G7Research1st 4th Quarter - 240201 - 051125 1

1
Special Science Curriculum

Grade 7 Research
2
Most
Essential Learning
Competencies
The learners should be able to…
1. define and explain in detail the definition of research from different authors and
enumerate the aims, goals and importance of research.
2. numerate and describe the characteristics of a quality research and a good

researcher.
3. differentiate kinds of research and cite problems associated with the scientific
inquiry.
Content
Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the…
definitions, types, aims, areas, characteristics, ethics, and classification

of research or scientific inquiry.
Performance
Standard
record or make quantitative and qualitative observations.

Grade 7 Research
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Pretest
Introduction to Research
Directions: On the space provided before each number, write T if the

statement is true and F it is false.
________1. Research is a way of gathering first hand data.
________2. Research is an informal endeavour.
________3. Research require a step by step procedure in solving a problem.
________4. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the
Researcher.
________5. It is the primary purpose of doing research is to gather relevant
information about a general problem.
________6. Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a
population or phenomenon being studied at a given time.
________7. In an experimental research at least one independent variable is
manipulated, other relevant variables are controlled, and the
effect on one or more dependent variables is observed.
________8. Qualitative observations are made with instruments such as
rulers, balances, graduated cylinders, beakers, and
thermometers.
________9. Quantitative observations make use of senses to observe the
results.
________10. People, places and objects around you are the possible sources
of your research.

Grade 7 Research
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Chapter
The Scientific
1 Problem
How do you think teachers, parents, and news reporters obtain the
information they need? The way they acquire or gather information may be
different from one another. There are actually many ways of acquiring
information, one can consult experts, review books and articles, question or
observe colleagues with relevant experience, examine one’s own past
experience, or even rely on intuition. All these approaches suggest possible
ways but the answers they could provide are not always reliable. Experts also
commit mistakes, source documents may contain bias and unverified
information, colleagues may have no experience in the matter; and one’s own
experience or intuition may be irrelevant or misunderstood. This is why
knowledge of scientific research methodology can be of value. The scientific
method provides us with another way of obtaining information—information
that is as accurate and reliable as we can get. Conducting research is the
best way of obtaining knowledge, it will also help you develop a higher order
thinking skill while solving real life problems. Research is a fun and worthwhile
academic activity!
Lesson 1 Research its Goals and Importance
I. Objectives
This topic will enable you to…
• define and explain research.
• identify aims and enumerate importance of research.
Grade 7 Research
5
II. Looking Back

II. Looking Back. Analyse the pictures below and identify the way of
gathering information that is depicted in each picture.
1.______________________
2.______________________
3.______________________
4.______________________
5.______________________
6.______________________
Information is important in our life, it is everywhere and there are

many ways on how we collect it. People gather information for different
purposes, it could be for academic reasons like for the completion of their
assignments, projects or for school paper. Other people solicit information
because they want to become abreast or updated with the things happening
around them. Information is literally just one click away because of the
internet. As a young researcher please keep in mind that the information that
you would be gathering will help you on whatever plans and preparations that
you are about to star

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III. Let’s Get Started (A World Full of Questions)
What I wonder about Why? (Reasons) How will I find answer

the world? to my inquiries?
1.
2.
3.
IV. Chat Time
What is research?
Humans are by nature inquisitive or in simpler words always have a

question in their mind about themselves, others, events, the
environment and the world around that need to be address. One
effective and best way of finding answer to these questions is by conducting a
research study.
Research is actually asking a question
and finding out the answer to that
question. It is looking into something
that is new, unique, meaningful and
interesting. It is also comparing and
contrasting things and information.

Grade 7 Research
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RESEARCH
Research is a careful Research comprises A research project may
and detailed study into "creative and also be an expansion
a specific problem, systematic work on past work in the
concern, or issue using undertaken to increase field. Research projects
the scientific method. the stock of knowledge, can be used to develop
It is the systematic including knowledge of further knowledge on a
study of trend or event humans, culture and topic, or in the example
which involves careful society, and the use of of a school research
collection, presentation, this stock of knowledge project, they can be
analysis and to devise new used to further a
interpretation of applications." It is used student's research
quantitative data or to establish or confirm prowess to prepare
facts that relates man’s facts, reaffirm the them for future jobs or
thinking with reality. results of previous work reports.
Aims and importance of research
It is the primary purpose of doing research is to gather

relevant information about a specific problem. Thus, a study should
seek to communicate its findings to a larger body of research or results from
other research study. Research must always be of high quality in order to
produce knowledge that is applicable to the academe and society.
Furthermore, the results of your study may have implications for policy and
future project implementation. good research utilizes methodologies that can
be replicated, produces results that are examinable by peers, and creates
knowledge that can be applied to real-world situations. Researchers work as a
team to enhance our knowledge of how to best address the world’s problems.

Grade 7 Research
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Task: Aside from the mentioned above, what else do you think are the other
aims of research?
Aims of Research
1. 2. 3. 4.
V. Key Points
For you what is research and why is it important?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
V. Show me what you’ve got!
How do you think engaging into a research activity would be beneficial to the
following?
School Community Environment

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
VI. Essential Note

Grade 7 Research
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• Research is systematic study of trend or event which involves careful

collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of quantitative data
or facts that relates man’s thinking with reality.
• Scientific method or a step by step procedure is used in solving a
scientific problem.
• It is the primary purpose of doing research is to gather relevant
information about a specific problem.
VII. This is it! Gotcha!
“In much of society, research means to investigate something you do

not know or understand.”
Neil Armstrong

Grade 7 Research
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Lesson 2 Qualities of a Research and a Good Researcher
I. Objectives
• enumerate and define the characteristics of a quality research and a
good researcher.
II. Review
II. Looking Back

FILL-IN-THE-BLOCKS. On the blocks provided write the word/s that best
describes the given statement.
1. A careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issues.
2. A step by step and scientific procedure used in solving a problem.
3. A way of gathering information by the use of senses.
4 These are the things that we gather through research.
5. The primary aim of research is to generated new ________________.

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III. Let’s Get Started
Choose a partner, preferably a seatmate or a friend, in 5 minutes observe

each other. Then write down all of your observations on the table below:
Physical Characteristics Behavioural Characteristics

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
7. 7.
8. 8.
9. 9.
10. 10
IV. Chat Time
Characteristics of a Quality Research
There are terms that are commonly used in research and the
success of any research depends on these terms. These terms
determine whether a research is free of biases, prejudices,
subjective errors or did not follow any ethical standards. They are called the
characteristics of research. Below are some of the basic characteristics of a
quality research.
Logical
Critical
Methodological
Replicability
Cyclical
Analytical
Empirical

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Identification. On the space provided before each number write the word/s
that is being describe by the given statement, choose your answer on the
words buntings.
____________1. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering

data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental, and case
study.
____________2. Research is based on direct experience or observation by
the researcher.
____________3. Research design and procedures are repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
____________4. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
____________5. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
____________6. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias
using systematic method and procedures.
____________7. Research starts with a problem and ends with a problem
Task: Analyse the situations below, tell the research characteristics that is
being describe in each situation.
____________1. Before making a conclusion, a researcher identifies first the
problem, gathers information about the identified problem,
formulates and test hypothesis by conducting an experiment.
____________2. After the conduct of the first trial the researcher prepares for
two or more trials, compare and analyse the results then
draws conclusions.
____________3. A researcher uses his senses in gathering qualitative
information about the materials that is being research and
conducts actual experimentation.
____________4. A researcher reads journal articles and works of other
researcher to solicit information relevant to his present study
like theoretical framework and literature.
____________5. A research measures what is set to be out to be measured
in a valid and reliable way.

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Characteristics of a Good Researcher
For a quality research paper to materialize, a researcher must

possess many positive characteristics because a research
endeavour is not an easy task and it requires a lot of patience,
determination and perseverance. Some characteristics of a good
researcher is stated below:
Good Intellectual Curiosity

Communicator
Intellectual Honesty
Careful
Healthy Criticism
Intellectual
Creativity
Make a Statement using the words below. Please follow the format given.
A researcher is/has/observe ____________because__________________.
Intellectual Curiosity
______________________________________________________________
Careful
______________________________________________________________

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Healthy Criticism
______________________________________________________________
Intellectual Honesty
______________________________________________________________
Intellectual Creativity
______________________________________________________________
Good Communicator
Task: Aside from the given above, what are the other characteristics of a
good researcher that you know? Write your answer on the balloon.
1.___________ 2.___________ 3.___________ 4.___________
V. Essential Note
• There are terms that are commonly used in research and the success
of any research depends on these terms. They are called the
characteristics of research which are empirical, logical cyclical,
analytical, critical, methodical and replicability.
• For a quality research paper to materialize, a researcher must possess
many positive characteristics which intellectual curiosity are, prudence,
healthy criticism, intellectual, honesty and creativity.

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VI. Show me what you’ve got!
Clinical Trials—Desirable or Not?
Clinical trials are the final test of a new medicine. They offer an
opportunity for drug companies to prove that new and previously unused
medicines are safe and effective to use by giving such medicines to
volunteers. Recently, however, there has been an increase in the number of
complaints against such trials. Do you think clinical trials of medicines to
humans should continue? Would you volunteer yourself or a family member
for a test of effectivity of a medicine?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
“Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what
nobody else has thought.”
Albert Szent-Gyorgyi

Grade 7 Research
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Lesson 3. Types of Research and Sources of Research Topics
I. Objectives
• classify research based on the objectives.
• differentiate the different kinds of research.
• identify areas and sources of research topics.
II. Looking Back

JUMBLE THE LETTERS. Below are words pertaining to the characteristics of
a researcher and research, unlock them by jumbling the letters provided in the
box, write your answer on the space provide.
1. R I E P M C A I L
2. O G I L A L C
3. E D U E R N C P
4.
E L I A N U T T E L C L
R S I O C I U T Y
5. L A C A I N T A L Y

Grade 7 Research
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III. Let’s Get Started!
Look and carefully examine the pictures inside the box, then write below the
key word or main idea that is being depicted in the pictures.
Key word/s
IV. Chat Time
Types of Research
The types of research are determined by the aims of the

researcher. When the research is conducted solely to come up with
new knowledge or to have a fuller understanding of a particular
subject for its own sake, then it is classified as basic research.
However, if the research is done to find an application of the new knowledge
whether new or old, it is classified as applied research. Sometimes,
classifying a research becomes difficult when it does not actually deal with the
application but only indicates how generated information could lead to an
initial application. Another basis for classifying research is the condition under
which the study is done. There are two types under this category, namely:
descriptive and experimental.

Grade 7 Research
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Descriptive Research Experimental Research
Descriptive research is used to If you put in factors that

describe characteristics of a interfere with what nature
population or phenomenon being provides, then the research
studied, it answers the question
becomes experimental. In an
“what is”. Examples of descriptive
experimental research at least
research are taxonomic studies in
one independent variable is
which similar patterns among
manipulated, other relevant
organisms are noted and use as
bases for classification. Historical variables are controlled, and
researches are also descriptive the effect on one or more

because events, people and dates dependent variables is
are recorded as they happen or observed. It answers the
events that happened in the past. question “what will be”.
Task: Below are sample research titles, classify them whether descriptive,
historical or experimental research.
Title Kind of Research

1. The Condition of Secondary School Physics
Education in the Philippines: Recent
Developments and Remaining Challenges
for Substantive Improvements (A. Orleans)
2. Culinary Culture of Rizalenos during Pre
Colonial Period Philippines
3. Effects of Saline Water on the Growth and
Development of Variety X Rice
4. School-Community Cooperation on
Environmental Protection and Management on
Barangay Pag-asa
5. The Effect of Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaf
Extract on Longevity of Snails (Achatina
achatina)

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Sources of Research Topics
People, places and objects around you are the possible sources of
your research. The communities where you live are also rich sources of
research topics. You can start by determining the resources that the
communities have as well as their needs.
List down possible sources of research topics based on the categories given
on the table below.
People Places Objects/Things Around

1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.
V. Essential Note
• There are three basic type of research which are descriptive, historical
and experimental.
• Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population
or phenomenon being studied, it answers the question “what is”.
• Historical researches are also descriptive because events, people and
dates are recorded as they happen or events that happened in the past.
• In an experimental research factors are put in that interfere with what
nature provides, it answers the question “what will”.
• People, places and objects around you are the possible sources of
your research.
Among the different kinds of research, which do you prefer to do? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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“No one undertakes research in physics with the intention of winning a

prize. It is the joy of discovering something no one knew before.”
Stephen Hawking

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Lesson 4. Qualitative and Quantitative Research
I. Objectives
• identify and define the different kinds of variables.
• identify and differentiate qualitative research from quantitative
research.
II. Looking Back

Research Crossword Puzzle
1 2 3
4
5
6 7
Across
1. It answers the question “what is”.

5. A careful and detailed study into a specific problem
6. It answers the question “what was”.
8. Topic for number 6.
Down
2. It answers the question “what will be”.

3. It could either be manipulated or controlled.
4. A field of study.
7. Done to find an application of the new knowledge.

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As you know the scientific method allows one to take a systematic

approach in dealing with problems. In the scientific method, two
types of observation exist: quantitative and qualitative. Qualitative
observations use your senses to observe the results. (Sight, smell,
touch, taste and hear.) Quantitative observations are made with instruments
such as rulers, balances, graduated cylinders, beakers, and thermometers.
These results are measurable.
Go around the school, you may interview people and observe things
that you will see and list down the observations. Write your answer on the
table below.
Qualitative Observations Quantitative Observations
Ex. The teacher is wearing a red The height of our teacher is 5”4.
blouse.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
IV. Chat Time
In doing your research, your objectives will dictate the kinds of

research methodologies you use to underpin your work and
methods you use in order to collect data. There are two kinds of
research based on the methods: the qualitative and quantitative
research.

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Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory

research. It is used to gain an understanding
of underlying reasons, opinions, and
motivations. It provides insights into the
problem or helps to develop ideas or
hypotheses for potential quantitative research.
Qualitative Research is also used to uncover
trends in thought and opinions, and dive
deeper into the problem.
Qualitative data collection methods vary using

unstructured or semi-structured techniques. Some
common methods include focus groups (group
discussions), individual interviews, and
participation/observations. The sample size is
typically small, and respondents are selected to fulfil
a given quota.
Quantitative Research is used to quantify

the problem by way of generating numerical
data or data that can be transformed into
usable statistics. It is used to quantify
attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other
defined variables – and generalize results
from a larger sample population.
Quantitative data collection methods include various

forms of surveys – online surveys, paper
surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys, face-to-
face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal
studies, website interceptors, online polls, and
systematic observations.

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Task: Differentiate qualitative research from quantitative research by
completing the table below.
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Purpose
Design
Approach
Tools
Sample Size
Data Analysis
V. Essential Note
• Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain

an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.
• Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way of
generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable
statistics.
Between qualitative and quantitative research methods, which do you think is

the best to use in making a scientific research study? Justify your answer.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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Research is four things: brains with which to think, eyes with which to
see, machines with which to measure and, fourth, money.
Albert Szent-Gyorgyi

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Lesson 5. Ethics and Common Problems in doing a Research
I. Objectives
• identify problems encountered in doing a scientific inquiry.
• cite the importance of following the ethical standards of making a

research.
.
II. Looking Back
4 Pics and 1 Word

Grade 7 Research
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Complete the fish bone diagram below, write common problems that students
encounter in their daily lives and the ways of solving it.
Problems
Encountered
Ways to Solve
Life as a
Student
Ways to Solve
Problems
Encountered
IV. Chat Time
What Is Research Ethics?

Ethics are moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the
conduct of his activities. In doing a research it should come as no
surprise that many different professional associations, government
agencies, and universities have adopted specific codes, rules, and
policies relating to research ethics. Below are some of the ethical
considerations in doing a research.
•protect human participants in terms of their rights, dignity and privacy.

