ASHE Construction - Details - Recs Jan 2011

American Society for Healthcare Engineering
of the American Hospital Association
Construction Details
Recommendations
for Health Care Facilities
ASHE Planning, Design, and Construction Management Committee
and
Purdue University
Department of Building Construction Management
Healthcare Construction Management Specialization
American Society for Healthcare Engineering
of the American Hospital Association
ASHE Planning, Design, and Construction Management Committee
155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 400

Chicago, IL 60606
Phone: 312‐422‐3800
www.ashe.org
Purdue University
Department of Building Construction Management
Healthcare Construction Management Specialization
Knoy Hall – Room 453

401 N. Grant Street
West Lafayette, IN 47907‐2021
Phone: 765‐494‐2459
© 2010 American Society for Healthcare Engineering

Introduction
This document has been compiled from a variety of institutional standard‐of‐practice documents used for
the construction of health care facilities. While intended to share best practices submitted by the
membership of the American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE), it is primarily focused on the
needs of smaller hospital facilities, which may not have staff with design or construction experience.
Purpose
The recommendations in this document provide specific information for the construction, remodeling, or
replacement of equipment that commonly takes place in health care facilities, including methods for
installation of equipment and materials during construction activities. The document is not a technical
specification to be used for construction and is not intended to replace national, state, or local code
requirements. Rather, it is intended as a guide to technical needs to help facility staff formulate guidance
for the professional architecture and engineering consultants employed by their health care institution.
Comments and Feedback

ASHE intends to publish updates and revisions to this document semiannually. ASHE members are
requested to submit remarks, draft additional sections, or suggestions for specific additions for committee
consideration. Please e‐mail your suggestions to ashe@aha.org, or use the form on the ASHE website
under Resources.
CREDITS
ASHE 2008 and 2009 Planning, Design, and Construction Management Committee
Michael Brian Cotten, PE, CHFM, FASHE, Chair
Arthur D. Kjos, AIA, NCARB, SASHE, Vice‐Chair
Steve Vinopal, CHFM, 2009 Board Liaison
Martin G. Schoonderwoerd, CHFM, SASHE, 2008 Board Liaison
Donna Craft, RN, MHA; Randy Keiser (TN); Linda Lybert; Harold F. Hollins, CHFM; Gregory C. Lasker; Jim
Moore, SASHE, CHFM; Chad B. Schurman; Terry M. Scott, CHFM
Purdue University, Healthcare Construction Management Program

