the content validity the questionnaire will be given to the project supervisor to assess
the content validity with the variables concerned in this research work.
3.8 Reliability of the instrument
Reliability is the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same
results on repeated trials (Nieswiadong and Bailey, 2018). The reliability will be done using the
test-retest method. The researcher administered the questionnaire to twenty (25) nurses and after
two (2) weeks the same questionnaire was administered again to the same respondent.
3.9 Method of data collection

Following consent, quantitative data will be collected from nurses in the University of Calabar
teaching hospital. Data will be collected through face-to-face administration of questionnaires
during a two-week visit to the hospital. and will be retrieved on the spot through the help of a
research assistant. After the respondent has completed the forms, the researcher will gather data
for analysis. The researcher will also include pre-note to enable and guide the respondents on
how to fill the questionnaire.
3.10 Method of data analysis
To carry out data analysis for this study, Pearson product moment correlation will be used to
analyze the quantitative data gotten through a descriptive cross-sectional survey. Data will be
analyzed into the frequency and simple percentages.
3.11 Ethical consideration
The researcher got permission from the head of the Department of Nursing Sciences, University
of Calabar, Calabar. The researcher also got informed consent from the respondents. The
respondents were given adequate information about the research work, which satisfies their right
to full disclosure of information. Their rights to autonomy and voluntary participation were
strictly adhered to. The principle of beneficence and non-maleficence was ensured as well as
excluding their names and any means of identification from the questionnaire
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
This chapter focuses on the analysis and presentation of data. Two hundred and thirty-
five questionnaires were distributed to the participants and a response rate of 98% was
obtained. Data is presented according to the research questions and analyzed with
frequency counts, simple percentages and pearson product moment correlation.
4.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants
Table 1 reveals the socio-demographic characteristics of study participants. From a total
of 231 study participants, 3(1.3%) were males while females constituted 228(98.7%).
Data on age shows that 47(20.3%) were aged 25-34 years, 143(61.9%) were aged 35-
44years, 32(13.9%) were between 35 - 54 years and 9(3.9%) were aged 55years and
above. Regarding marital status, 24(10.4%) were singles, 185(80.1%) were married,
22(9.5%) were separated while none was divorced/widowed. Statistics on educational
qualification showed that 190(82.3%) had RN/RM/RP, 36(15.6%) were BSc holders,
5(22%) had Master’s degree and no participant had a PhD. On years of experience,
8(3.5%) had 1-5years of experience in nursing, 169(73.2%) had 6-10yeras while those
with experience of 11years and above were 54(23.4%). Regarding participant’s
designation, NOII/NOI were 81(35.1%), SNO/PNO were 120(51.9%), ACNO/CNO were
26(11.3%) while 4(1.7%) were within the rank of DNS/DDNS.
Table 1
Participant’s socio-demographic characteristics
(n = 231)
Variables Response options Frequency(N) Percentage (%)

Male 3 1.3
Gender Female 228 98.7
Total 231 100
Age 25- 34 years 47 20.3
35- 44 years 143 61.9
35-54years 32 13.9
55 years and above 9 3.9
Total 231 100
Marital status Single 24 10.4

Married 185 80.1
Separated 22 9.5
Divorced/widowed - -
Total 231 100
Educational RN/RM/RP 190 82.3

qualification BSc 36 15.6
MSc 5 2.2
PhD - -
Total 231 100
Years of 1-5years 8 3.5

experience in 6-10years 169 73.2
nursing 11years and above 54 23.4
Total 231 100
Designation/Rank NOII/NOI 81 35.1

SNO/PNO. 120 51.9
ACNO/PNO 26 11.3
ADNS/DDNS 4 1.7
Total 231 100
(Field survey, 2021)
4.2 Analysis of research questions

