Eukaryotic Cells

→
Organelles are components of cells with specific functions .

→ Animal , plant ,
algal and fungal cells are all
eukaryotic .

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unicellular multicellular
• Unlike plants ,
algae can be or .

smaller
•
Some algae have one
large chloroplast rather than several
Golgi apparatus
chloroplasts .

Fungi can be multicellular or unicellular too .

however
They lot like plant cells :
•
are a ,

↳ their cell walls are made of chitin ,

not cellulose .

chloroplasts ( as don't photosynthesise)

↳
they don't have
they
 ftp.sandfunctionsoforganelles#g/FTINI ! Cell - surface
membrane
Cell surface
-
membrane
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•
Made
mainly of lipids ( phospholipid bilayer) and proteins .
-

of of
→
Regulates the movement substances into and out the cell .

-
It has receptor molecules which allow it to
respond to chemicals like hormones .
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nuclear chromatin cDNA wrapped in histone proteins)
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membrane [
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→ Controls transcription of DNA .

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pores
→ Nucleolus makes ribosomes
outer
.

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which contains
is folded to form
involved
cristae .

ribosomes
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contains the matrix ,
enzymes in respiration .

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mother ÷ ,
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→ where aerobic respiration occurs -
( produces ATP -
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cells ammonia with enzymes → a ene
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( most cells
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attachment of
- ( plural = cristae) enzymes
contains stroma and proteins
•
Found in plant cells and algal cells .

chlorophyll ( synthesis of
involved in

µ
respiration

¢ plac.ee using enzymes)

surrounded double membrane also has sugars takes
by ( kerb's
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)
cycle
,

stage of photosynthesis)
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( second
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membranes inside called thylakoid membranes .

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membranes stacked form two membranes ( plasma) ( selective)

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up to
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together by lamellae Chloroplasts fit

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fluid-filled membrane-bound sacs
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Vesicles are seen at edgesthe .

→ Processes and packages new lipids and

proteins
→ Makes
lysosomes
→
Modify and transform vesicles from the ER
° vesicle
Golgi
←
&
Golgi
-
vesicle
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•
A small fluid-filled sac produced by ✓
T cells could commit suicide
the Golgi apparatus
off
→
.

Golgi when :
→ stores lipids and proteins made by apparatus
Golgi apparatus and transports them out
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Cancer develop
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found
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proteins
→ Involved the in
immune response during phagocytosis Lysozymes break down
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→ Contains
digestive enzymes called lysoeymes-andvsedt-lhec.eu wall of bacteria .

involved in
digest invading cells to break down out components of
or → Also breaks down dead wor n

the cell ( digestion and

.

hydrolysis ) exocytosis cells auto

lysis L .
Ribosome " subunit

Floats free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum .

subunit
Made of and RNA large
proteins
•

up
.

'

It is not surrounded by a membrane

tRNA
using
.

→ where
protein is made .
← carries out translation during protein synthesis
'

location of the ribosome determines its function .

Ribosomes in the
cytoplasm proteins for in the
cytoplasm
-

create use .

'

Ribosomes bound to ER are used to create proteins for the outside of the cell .

In their size 80s ( 60s

eukaryotes is large 40s small )
-

In size is 70s ( 50s 30s small )

prokaryotes their large t
.

Looks rough protein ships

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ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic
on

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translation
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System of
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fluid-filled
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membranes
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enclosing space
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The surface is covered with ribosomes .
ribosome

→ Folds and that have been made at the ribosomes

proteins
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but with
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rough endoplasmic , .
found deep in

→
synthesises ( lipid synthesis) the

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and processes lipids cytoplasm
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cells that secrete

excess of SER
→
found edge of
.

in the
-

e. abundant in liver skin oil

glands the
g. , cell
lperifery )
←
detoxification
.

due to
the
( liver cells will double
alcohol)
amount of SER
when
drinking
→
Responsible for muscle contraction .

do have
→ animals cells

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Contains cell
sap
- a weak solution of sugar and salts .
vacuole

The membrane
surrounding is called the tonoplast
•
.

→ Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep the cell
rigid .
→
stops plants wilting
Involved the isolation of unwanted chemicals the
→ in inside cell .

↳ structurally and functionally

Generally occupy more than 30% of the cell
.

related lysosomes
.

to in animal
→ Remove cells
and store waste produced during autophagy
[ when part of the cell is
NvdeoI broken down due to
age or
damages
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A small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of the cell

bound
Non membrane
organelle
.
-

information of
→
Converts genetic
encoded by DNA into proteins ( so it
regulates the transactions

result )
proteins as a

.
The nucleolus is made of Ribo nucleic Acid ( RNA )

for production of ribosomes

key location
→ the .

•
The ribosomes produced from the nucleolus are used to transcribe proteins for the

cell in the process of transcription

Made of RNA DNA and
proteins
-