Gregory C. Lasker, MBA, Professor
Patrick A. Snyder, LEED AP, Research Assistant
Jamie Metzinger, Brice Hayes, Tim Hyde, Ben Meints, John Evans, and Kyle Boehnlein (founding members)
as well as (Class 2007) Sam Till, Stephen Sandquist, William Nutting, Anthony DeCarlo, Mark Enoch, Steve
McBride, Sohag Patel, Michael Lovelace, Jeff Cooley, Brandon Shanks, Courtney Blackburn, Ryan Hayes,
Eric Westgerdes, Clint Cravens, Mike Andre, Jason Taylor, Paul Schulenburg, David Voss, James Cruz, Matt
Piekarz, Mike Reno, David Michael, Steve Truty, Steve Hough, and John Rosenberger—Boiler UP!
Major sources of information in the preparation of this document include UAMS Facilities Management
Specifications, CSI Divisions, Veterans Administration, Sisters of Mercy, and the 2006 FGI Guidelines for
Design and Construction of Health Care Facilities.
Contents
Introduction iii
List of Acronyms vi
HEADING CSI DIVISION PAGE #
Acoustical Ceiling Systems 09510 1
Air Distribution Systems 15800 2
Air Handlers 15720 4
Aluminum Entrances and Storefronts 08400 6
Automatic Doors 08460 7
Bedpan Washers 11730 8
Carpet Roll Flooring 09680 9
Carpet Tile Flooring 09680 11
Concrete–Cast‐in‐Place 03300 12
Ceramic Tile 09310 13
Deionized Water Piping 15220 15
Elevator Sump Pumps 15440 16
Emergency Showers 15410 17
Epoxy Floors and Walls 09670 18
Epoxy Resin Terrazzo 09670 20
Faucets 15410 21
Fire Extinguishers, Cabinets and Brackets 10520 22
Fire Protection 13900 23
Flush Valves 15110 24
Fuel Oil Piping 15190 25
Gypsum Wallboard 09250 27
Hollow Metal Doors and Frames 08110 28
Hose Bibs 15110 29
Plumbing, HVAC, and Gas Piping 15076 30
Interior Identifying Devices 10440 33
Lightweight Concrete 03520 34
Lockers 12560 35
Medical and Lab Gas Piping 15214 36
Millwork 06220 38
Natural Gas Piping 15190 39
Painting and Finishing 09900 40
Pumps 15440 41
Sinks 15410 42
Steam Distribution and Condensate Systems 02550 44
Termite Control 10290 46
Thermal Protection 07200 47
Toilet and Bath Accessories 15410 48
Traffic Markings 02580 49
Urinals 15410 50
Wall Corner Guards 10260 51
Water Closets 15410 52
Water Softeners 15460 53
Water Supply Piping Systems 02510 54
List of Acronyms
AA Aluminum Association
AAADM American Association of Automatic Door Manufacturers
ACI ACI International (American Concrete Institute)
ADA Americans with Disabilities Act
ADAAG Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines
AMCA Air Movement and Control Association
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ARI Air‐Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air‐Conditioner Engineers
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASSE American Society of Sanitary Engineering
ASTM ASTM International
AWS American Welding Society
CISCA Ceilings & Interior Systems Construction Association
CRI Carpet and Rug Institute
CRSI Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
CSA Canadian Standards Association
FGI Guidelines Guidelines for Design and Construction of Health Care Facilities (2006)
IBC International Building Code
ICC International Code Council
ICPA International Cast Polymer Alliance
IGCC Insulating Glass Certification Council
IPC International Plumbing Code
ISO International Standards Organization
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NSF NSF International (formerly National Sanitation Foundation)
NTMA National Terrazzo and Mosaic Association
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PCA Portland Cement Association
SGCC Safety Glazing Certification Council
SMACNA Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association
TCNA Tile Council of North America Inc. (formerly Tile Council of America)
UAMS University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
UL Underwriters Laboratories Inc.
USGBC U.S. Green Building Council
ACOUSTICAL CEILING SYSTEMS
Scope
Acoustical ceiling systems, grid
Resources
ASTM, CISCA, ISO, IBC Section 1750
Recommended Uses/Considerations
1. Ceilings, including exposed structure in areas normally occupied by patients or staff in food
preparation and food storage areas, shall be cleanable with routine housekeeping equipment.
Acoustic and lay‐in ceiling tiles, where used, shall not interfere with infection control.
2. Comply with building code seismic provisions for the project occupancy type. In certain
jurisdictions, the state Department of Health will have approved specific tile products for use in
seismic areas, and those products should be used where possible.
3. Review criteria for acoustical separation.
4. In most areas, suspended ceiling systems are designed with a 2 ft. x 4 ft. grid pattern. The use of 2
ft. x 2 ft. grid in public corridors, auditoriums, lecture halls, and other areas that require frequent
above‐ceiling access or an upgraded appearance should be considered. Revealed‐edge tiles may
be used in selected areas with approval from the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ). Concealed
spline or tongue‐and‐groove ceiling systems should not be used.
5. To prevent panel flutter, provide hold‐down clips for suspended grid acoustical panels that are
located within an 8‐ft. horizontal measurement of entrance doors.
6. Attachments should be designed for attachment to a support structure of not less than five times
the hanger design load for the structural classification. Minimum acceptable wire size is 12‐gauge
galvanized steel.
7. The acoustical ceiling system should be installed so it is level and true to line, at a maximum
tolerance of 1/8 in. in 10 ft., with neat and close‐fitting joints between spliced and intersecting
members. The grid should be square with ends and cross tees tightly butted and faces in the same
plane. The flanges of the cross tees should not rest on the flanges of the main runners; rather,
hold‐down clips and light fixture clips should be installed where required to meet code or
pressure differentials.
8. Acoustical panels should be neatly and accurately cut and placed to fit snugly into main and cross
tees, leaving no space between panel bottoms and grid system. The finished installation should
not show any gaps or panel edges. Acoustical panels should be Class A (flame spread under 25).
9. Where cleaning is required, the architect should strive to ensure the ceiling design meets special
code requirements. Use of a gypsum board ceiling may be necessary to meet code requirements
if the specified mylar ceiling does not meet the standards required by the authority having
jurisdiction (AHJ). Review the AHJ code mandates for specific areas to ensure that all
requirements have been satisfactorily met.
Products
Quality Control
The contractor should prepare a quality assurance plan, in conformance with the IBC.
<ENTER PRODUCT NAME HERE IN CAPITAL LETTERS>