1
•ensure that research is conducted in a way that serves interests of individuals,

2 groups and/or society as a whole.
•examine specific research activities and projects for their ethical soundness, looking at issues
such as the management of risk, protection of confidentiality and the process of informed
3 consent.
•respect intellectual property and copyrights of other writers.

4
•avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your
5 own work and the work of your peers.
•know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
6

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Problems in doing Research
In doing a scientific investigation there are many problems that a

researcher will encounter and should find ways how overcome
those challenges to be able to succeed and find answer to his
research questions. Depicted in the pictures are some problems in
doing a research, identify and write your answer on the space provided below
the picture.

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V. Essential Note
• Ethics are set of standards that guides a researcher in doing a

scientific study.
• Many different professional associations, government agencies, and
universities have adopted specific codes, rules, and policies relating to
research ethics. Below are some of the ethical considerations in doing
a research.
• In doing a scientific investigation there are many problems that a
researcher will encounter and should find ways how overcome those
challenges to be able to succeed and find answer to his research
questions. Common problems encountered are lack of funds and the
shortness of time to finish the study, insufficient proper training,
resources and low confidence level of the researcher are another
problem.
What is plagiarism?
Why do you think it is important to abide or obey ethical

norms even if you are facing problems while doing your
research?
____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________
“Writing the perfect paper is a lot like a military operation. It takes discipline,
foresight, research, strategy, and, if done right,
ends in total victory.”
Ryan Holiday

Grade 7 Research
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Most
Essential Learning
Competencies
a. Identify areas and sources of research topics.
b. Identify and enumerate the steps of the research process and

scientific method.
c. Identify variables and describe the different kinds of research
design.
Content
Standard
a. steps of the research process and scientific method
b. different kinds of variables.
c. different research design.
Performance
Standard
The learners should be able to identify the controlled, dependent and

independent variables of a sample study.

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Pretest
The Research Process
I. Arrange the sequence of the scientific method using number 1- 7, write

your answer on the space provided before the letter.
________a. Test the hypothesis and predictions in an experiment that can be

reproduced.
________b. Make an observation or observations.
________c. Analyze the data and draw conclusions; accept or reject the
hypothesis or modify the hypothesis if necessary.
________d. Form a hypothesis — a tentative description of what's been
observed, and make predictions based on that hypothesis.
________e. Reproduce the experiment until there are no discrepancies
between observations and theory.
________f. Identifying s specific problem and thinking ways how to solve it.
________g. Results are published, presented and shared to other
researchers.
II. Complete the paragraph by supplying the appropriate word/s on the blanks.
The steps in the _______________are essentially the same as those

in the scientific method, both follows steps that is logically ___________to the
next. The scientific method is a sequence of problem solving skills that
scientists use to answer questions or___________, on the other hand the
research process is a ________ process. More often than not, conclusion that
is reached at the end of an investigation leads to _____________ which other
researcher may undertake in the future

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Chapter The Research

2 Process
The research process is a cyclic process. Most of the time, the

conclusion that is reached at the end of an investigation leads to other
problems which other researcher may undertake in the future. Opportunities
for more inventions and discoveries arise from the cyclic nature of research.
In essence, it perpetuates the dynamic nature of science and ensures its
continuous growth.
Lesson 1. Steps in the Research Process and Scientific
Method
I. Objectives
• describe the nature of the research process.
• state the various steps of the scientific method.
• explain the importance of following the steps in the research
process and scientific method.
• differentiate research process from the scientific method.

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II. Looking Back

So far, you’ve learned from the previous chapter the knowledge and skills that
you need to be able to make a good research output. Summarized you’re
learning on the concept map below.
RESEARCH
The research process, like any other processes, is made up of several

steps. Each step leads logically to the next other. The time it takes for each of
these steps depends on the kind of problem being investigated, the
experience of the researcher and the availability of resources needed for the
study.
1. Identification
7. Formulation
of a research
of conclusion
problem
6. Data collection,
organization, 2. Formulation of a
processing and hypothesis
analysis
3. Review of
5. Actual
related literature
experimentation
and studies
4. Preparation
of a research
design

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IV. Chat Time
The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used

to explore observations and answer questions about many things. It
is also a systematic technique for investigating phenomena,
acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous
knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry is commonly based
on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of
reasoning. Below is the diagram of a scientific method.

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Task: Why do you think it is important to follow a step by step process in

solving a scientific problem? Does it also apply in dealing with personal
problems?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
V. Essential Note
• The research process, like any other processes, is made up of several

steps. Each step leads logically to the next other
• A scientific method is a systematic technique for
investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and
integrating previous knowledge.
Compare the steps in the scientific method with the steps in the
research process. Take note of the similarities and differences. Write your
answer on the Venn Diagram below.
Research Process Scientific Method
“I believe in innovation and that the way you get innovation is you fund
research and you learn the basic facts.”
Bill Gates

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Lesson 2. Hypothesis and Variables
I. Objectives
• define a hypothesis.
• define and differentiate the different kinds of variables.
• identify the control, independent and dependent variables of a given
experimental set-up.
.
II. Looking Back (Loop a Word)
Listed below are words related to the research process and scientific method,
find and loop them on the table full of letters that follows.
A B H C R A E S E R
T N E M I R E P X E
O M A R D K F U L D
A N J L A M I N A O
P R O B L E M Z U H
U N O I T S E U Q T
P A C G A T A D B E
H I R O M A S H I M
S C I E N T I F I C
Scientific Method Research Problem

Question Experiment Data

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Read and study the sample scientific inquiry below, then answer the
questions that follow.
Problem: How much salt can Rice Variety X can tolerate?
Materials: rice seeds Variety X (about 500 grains)

spatula wide-mouthed bottles (8)
graduated cylinder table salt
platform balance water
Procedure:
1. Place100 ml of water in each of the eight wide-mouthed

bottles.
2. Dissolve the following amounts of salt in the water:
Bottle A – none Bottle E – 2.0 g
Bottle B – 0.5 g Bottle F – 2.5 g
Bottle C – 1.0 g Bottle G – 3.0 g
Bottle D – 1.5 g Bottle F – 3.5 g
3. Put 50 rice seed in each bottle. Replace those that float.
4. Observe the set-ups regularly to find out how many seeds
will germinate each day.
Source: Science and Technology, Lilia R. Rabago, 1997.
Questions:
1. What factor is being tested?

_________________________________________________
2. What factor(s) is/are held constant?
_________________________________________________
3. Why does the set-up have different concentrations of salts?
_________________________________________________
4. Why does the set-up include one bottle (A) without salt?
_________________________________________________

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IV. Chat Time!
Both the steps of a research process and the scientific method have
hypothesis formulation. A hypothesis is an educated guess or a
tentative answer based on the initial information about a problem or
an inquiry. To be able to test if your hypothesis is right or wrong you
need to perform an experiment. Your experiment should be carefully planned,
designed and executed to be able to gather a reliable set of data. You need to
identify also the variables of the problem. Variables are factors that change
during an experiment. There are three kinds of variables, the controlled,
dependent and independent.
Controlled Variable
• are factors that are kept constant or uniform thoughout
the experiment.
Independent Variable
• are factors that the experiment changes or manipulates.
Dependent Variable
• is the factor that is altered a result of changes in the
independent variable.
Task: Identify the variables in the previously given scientific inquiry.
a. Controlled Variable/s___________________________________________
b. Independent Variable___________________________________________
c. Dependent Variable____________________________________________
V. Essential Note
• A hypothesis is an educated guess or a tentative answer based on the

initial information about a problem or an inquiry.
• Variables are factors that change during an experiment.

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• There are three kinds of variables, the control, independent and

dependent.
Identify the problem and the variables in the following study.
1. A group of students wanted to know if temperature has an effect in the

dissolving rate of sugar. They prepared three identical coffee cups and
labelled them A, B, and C. One student half-filled cup A with boiling
water, cup B with lukewarm water and cup C with cold water. Another
student put equal amounts of white sugar in each cup and stirred the
water in each cup five times in a clockwise direction.
Problem:____________________________________________________
Controlled Variable/s:__________________________________________
Independent Variable: _________________________________________
Dependent Variable:___________________________________________
VII. This is it! Gotcha
After all, the ultimate goal of all research is not objectivity, but truth.
Helene Deutsch

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40
Lesson 3. The Research Design
I. Objectives
• enumerate, define and differentiate the kinds of research design.

• cite the importance of a research design in doing a scientific
investigation.
II. Looking Back
Factors that are kept constant or uniform throughout the experiment.
There are factors that change during an experiment
Factor that is altered a result of changes in the independent variable
Are factors that the experiment changes or manipulates.
A temporary answer to the problem based on initial investigation.

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The ability of two kinds fertilizers to increase the yield of certain

species of tomato plant is under investigation.
Fertilizer A is composed or organic materials, 80%
cow manure mixed with 20 % kusot and fertilizer B
is a commercially available fertilizer. Design an
experiment that will prove which fertilizer has better
effects on tomato plants in terms of yield.
Problem:
Materials:
Number of set-up:
Controlled Variable/s:
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:
Procedure:
Draw the set-up:

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IV. Chat Time!
A research design is the framework or guide used for the

planning, implementation, & analysis of a study. It is a
systematic plan of what is to be done, how it will be
done, & how the data will be analysed. Research design
basically provides an outline of how the research will be
carried out & the methods that will be used.
It also includes the descriptions of the research approaches,

dependent & independent variables, sampling design, & planning format for
data collection, analysis & presentation. There are many ways to classify
research designs, the chart that follow offers a number of useful distinctions
between different kinds research design.
Research
Design
Descriptive Correlational Experimental

Design Design Design
Observational Historical Probalistic

Case Study Causal Investigatory Exploratory
Study Study Causation
Descriptive research designs help provide answers to the

questions of who, what, when, where, and how associated with a
particular research problem; a descriptive study cannot conclusively
ascertain answers to why. The classic experimental design
specifies an experimental group and a control group. The independent
variable is administered to the experimental group and not to the control
group, and both groups are measured on the same dependent variable.
Correlational design may be thought of as understanding a phenomenon in
terms of conditional statements in the form, “If X, then Y.”

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This type of research is used to measure what impact a specific change will
have on existing norms and assumptions.
V. Essential Note
• Research design basically provides an outline of how the research will

be carried out & the methods that will be used.
• There are many kinds of research design that researchers used in
administering their research study but descriptive research design,
experimental research design and correlational research are some of
the popular designs being used.
Given are sample research titles, classify the nature, design and method that
you think is used in doing the study.
Research Title: The Effect of Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaf Extract on

Longevity of Snails (Achatina achatina)
Nature of Research:
_________________________________
_
Design Type:
_________________________________
_
Method of Data Collection:
_________________________________

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Research Title: School-Community Cooperation on Environmental Protection and

Management on Barangay Pag-asa
Nature of Research:
_________________________________
_
Design Type:
_________________________________
_
Method of Data Collection:
_________________________________
VII. This is it! Gotcha
“I have no special talents, I am only passionately curious!”

Albert Einstein

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Most
Essential Learning
Competencies
1. identify and enumerate the parts of a research paper.
2. cite the importance of following a format or style in writing a research

paper.
3. apply and follow the general APA guidelines.
Content
Standard
parts of a research paper and the language, format and style of writing a
research paper following APA style.
Performance
Standard
1. write sample title page, paragraph and sentence using APA style of
research.
2. write sample citations using APA style of referencing from different

sources like books, journals, research papers etc.

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Pretest
Directions: On the space provided before each number write the word/s that
is being describe by the given statements.
________1. An organization that created the language and style used and
understood by different researchers and academics around the
world.
________2. A brief (150 to 250 words) but thorough description of the
problem, findings, and summary of the research.
________3. Citations in the body or text in a research identifying where the
information is originally taken or found.
________4. A list of all the sources that a researcher used in his paper.
________5. Pertains to the procedure, data collection techniques, setting and
subject of the study.
________6. A collection of studies and literature that supports the existence.
of the study.
________7. This contains the title of the research and the name and affiliation
of the author.
________8. It is a shortened version of the paper’s title (up to 50 characters).
________9. This contains the background and significance of the study,
statement of the problem, hypothesis and scope and limitations
of the study.
________10. This summarizes the significant results of the study.

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Chapter The Style of

3 Writing
Uniform style in writing a research paper helps us scan the paper

quickly to immediately see the key points, methodology and findings. Rules of
style in scientific writing encourage full disclosure of essential information and
allow us to distribute with slight errors. A style helps us express the key
elements of quantitative results, choose the graphic form that will best suit our
analyses, report critical details of our research protocol, and describe
individuals with accuracy and respect.
The American Psychological Association, or APA, is the
organization that created the language and style in research that is used and
understood by academics and researchers around the world. APA style is the
expected standard in higher education and research papers to ensure
sources are cited properly. Despite its universality, the many nuances of
academia can make it a difficult language to master.
Lesson 1. Parts of a Research Paper
I. Objectives
• identify and describe the different parts of a research paper.

• cite the importance and function of each part of a research paper.

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II. Looking Back
Research method, research design and kinds of research are terms that are
frequently confusing to student researchers, complete the diagram below that will specify
the three.
Kinds
Research
Method of
Data Design
Collection
III. Let’s get started!
Jigsaw Puzzle (Connect the Pieces and Guess the Picture)

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Questions:
1. Were you able to connect the pieces?

________________________________________________________
2. What made you think that the pieces that you are connecting is related
to the other?
________________________________________________________
3. What figure is created after you have successfully connected the
pieces of the puzzle? Describe the parts and its functions of the animal
formed.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
IV. Chat Time
A paper is prepared after a research has been completed although

some parts are written initially prior to the actual conduct of the study. It
contains the following parts in the order of their appearance in the document:
• title page
• abstract
• introduction
• review of related literature and studies,
• methodology
• results and discussions
• summary of findings
• conclusions and recommendations
• bibliography and appendix

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51
V. Essential Note
• A research paper contains the following parts in the order of their

appearance in the document: title page, abstract, introduction, review
of related literature and studies, methodology, results and discussions,
summary of findings and conclusions, bibliography and appendix
Research papers are actually divided much larger parts known as chapters,
that includes the smaller portions presented in the previous diagram. Place on
the boxes below the parts of the research found in each chapter.
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4
“Unity is strength... when there is teamwork and collaboration,

wonderful things can be achieved.”
Mattie Stepanek

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Lesson 2. APA Style of Writing - General Guidelines and Title

Page
I. Objectives
a. enumerate the general APA guidelines.
b. edit sample research title page following the general APA
guidelines.
II. Looking Back

Identify the part of research that is being describe by the statements inside
the boxes below, use also number 1-4 to arrange their sequence as they
appear in the research paper.
Title: The Effect of Azadirachta Indica (Neem) Leaf Extract on Longevity

of Snails (Achatina achatina) Ufele A.N., Ebenebe C.I., et.al, 2012
Akinusi O., Introduction to snails and snail farming, Triolas Publishing Company, Abeokuta, 70
(2002)
Baoanan Z.G., Documentation of terrestrial gastropods in Benguet province, Philippines, In

Proceedings, 7th International Congress on Medical and Applied Malacology, Los Banos,
Laguna (Philippines), Malacological Society of the Philippines, Inc. 21-24 (2002)
It was observed that there was significant difference (P < 0.05) in all the snails in different
treatments. Figure 1 shows that snails in the green house 1 (control) did not die, they had the
highest longevity followed by those in green house 4 which were treated with 50% extract. Snails
is green house 2, that is those treated with 100% extract had the lowest longevity followed by
those in green house 3, that is those treated with 70% extract. This shows that neem leaves act as
molluscides.
The method of extraction used was the Cold Maceration Method. The dried leaves were blended
into powder and one liter of ethanol was used as extracting reagent. Homogeneity of the mixture
was ensured by stirring the mixture at intervals and the mixture was allowed to stay for 3 days for
maximum extraction before filtration was done. The filtrate was heated in a round bottom flask
balanced on a hot water bath, this made the extract concentrated.