4.2.1 Research question 1: What is the knowledge of nurses on information technology
among nurses in the nursing care of patients in UCTH?
Table 2 indicates nurses’ knowledge on information technology in nursing care of
patients in The University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. All the participants
231(100.0%) accepted that information technology could be applied in the hospital
setting. On whether they were aware of information technology, 180(77.9%) strongly
agreed while 51(22.1%) agreed. Of the participants, 100(43.3%) strongly agreed that
information technology involves the use of digital and analogue technology in processing
and exchanging information while 131(56.7) agreed to it. Also, when asked if they were
able to use computers for basic operations such as typing and sending emails, 150(64.9%)
strongly agreed while 81(35.1%) agreed. Finally, the participants were asked if they had
enough knowledge and skills to apply information technology in nursing care of patients,
50(21.6%) strongly agreed to the fact, 160(69.3% ) agreed while 21(9.1%) disagreed. The
final score for nurses’ knowledge of information technology was obtained by adding up
participants’ scores on all items in section A. The minimum score was 6 while the
maximum score was 11. Participants who scored 6- 8 were categorised as those with poor
knowledge on IT while those who scored 9- 11 were classified as having good knowledge
on IT. Hence, 227(98.2%) had good knowledge on IT while 4(1.8%) had poor knowledge
on IT. This summary is indicated in FIG.1.

Statements Strongly Agreed Disagreed Strongly

agreed disagreed
I am aware of Information Technology 180 51 - -
(77.9%) (22.1%)
Information Technology involves the use of 100 131 - -
digital and analogue technology in (43.3%) (56.7%)
processing and exchanging information
I am aware that Information Technology can 231 - - -
be used in the hospital setting (100%)
I can use a computer for basic operations 150 81 - -

such as typing and sending emails. (64.9%) (35.1%)
I have enough knowledge and skills to apply 50 160 21 -

information technology in nursing care of (21.6%) (69.3%) (9.1%)
patients
Table 2
Nurses’ knowledge on information technology in nursing care of patients in UCTH
(n = 231)
Good
knowl
edge
on IT
227(9
8.2%)
poor
knowl
edge
on IT
4(1.8
%)
FIG.1: A 3-D pie chart showing summary of nurses’ knowledge on information technology in
UCTH
(n=231)
4.2.2 Research question 2: What is the attitude of nurses towards Information Technology in
nursing care of patients in The University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar?
Table 3 shows nurses’ attitude towards information technology in UCTH. Out of 231
participants of the study, 182(78.8%) strongly agreed, to the statement ‘I feel Information
Technology makes my work easier’, 49(21.2%) agreed and none, disagreed or strongly
disagreed to the assertion. On the statement, ‘I feel reluctant to use Information
Technology in caring for patients’ 114(49.4%) strongly agreed, while no participant
disagreed or strongly disagreed to the statement. As regards the opinion, ‘I wish to learn
more or get more training on the use of Information Technology in the care of patients’,
169(73.2%) strongly agreed, 62(26.8%) agreed while none, disagreed or strongly
disagreed. Also, on the believe whether knowledge of information technology should be
made mandatory to all nurses, 106(45.9%) strongly agreed, 125(54.1%) agreed to this.
On if participants believed they had enough knowledge and skills to apply information
technology in nursing care, 172 (74.5%) agreed strongly and 59(25.5%) disagreed while no
participant disagreed or strongly disagreed to this assertion. For ease of computation, the
scores for strongly agree and agree were collapsed into agree while those of strongly
disagree and disagree were merged into disagree to show participant’s attitude towards
IT. FIG 2 reflects this summary. Then, the overall summary for nurses’ attitude towards
information technology was obtained by computing the sum of scores on all items
measuring attitude in section D. The maximum score was 13 while the minimum score
was 6. Participants who scored 6-9 were categorized as having poor attitude while those
whose scores were between 10 and 13 were categorized as having negative attitude.
Therefore, 231(100%) had positive attitude while none had negative attitude towards IT.
FIG 2 reveals this summary.
Table 3
Nurses’ attitude towards IT in UCTH