• <enter product specifics here>
END OF SECTION
1
AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Scope
Distribution of HVAC, mechanical equipment, ductwork, conditioned environments
Resources
IMC; FGI Guidelines; NFPA; SMACNA HVAC Duct Construction Standards, Metal and Flexible, 3rd ed.
(2005)
1. Check the design to ensure the dampers and filter banks are accessible as required.
2. Air distribution systems for mechanical rooms should be closely coordinated to allow for sound
attenuation. Ensure that the physical characteristics of the mechanical system (e.g., noise,
temperature, and humidity) do not disturb the surroundings.
3. Elevator equipment rooms should be cooled to maintain a maximum temperature of 80o F.
4. If cooling is provided for telephone equipment and data closets (200 sq. ft. or less), air distribution
equipment should be placed outside the closet when possible. Maintain closets at a maximum
temperature of 80o F. Terminal boxes should be used for small rooms (100 sq. ft. or less). Fan coils
should be used for large rooms (100–200 sq. ft.) and chilled water (CW) should be readily
available.
5. Space conditioning equipment serving electrical and mechanical equipment rooms should be
placed outside these rooms when possible. Rooms should be maintained at a maximum
temperature of 80° F. Terminal boxes should be used for small rooms. Fan coils should be used for
large rooms.
6. Variable frequency drives should be kept in a conditioned environment, not to exceed a
temperature of 85o F.
7. Conference room space conditioning should be controlled separately from the conditioning for
other rooms.
8. Do not design space conditioning for stairwells unless the stairwells have been designed as fire‐
rated enclosures and appropriate fire and smoke dampers are installed. This should be
discouraged during the schematic design phase.
9. All new supply ductwork should be externally insulated. Replace all existing internally insulated
ductwork within the scope of the renovation with new, externally insulated ductwork. Exceptions
may be made for sound and rubberized insulation, which can be used in returns for a maximum of
20 ft. in the branch lines.
10. Use sound attenuators in ductwork where applicable to maintain required sound ratings and
noise transmission levels.
11. Return air plenum systems should not be used in any acute care setting.
12. High‐pressure duct joints should be sealed to minimize leakage.
13. Illustrate static pressure‐sensing locations for air systems on the floor plans.
14. Design outside intake louvers to allow for minimal moisture infiltration.
15. Use current SMACNA standards and symbols for ductwork design and drawings.
16. Provide reheat coils on all terminal units regardless of interior or perimeter locations for single‐
duct systems.
17. Provide an override bypass on all variable speed drive units (VFDs).
18. Do not place air intakes where the general public can access them. For safety purposes, locate
outside air intakes at least two stories or higher on the building and where they will not intake
exhaust from other systems, equipment, or parking areas. Exhaust should exit through the roof
where feasible. Discuss deviations during planning.
2
19. Achieve room differential pressure requirements by a minimum of 100 cfm at opening(s), but not
less than 0.01” static pressure at door(s). An adequate air supply should be provided in the
corridors to maintain static pressures.
20. Each branch should have accessible extruded‐aluminum balancing dampers as close to the main
duct as possible to balance the system without depending on the air device.
21. Fire and smoke dampers should be installed as required by governing codes, and damper resets
should be accessible per life safety plans.
22. All equipment in the air distribution system should be easily accessible for repairs or replacement
without having to remove other utilities. Locate mixing boxes to minimize disruptions to a space
and not over any equipment, transformers, panels, or telephone gear.
23. Installation of flex duct is not allowed through any walls, ceilings, or floors. Duct runs may not
exceed 5 ft. (or less if required by code.
24. Duct exhausts for labs, high‐moisture areas, and/or necessary equipment should have the
appropriate chemical‐ or moisture‐resistant components.
25. Isolation rooms that require a positive or negative pressure relationship should have a digital
gauge placed above the door for monitoring relative static air pressure differential. Mount the
sensors as recommended by the manufacturer for accurate readings. Rooms may be either
positive or negative, but never both. Staff training for use is required.
26. High‐performance, louver‐faced diffusers should be used for HVAC supply systems. Pay special
attention to the duct size, particularly at the louver transition, to minimize noise level in the
room.
27. Dampers may not restrict air flow except where necessary to control the air. For example, fire
dampers should not protrude into ductwork.
28. Economizer cycles are preferred but should be evaluated on a cost/benefit basis. If an economizer
cycle is used, a return air fan should be installed to prevent over‐pressurization of the conditioned
space.
29. All systems using 100 percent outside air should be evaluated for use of heat recovery systems.
Use of enthalpy wheels should be evaluated for all air handlers to establish payback within five
years. Savings come from the reduced tonnage required, so this may be considered a “green”
design feature. However, take care in the selection of the angstrom of the wheel to make sure it
will block the type of particles to be screened.
30. Pilot tube test port stations should be provided in all locations required by the control system to
determine fan system or zone air volumes.
31. Mount drawings near the air‐handling unit that show as‐built locations of all fire dampers,
balancing dampers, variable air volume boxes, coils, and other equipment in the ductwork served
by that unit. Protect these drawings with glass or other protective material.
Products
Quality Control
<enter quality and code standards that apply here>