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Using the above result, one can say that in some countries where the snails are seen as pest, they
can use neem leaves to control them. But in many African and Asian countries where snails are
source of protein, neem plants should not be planted close to snail farm or use as bedding.
Questions:
1. What can you say about the people in the picture? Describe how they
look and the manner of their clothing.
2. Do you think a “style” is important in our society nowadays?
3. What are the things that you do or make that you put a style on it?
4. Why do you think having a style or format in doing things is important?
IV. Chat Time
APA format is the official style of the American Psychological

Association (APA) and is commonly used to cite sources
in psychology, education, and the social sciences. By using APA
style, researchers and students writing are able to communicate
information about their ideas and experiments in a consistent format.
1. Font: Times New Roman, 12 point.

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2. Page margins: One inch from top, bottom, left and right side of each
page.
3. Body text line spacing: Double-spaced.
4. Paragraph indentation: Indent the first line of each paragraph by one-
half inch from the left margin.
5. Use two spaces after the period at the end of a sentence.
6. All text is left-justified, with an unjustified (ragged) right margin.
7. Do not hyphenate words at the end of lines.
8. On the cover sheet (first page), the words “Running head:” (in
caps/lower case) precede the running head title (in upper case). On
subsequent pages, the words “Running head:” are not used; only the
actual running head title appears (in upper case).
9. The header should appear, flush left, in all capital letters; it is a
shortened version of the paper’s title (up to 50 characters, including
spaces).
10. The pages are numbered consecutively throughout the paper starting
with 1, on the title page, numbers are on the upper righthand corner,
flush right. The title of your paper is typed in caps/lowercase letters
(also known as title case), centered on the page. If the title requires
more than one line, double-space between lines. Other than the
running head, only three things should appear:
Title of the paper

Your name
Institution name
V. Essential Note
• The American Psychological Association, or APA, is the organization

that created the language used and styles that is understood by
academics and researchers around the world. APA style is the
expected standard in higher education and research papers to ensure
sources are cited properly.

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• Your title page should contain a running head, title, author name, and
school affiliation. The purpose of your title page is to let the reader
quickly know what your paper is about and who it was written by.
Sample Research Title Page APA Style
Provide a “RUNNING HEAD” or Each page is

short title of your paper in all caps in numbered starting
each page of the paper with the title page.
Running head: MOSQUITO LARVICIDE 1
The recommended typeface is Times New Roman

with a 12 point font size.
The title of your paper is centered and positioned in the upper

half of the page. It should be no longer than 12 words.
Lantana camara (Kantutay) as Pelletize Mosquito Larvicide
Student’s name: first,

Danica C. Villaremo middle initial, last.
Rizal National Science High School
Institution name

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Identify the errors and correct the title page given below in accordance with
the general guidelines of APA style of writing.
Running head: Low Cost Vein Detector
DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST SUBCUTANEOUS
VEIN DETECTOR FOR IV FLUID INSERTION
Ramirez, John Caire C.
A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of
Rizal National Science High School
January 2017
“Style is a reflection of your attitude and your personality”

Shawn Ashmor

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Lesson 3. APA Style of Writing – Abstract and Body Text
I. Objective:
This topic will enable you to edit write sample abstract and body text based
on the guidelines and format of APA style of writing.
II. Looking Back
Make a sample research title page using the details given below.
Author Name : Arlene L. Llamado
Affiliation : University of the Philippines Los Banos
Research Title : Biofilm Bacteria Isolated from Soil of an
Abandoned Mine Site to Remove Metals in
Aqueous Solution
Running Head : Isolated Biofilm Bacteria
III. Let’s get started
Use the Venn Diagram below in comparing the abstract and the main body of
a research paper. Take note of the similarities and differences between the
two.
Abstract Main Body of Research

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IV. Chat Time
Abstract
The abstract appears as the second page of your paper. An
abstract is a one page, brief (150 to 250 words) but thorough
description of your problem, findings and summaries. If you
performed an experiment, your methodology and findings should be
described.
Top Margin: 1 inch
LEAF EXTRACT PESTICIDE (Running Head in every page) 2
Abstract
The research was interested in finding out if the neem leaves can
serve as a molluscide. In this experiment 240 Achatina achatina
were used. Twenty snails were randomly selected and placed in each
Right: 1 inch
Left: 1 inch
green house representing a treatment. There were four groups. Group
1 served as control without any neem leaf. Group 2 received 100%
of the neem leaves extract. Group 3 received 70% of the extract while
the group 4 received 50% of the extract. The extraction of the neem
leaves was done using alcohol as extracting reagents using cold
maceration method of extraction. The experiment lasted for eight
days and replicated three times. The result obtained was subjected to
analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P<0.05. There was significant
difference P<0.05 in the longevity of the snails in different treatments.
This indicates that the neem leaves are molluscides.
Top Margin: 1 inch

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Main body
The components of the main body of your paper will depend on the
assignment. The main body of your paper could describe the
problem you are researching, an investigation of previous findings,
methodology, results, discussion of results and/or
conclusion. Running head and pages are still present in the main body.
Top Margin: 1 inch
LEAF EXTRACT PESTICIDE (Running Head in every page) 5
Snails are herbivores but not all vegetative sites are suitable for
the rearing of snails even though snails thrive well in vegetative
environment as herbivores. There are some herbs or vegetations
which could have adverse effect on the rearing of snails. In some
Right: 1 inch
Left: 1 inch
countries like U.S.A where snails are considered as pests, they
grow these vegetation or herbs that will help to eradicate the pest
without pollution of the environment. In Asia and Africa, snails
are considered as food, these vegetations or herbs that have adverse
effects on the snails should be avoided.
Neem tree, Azadirachta indica is a native of India. It has
pesticidal and medicinal properties. Neem tree is acknowledged to
be the most effective and environmental friendly source of pest
inhibitors.
Top Margin: 1 inch

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V. Essential Note
• An abstract is a one page and brief summary of your paper that
immediately follows your title page. According to APA format, your
abstract should be no more than 150 to 250 words although this can
vary depending upon the specific publication or instructor requirements.
• The components of the main body of your paper will depend on the
assignment. The main body of your paper could describe the problem
you are researching, an investigation of previous findings, methodology,
results, discussion of results and/or conclusion. Running head and
pages are still present in the main body.
Edit and rewrite the sample abstract inside the box following the format of
APA style of writing.
High levels of dissolved metals in the environment includes active and

abandoned mine sites as well as industrial effluents also contribute to lead
contamination in both water and soil. As compared to the conventional
remediation techniques, biological methods are gaining prominence because of
their potential in providing a cost effective technology for heavy metal
remediation. Biopolymer produced by Bacillus licheniformis was investigated
with regard to remediation of lead metal ion. Biopolymer production was
optimum when grown in M9 medium, biopolymer from B licheniformis was
then used for bio sorption of lead metal ion at neutral pH range, 95-98% of
biosorption was observed in case of 10 ppm and 50 ppm lead metal ions, this
study shows utility of biopolymers in bioremediation of lead metal ions.
“Create your own visual style…let it be unique for yourself and yet identifiable
for others.”
Orson Welles

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Lesson 4. APA Style of Writing – In Text Citations
I. Objective:
This topic will enable you to …

• write sample citations using APA style of referencing from different
sources like books, journals, research papers etc.
• enumerate the importance of citing the source of text in a research
paper.
II. Looking Back
Based on the previous discussions, what are the different information about a
scientific research that can be found in an abstract? Please write your answer
on the graphic organizer below:
ABSTRACT

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Plagiarism is an act of presenting another person’s work or idea as your own,

it is also an act of research misconduct. Researchers are strongly advised to
abate from doing such act.
Causes of Plagiarism Consequences of Ways to Avoid

Plagiarism Plagiarism
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.
IV. Chat Time
How to Handle In-Text Citations in APA Format
As you are writing your paper, it is important to include citations in
your text identifying where you found the information you use. Such
notations are called in-text citations, and APA format dictates that
when citing in APA format in the text of your paper, use the author's name
followed by the year of publication.
Follow the author-date

method of in-text citation:
the author’s last name and
year of publication should
appear in text, and
complete reference should
appear in the reference list
at the end of the paper.
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A. Single Author Citation
Lamina (2016) stated that there is a need for a proactive adaptation
and disaster management measures to reduce the negative impacts of
natural disasters on the environment, lives and properties of people.
or
There is a need for proactive adaptation and disaster management
measures to reduce the negative impacts of natural disasters on the
environment, lives and properties of people (Lamina, 2016).
B. Double Author Citation
Whitney and Rolfes (2011) stated that the body requires many
nutrients to function but highlight that water is of greater importance
than any other nutrient.
or
Water is a necessary part of every person’s diet and of all the nutrients
a body needs to function, it requires more water each day than any
other nutrient (Whitney & Rolfes, 2011).
C. Three, Four or Five Author Citation
If a work has three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time and from
then on include only the last name of the first author followed by the words et
al. (‘et al.’ is Latin for ‘and others’)
Research can be defined as a systematic method of creating new

knowledge or a way to verify existing knowledge (Watson, McKenna,
Cowman & Keady, 2008).

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or
Deciding on a research method demands the researcher consider
carefully the problem or area of investigation being researched
(Watson et al., 2008).
V. Essential Note
• It is important to include citations in your text identifying where you

found the information you use; such notations are called in-text
citations.
• APA format dictates that when citing in APA format in the text of your
paper, use the author's name followed by the year of publication.
Visit the library or borrow books, magazines, journals or any kinds of reading
materials about science from your teachers. Collect citations by one, two and
multiple author sources. Write the citations that you’ve gathered on the boxes
below.
One Author Citation
1.
2.

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Two Author Citation
1.
2.
Three or More Author Citation
1.
2.
None of us got to where we are alone. Whether the assistance we received was
obvious or subtle, acknowledging someone’s help is a big part of understanding
the importance of saying thank you!
Harvey Macka

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Lesson 5. APA Style of Writing –Referencing
I. Objective:
• write sample references using APA style of from different sources

like books, journals, research papers etc.
• cite the importance of proper referencing of used articles from
different sources.
II. Looking Back
Last time you have learned many things about citations. Summarized your
learnings about it by providing answer on the mind map below.
Importance
1
Sources Types
5 2
Citation
4 3
Definition Information found at the end

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III. Let’s get started! (Loop a Word)
Below are hidden words that you can use as references in doing your
research, find and loop them on the table provided.
B N E W S P A P E R
L D F L J U R D D Q
O W C W U S W G A W
G F E A S D W R V L
P G T I B C V G A O
O U I I A A B N N I
S K S G X Z R V I Y
T A B R T U J M P R
A X E T O D K P E E
S D W J A S K O O B
IV. Chat Time
Referencing
The reference section of your paper will include list of all of the
sources that you used in your paper. If you cited any piece of
information anywhere in your paper, it needs to be properly
referenced in this section. One handy rule of thumb to remember is that any
source cited in your paper need to be included in your reference section, and
any source listed in your reference section must also be mentioned
somewhere in your paper.

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General Rule on Referencing
1. The reference list begins on a separate page.

2. Center the word “References” at the top of the page. Do not use
underlining, boldface or italics.
3. Double-space all reference entries with one double space separating
each entry.
4. The first line of each entry is typed flush with the left-hand margin. Any
subsequent lines are indented one-half inch (one tab).
5. Use “&” instead of “and” when listing multiple authors of a source.
6. Begin with the author’s last name and first initial(s), if the author is
identified. In the case of multiple authors, list them in the order
indicated in the source document.
7. Capitalize only the first word of the title (as well as all proper nouns),
plus the first word of a subtitle.
8. Alphabetize the reference list by the last name of the author or editor. If
there is no author or editor, alphabetize by the first significant word of
the title (omitting the initial articles A, An and The).
9. Place date of publication in parentheses immediately after the author’s
name, followed by a period.
10. Italicise the title of the book, the title of the journal/serial and the title of
the web document.
Author’s last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of publication. City

and state or country of publication: Publisher.
Book by
a single Newton, R. (2011). A reference guide to learning about research.
author
Hartford, CT: Merganser University Press.
In-text citation: (Nathanson, 1992).
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school. Oxford, England: Blackwell.

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In-text citation: (Olweus, 1993).
Authors’ names in order of appearance. (Year). Title of

publication. City and state or country of publication: Publisher.
(Note: Separate authors’ names with commas; preface final

author’s name with an ampersand (&).
Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance:
A relational treatment guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Book by
2 to 7
authors
In text citation: (Safran & Muran, 2000).
Costello, B., Wachtel, J., & Wachtel, T. (2010). Restorative circles in
schools: Building community and enhancing learning. Bethlehem,
PA: International Institute for Restorative Practices.
In-text citation – first: (Costello, Wachtel, & Wachtel, 2010).
In-text citation – subsequent: (Costello et al., 2010).
(Note: For works with three to five authors; for six or more,
use only the first author’s name with “et al.” for all citations.)
Author’s last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of article. Title of

Periodical, volume(issue), pp.-pp.
Journal
article
(printed) Grant, C. A. (2012). Cultivating flourishing lives: A robust social justice
vision of education. American Educational Research Journal, 49(5),

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910-934.
In-text citation: (Grant, 2012).
Author’s last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of article. Title of

Periodical, volume(issue), pp.-pp.
http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Note: Whenever available, include the article’s DOI (Digital

Object Identifier). APA prefers http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx;
use this format whenever possible. Otherwise,
doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxx is also permissible.
Rosenblatt, F. F. (2014). Community involvement in restorative justice:
lessons from an English and Welsh case study on youth offender
panels. Restorative Justice: An International Journal 2(3), 280-301.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/20504721.2.3.280 (Preferred format)
Journal
article
Rosenblatt, F. F. (2014). Community involvement in restorative justice:
(online)
lessons from an English and Welsh case study on youth offender
DOI & URL
panels. Restorative Justice: An International Journal 2(3), 280-301.
doi/10.5235/20504721.2.3.280 (Also acceptable)
In-text citation: (Rosenblatt, 2014).
If no DOI is available for an article published online, include its URL
preceded by Retrieved from
Sepper, C. (2015.) Engendering corporate conscience. Harvard Journal of

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Law & Gender, 38, 193-233. Retrieved from
http://harvardjlg.com/wpcontent/ uploads/2015/01/Gendering-
Corporate-Conscience-.pdf
In-text citation: (Sepper, 2015)
Author(s). (Year, Month day). Title. Retrieved from

http://xxxxxxxx
Website Stevens, J. E. (2014, January 23). The Restorative Justice League of Le
Grand High School saves the day. Retrieved from
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jane-ellen-stevens/the-restorative-
justicel_b_4160993.html
In-text citation: (Stevens, 2014).
Author (or screen name). (Year, Month day). Title. [Web log
post]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxx
Davis, F. E. (2014, September 26). 8 tips for schools interested in
restorative justice. [Web log post]. Retrieved from

Blog post
http://www.edutopia.org/blog/restorative-justice-tips-for-schools-
faniadavis
In-text citation: (Davis, 2014).

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Teacher Tom. (2013, January 26). Arguing from friendship and integrity
[Web log post]. Retrieved from
http://teachertomsblog.blogspot.com/2013/01/arguing-from-
friendshipand-integrity.html
In-text citation: (Teacher Tom, 2013).
V. Essential Note
• If you cited or used any piece of information anywhere in your paper, it
needs to be properly referenced and acknowledged. One important
rule to remember is that any source cited in your paper needs to be
included in your reference section, and any source listed in your
reference section must also be mentioned somewhere in your paper.
Visit the library again or borrow books, magazines, journals or any kinds of
reading materials about science or any related field of study from your
teachers. Collect references with one, two and multiple authors. Surf the
internet also and look for online journal article, website and blog post and
write your answers on the boxes below.
Book with a one author

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Book with two authors
Book with three or more authors
Printed Journal
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“No one who achieves success does so without acknowledging the help of
others. The wise and confident acknowledge this help with gratitude.”
Alfred North Whitehead

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Most
Essential Learning
Competencies
1. define and explain in detail the definition of research from different

authors and enumerate the aims, goals and importance of research.
2. numerate and describe the characteristics of a quality research and a

good researcher.
Content
Standard
1. scientific literature and studies and
2. its relevance to the chosen scientific problem
Performance
Standard
1. gather relevant scientific literature and studies appropriate to their

propose research topic.
2. justify the collected literature on how it relates, supports or

contradict a topic.
3. collect and record references from gathered related literature

related to the problem/title that will be presented.