(n=231)
Statements Strongly Agreed Disagreed Strongly
agreed disagreed
I feel Information Technology makes my 182 49 - -
work easier (78.8%) (21.2%)
I feel reluctant to use Information 114 117 - -
Technology in caring for patients (49.4%) (50.6%)
I wish to learn more or get more training on 169 62 - -

the use of Information Technology in the (73.2%) (26.8%)
care of patients
I believe knowledge of Information 106 125 - -
Technology should be made mandatory to all (45.9%) (54.1%)
nurses
I believe I have enough knowledge and skills 172 59 - -
to apply information technology in nursing (74.5%) (25.5%)
care
Positive
attitude
towards
IT
231(100.
0%)
FIG.5: A pie chart showing final summary nurse’s attitude towards IT in UCTH
(n=231)
28(18.2%)
4.3 Test of hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the knowledge and attitude of nurses towards
information technology in nursing care of patients in The University of Calabar Teaching
Hospital, Calabar.
Table 4.
Pearson product moment correlation analysis of the relationship between the knowledge
and attitude of nurses towards information technology
(N = 231)
Variables ∑x ∑x2 ∑xy r

∑y ∑y2
Knowledge 4198 76726
71308 0.1556
Attitude , 3920 66974
P < 0.05, df = 233 critical-r = 0.127
The result in table shows that the calculated r-value of 0.1556 was found to be greater than the
critical r-value of 0.127 needed for significance at 0.05 alpha level of significance with 229
degree of freedom. With the result, the null hypothesis which state that there is no significant
relationship between the knowledge and attitude of nurses towards information technology in
nursing care of patients in The University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. was rejected.
This therefore implies that there is a significant relationship between the knowledge and attitude
of nurses towards information technology in nursing care of patients in The University of
Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar.

CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presented the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the study. It also
presented the implications of the study and suggestions for further studies. These were presented
as follows.
5.1 Discussion of findings
5.1.1 Knowledge of nurses towards information technology in nursing care of patients
Result of this study showed that a significant number of the respondents (92.8%) had good
knowledge of information technology. This is due to the current wave of technological trend in
the society. This finding is in agreement with a study by Ademuyiwa et al (2020) in a university
teaching hospital, Lagos where it was observed that the overall knowledge of information
technology was high, 121.5 (75%) had a good knowledge of nursing Informatics and its
application in the care of patients in the area such as the internet, word processing, nursing
process application. The result of this study is also backed up by a study Ebrahem et al (2014) in
Cairo, Egypt where it was found that 100% of the study sample had a good knowledge of
information technology in the nursing care of patients. The study also indicated that 100% of the
respondents could perform basic computer operations such as typing and sending emails.
Also, a study by Akpabio and Ella (2015) on the nursing Informatics preparedness of graduate
nurses in Calabar, showed that of the 102 respondents from a target population of 165 graduate
nurses, 25 (25%) of the respondents rated themselves as adequately computer literate while 76
(75%) admitted fair knowledge.