END OF SECTION
3
AIR HANDLERS
Scope
Primary air‐handling units
Resources
NFPA, AMCA, ASHRAE, ARI, SMACNA, IMC, FGI Guidelines, ARI
1. Comply with the Air Movement and Control Association (AMCA) standards applicable to testing
and rating of fans (AMCA 300) and air‐moving devices (AMCA 301) and to testing of louvers,
dampers, and shutters.
2. Comply with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15 – Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration.
3. Provide central station air‐handling units that comply with ANSI 430 and ARI Standard 410.
4. Comply with ASHRAE Standard 52‐76 and Underwriters Laboratory (UL) Standard 900, as
applicable to air filters.
5. Roof access to rooftop air‐handling units should be carefully considered and planned in advance.
Access from windows is not adequate.
6. All electronic equipment should conform to the requirements of FCC regulations, Part 15, Section
15, governing radio frequency and electromagnetic interference and should be so labeled.
7. Units should be furnished with double‐wall insulated casing, hinged access doors, plenum fans,
enthalpy recovery wheels (if applicable with VFD), pre‐filters, chilled water coils with stainless
steel insulated drain pans, steam heating coils, fan motors, and all accessories necessary to make
the system meet the required functions for the space where the units are to be used. Lifting lugs
should be welded to the base.
8. Mount fans on isolation bases or springs. Impellers should be statically and dynamically balanced,
and the complete fan assembly should be test balanced at operating speed prior to shipment.
9. Belts should be designed for a minimum 1.5 service factor.
10. Provide all coils within air‐handling units, chillers, and heat exchangers with adequate clearances
so they can be pulled without obstructing equipment, pipes, conduits, etc., and without requiring
any other coils in the same unit to be removed.
11. Provide all floor‐mounted mechanical equipment on a 4‐in. minimum height concrete
housekeeping pad and, where required, steel support framing to allow proper housekeeping,
drainage, and access. Provide higher concrete housekeeping pads where necessary to
accommodate condensate drain pipes or other equipment. All service pads should be reinforced
with wire mesh with chamfered edges. Elevated mechanical rooms should have waterproofing on
the floor with a 4‐in. curve around the perimeter ramped at the doors. This should be, capable of
withholding water 1 in. from the rim for up to six hours, with a dry contact connected to an alarm
to prevent flooding on lower levels. Leveling of equipment is crucial.
12. Provide UV disinfection inside air‐handling units for complete coverage of drain pans and coils on
the inlet side of filters.
13. Provide air filter holding frames with hold‐down clips for each filter, gasketed frames to prevent
filter bypass, and sufficient access for maintenance and replacement of all filters.
14. Name plates should be noncorrosive metal engraved with performance information.
15. Units should be located over areas that are not sensitive to sound.
16. Air blenders should be used for all air handler units in climates with a winter design temperature
of 32° F or colder, unless there are overriding circumstances.
17. All controls should be direct digital control (DDC) systems.
4
Products
Quality Control
1. AMCA compliance: Air‐handling units should be tested and rated in accordance with AMCA
standards.
2. ARI compliance: Air‐handling units should be tested and rated in accordance with ARI 430:
Standard for Central‐Station Air Handling Units. Certification symbols should be displayed on units
of certified models.
3. NFPA compliance: Air‐handling unit internal insulation should have a flame spread rating that
does not exceed 25 and a smoke developed rating no higher than 50, in compliance with NFPA
90A: Standard for the Installation of Air‐Conditioning and Ventilating Systems.
4. Leakage testing: The unit manufacturer should factory‐test each air‐handling unit for leakage
and/or deflection. The leakage rate of the casing may not exceed 1.0 percent of the unit airflow at
–10” static pressure.
a. The test should be conducted in accordance with the SMACNA duct construction manual.
A calibrated orifice should be used to measure leakage airflow.
b. Positive pressure plenums should be tested positively, and negative pressure plenums
should be tested negatively.
5. Testing: Upon completion of installation of air‐handling units, start up and operate the equipment
to demonstrate capability and compliance with requirements. Field correct malfunctioning units,
then retest to demonstrate compliance.