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Pretest
Part 1
Directions: On the space provided before each number, write the letter of the
correct answer.
________1. A literature review is _______________________.
a. product of reviewed published materials
b. process of reviewing published materials
c. a section of research study
d. all of the above
________2. What is one of the reasons a research conducts a literature
review?
a. paid to reviewed it
b. required to by the researcher
c. familiarize themselves with the field
d. to copy what has been done before
________3. If you have specific topic like “Common Symptoms of mentally ill
children” but search for something broad like “Psychology of children” you are
like to find?
a. small amount of articles that are relevant
b. a large amount of articles that are relevant
c. a large amount of non- relevant articles
d. a small amount of non- relevant articles
________4. Among the following are the sources of a scientific literature
reviews except one;
a. Scientific Journals b. Books c. Newspaper g. Experiences
________5. Original scientific research published for the first time in scientific
journals is called the
a. primary literature c. Tertiary literature
b. Secondary literature d. None of the Above

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________6. Patents and technical reports, for minor research results and
engineering and design work (including computer software), can also be
considered______________ literature.
a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. None of the Above
________7.___________ literature comprises scientific publications that report
original empirical and theoretical work in the natural and social sciences, and
within a scientific field is often abbreviated as the literature.
a. Scientific b. Journalistic c. Analytic d. None of the Above
________8. Which of the following is considered to be the tertiary sources?
a. Books b. Journals c. Newspaper d. Encyclopedias
________9. Which is considered to be the primary sources?
a. Books b. Scientific Journals c. Encyclopedias d. Internet
________10._____________publishing is the process of placing the results of
one's research into the literature.
a. Scientific b. Journalistic c. Academic d. Analytic

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Chapter The Scientific

3 Literature
A sound literature review is an extremely important component of many

types of papers written in Science. Professional journals in Science and in
other disciplines typically require authors to include a literature review in
articles that are submitted for consideration for publication. Students are
asked to include a literature review in most honours projects and independent
studies and in a variety of papers and assignments in other courses. Writing
a properly structured literature review is a very important skill in a scientific
research.
A literature review (also expressed as “a review of the literature”) is an

overview of previous research on the author’s topic or on an important aspect
of the author’s topic. It identifies and describes and sometimes analyses
related research that has already been done and summarizes the state of
knowledge about the topic. To best understand the role of a literature review,
consider its place in the research process and in the research paper.
Lesson 1. Definition of Scientific Literature Review
I. Objectives
• define and explain what a scientific literature review is.
• identify how to find, read use, and identify the source of reliability of a
scientific review.
• identify aims and enumerateimportance of research.

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II. Looking Back

Scientific Literature – What do you think this term means?
A body of shortlisted definitions of literature review from a reliable
source was chosen and presented below.
1. A literature review is an evaluative report of information found in
the literature related to one’s selected area of study. The review
should describe, summarize, evaluate and clarify this literature.
(CQ University Australia, Library Guides)
2. A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other
sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory,
and by doing so, provides a description, summary, and critical
evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being
investigated. (University of South California, Library Guides)
3. A literature review is an assessment of a body of research that
addresses a research question. (Harvard Graduate School of
Education, Library Guides)
4. A literature review is a written work that.
o Complies significant research published on a topic by accredited
scholars and researchers.
o Surveys scholarly articles, books, dissertations, conference
proceedings, another sources.
o Examines contrasting perspectives, theoretical approaches,
methodologies, findings, results, conclusions. (University of
Missouri, Library Guides)
In secondary school students will be familiar with scientific textbooks
and online encyclopaedias but will have had limited exposure to Journals. If
your school library is lucky enough to stock New Scientist, then one could
start by showing them the layout of this magazine.
The most important thing is to link the publication of results by
scientists to academic Journals. Explaining that results were published as
‘papers’ in Journals and that these Journals were printed on paper, bound and
kept in libraries may help them understand what a scientific paper is.

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This is a good place to start introducing the concept of reliable

websites.
Identify Samples Sources of Scientific Literature Review
1.______________________
2.______________________
3.______________________
4.______________________
5.______________________

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6.______________________
III. Let’s Get Started (A Table Full of Questions)

Fil in the table below by answering the questions.
How will I have a good

What is a Scientific What are the Sources
Scientific Literature
Research? of a Scientific Research
review?
1.
2.
3.
IV. Chat Time
The research process often begins with a question that the researcher
would like to answer. To identify what other research has addressed this
question and to find out what is already known about it, the researcher will
conduct a literature review. This entails examining scholarly books and
journal articles, and sometimes additional resources such as conference
proceedings and dissertations, to learn about previous research related to the
question. Researchers want to be able to identify what is already known
about the question and to build upon existing knowledge. Familiarity with
previous research also helps researchers design their own study. Once this

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literature review foundation is developed, a researcher decides how she or he
will study the subject, designs a research method or methods, collects, and
analyses the data, and reflects on what has been learned.
Research papers follow this same general outline as they begin with an
introduction and identification of a research question, present the literature
review, identify and explain the theory and hypotheses guiding the research,
describe the research methods, present the results, and discuss the findings
of the research.
Why do I have to have a literature review?
This is an important question to ask yourself. As well as helping you

to write a good literature review, fully understanding the need for such work is
what allows you to know you are on-track, why what you're doing is
worthwhile, and that you do have a contribution to make. In other words, the
literature review is integral to the whole science research; it is not just a
routine step taken to fulfil formal requirements.
This is closely connected with demonstrating that you know the field. It
is the knowledge of your field which allows you to identify the gap which your
research could fill. However, it is not enough to find a gap. You have also to
be able to convince your reader that what you are doing is important and
needs to be done.
It also allows you to establish your theoretical framework and

methodological focus. Even if you are proposing a new theory or a new
method, you are doing so in relation to what has been done.
The literature review becomes your springboard for the whole research

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A good Scientific Literature review because

demonstrates that you know the field. This
means more than reporting what you've read
and understood. Instead, you need to read it
critically and to write in such a way that
shows you have a feel for the area; you know
what the most important issues are and their
relevance to your work, you know the
controversies, you know what's neglected,
you have the anticipation of where it's being
taken. All this would allow you to map the
field and position your research within the
context.
justifies the reason for your research.
What is the importance of literature review?
The importance of literature review includes the following:
a. use literature review to evaluate relevant articles’ research

limitations & future research recommendation so that a graduate student can
find his or her research topic.
b. use literature review to go through what are the theoretical frameworks in

previous studies that can be ameliorated to form a new conceptual framework
research model.
c. use literature review to collect more information about their research topic
before embarking on it i.e., no reinventing the wheel (in case it did, how to
change the research topic / direction & again needs literature review),

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d. use literature review to find the relevant research methods / instruments /

survey questionnaire with high reliability & validity for adoption / adaptation.
e. use literature review to provide supporting proof / precedent for an

argument / claim during thesis examination / article review.
f. use literature review to justify an explanation based on empirical result

outcomes when the graduate student is writing his or her thesis’s or article’s
discussion section.
Task: Identify the importance of Scientific Literature Review
Importance of
Scientific Literature Review
1. _______________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________
V. Key Points
For you what is a scientific review of literature and why is it important?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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Based on the definitions given, literature review then can be summarized as;
Arrange the group of words inside the box to get the correct statement.
related literatures
This product provides

A research problem being
investigated
Theoretical and conceptual base on
Reviewing, assessing, summarizing,

and evaluating
The product of the process of
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
VI. Essential Note
• Scientific literature is at the heart of all research.

• Scientific Literature review entails examining scholarly books and
journal articles, and sometimes additional resources such as
conference proceedings and dissertations, to learn about previous
research related to the question.

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• Being able to read and evaluate different types of scientific literature is

a very important skill.
• Reviewing Scientific studies or Familiarity with previous research also
helps researchers design their own study.
• It is important to get across the idea of critical evaluation here. Once
this literature review foundation is developed, a researcher decides
how she or he will study the subject, designs a research method or
methods, collects, and analyses the data, and reflects on what has
been learned.
“Science and Literature are not two things, but two sides of one thing.”
-Thomas Huxley

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Lesson 2. Purpose of Literature Review
I. Objectives
• enumerate the purpose of literature review.
II. Looking Back
JUMMBLED LETTERS. Arrange the jumbled letters to identify the right

answer in the statement below.
_______________1. .Original scientific research published for the first time in

scientific journals is called the- YARMPIR ERAERUTTIL
________________2. Patents and technical reports, for minor research
results and engineering and design work (including computer software), can
also be considered______________literature- YARMPIR
________________3. Literature comprises scientific publications that report
original empirical and theoretical work in the natural and social sciences, and
within a scientific field is often abbreviated as the literature. CIFITIENCS
_______________4. Is considered to be the tertiary sources –
CLOCENYEPSIAD
_______________5. Is considered to be the primary sources- CIFITIENCS
JLOURAN
Choose a partner, preferably a seatmate or a friend, in 5 minutes discuss the

purpose of scientific literature review each other. Then write down all of your
observations on the table below:
Purpose of Scientific Literature Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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IV. Chat Time
Purpose of Literature Review
Conducting a literature review is a means of demonstrating the

author’s knowledge about a particular field of study, including
vocabulary, theories, key variables and phenomena, and its
methods and history. Conducting a literature review also informs the student
of the influential researchers and research groups in the field (Randolph,
2009).
Cisco J. (2014) pointed out main purposes of a literature review, these
are the following;
IDENTIFY
AVOID
HELP
PROVIDE
ANALYZE
HIGHLIGHT JUSTIFY
The purpose of a literature review is to;

1. Provide an overview by reviewing scholarly literature relevant to a
topic, what is known about a topic, or knowledge, information, or ideas
that have been established on a topic.
2. Identify
a. areas of study by pointing the way forward for further research
b. areas of agreement and disagreement
c. seminal works and highlight exemplary studies
d. significant personalities and researchers working in the same field
3. Help define or limit your problem, or design your methodology using
methods others have used.

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4. Justify your research question by explaining how your question fits

into the larger picture.
5. Analyze strengths and weakness of previous research.
6. Highlights gaps in research.
7. Avoid unnecessary duplication.
Identification. On the space provided before each number write FACT if the
statement is correct or BLUFF if the statement is incorrect.
The purpose of literature review are;

____________1. It provides a context for your own research
____________2. Place each work in the context of its contribution to
understanding the research problem being studied.
____________3. Position your research project into chaos.
____________4. Determine gaps or unanswered questions.
____________5. Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous
studies.
Task: Aside from the given above, what are the other purpose of a scientific
literature review. Write your answer in the scroll below.
1
1.___________

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V. Essential Note
Literature review:
• report on knowledge and ideas that have been established on a

particular topic, including their strengths and weaknesses while they
allow you to discover the agreed academic opinion on the topic while at
the same time letting you find out the disagreements on the same
subject.
• position your research project within the body of literature and thereby
provide perspective for the reader.
• demonstrate your knowledge of the subject area.
• determine what each source contributes to the topic.
• understand the relationship between the various contributions, identify
and (if possible) resolve contradictions, and determine gaps or
unanswered questions.
• justify your choice of research design, for instance, your choice of
qualitative over quantitative approaches, or your method of data
analysis.
• clarify how your work fills a gap in the scholarly literature.
What do you think is the main purpose of a literature review?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

“Writing a literature review also allows you to: gain expertise in the ability to
scan the literature on a particular topic efficiently and hone your skills in
identifying and analysing unbiased and valid data on various topics or fields of
study.
Randolph J.J. (2009)

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Lesson 3. Structure of Related Literature
I. Objectives
• Identify what is the structure of a related literature.
• Analyze sample of literature review and apply the structure based
on the sample
II. Looking Back

Fill in the boxes. Below is the box supply ideas pertaining to the purpose of
literature review to complete the concept.
Purpose of the Literature Review
- Understanding what has been done and what
needs to be done.
- Understand different methodology used in earlier
research.
- Helps in enhancing and acquiring the subject
vocabulary.
- Exposes gaps in the literature and position of
your research.
LR
- Helps in exhibit proficiency over the
PURPOSE
research area.
- Credibility of the research paper increases.
- Generates in the interest in the readers to
read complete work.
- Helps in developing background of the
research.
- Readers knowledge is updated related to
the field.
- Readers understanding improves after
reading the LR.
- Develop researchers understanding.
- To develop the understanding of the readers related to the given

topic.
- Demonstrating knowledge of the research field.

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Look and carefully examine the cone, then write below the key word or main
idea that is being depicted in the pictures.
Key word/s
IV. Chat Time
Structure of Related Literature
A literature review should be structured like any other essay: it should have an
introduction, a middle or main body, and a conclusion.

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Introduction
The introduction should:
Define your topic and provide an appropriate context for reviewing the
literature; establish your reasons – i.e. point of view – for reviewing the
literature; explain the organisation – i.e. sequence – of the review; state the
scope of the review – i.e. what is included and what isn’t included. For
example, if you were reviewing the literature on obesity in children you might
say something like: There are many studies of obesity trends in the general
population. However, since the focus of this research is on obesity in children,
these will not be reviewed in detail and will only be referred to as appropriate.
Main body
The middle or main body should:
• organise the literature according to common themes.

• provide insight into the relation between your chosen topic and the
wider subject area e.g., between obesity in children and obesity in
general.
• move from a general, wider view of the literature being reviewed to the
specific focus of your research.
Conclusion
The conclusion should:
• summarize the important aspects of the existing body of literature.

• evaluate the current state of the literature reviewed.
• identify significant flaws or gaps in existing knowledge.
• outline areas for future study.
• link your research to existing knowledge.

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Structuring / Organizing your literature review
One approach is to treat the literature review as a funnel.

-Begin with an overview of a broad conceptual research (the big picture)
- Gradually narrow the discussion to more detailed description of the few
studies that are directly related to your research.
-The role your study plays in extending the research of others should “pop out”
of the bottom of the funnel of the conclusion of the literature review.

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According to research on literature reviews conducted by Fink, A. 2014,

structure of a literature review should include the following;
An overview of the subject, issue, or theory under consideration, along with
the objectives of the literature review.
Division of works under review into themes or categories (e.g. works that
support a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative
approaches entirely),
An explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the
others.
Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are
most convincing of their opinion, and make the greatest contribution to the
understanding and development of their area of research.

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Task: Below is sample of a literature review, identify the structure such as

introduction, body, and the conclusion.
What is Climate Change?
The climate of the Earth is always changing. In the past it has altered because of natural causes.
Nowadays, however, the term climate change is generally used when referring to changes in our
climate which have been identified since the early part of the twentieth century. The changes
we've seen over recent years and those which are predicted over the next 100 years are thought
by many to be largely as a result of human behaviour rather than due to natural changes in the
atmosphere.
The greenhouse effect is very important when we talk about climate change as it relates to
the gases which keep the Earth warm. Although the greenhouse effect is a naturally
occurring phenomenon, it is believed that the effect could be intensified by human activity
and the emission of gases into the atmosphere. It is the extra greenhouse gases which
humans have released which are thought to pose the strongest threat.
The Greenhouse Gases
Almost all of the Earth's atmosphere (99%) is made up of nitrogen (about 78%) and
oxygen (about 21%). While both of these gases play important roles in the vast number of
processes that support life on Earth, they play almost no direct role in regulating the
climate. This is carried out by some of the trace gases in the remaining 1% of the
atmosphere which occur in relatively small amounts:.Water vapour Carbon dioxide
(produced by burning fossil fuel) Methane (a byproduct of agriculture) Nitrogen
Oxides (from car exhausts) Ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons from aerosol and
refrigerators).Although the proportion of the trace gases in the atmosphere appears
relatively small, they can still have a big impact on climate change.
Extreme Weather
Increasing temperatures means the World is likely to see less frosty days and cold spells,
but we are expected to experience an increase in heat waves and hot spells. Greater risk of
drought in continental areas. Increase in extreme precipitation events. Hurricanes likely to
be more intense in some parts of the World due to more rainfall and more intense winds.
An intensification of the Asian summer monsoon is expected. There will be regional
variation in temperature changes; increases will be higher over land and in the northern
hemisphere. However, the temperature increase over the North Atlantic will be small.