Contrary to this study, Blank et al (2014) on the health workers’ knowledge of and attitudes
towards computer applications in rural African health facilities showed that of the 108 providers
responded, only 40% had ever used computers and 29% had prior computer training. About 80%
were completely illiterate or beginners.
5.1.2 Attitude of nurses towards information technology in nursing care of patients
Findings of the study showed that all the respondents (100%) had positive attitude information
technology in nursing care of patients. The nurses showed willingness to undergo more training
on information technology and they also felt it was necessary to have these skills to promote
patient care. This result agrees with Adams et al (2020) on the assessment of nurses’ attitudes
towards the use of modern technology in Nigeria in which 250 nurses were selected in Benin
city, Edo and 60% of the respondents expressed a positive attitude towards information
technology and its application in the care of patients. Also supporting the study is a research by
Blank et al (2014), of the 180 respondents 95.3% had positive attitudes towards information
technology in the nursing care of patients. Also, Ajibade et al (2013),in a research among nurse
educators and leaders, 175 respondents were randomly selected for the study on attitude towards
the introduction of information technology to nursing training. 100% of the study sample had a
positive attitude towards the introduction of information technology to nursing training. This is
in agreement with a similar study carried out in Singapore in 2011 to explore nurses and
awareness knowledge and attitude towards the adoption of modern technology in nursing
practice, 64% of the nurses experienced a positive attitude towards the use of modern
technology.
5.2 Implication to Nursing
Findings of this study showed that the nurses had good knowledge and positive attitude towards
information technology. This makes it important for nurse leaders to organize trainings and
workshops on information technology for both nurses and nursing students. Experts in this area
could also be resourceful in improving nurses' level of knowledge. More so, nurses will have to
stay up-to-date with new trends regarding information technology in nursing care of patients.
5.3 Summary
This study examined knowledge and attitude of nurses towards information technology in
nursing care of patients in The University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. Two research
questions guided the study and were related to the specific objectives. Literature review was
based on two specific objectives and were reviewed conceptually, empirically and theoretically.
A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used to carry out the study while convenient
sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 235 nurses. Results of data analysis were
presented in frequency tables and percentages. Findings of the study revealed that majority of the
respondents (98.2%) had good knowledge of information technology. It also showed that all the
nurses (100%) had positive attitude towards information technology in nursing care of patients.
5.4 Conclusion
In conclusion, respondents of the study had good knowledge towards information technology in
nursing care of patients. This affected their positive attitude as majority of the respondents
expressed a good attitude towards information technology in nursing care of patients. Knowledge
of information technology plays a key role in influencing the attitude towards the use of
information technology in nursing care of patients. Nursing leaders have a vital to play in
organising seminars and training sessions to train nurses on information technology in the
nursing care of patients.
5.5 Recommendation
Based on findings of this study, the following recommendations are made:
1. Trainings, seminars and workshops should be organized by nursing leaders so as to
educate nurses and nursing students on information technology and its application in
nursing care of patients.
2. The use of practical sessions will help improve self-confidence of nurses towards
application of information technology in nursing care of patients.
3. Hospitals should provide equipment that will be needed for further training of nurses on
information technology in care of patients.
4. The government should be pressured to make policies that promote the use of
information technology in the healthcare system.
5.6 Suggestion for further studies
Further studies should be conducted on the following:
1. Application of Information Technology by nurses in the nursing care of patients.
2. Barriers to the application of Information Technology among nurses in care of patients.

References
Aanuoluwapo, O, Adekemi, E., Irinoye, O. (2014). Competencies and barriers to the use of
Informatics among nurses in primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare facilities in
Nigeria. Journal of Health Informatics in Africa, 2(1), 3 – 7.
Adams, S., Olorunfemi, M., Olorunfemi, O., Osunde, N. (2020). Assessing nurses’ attitudes
towards the use of modern technology to care for patients at selected public and private
hospitals, Benin city, Nigeria. International archives of health sciences, 7(3), 143 – 148.
Adeleke, I., Achinbee, M., Anamah, T., salami, A., Wasagi, M., zakari, I. (2015). ICT
knowledge, utilisation and perception among healthcare providers at National Hospital
Abuja, Nigeria. American journal of health research, 3(1), 47 – 53.
Adeleke, I., Adesubomi, S., Aliyu, D., Anama, T., Ogundele, O., Muhammad, A. (2014). Health
information technology in Nigeria: stakeholders’ perspectives of nationwide
implementations and meaningful use of emerging technology in the most populous black
nation. American journal of health research., 3(1), 17 – 24.
Ademuyiwa, I., Faleke, S., Otetubi, E. (2020). Knowledge and use of nursing Informatics among
nurses in a University Teaching Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. International journal of
health sciences and research, 10(12), 2 – 9.
Afzal, M., Hussain, M., Inayat, S., Joseph, M. (2019). Factors influencing nurses’attitides
towards information technology in nursing practice. European academic research, 7 (3),
2 – 8.
Agwu, M. (2018). Relevance of information technology in the effective management of selected