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Introduction
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Main Body
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Conclusion
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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V. Essential Note
• A literature review should be structured like any other essay: it should

have an introduction, a middle or main body, and a conclusion.
• Introduction defines your topic and provide an appropriate context for

reviewing the literature; establish your reasons – i.e. point of view.
• The middle or main body should: organize the literature according to
common themes; provide insight into the relation between your chosen
topic and the wider subject area.
• The conclusion should: summarize the important aspects of the
existing body of literature; evaluate the current state of the literature
review.
What do you mean by a funnel approach?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
“It’s the little details that are vital. Little things make big things
happen”
-John Wooden

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Lesson 4. Types of Scientific Literature
I. Objectives
• Identify the types of Scientific Literature.
• Give samples on the types of Scientific Literature.
• Discuss the similarities and differences of related literature and
related studies.
•
II. Looking Back

Arranged the jumbled letters in the balloon to find out the answer from the
given statement below.
1. M N I 2. T R O
A D Y N I U C
O B D I O N T
3. M N I 4. N O C C
A D Y L U I O
O B N S 5. L U N
N E F
P P A
A R O C H

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________________1. Move from a general, wider view of the literature being

reviewed to the specific focus of your research.
________________2. Define your topic and provide an appropriate context
for reviewing the literature; establish your reasons – i.e., point of view.
________________3. Organize the literature according to common themes;
provide insight into the relation between your chosen topic and the wider
subject area.
________________4. Summarize the important aspects of the existing body
of literature; evaluate the current state of the literature review.
________________5. An approach that begins with an overview of a broad
conceptual research and gradually narrow the discussion to more detailed
description of the few studies that are directly related to your research.
Identify the following if it is related literature or related studies. Write your

answer on the table below.
ENCYCLOPEDIAS
BOOKS
PROFESSIONAL
JOURNAL MAGAZINES
NEWSPAPER
THESIS
MANUSCRIPT DISSERTATION
T

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Related Literature Related Studies
Examples Examples
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4.
5.
IV. Chat Time

Related Literature is composed of discussions
of facts and principles to which the present
study is related, for instance if the present
study deals with drug addiction, literature to be
reviewed or surveyed should be composed of
materials that deal with drug addiction.
These materials are usually printed

and found in books, encyclopaedias,
professional journals. Magazines,
newspapers, and other publications
These materials are classified as;
1. Local- if printed in the Philippines and
2. Foreign – if printed in other lands

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Related studies- studies, inquiries or

investigations already conducted to which
the present proposed studies is relate or
has some bearing or similarity. They are
usually unpublished materials such as
manuscripts, thesis, and dissertations.
They maybe classified as;
Local- If the inquiry was conducted in the

Philippines and
Foreign- if conducted in foreign lands
Task: Identify the similarities and differences of related literature and related
studies write your answer on the table below.
RELATED RELATED
LITERATURE STUDIES
Similarities
Differences

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V. Essential Note
• Related Literature is composed of discussions of facts and principles to

which the present study is related,
• Related Studies studies, inquiries or investigations already conducted
to which the present proposed studies is relate or has some bearing or
similarity,
Between research literature and research studies, which do you think is the
best to use in making a scientific research study? Justify your answer.
Research Studies
Research literature
Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing

an exact man.
-Francis Bacon

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Lesson 5. Sources of Literature
I. Objectives
a. identify sources of literature.
b. discuss the types of sources of literature and know their importance.
c. find primary and secondary sources for a literature review using
indexes, databases, internet, and library stacks.
d.
.
II. Looking Back
Find a Word!
The following are examples of research literature and research studies find a
word in a box below. Connect letters to form a word.
D M A N U S C R I P T
I N E W S P A P E R J
D I S S E R T A T T O
S M K A E G O P I H U
N E O B F L H E O E R
A M O P C Q I D N S N
L O B Y D W J I K I A
T S C M Z Y N A M S L
U N A L M A N A C S J
E M A G A Z I N E S A
1. Books 6. Encyclopedia
2. Journal 7. Thesis
3. Magazines 8. Newspaper
4. Dissertation 9. Manuscript
5. Almanacs 10. Memos

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Literature of a Subject is its Foundation. It represents a record of
achievements of human race. Literature is diverse, complex, and multilingual
in nature. It is becoming more and more interdisciplinary. It is growing at a fast
pace. In sciences, it is almost doubling itself in every very few years according
to some studies. In social Sciences, it is doubling at the rate of every eight to
twelve years. Literature serves the informational needs of various kinds of
Users. It forms source of Information. Traditionally Specking, information
Sources would include primarily books, periodicals, and newspapers.
However, the number and forms of source are continuously increasing.
In addition, unpublished sources are becoming increasingly important to
scholars. Occasions will arise, especially in a special library of University
library, when information would be required by a user without precondition
about the form of document. In such a situation, what matters is the finding of
information not the sources of information.
What is an
What is a
information
source?
source?

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IV. Chat Time
Sources of Literature
What is a source? Source means the origin of something.
What is an information source? - An information source is a source of
information for somebody, i.e., anything that might informs a person about
something on provide knowledge to somebody. Information sources may be
observations, people speeches, documents, pictures, organizations etc.
Types of Information Sources
Different epistemologies have different views regarding the importance of
different kind of information sources. Empiricism regards sense data as the
ultimate information sources, while other epistemologies have different views
(Kragh 1989)
The various types of information sources can be divided into two broad
categories.
a. Documentary Sources - These are generally published or recorded
documents of knowledge.
b. Non-Documentary Sources - Form a substantial part of
communication especially in science and technology. User’s studies
have underlined importance of such sources. These sources provide
information which other sources do not.

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V. Essential Note
• Documentary Sources - These are generally published or recorded

documents of knowledge.
• Non-Documentary Sources- Form a substantial part of
communication especially in science and technology. User’s studies
have underlined importance of such sources. These sources provide
information which other sources do not.
Figure 1
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES
- Periodical - Indexing Services - Encyclopedias
- Research Report - Abstracting - Yearbooks and
- Conference Services Directories
Proceedings - Review of Progress - Bibliographies
- Location list of
- Patents - Reference Works
periodicals
- Standards - Treatises
- List of Indexing and
- Trade Literature - Monographs
abstracting services
- Thesis - Text Books
- Guides
- List of Research in
progress
- Guide to professional
organizations
PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

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Figure 2
NON- DOCUMENTARY SOURCES
- Research - Conversation with
Organization colleges
- Societies - Visitors
- Industries - Attendance at
- Government Professional
departments Meetings.
- Universities
- Consultants
FORMAL N0N- FORMAL
• Scientific literature comprises scientific publications that report original

empirical and theoretical work in the natural and social sciences, and
within a scientific field is often abbreviated as the literature. Academic
publishing is the process of placing the results of one's research into
the literature. Original scientific research published for the first time in
scientific journals is called the primary literature/ sources. Patents
and technical reports, for minor research results and engineering and
design work (including computer software), can also be considered
primary literature.
• Secondary sources of information are those which are either
compiled from or refer to primary sources of information. This include
review articles (which summarize the findings of published studies to
highlight advances and new lines of research) and books (for large
projects or broad arguments, including compilations of articles).
• Tertiary sources of information contain information distilled and
collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary function of

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tertiary sources of information is to aid the searcher of information in

the use of primary and secondary sources of information. might include
encyclopaedias and similar works intended for broad public
consumption.
Complete the concept map showing the Sources of Literature.
PRIMARY TERTIARY INFORMAL FORMAL
SECONDARY SOURCES OF LITERATURE
“Great Literature is simply language charged with meaning to the

utmost possible degree”
-Ezra Pound

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Lesson 6. Type of Sources
II. Looking Back

Identify different sources of literature. Analyze if it is Documentary or Non-
Documentary. Write only the letter on the box provided.
A. NEWSPAPER
DOCUMENTARY
B. BOOKS
C.
CONVERSATION
WITH COLLEGES
NON- DOCUMENTARY
D. ATENDANCE AT
PROFESSIONAL
MEETING
E. THESIS
F. RESEARCH
ORGANIZATION

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Identify the different types of social media icon pack. Write your answer on
the space provided below.
1-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
1. _________________ 11. _________________
2. _________________ 12. _________________
3. _________________ 13. _________________
4. _________________ 14. _________________
5. _________________ 15. _________________
6. _________________ 16. _________________
7. _________________ 17. _________________
8. _________________ 18. _________________
9. _________________ 19. _________________
10. _________________ 20. _________________
Questions:
1. What can you say about the social media icon?
2. Do you think this icon is important in our lives?

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3. What are the things that make hard for you to identify the icon?
4. What are the things that make it easier for you to identify the types of
icon?
5. Why do you think that having different types in making something is

important?
IV. Chat Time
The different types of sources are the enumerated below:
1. Argumentative
This form examines literature selectively to support or refute an argument,

deeply imbedded assumption, or philosophical problem already established in
the literature. The purpose is to develop a body of literature that establishes a
contrarian viewpoint.
2. Integrative
Considered as a form that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes representative

literature on a topic in an integrated way such that new frameworks and
perspectives on a topic are generated. The body of literature includes all
studies that address related or identical hypotheses or research problems.
3. Historical
Historical literature reviews focus on examining research throughout a period,

often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, or phenomena
emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of a
discipline. The purpose is to place research in a historical context to show
familiarity with state-of-the-art developments and to identify the likely
directions for future research.
4. Methodological
A review does not always focus on what someone said (findings), but how
they came about saying what they say (methods of analysis). Reviewing
methods of analysis provides a framework of understanding at different levels
(i.e. those of theory, substantive fields, research approaches, and data
collection and analysis techniques).
5. Systematic
This form consists of an overview of existing evidence pertinent to a clearly

formulated research question, which uses pre- specified and standardized
methods to identify and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect,
report, and analyse data from the studies that are included in the review. The

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goal is to deliberately document, critically evaluate, and summarize

scientifically all of the research about a clearly defined research problem.
Typically, it focuses on a very specific empirical question, often posed in a
cause-and-effect form, such as “To what extent does A contribute to B?”
6. Theoretical
The purpose of this form is to examine the body of theory that has
accumulated regarding an issue, concept, theory, phenomena. The theoretical
literature review helps to establish what theories already exist, the
relationships between them, to what degree the existing theories have been
investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested, often this form is
used to help establish a lack of appropriate theories or reveal that current
theories are inadequate for explaining new or emerging research problems.
V. Essential Note
Types of literature sources
Argumentative- This form examines literature selectively in order to support

or refute an argument, deeply imbedded assumption, or philosophical problem
already established in the literature.
Integrative- considered as a form that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes

representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that new
frameworks and perspectives on a topic are generated.
Historical- literature reviews focus on examining research throughout a

period of time, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, or
phenomena emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the
scholarship of a discipline.
Methodological- A review does not always focus on what someone said

(findings), but how they came about saying what they say (methods of
analysis).
Systematic- This form consists of an overview of existing evidence pertinent

to a clearly formulated research question, which uses pre- specified and
standardized methods to identify and critically appraise relevant research, and
to collect, report, and analyse data from the studies that are included in the
review.
Theoretical- The purpose of this form is to examine the body of theory that
has accumulated in regard to an issue, concept, theory, phenomena.

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Identify what types of sources. Write if it is argumentative, integrative,

historical, methodological, systematic, theoretical on the space provided.
Why Students Should Eat Breakfast Every Day

A lot of people, especially young people, go through the day without having
breakfast. Many people believe that it is not necessary, or they say that they do not
have time for that and begin their day with no meal. I believe that everyone should
eat breakfast before going to their activities. The purpose of this paper is to show the
importance of breakfast, especially for students.
The first reason why you should eat breakfast before going to school is for
your health. When you skip breakfast and go to school, you are looking for a disease
because it’s not healthy to have an empty stomach all day long. It’s very important to
have a meal and not let your stomach work empty. All you are going to get is gastritis
and a lot of problems with your health if you don’t eat breakfast.
Another reason for eating breakfast is because you need food for to do well in
your classes. Your body and your brain are not going to function as good as they
could because you have no energy and no strength. When you try to learn something
and have nothing in your stomach, you are going to have a lot of trouble succeeding.
A lot of people think that they should not eat because they are going to feel tired, but
that’s not true. Breakfast is not a very big meal, and on the contrary, you are going to
feel tired if you don’t have breakfast because you have spent the entire previous
night without food.
The last reason to have breakfast every day is because you can avoid
diseases if you eat some breakfast in the morning. If you don’t eat, you are going to
get sick, and these diseases will have a stronger effect on you because you’re going
to get sick easier than people who have breakfast every day.
You must realize that breakfast is the most important meal of the day, and
you cannot skip it without consequences for your health, your school and your
defence mechanism. It is better to wake up earlier and have a good breakfast that
run to school without eating anything. It is time for you to do something for your
health, and eating breakfast is the better way to start your day. by Claudia
Hernández
What type of literature?
__________________________________________________________
Why do you say so?

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What type of literature?
__________________________________________________________
Why do you say so?
__________________________________________________________
“It’s in Literature that true life can be found. It’s under the mask of
fiction that you can tell the truth.”
-Gao Xingman

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Lesson 7. How to Choose a Literature?
II. Looking Back
So far, you have learned from the previous lessons the types of different
sources. Below are examples of books, journals and other literary samples
identify the types of sources below. Write the letter of your answer on the
space provided,
Shopping list
TYPES OF SOURCES
A. argumentative,
B. integrative,
C. historical,
D. methodological,
E. systematic
F. theoretical

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1._________________ 2. _____________ 3. ______________
4.________________
5._____________ 6.______________

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Analyse the picture below.
1. What kind of Dance does the picture tell us?
______________________________________________________________
2. What can you say about the people in the picture?
______________________________________________________________
3. What do you think may happen if anyone in the dancers do not follow the
steps in their dance?
______________________________________________________________
4. Do you think steps are important in dancing?
______________________________________________________________
5. Why do you think having steps in doing certain things is important?
IV. Chat Time
The literature review like any other processes, is made up of several steps.
Every step is important to finish the whole research study. Review literature is
very important since it connects different literary pieces to the latest work of
an individual it enables us to record all the thoughts and experiences thus it
supports the idea of a researcher.

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Here are the several steps in developing a literature review;
Ideas for topics come from countless sources.