SME in Lagos state, Nigeria. Academy of strategic management journal, 17(1)
Ajibade, B., Okunlade, J., Oladeji, M. (2013). Knowledge and attitude towards introduction of
Informatics to nursing training among selected nurse educators/leaders in Nigeria.
Journal of dental and medical sciences, 9(5), 1 – 7.
Akpabio, I., Ella, R. (2015). Nursing informatics preparedness of graduate nurse in Calabar,
Nigeria. International journal of humanities, social sciences and Education, 2(9), 159 –
168.
Ayandiran, O., Fakunle, I., Irinoye, O., Mtshali, N. (2013). Nurses’ perception and barriers to use
of information communication technology in a teaching hospital in Nigeria. National
library of medicine, 31(8), 394 – 400.
Blank, A., Haegeli, W., Kaltschmidt, J., mensa, N., Mpembeni, R., Sukums, F. (2014). Health
workers’ knowledge of and attitudes towards computer application in rural African
facilities. Global health action, 7(1), https://doi.org/10.3402/7.24534
Cote, J., Gagnon, M., Rouleau. (2015). Impacts of information and communcations technology
on nursing care: an overview of systematic reviews. Systematic reviews, 4(1), 75
Daniel, G., Oyetunde, M. (2013). Nursing informatics: A key to improving nursing practice in
Nigeria. International journal of nursing and midwifery, 3(1), 17 – 24.
Ebrehem, R., El-din, S., El-kheir, S., Habib, N. (2014). Nurses’ knowledge, attitude and practice
ls of nursing Informatics system in outpatient clinics of children’s cancer hospital at
Cairo. Journal of education and practice, 5(32), 17 – 22.
Fakunle, I., Fikile, G., Irinoye, O., Olufemi l, E. (2013). Nurses’percepti9n and barriers to use of
information and communication technology in a teaching hospital in Nigeria. Computers,
informatics and nursing, 13(8), 394 – 400.
Fergus, U., Igwe, S. (2013). Factors that affect the use of ICT in nursing profession in Ebonyi
state, Nigeria. Journal of information engineering and application, 3(11)
Karani, A., Kipturgi, M., Kivuti-bitok l, L., Muiva, M. (2013). Attitudes of nursing staff towards
computerization: a case of tow hospitals in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC medical informatics,
14(35), 2 – 7.
Kobryn, N. (2015). Medical informatics specialty in the developed English-speaking countries:

the terminology comparative analysis. Comparative professional pedagogy, 5(1), 86 - 91
Taiwo, A. (2015). Health information technology in Nigeria: stakeholders’ perspectives of

nationwide implementations and meaningful use. Journal of Health Informatics in
Africa, 3(1), 9 – 12.
Yekini, N. (2014). Information Communication Technology (ICT). Hasten publication centre.

QUESTIONNAIRE ON KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF NURSES TOWARDS

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE NURSING CARE OF PATIENTS IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR TEACHING HOSPITAL, CALABAR.
Dear respondent,
I am a 500L student of the Department of Nursing Science, University of Calabar, Cross
River State. I an carrying out a research on "knowledge and attitude of nurses towards
information technology in nursing care of patients in The university of Calabar Teaching
Hospital, Calabar". The questionnaire is designed to collect data for the research, it, therefore,
promises confidentiality. Kindly provide your most honest response to these questions.
Thanks for your cooperation
MBA, OLUMBA KANU
Please kindly tick (√) for an option or fill the blank space as the case may be.
SECTION A: SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC DATA
1. Gender: Male ( ) Female ( )
2. How old are you? A. 25-34 years ( ) B. 35-44 years ( )C. 45-54 years ( ) D.Over 55 years ( ).
3. What is your marital status?
A. Single [ ] B. Married C. Widowed [ ] D. Divorced [ ]
4. State your years of experience in nursing
Below 5 [ ] 5-10 [ ] 11-15 [ ] 16-20 [ ]
21-25 [ ] 26-30 [ ] Above 30 [ ]
5. What are your qualifications?
A. Diploma [ ] B. Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing [ ]