1. Selecting a topic
Some will be generated by interest in a
particular area of previous work, others by
discussing issues with peers, and academics and
some by reading the literature .
Things to consider in selecting a topic:
Can information be gathered locally? What are the interests of the

researcher?
Who will be interested in this research? Does it involve technology that is

readily available?
Does the researcher afford to travel to Is the scope wide enough to be

use various sources? able to ascertain a particular place?
For a topic to grow there must be a context

and this is influenced by existing knowledge.
2. Setting the topic in context Other influences include the nature of work
and study environment, interaction with
colleagues, peers and supervisors, and current
opinions and attitudes towards the discipline.
The role of the literature review is to analyse
the existing literature and give justification as
to how a research Special
will fitScience Curriculum
into the existing body
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of knowledge.
120
Literature review provides the general

understanding which gives meaning to
the discussion of findings, conclusion,
and recommendations. This allows the
author to demonstrate how his
research is linked to prior efforts and
how it extends our understanding of
this general line of scholarly inquiry.
(Muskal, F., 2008)
When placing a topic in a context, it is convenient to consider the following;
What is the scope of the topic? What is the purpose of the research?
Who is the intended audience? What is the time period?
What is the geographical coverage? What are the relevant/ related

disciplines?
There is a wide range of information

sources. This can be classified as formal
3. Looking at and informal sources. Informal sources
information sources include contact with peers, colleagues,
other researchers, librarian, and
supervisor. The formal sources, include
the following: Books, Journals-
scholarly/popular, Research paper,
Theses/ Dissertations, Conference
Proceedings, Websites ( URLs),
Government documents, Statistics,
Bibliographies, Encyclopaedias/
Dictionaries, Newspaper.
Using information sources in a

4. Using Information systematic and structured manner will
sources save a good deal of time. Developing a
search strategy is vital as it provides
an overall structure for the search
and provides a record of the search
history. It can also improve the
relevancy of results obtained.
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Steps in using information are as follows:
Step 1: Defining the information need and stating it as a question.
Start by expressing information need in words. This will aid in thinking

about what is needed terms to be used later. Consulting dictionaries or
encyclopaedia to clarify the topic may be needed.
Step 2: Breaking the need into its component parts.
From the title and abstract of the topic it is possible to identify various
concepts and keywords. A concept map/ mind map is a useful way to plot
ideas.
Step 3: Identifying synonyms and prioritising keywords.
At this stage, there is a need to identify synonyms for the keywords and
concepts which previously developed. Choose words that uniquely
describe the topic and list the words and concepts which will not be
included. One way of listing keywords and alternate terms is in a table.
Step 4: Searching specific sources.
Selection of an information source that best matches the needed

information is important. It will not matter how carefully keywords are
chosen if appropriate sources are not used.
Step 5: Evaluating the search process.
At all stages of the process, it is vital that the search process is evaluated.
Sometimes the inability to find relevant information can be attributed to a
poorly constructed search strategy, inappropriate search terms, poor
retrieval methods or inappropriate source. This can also apply to instances
where too much material is retrieved. The following are advised for proper
evaluation in search process.
- re- evaluate the search terms

- narrow/ broaden the scope of searches
- try different types of sources
-explore other disciplines

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As a researcher there is nothing quite frustrating as122
having
5. Getting the information identified a publication of interest only to discover that a major
challenge now lies ahead: how to get your hands on a copy
(Kaser, 1995). Although an increasing number of databases now
offer full text, a large number of sources only include the
bibliographic citation. Some citation also includes an abstract or
short synopsis of the work. Until the documents themselves are
as extensively accessible and readily available as the references
to them, researchers will need to be aware of options for
obtaining more than references.
Early in the research, select a strategy for managing

6. Organising information (information the information. It is vital that full reference be
management recorded accurately for later use.
Research can draw on the knowledge, culture,

methodology and theories of a number of disciplines-
the amount of interdisciplinary research has increased
7. Positioning the literature review
in recent years and all interdisciplinary ideas need to
be discussed with the research adviser.
Positioning the literature review aims to:
- Understand and clarify the relationships

between the research and the discipline
- Place and justify research within the discipline
- Understand the existing literature and how it

relates, supports, or contradicts topic.
Writing a literature is a sign of professional

8. Writing the literature review
maturity; it indicates one’s grasp of the field,
one’s methodological sophistication in
critiquing others’ research, and the breadth
and depth of one’s reading (Krathwohl, 1988)

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V. Essential Note
Eight steps on how to develop a literature review.
1.Selecting a topic
2.Setting the topic in context
3. Looking at information sources
4. Using information sources
5. Getting the information
6. Organising information (information management)
7. Positioning the literature review
8. Writing a literature review
Identify the steps in a literature review by completing the flowchart below
STEP 1: STEP 2: STEP 3: STEP 4:
STEP 7: STEP 6: STEP 5:
STEP 8:
VI. This is it! Gotcha!
“When Literature exists, perhaps we do not notice how important it is, but
when it does not exist, our lives become coarsened and brutal. For this
reason, I am proud of my profession, but also aware of its importance.”
- Mo Yan

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Lesson 8. Writing the Literature Review
This topic will enhance the learner to:
1. Identify things to consider in writing literature review.
2. Enumerate the importance of writing a literature review.
II. Looking Back
Developing a literature review have several steps. How are these steps
importance and how literature review supports the researchers study? These
was the last topic that had been discussed. Match steps in column A with
column B. Write the answer on the space provided.
A B
______STEP 1 A. Selecting a topic
______STEP 2 B. Looking at information sources
______STEP 3 C. Using information sources
______STEP 4 D. Writing a literature review
______STEP 5 E. Setting the topic in context
______STEP 6. F. Organising information
______STEP 7 G. Getting the information
______STEP 8 H. Positioning the literature review

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1. When your family is planning in a vacation trip to the beach what are
the things you are going to prepare?
___________________________________________________________
2. Do you think preparation is important when you are going to some

place?
3. Why do you think having a good preparation and things to consider

things is important?
_______________________________________________________
IV. Chat Time
Writing a literature is a sign of professional maturity; it indicates one’s grasp of

the field, one’s methodological sophistication in critiquing others’ research,
and the breadth and depth of one’s reading (Krathwohl, 1988)

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Things to consider in writing the literature review:
1. Use Evidence- A literature review section is, in this sense, just like any
other academic research paper. Your interpretation of the available
sources must be backed up with evidence (citations) that demonstrates
that what you are saying is valid.
-Be selective
Select only the most important points in each source to highlight in the
review. The type of information you choose to mention should relate
directly to the research problem, whether it is thematic, methodological,
or chronological.
2. Use quotes sparingly-
Some short quotes are okay if want to emphasize a point, or if what an

author stated cannot be easily paraphrased. Sometimes it may need to
quote certain terminology that was coined by the author, not common
knowledge, or taken directly from the study.
3. Summarize and Synthesize
Remember to summarize and synthesize sources within each thematic

paragraph as well as throughout the review. Reiterate important
features of a research study, but then synthesize it by rephrasing the
study’s significance.
4. Keep Own Voice
While the literature review presents others’ ideas, the voice (the
writer’s) should remain front and center. For example, pile references
to other sources into the literature review but maintain own voice by
starting and ending the paragraph with own ideas and wording.
5. Use Caution When Paraphrasing
When paraphrasing a source that is not your own, be sure to represent

the author’s information or opinions accurately and in your own words.

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Even when paraphrasing an author’s work, you still must provide a

citation to that work.
V. Essential Note
1. Use Evidence- Interpretation of the available sources must be

backed up with evidence (citations) that demonstrates that what you
are saying is valid.
2. Use quotes sparingly- A need to quote certain terminology that

was coined by the author, not common knowledge, or taken directly
from the study.
3. Summarize and Synthesize- Reiterate important features of a

research study, but then synthesize it by rephrasing the study’s
significance.
4. Keep Own Voice- maintaining own voice (writer’s voice) by starting.

and ending the paragraph with own ideas and wording.
5. Use Caution When Paraphrasing- When paraphrasing a source

that is not your own, be sure to represent the author’s information or
opinions accurately and in your own words. Even when
paraphrasing an author’s work, you still must provide a citation to
that work.
Write the things to consider in writing literature review in the post it.

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“What we value about music and literature are the moments that
they createin our minds when we encounter them”.
- Stephen Jenkins

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Most
Essential Learning
Competencies
1. identify the characteristics of a relevant research topic and know

how to choose a research topic.
2. propose research titles.
3. write a simple background, statement of the problem, and
introduction of a proposed study.
Content
Standard
1. characteristics of a relevant research topic.
2. research problem and its background and the statement of the

problem.
Performance
Standard
1. propose and provide justification for a propose research topic/title.
2. write a simple introduction, background, and statement of the

problem of their propose study.

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Pretest
Part 1
Directions: On the space provided before each number, write the letter of the
correct answer.
_______1. The ability to develop a good research topic is an important skill.
A teacher may assign you a specific topic, but most often teacher require you
to select your own topic of ___________.
a. interest
b. need
c. decision
d. requires
_______2. In choosing a topic what skills needs to be develop?
a. managerial skills
b. decision making skills
c. leadership skills
d. problem solving skills
_______3. If you have specific topic like “Climate Change its Impact to
Society, what is the first thing you do?
a. Brainstorm for the topic
b. Read a General Background of the topic
c. Write statement of the problem
d. Define useful keywords
_______4. Remember that a topic may be too difficult to research if it is too:
__________ confined - Topics this specific may only be covered in these
(local) newspapers, if at all.
a. locally b. internationally c. globally d. generally
_______5. ___________ and Bing are currently considered to be two of the
best search engines to find web sites on the topic.
a. Google c. Facebook
b. Instagram d. Snapchat

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_______6. In choosing a topic of your research you make a list of useful

________ so that you can keep track of the words that are used to describe
your topic.
a. keywords b. books c. topic d. None of the Above
_______7. Use the key words you have gathered to research in the catalog,
article databases, and ___________ search engines.
a. book b. encyclopeadia c. internet d. magazine
_______8. Write your topic as a research statement, this may be the answer
to your research question and/or a way to clearly state the ________ of your
research.
a. purpose b. answer c. question d. love
_______9. Read a general ___________ article on the top two or three topics
you are considering.
a. Books b. magazine c. encyclopaedias d. newspaper
_______10. Use periodical indexes to scan current magazine, journal or
newspaper articles on your topic. Ask a ______________ if they can help you
to browse articles on your topics of interest.
a. janitor b. doctor c. nurse d. librarian

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The Problem/
Chapter
4
Research Topic
The ability to develop a good research topic is an important skill. A

teacher may assign you a specific topic, but most often teacher require you to
select your own topic of interest. When deciding on a topic, there are a few
things that you will need to do, brainstorm for ideas choose a topic that will
enable you to read and understand the literature ensure that the topic is
manageable and that material is available, make a list of key words, be
flexible, define your topic as a focused research question, research and read
more about your topic then formulate a thesis statement. Be aware that
selecting a good topic may not be easy. It must be narrow and focused
enough to be interesting, yet broad enough to find adequate information.
Before selecting your topic, make sure you know what your final project
should look like. Each class or instructor will likely require a different format or
style of research project.
Lesson 1. How to Choose a Research Topic
I. Objectives
• explain how to choose a good research topic
• identify different steps to choose a research topic

• give examples of topic based on the given examples

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II. Looking Back- THINKING HATS

Read the statement on the box below and write the correct word in the
space provided. Refer your answer in the scrambled letters on each hat.
1. SUE VIENEDCE- 2. SUE SETQUO APSRINGLY-
3.MUSRAMIZE NDA YNSTEHEZIS
4. KPEE ONW VIOEC-
5.USE UACITNO WNEH PAARHPRAINSG-

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____________1. Interpretation of the available sources must be

backed up with evidence (citations) that demonstrates that what you
are saying is valid.
____________2. A need to quote certain terminology that was coined

by the author, not common knowledge, or taken directly from the
study.
____________3. Reiterate important features of a research study,

but then synthesize it by rephrasing the study’s significance.
____________4. Maintaining own voice (writer’s voice) by starting

and ending the paragraph with own ideas and wording.
____________5. When paraphrasing a source that is not your own,
be sure to represent the author’s information or opinions accurately
and in your own words. Even when paraphrasing an author’s work,
you still must provide a citation to that work.

Choosing a good product in the market
1.What are the things you considered when choosing a good product
especially when you are in the market?
____________________________________________________________
2. How can you be a good buyer/ consumer?
____________________________________________________________

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IV. Chat Time
A good buyer or consumer requires a good taste of buying products or

goods. It is just like a good researcher which may choose a good topic. He/
She is of having a good decision making in choosing a topic. It is the skills
that requires a good sense of taste. It is his/ her own freewill to choose what
kind of topic best suited his/ her interest. In selecting a topic there are steps
below to guide you through the process of selecting a good research topic.
Step 1: Brainstorm for ideas
Choose a topic that interests you. Use the following questions to help
generate topic ideas.
Do you have a strong opinion on a current social or political controversy?
Did you read or see a news story recently that has piqued your interest or
made you angry or anxious?
Do you have a personal issue, problem, or interest that you would like to know
more about?
Do you have a research paper due for a class this semester?
Is there an aspect of a class that you are interested in learning more about?
Look at some of the following topically oriented Web sites and research sites
for ideas.
Are you interested in current events, government, politics, or the social
sciences?
Try Washington File
Are you interested in health or medicine?
Look in Healthfinder.gov, Health & Wellness Resource Center or the National
Library of Medicine
Are you interested in the Humanities, art, literature, music?
Browse links from the National Endowment for the Humanities
For other subject areas try:
the Scout Report or the New York Times/ College Web site
Write down any key words or concepts that may be of interest to you. Could
these terms help be used to form a more focused research topic?

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Be aware of overused ideas when deciding a topic. You may wish to avoid
topics such as, abortion, gun control, teen pregnancy, or suicide unless you
feel you have a unique approach to the topic. Ask the instructor for ideas if
you feel you are stuck or need additional guidance.
Step 2: Read General Background Information
Read a general encyclopaedia article on the top two or three topics you
are considering. Reading a broad summary enables you to get an overview of
the topic and see how your idea relates to broader, narrower, and related
issues. It also provides a great source for finding words commonly used to
describe the topic. These keywords may be very useful to your later research.
If you can’t find an article on your topic, try using broader terms and ask for
help from a librarian.
For example, the Encyclopedia Britannica Online (or the printed

version of this encyclopedia, in Thompson Library's Reference Collection on
Reference Table 1) may not have an article on Social and Political
Implications of Jackie Robinsons Breaking of the Color Barrier in Major
League Baseball but there will be articles on baseball history and on Jackie
Robinson.
Browse the Encyclopedia Americana for information on your topic

ideas. Notice that both online encyclopedias provide links to magazine articles
and Web sites. These are listed in the left or the right margins.
Use periodical indexes to scan current magazine, journal or

newspaper articles on your topic. Ask a librarian if they can help you to
browse articles on your topics of interest.
Use Web search engines. Google and Bing are currently considered
to be two of the best search engines to find web sites on the topic.

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Step 3: Focus on Your Topic
Keep it manageable! A topic will be very difficult to research if it is too

broad or narrow. One way to narrow a broad topic such as "the environment"
is to limit your topic. Some common ways to limit a topic are
by geographical area
Example: What environmental issues are most important in the Southwestern
United States
by culture
Example: How does the environment fit into the Navajo world view?
by time frame:
Example: What are the most prominent environmental issues of the last 10
years?
by discipline
Example: How does environmental awareness effect business practices
today?
by population group
Example: What are the effects of air pollution on senior citizens?
Remember that a topic may be too difficult to research if it is too:
locally confined - Topics this specific may only be covered in these (local)
newspapers, if at all.
Example: What sources of pollution affect the Genesee County water supply?
recent - If a topic is quite recent, books or journal articles may not be

available, but newspaper or magazine articles may. Also, Web sites related to
the topic may or may not be available.
broadly interdisciplinary - You could be overwhelmed with superficial
information.
Example: How can the environment contribute to the culture, politics and
society of the Western states?
popular - You will only find very popular articles about some topics such as
sports figures and high-profile celebrities and musicians.
If you have any difficulties or questions with focusing your topic, discuss the
topic with your instructor, or with a librarian

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Step 4: Make a List of Useful Keywords
Keep track of the words that are used to describe your topic.
Look for words that best describe your topic
Look for them in when reading encyclopedia articles and background and
general information
Find broader and narrower terms, synonyms, key concepts for key words to
widen your search capabilities
Make note of these words and use them later when searching databases and
catalogues
Step 5: Be Flexible
It is common to modify your topic during the research process. You can
never be sure of what you may find. You may find too much and need to
narrow your focus, or too little and need to broaden your focus. This is a
normal part of the research process. When researching, you may not wish to
change your topic, but you may decide that some other aspect of the topic is
more interesting or manageable.
Keep in mind the assigned length of the research paper, project,

bibliography, or other research assignment. Be aware of the depth of
coverage needed and the due date. These important factors may help you
decide how much and when you will modify your topic. Your instructor will
probably provide specific requirements, if not the table below may provide a
rough guide:
Step 6: Define Your Topic as a Focused Research Question
You will often begin with a word, develop a more focused interest in an
aspect of something relating to that word, then begin to have questions about
the topic.

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For example:
Ideas = Frank Lloyd Wright or modern architecture
Research Question = How has Frank Lloyd Wright influenced modern

architecture?
Focused Research Question = What design principles used by Frank Lloyd

Wright are common in contemporary homes?
Step 7: Research and Read More About Your Topic
Use the key words you have gathered to research in the catalogue,
article databases, and Internet search engines. Find more information to help
you answer your research question.
You will need to do some research and reading before you select your
final topic. Can you find enough information to answer your research
question? Remember, selecting a topic is an important and complex part of
the research process.
Step 8: Formulate a Research Statement
Write your topic as a thesis statement. This may be the answer to your
research question and/or a way to clearly state the purpose of your research.
Your thesis statement will usually be one or two sentences that states
precisely what is to be answered, proven, or what you will inform your
audience about your topic.
The development of a thesis assumes there is sufficient evidence to

support the thesis statement. For example, a thesis statement could be: Frank
Lloyd Wright's design principles, including his use of ornamental detail and his
sense of space and texture opened a new era of American architecture. His
work has influenced contemporary residential design.
The title of your paper may not be the same as your research question
or your thesis statement, but the title should clearly convey the focus, purpose

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and meaning of your research. For example, a title could be: Frank Lloyd
Wright: Key Principles of Design for the Modern Home
Remember to follow any specific instructions from your teacher?
V. Key Points
Steps below to guide you through the process of selecting a good

research topic.
Step 1: Brainstorm for ideas
Step 2: Read General Background

Information
Step 4: Make a List of Useful

Keywords
Step 5: Be Flexible
Step 6: Define Your Topic as a

Focused Research Question
Step 7: Research and Read More About Your

Topic

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Write the Sequential Order/ Steps in Selecting a Good Topic
WHAT ARE THE STEPS I WILL

TAKE IN SELECTING A GOOD
RESEARCH TOPIC?

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VI. Essential Note
Step 1: Brainstorm for ideas- Choosing a topic that interests you and writing
down any key words or concepts that may interest a researcher be aware of
overused ideas when deciding a topic. You may wish to avoid topics such as,
abortion, gun control, teen pregnancy, or suicide unless you feel you have a
unique approach to the topic. Ask the teacher for ideas if you feel you are
stuck or need additional guidance.
Step 2: Read General Background Information
Read a general encyclopaedia article on the top two or three topics you are
considering. Reading a broad summary enables you to get an overview of the
topic and see how your idea relates to broader, narrower, and related issues.
Keep it manageable. A topic will be very difficult to research if it is too broad

or narrow. One way to narrow a broad topic such as "the environment" is to
limit your topic.
Step 4: Make a List of Useful Keywords
Keep track of the words that are used to describe your topic. Look for words
that best describe your topic. Look for them in when reading encyclopedia
articles and background and general information. Find broader and narrower
terms, synonyms, key concepts for key words to widen your search
capabilities. Make note of these words and use them later when searching
databases and catalogs.
Step 5: Be Flexible
Be aware of the depth of coverage needed and the due date. These important
factors may help you decide how much and when you will modify your topic.
Your teacher will probably provide specific requirements, if not the table below
may provide a rough guide

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Step 6: Define Your Topic as a Focused Research Question
You will often begin with a word, develop a more focused interest in an aspect
of something relating to that word, then begin to have questions about the
topic.
Step 7: Research and Read More About Your Topic
Use the key words you have gathered to research in the catalog, article
databases, and Internet search engines. Find more information to help you
answer your research question. You will need to do some research and
reading before you select your final topic.
Write your topic as a research statement. This may be the answer to your
research question and/or a way to clearly state the purpose of your research.
Your research statement will usually be one or two sentences that states
precisely what is to be answered, proven, or what you will inform your
audience about your topic.
“Research: the distance between an idea and its realization”
-David Sarnoff

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Lesson 2 - The Research Title
I. Objectives
• Define what is a research title
• Identify ways to formulate a research title
• Give examples of a research title
II. Review
II. Looking Back
FILL-IN-THE-BLOCKS. On the blocks provided write the word/s that best

describes the given statement about process of selecting a good topic
1. Choosing a topic that interests you and writing down any key words or
concepts that may interest a researcher be aware of overused ideas when
deciding a topic.
B A S O M F R I E S
2. Read a general encyclopaedia article on the top two or three topics you are
considering. Reading a broad summary enables you to get an overview of the
topic and see how your idea relates to broader, narrower, and related issues.
R D E E A L A K R U D
I F R M T O N
3. Keep it manageable. A topic will be very difficult to research if it is too broad

or narrow. One way to narrow a broad topic such as "the environment" is to
limit your topic. Some common ways to limit a topic.
F C S O Y U T P C

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4. Keep track of the words that are used to describe your topic. Look for
words that best describe your topic. Look for them in when reading
encyclopedia articles and background and general information.
M K A L T O U E U L
K Y O D S
5. Be aware of the depth of coverage needed and the due date. These
important factors may help you decide how much and when you will modify
your topic. Your teacher will probably provide specific requirements, if not the
table below may provide a rough guide.
B F E I E
Think It Hard... Direction: Give examples of movie, books, or research title

that you remember. Write your answer on the space provided.
MOVIE TITLE
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
BOOK TITLE
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________

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RESEARCH TITLE
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
1. What do you think is the easiest way to give examples a movie title, a
book title or a research title? Why do you say so?
________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. What do you think is the hard way to give examples a movie title, a
book title or a research title? Why do you say so?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
IV. Chat Time
A research paper is prepared after research has been completed
The title summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study. A good
title contains the fewest possible words needed to adequately
describe the content and/or purpose of your research paper.
Importance of Choosing a Good Title

The title is the part of a paper that is read the most, and it is usually
read first. It is, therefore, the most important element that defines the research
study. Avoid the following when creating a title:
If the title is too long, this usually indicates there are too many
unnecessary words. Avoid language, such as, "A Study to Investigate the...,"
or "A Review of the...." These phrases are obvious and generally unnecessary
unless they are necessary to covey the scope, intent, or type of a study.
On the other hand, a title which is too short often uses words which are
too broad, and it does not tell the reader what is being studied. For example, a

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paper with the title, "African Politics" is so non-specific it could be the title of a
book and could literally examine anything associated with politics in Africa.
A good title should provide information about the focus of

your research study.
In academic writing, catchy phrases or non-specific

language may be used if it's within the context of the study
[e.g., "Fair and Impartial Jury--Catch as Catch Can"].
However, in most cases, you should avoid including words
or phrases that do not help the reader understand the
purpose of your paper.
Unlike everywhere else in a college-level social

sciences research paper [except when using
direct quotes in the text], titles do not have to
adhere to rigid grammatical or stylistic standards.
For example, it could be appropriate to begin a title with a coordinating

conjunction [i.e., and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet] if it makes sense to do so and
does not detract from the purpose of the study [e.g., "Yet Another Look at
Mutual Fund Tournaments"] or beginning the title with an inflected form of a
verb such as those ending in -ing [e.g., "Assessing the Political Landscape:
Structure, Cognition, and Power in Organizations"].
Hartley James. “To Attract or to Inform: What are Titles for?” Journal of
Technical Writing and Communication 35 (2005): 203-213.

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Structure and Writing Style

The following parameters can be used to help you formulate a suitable
research paper title:
The purpose of the research
The scope of the research
The narrative tone of the paper [typically defined by the type
of the research]
The methods used to study the problem
The initial aim of a title is to capture the reader’s attention
and to highlight the research problem under investigation.
In Writing a Research Title it contains the following parts in the order of their
appearance in the document:
a. Title
b. Abstract
c. Introduction
d. Review Related Literature
e. Materials and Methods
f. Results and Discussion
g. Summary and Conclusion
h. Recommendation
i. Literature Cited/ Bibliography
j. Appendix
A. Title
The title is the first thing that a reader come across when searching a
scientific literature. Unless your title tells the reader, what is your paper, he
may not read it, even though your findings may be useful to him.
The title is complete, concise, and accurate description of the content
of the research work. It contains words that can be used for easy and
accurate indexing. It should focus on the major variables to be studied and
their relationships. Readers must not have misled by titles that indicate
material not covered in the study. If possible, the title should be limited to 15
words or fewer.

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The Subtitle
Subtitles are frequently used in social science research papers. Examples of
why you may include a subtitle:
1. Explains or provides additional context, e.g., "Linguistic Ethnography and

the Study of Welfare Institutions as a Flow of Social Practices: The Case of
Residential Child Care Institutions as Paradoxical Institutions." [Palomares,
Manuel and David Poveda. Text & Talk: An Interdisciplinary Journal of
Language, Discourse and Communication Studies 30 (January 2010): 193-
212]
2. Adds substance to a literary, provocative, or imaginative title or quote, e.g.,

"Listen to What I Say, Not How I Vote": Congressional Support for the
President in Washington and at Home." [Grose, Christian R. and Keesha M.
Middlemass. Social Science Quarterly 91 (March 2010): 143-167]
3. Qualifies the geographic scope of the research, e.g., "The Geopolitics of

the Eastern Border of the European Union: The Case of Romania-Moldova-
Ukraine." [Marcu, Silvia. Geopolitics 14 (August 2009): 409-432]
4. Qualifies the temporal scope of the research, e.g., "A Comparison of the
Progressive Era and the Depression Years: Societal Influences on Predictions
of the Future of the Library, 1895-1940." [Grossman, Hal B. Libraries & the
Cultural Record 46 (2011): 102-128]
5. Focuses on investigating the ideas, theories, or work of a particular

individual, e.g., "A Deliberative Conception of Politics: How Francesco Saverio
Merlino Related Anarchy and Democracy." [ La Torre, Massimo. Sociologia
del Diritto 28 (January 2001): 75 - 98]
6. Identifies the methodology used, e.g. "Student Activism of the 1960s

Revisited: A Multivariate Analysis Research Note." [Aron, William S. Social
Forces 52 (March 1974): 408-414]

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B. Abstract
An Abstract is a condensed write- up of a technical article. It informs
the reader concisely about the objective of the study, the materials and
methods employed, the findings, and conclusion derived from these findings.
The abstract allows people who cannot find time to read an entire paper to
survey its essential contents quickly. It describes and explains more than what
the title gives but is abbreviated compared to the entire research paper. When
the title cannot provide sufficient basis for usefulness of a paper, the reader
turns to the abstract for an informative digest of its contents.
A well written abstract can be easily read and understood. It is
complete and clear without having to refer to the original article, but it is not
meant to substitute for it. It is short paragraph limited to about 200 words.
C. Introduction
The introduction should give information as to what the study is all

about. It should show the existence of unsatisfactory condition, a felt problem
that needs a solution. That is the reason or reasons why it is necessary to
conduct the study must be discussed. The introduction should be linked to the
statement of the problem.
The introduction familiarizes the reader with the background of the
study, statement of the research problem investigated, why the study was
conducted, who will benefit from the study, and how these target groups will
benefit from the study. The following are the sub- sections of the introduction.
1. Background of the study

2. Statement of the Problem
3. Significance of the study
4. Scope and Limitations of the study

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Identification. Direction: Identify the statement write True if the statement is

correct and False if the statement is incorrect.
____________1. The title is the part of a paper that is read the most, and it is
usually read first. It is, therefore, the most important
element that defines the research study.
____________2. A good title should provide information about the focus of
your research studies.
____________3. Researcher must provide a long title to attract the reader.
____________4. The working title should be developed early in the research
process because it can help anchor the focus of the study
in much the same way the research problem does.
____________5. Correct grammar and capitalization with all first words
and last words capitalized, including the first word of a subtitle.
VI. Essential Note
The title is the part of a paper that is read the most, and it is usually
read first. It is, therefore, the most important element that defines the research
study. If the title is too long, this usually indicates there are too many
unnecessary words. Avoid language, such as, "A Study to Investigate the...,"
or "A Review of the...." These phrases are obvious and generally unnecessary
unless they are necessary to covey the scope, intent, or type of a study. On
the other hand, a title which is too short often uses words which are too broad,
and it does not tell the reader what is being studied. A good title should
provide information about the focus of your research study.
The following parameters can be used to help you formulate a suitable

research paper title: The purpose of the research, The scope of the research,
The narrative tone of the paper [typically defined by the type of the research],
The methods used to study the problem,

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The initial aim of a title is to capture the reader’s attention and to highlight the
research problem under investigation.
Support the following ideas on how to choose a research title. Write your
answer on the Web map below:
HOW TO CHOOSE A
RESEARCH TITLE
“You discover yourself through the research of your work”

- Carine Roitfeld

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Lesson 3. Justification of the Significance of a Research

Topic
I. Objectives
• Identify ways on how to justify the significance of a research topic
• Discuss ideas and know the importance of justification of
significance of a research.
II. Looking Back

JUMBLE THE LETTERS. Below are words pertaining to the choosing of a
good research title researcher and research, unlock them by jumbling the
letters provided in the box, write your answer on the space provide.
1. R E E S A C R H
2. T T I L E
3. I N N E T T E R
4.
S T U I B T L E
5. S T C C I N E F I J N U O R A L

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Look and carefully examine the picture, then write below the answer of the
given questions.
Picture inside the Courtroom
1. What do you observe in the picture?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. What is being presented in the judge during the trial?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3. Do you think justification of evidence is enough to make a fair

judgement by the judge?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
4. How does the lawyer present their evidence inside the court room?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
5. Is Justification important? especially during the trial or hearing inside

the court room?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

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IV. Chat Time
Justifying Your Study
One way in which research differs from other forms of inquiry is that you need
to justify virtually everything that you do. Your critics can challenge the validity
or relevance of your findings if they believe there was something non-typical
about the people you selected for study, something biased in the way you
selected people for study, something unfair about the groups you compared,
something wrong with the way you phrased your questions, and so forth.
Every aspect of your study design has an influence on what you will learn
from the study.
Therefore, you need to have a rationale for every aspect of your

study. To see how this rationale makes a difference, imagine that
you are reading two different studies with similar designs and
research methods, but with different rationales. Which would you
find more persuasive? Each research study should have a
rationale/justification regardless of the nature of the topic In applied research
sometimes the rationale is embedded in the statement of the problem – as the
last paragraph. It is important to clearly state why the proposed research
should be undertaken.
It is often very essential to show the uniqueness of the new study. To

achieve this, ensure that the proposed study is not a duplication of other
research studies already carried out on the issue and point out the innovative
of the study and the uses of the anticipated results.
A good problem statement should assist in the formulation of a

convincing justification for a baseline study.
Justification for Research
There are several general best-practices criteria that can be used to

assess the justification for research.

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Is the question scientifically well-posed, i.e., is it stated in a hypothetical form

that leads to a research design and analysis with scientific credibility?
Does the research question require data that is accessible or attainable

at a reasonable cost or effort?
Is the research question posed in a way that can explain variability,

different outcomes under different conditions?
Are the units of analysis (observation) clearly identified?
Is the question posed in a way that more than one result is possible, i.e.
the working hypotheses can be refuted?
Does the research extend our understanding of the phenomena being

investigated; does it elaborate, extend, or fill in gaps in our present
knowledge?
Points to Include in the Study Rationale/Justification
Why the need for the study?
What information will the study add?
Potential utility of the findings (local. National, global)?
What are the implications of study outcomes?
Significance of the Research Study
The significance of the study justifies why pursuing the problem is

worthwhile. The findings from the study could address a felt need or make a
significant contribution to new knowledge, assist policy formulation, and help
improve the quality of living. The groups who will benefit and how they will
benefit from the study are clearly described in this part of the introduction.
The candidates should explain or discuss in this section the rationale,

timeless and/or relevance of the study to existing conditions.