B. C. Master Degree in Nursing [ ] D. Doctorate or Advanced Practice [ ]
6. State your years of experience in nursing
Below 5 [ ] 5-10 [ ] 11-15 [ ] 16-20 [ ]
21-26 [ ] 26-30 [ ] Above 30 [ ]
7. Designation/ Rank ______________
SECTION B
A-AGREE, SA- STRONGLY AGREE,
D- DISAGREE, SD- STRONGLY DISAGREE
knowledge of nurses towards information technology in the nursing care of patients.
S /N STATEMENT SA A D SD
1 I am aware of Information Technology

2 Information Technology involves the use of digital and
analogue technology in processing and exchanging information
3 I am aware that Information Technology can be used in the
hospital setting
4 I can use a computer for basic operations such as typing and
sending emails.
5 I have enough knowledge and skills to apply information
technology in nursing care of patients
SECTION C
Attitude of nurses towards information technology in the nursing care of patients in the
university of Calabar teaching hospital, Calabar
S/N STATEMENT SA A D SD
6 I feel Information Technology makes my work easier
7 I feel reluctant to use Information Technology in caring for
patients
8 I wish to learn more or get more training on the use of
Information Technology in the care of patients
9 I believe knowledge of Information Technology should be made
mandatory to all nurses
10 I believe I have enough knowledge and skills to apply
information technology in nursing care

Olumba 1 - 5 Council

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Olumba 1 - 5 Council

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Knowledge and Attitude of Nurses Towards Information Technology in Nursing Care of Patients in The

University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar.

KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF NURSES TOWARDS INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE OF PATIENTS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF

CALABAR TEACHING HOSPITAL, CALABAR.

MBA, OLUMBA KANU

INDEX NO: 2021/0940/84296/N

DEPARTMENT OF NURSING SCIENCE

FACULTY OF ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF NURSES TOWARDS INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE OF PATIENTS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF

CALABAR TEACHING HOSPITAL, CALABAR.

MBA, OLUMBA KANU

INDEX NO: 2021/0940/84296/N

DEPARTMENT OF NURSING SCIENCE

FACULTY OF ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF

NURSING AND MIDWIFERY COUNCIL OF NIGERIA FOR THE

AWARD OF REGISTERED NURSE

NURSES TOWARDS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE OF

PATIENTS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR TEACHING HOSPITAL, CALABAR.

DEPARTMENT OF NURSING SCIENCE

…………………….. has been examined and approved for the award of

RN, B.Sc (Hons) Nursing, M.Sc Nursing,

Department of Nursing Science

University of Calabar, Calabar

Margaret Mombel Opiah

B.Sc (Hons) (Ibadan); M.Sc Nursing

M.Ed (Ibadan), PhD (Port Harcourt)

A.G. Head of Department

to undergo this programme.

throughout the years of my academic pursuit.

abundantly. I love you all.

Word count: 321

Key words: information technology, nursing

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

1.1 Background to the study

1.2 Statement of the problem

1.3 Purpose of the study

1.4 Research objectives

1.5 Research questions

1.6 Research Hypothesis

1.7 Scope of the study

1.8 Significance of the study

1.9 Limitation of the study

1.10 Operational definition of terms

2.2 Conceptual Review

2.3 Empirical review

2.3.1. Knowledge of nurses on information technology in the nursing care of patients

nursing care of patients

2.4 Theoretical framework

2.4.1 Concept of the theory

2.4.2 Application of the theory to the study

2.5 Summary viii

3.2 Research design

3.3 Research setting

3.4 Research population

3.4.1 Inclusion criteria

3.4.2 Exclusion criteria

3.5 Sample and sampling technique

3.6 Instrument for data collection

3.7 Validity of instrument