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This section must show who are the individuals, groups, or communities
who may benefit on account of the study.
The candidate should point out the possible contributions of the study
to fund of knowledge.
It should discuss the implications including the possible causes of the

problems discovered, the positive effects of the of the problems, and the
remedial measures to solve the problems.
Scope and Limitations of the study
The scope and limitations of the study define the samples in the study,
the treatments the samples are subjected to, any existing limitations of the
samples known at the time of the investigation, and limitations of data
gathering devices/ methods. Sources of samples, their quantity, and seasonal
nature, if there is any are also being mentioned in this part of the research
paper. Accuracy and precision of equipment used in the study are also stated.
Setting the scope and limitations of the study includes giving the time
frame for research in addition to where it will be conducted. Appreciating the
results of the investigation is often in the light of these defined scope and
limitations.
V. Essential Note
• Justification of research It is often very essential to show the

uniqueness of the new study. To achieve this, ensure that the
proposed study is not a duplication of other research studies
• Justifying research is important to clearly state why the proposed
research should be undertaken.
• Each research study should have a rationale/justification regardless of
the nature of the topic. In applied research sometimes the rationale is
embedded in the statement of the problem – as the last paragraph.

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• A good problem statement should assist in the formulation of a

convincing justification for a baseline study.
Points to Include in the Study Rationale/Justification
• Why the need for the study?

• What information will the study add?
• Potential utility of the findings (local. National, global)?
• What are the implications of study outcomes?
Write important Ideas in the IDEA POND. Why should you need to Justify
your Research Studies?
“Scientific Research can reduce superstition by encouraging

people to think and view things in terms of cause and effect”
- Albert Einstein

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Lesson 4. The Problem and Its Background
a. Related Literature
I. Objectives
b. Related Studies
• Identify and define the problem and give its background
• identify ways on how to state the problem and give its background
through related literatures.
II. Looking Back

Brain POP SECTIONS OF THE RESEARCH PAPER
INTRODUCTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
APPENDIX
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1. Do you have problems? _____________________________________

2. What are some examples of your problems?
________________________________________________
3. How do you solve your
problems_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________?
4. What are the traits that you will possess to overcome problems?
_______________________________________________
5. Do you think as a researcher you may encounter some problem-
solving situation? Why do you say so?
_____________________________________________________
IV. Chat Time
A problem identified by the researcher keeps him focused

throughout the entire research process. It is the basis of all
subsequent research activities he is going to undertake. It guides
the researcher to the hypothesis, work plan, interpretation of findings, and
finally, to the conclusion. Each of the steps in the process and its
corresponding output is deemed necessary and useful as it relates to the
problem. One of the evaluation criteria used to judge the success of the
research is the significance of the identified problem.

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Task no. 1- Put a check (̷) across the criteria to which your response is yes or
cross (x) opposite the criteria to which your response is no.
CRITERIA YES/ NO
1.Is the problem interesting?
2.Will the research contribute to the

solution of socio economically
important problem?
3.Will the research generate new

information?
4.Is the research novel?
5.Do I have the skills or knowledge

necessary to conduct the research or
can I learn them within the time I
have?
6.Is the research feasible in terms of
a. Time required to finish the

research?
b. Expense involved in
conducting the research?
c. Availability of materials for

experimentation?
d. Accessibility of materials for

experimentation?
e. Risk and hazards involved in

conducting the experiment?
7.Is the research reproducible?

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In the identification of research problem, several things must be

considered. The statement of the problem must be clear. It must be organized
and specific. It must have defined the scope and set the limits of the problem
to help determine the feasibility of doing the actual investigation.
WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROBLEM?
- A research problem is a situation that needs a possible solution and for

which there are possible solutions. If a situation has no possible
solutions, then it makes little or no sense expending resources
researching it.
- A research problem may be described as an incongruence; a

discrepancy between what is and what ought to be. It may be also
described as the gap in knowledge that needs to be filled.
Common Sources of Research Problem
- Personal Experience and interests of researchers.
- Various theories in the discipline of the researcher
- Related literature- literature from one’s own area of interest
- A reproduction of past research studies
Background of the Study
- This section should discuss the historical background of the problem.
- It must explain the students’ earnest desire to have a deeper and

clearer understanding of a situation so they will be in a better position
to initiate remedial measures or to find a better way to improve the
situation.
- The geographical conditions of the study locale may also be discussed

in this section.
- The origin of the problem is defined. It is where you described the

events which led to your research. Did the problem arise as an answer

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to a problem in the community? From discussing with friends about

current social issues. From reading various types of literature, listening
to radio programs, or watching TV Programs? From Observing people
and unfolding of natural events or visiting laboratories or other research
facilities? State essentially how you came upon the problem you
decided to work on.
V. Essential Note
A problem identified by the researcher keeps him focused throughout the

entire research process. It is the basis of all subsequent research activities he
is going to undertake. It guides the researcher to the hypothesis, work plan,
interpretation of findings, and finally, to the conclusion.
Common Sources of Research Problem

- Personal Experience and interests of researchers.
- Various theories in the discipline of the researcher
- Related literature- literature from one’s own area of interest
- A reproduction of past research studies
Background of the Study
- This section should discuss the historical background of the problem.
- It must explain the students’ earnest desire to have a deeper and

clearer understanding of a situation so they will be in a better position
to initiate remedial measures or to find a better way to improve the
situation.
Based on the criteria for selecting a research problem, which of the following
topics is/ are feasible to be undertaken by a student researcher?
1. Absence of an irrigation system in a farm
2. Lack of farm to market roads in a farming community
3. Proliferation of janitor fish in a river system

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4. Decrease of fisher folks in a fishing village
5. High cost of fertilizer
6. Lack of post-harvest facilities in a farm
7. Abundance of water lily in a river
8. Old folks using certain herb to cure almost all ailments
9. Burning of farm wastes like rice straws
10. Fish dried under the sun are exposed to flies and other insects
B. Identify the problem and sub-problems in the following studies.
1. The ability of two kinds of fertilizers to increase the yield of certain species
of sugarcane is under investigation. Six plots of sugar cane for
experimentation are prepared.
Research
Problem_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Sub- Problems
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2.Fifteen mice were used in investigating the effect of formalin- treated

eggplants and tomatoes. Livers of experimental and control mice were
examined for abnormalities, particularly lesions.
Research
Problem_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Sub- Problems
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Research to me is as important or more important than writing. It is the foundation

upon which the book is built.
-Leon Uris

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Lesson 5. The Statement of the Problem
I. Objectives
e. Identify what is statement of the problem.
f. Write examples of statement of the problem.
g. Draft samples research with statement of the problem
.
II. Looking Back
WORD SEARCH- Find the Hidden Words. Write your answer on the
blank space below.
R E S E A R C H N A J
B S G K Z K A P O J H
A A H L X T M R I Z D
C D O M Y D G O T W M
K S P J Z B W B U Y E
G U Q I O N V L L P L
R B S R U M B E O V B
O P R O B L E M S K O
U P O S S I B L E N R
N S O U R C E S O F P
D O F T H E S T U D Y
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
4. _____________________________________
5. _____________________________________

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Complete the fish bone diagram below, write common problems that students
encounter in their daily lives in the box and the ways of
solving it at the arrows. Problems
Encountered
Ways to Solve
Life as a
Student
Ways to Solve
Problems
Encountered
IV. Chat Time
Statement of the Problem
In the statement of the problem, the problem is divided into main and
sub- problems. For most beginners in research, this is done to make the task
at hand manageable for planning purposes. It also leads to defining the data
that must be obtained to answer the problem. Since each sub- problem is a
researchable unit, the solutions of the sub- problems taken together, combine
to solve the main or entire problem.
A problem statement is the description of an issue currently existing

which needs to be addressed. It provides the context for the research study
and generates the questions which the research aims to answer. The
statement of the problem is the focal point of any research. A good problem
statement is just one sentence (with several paragraphs of elaboration)
While the problem statement is just one sentence, it should be

accompanied by a few paragraphs that elaborate on the problem. The
paragraphs could cover present persuasive arguments that make the problem

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important enough to study. They could include the opinion of others

(politicians, futurist, other professionals); explanations of how the problem
relates to business, social or political trends via presentation of data that
demonstrates the scope and depth of the problem.
A well-articulated statement of the problem establishes the foundation

for everything to follow in the proposal and will render less problematic most
of the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological obstacles typically
encountered during the process of proposal development. This
Means that in subsequent sections of proposal, there should be no

surprises, such as categories, questions, variables, or data sources that come
out of now where; if it can’t be found in the problem section, at least at the
implicit level, then it either does not belong in the study or the problem
statement need to be re- written.
What are the key components of the statement of the problem?
Problem statement often have three (3) elements
1. The problem itself. stated clearly and with enough contextual detail to
establish why it is important?
2. The method of solving the problem, often stated as the claim or a

working thesis
3. The purpose, statement of objective and scope of the project being

proposed.
These elements should be brief so that the reader does not get lost. One
page is enough for a statement of the problem.
Criteria for a Research Problem Statements
The statement of the problem should clearly indicate what is to be

investigated. The actual statement may be in a declarative or in a question
form. The statement should indicate the variables of interest and the specific
relationship between the variables that are to be studied.

Grade 7 Research
168
NOTE: In some qualitative methodologies, a statement of variables will not be

possible and should not be done. However, an explanation of the qualitative
methodology and the parameters of the research methodology should be
explained.
- The problem should be stated both in general and in specific terms.

The general statement of the problems is usually a reiteration of the
title of the study.
- The problem should be started in the infinitive such as examine,

analyse, determine, measure, assess, evaluate, or find out.
- Specific questions should be stated using the

guide question words: “How”, “Will”, “What”, “Is
There”, etc.
V. Essential Note
• In the statement of the problem, the problem is divided into main and
sub- problems.
• It also leads to defining the data that must be obtained to answer the
problem.
• The statement of the problem is the focal point of any research. A good
problem statement is just one sentence (with several paragraphs of
elaboration)
• Problem statement often have three (3) elements. The problem itself.
stated clearly and with enough contextual detail to establish why it is
important? The method of solving the problem, often stated as the
claim or a working thesis, The purpose, statement of objective and
scope of the project being proposed.

Grade 7 Research
169
A SAMPLE PROJECT PROPOSAL
Project Title: Glass Production from Geothermal Scalings
Proponent: Ricaleen Celeste
Christine Corpus
Dexter Pazziugan
B’journ Cuenco
Significance: Geothermal plants are one of the major sources of energy in

our country. An average of 2.5 tons of geothermal scaling are being produced
daily byproduct of the operation of these plants. (Chua, Personal
Communication, 1995). This byproduct of the operation has no known use at
present and if continuously unattended to, will pose a threat to the
environment. Geothermal scalings are rich in silica (Dimagiba et al, 1989),
one of the raw materials for glass production.
Glass is very valuable industrial product. That can be made into containers,
optical instruments, chemical apparatus, shields, construction materials for
buildings, and novelty wares. Conventionally, silica for glass production is
mined. Search and utilization of a cheap, environment- friendly, available, and
accessible alternative silica source for glass production would be significant.
Objectives: This study aims to:
1. Produce glass using geothermal scalings as silica source;
2. Purify the geothermal scalings;
3. Determine the hardness and chemical resistance of glass produced

from geothermal scalings; and
4. Compare the properties of experimental and controlled glass.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study sought to answer the following problems such as;
1. What are the factors that make a glass produced from geothermal
scaling?
2. What is the level of properties of a glass terms of hardness and

chemical resistance?

Grade 7 Research
170
3. Is there a significant differences base on the properties of experimental

and controlled glasses?
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The major problem in utilizing natural steam in generating electricity is

scaling and deposition of solids in turbine, surface pipes and silences. These
scalings are deposited as steam from beneath the earth. These cool after
coming out at the surface and become supersaturated with silica picked up at
depth ( Dimagiba et al. 1994).
Silica is the most common compound on the earth surface. It occurs in

the form of quartz, tridy mite, and cristobalite consisting of 12% of the earth’
crust (Maher, 1969).
Silica is used in the manufacture of glass, ceramics, enamels,

refractories, moulds, abrasives, and mortars (Encyclopedia Americana, 1992).
Glass is used to mean an optically transparent fusion product of inorganic
materials that has cooled to a rigid state without crystalizing (Chang, 1994)
Glass has important characteristics that makes it indispensable as

building material in modern civilization: its hardness, transparency, chemical
resistance, refractive and dispersive powers, compressive and tensile
strengths as well as low coefficients of expansion (Schreve, 1967).
One of the raw materials for glass manufacture is soda ash (sodium
carbonate) which supplies sodium oxide, a component necessary to flux the
silica. Boric oxide is added to decrease the thermal expansion of the resulting
product (Mc Graw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 1987).
All the above related information is useful in providing a standard

procedure for the proposed production of glass from geothermal scaling. It
also provides the background that scalings are indeed a rich source of silica.

Grade 7 Research
171
Using the sample format below make a sample of Research Proposal
Choose your own title/ topic related to Science.
A SAMPLE PROJECT PROPOSAL
Project Title:
Proponent:
Significance:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Objectives: This study aims to:
1.
2.
3.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study sought answer to the following questions:
1.

Grade 7 Research
172
2.
3.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
“Research is of considerable importance in certain fields, such as

Science and History”
Fred Saberhagen

Grade 7 Research

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1

Special Science Curriculum

The learners should be able to…

2. numerate and describe the characteristics of a quality research and a good

definitions, types, aims, areas, characteristics, ethics, and classification

The learners should be able to…

record or make quantitative and qualitative observations.

Special Science Curriculum

Directions: On the space provided before each number, write T if the

Special Science Curriculum

Lesson 1 Research its Goals and Importance

II. Looking Back

Information is important in our life, it is everywhere and there are

Special Science Curriculum

III. Let’s Get Started (A World Full of Questions)

What I wonder about Why? (Reasons) How will I find answer

IV. Chat Time

Humans are by nature inquisitive or in simpler words always have a

Special Science Curriculum

Aims and importance of research

It is the primary purpose of doing research is to gather

Special Science Curriculum

For you what is research and why is it important?

V. Show me what you’ve got!

School Community Environment

Special Science Curriculum

• Research is systematic study of trend or event which involves careful

VII. This is it! Gotcha!

“In much of society, research means to investigate something you do

Special Science Curriculum

Lesson 2 Qualities of a Research and a Good Researcher

II. Looking Back

1. A careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issues.

2. A step by step and scientific procedure used in solving a problem.

3. A way of gathering information by the use of senses.

4 These are the things that we gather through research.

5. The primary aim of research is to generated new ________________.

Special Science Curriculum

III. Let’s Get Started

Choose a partner, preferably a seatmate or a friend, in 5 minutes observe

Physical Characteristics Behavioural Characteristics

IV. Chat Time

Characteristics of a Quality Research

Special Science Curriculum

____________1. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering

Special Science Curriculum

Characteristics of a Good Researcher

For a quality research paper to materialize, a researcher must

Good Intellectual Curiosity

A researcher is/has/observe ____________because__________________.

Special Science Curriculum

1.___________ 2.___________ 3.___________ 4.___________

Special Science Curriculum

VI. Show me what you’ve got!

Clinical Trials—Desirable or Not?

VII. This is it! Gotcha!

Special Science Curriculum

A researcher is/has/observe because______.

1._____ 2._ 3._ 4._____