END OF SECTION
5
ALUMINUM ENTRANCES AND STOREFRONTS
Scope
Entrance doors and sidelights, curtain walls, storefront glazing
Resources
Federal, state, or local jurisdiction guidelines
AA, AAADM, ASTM, IGCC, SGCC
1. Doors at facility perimeters should have a rating commensurate with the wall system in which
they are located.
2. Doors should have a minimum clear dimension of 3 ft. wide and 7 ft. high. (Other code
considerations may apply.)
Installation Expectations
1. Aluminum entrances and storefronts should be installed complete by a single manufacturer or its
representative except for the cylinder, which is provided under hardware. Doors should be heavy‐
duty. Intensive care and other medical units should have dual‐door operation in case of an
emergency. Notes: Use of roller‐latching mechanisms no longer complies with fire and life safety
codes. Opening widths for latching doors vary from manufacturer to manufacturer to maintain
minimum code exit widths in the primary opening.
2. Permanently label each unit of tempered glass and place approved decals on the windows.
3. Exterior glass should be highly energy‐efficient (sealed insulated/low‐e coating).
4. Aluminum mullions should be consistent in finish, with no shading differences between pieces. A
baked‐on painted finish should be guaranteed for 20 years, while an anodized finish should be
guaranteed for 10 years. Mullions should be thermal break constructed.
5. Continuous flashing should be provided under all exterior windows. Any lapping of flashing should
be perpendicular to the run and sealed in solid sealant. Some ends of flashings may be “panned.”
6. The tinting of any new window should match that of existing exterior windows.
7. Use nonstaining shims where required for proper operation of doors and sash.
8. Plumbness may not exceed 1/8 in. in 10 ft. or 1/4 in. in 40 ft. Levelness may not exceed 1/8in. in
20 ft. or 1/4 in. in 40 ft. Alignment may not exceed 1/16 in. where surfaces are flush.
Products
Quality Control
Consumer Product Safety Division Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials (16 CFR 1201) .
Flat Glass Marketing Association (FGMA) Glazing Manual and Glazing Sealing Systems Manual for
glazing installation methods.

END OF SECTION
6
AUTOMATIC DOORS
Scope
Power‐assisted door operators, activation devices, keypads, touchless wall switches, and push pads
Resources
ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) or local code provisions (some AHJs have specific codes
approved by ADA); IBC; FGI Guidelines
1. The automatic door contractor is responsible for coordinating fire alarm and security
requirements for the door and ensuring that door hardware is capable of interfacing with the fire
alarm and security systems.
2. The opening and closing speeds for automatic doors should be 3 to 5 seconds, with the delay
before closing adjustable between 2 and 25 seconds. Doors are not to exceed 15 pounds of force
or as specified by governing codes.
3. When using automatic doors in a series, such as in a vestibule, consider both the prevailing winds
and the distance between the banks of doors. A distance of approximately 14 ft. is recommended.
4. Operators should have access to the key switch to turn the card reader on at night.
5. Airborne infection isolation room(s) should have self‐closing devices on all room exit doors.
6. Protective environment room(s) should have self‐closing devices on all room exit doors.
Products
Quality Control
1. Installer qualifications: To perform this type of work, an installer should have a minimum of 10
years of specialized experience in the installation of work similar to that required for a particular
project and should be acceptable to the product manufacturer.
2. Manufacturer qualifications: The manufacturer should have a minimum of five years’ successful
experience in the fabrication of automatic doors of the type required for a project. and the
manufacturer also should be capable of providing field service representation during installation,
approving the acceptable installer, and approving application methods.
3. AAADM compliance: Both the installer and the manufacturer should meet the requirements to
obtain a certification/license agreement. Recertification is required every three years.

END OF SECTION
7
BEDPAN WASHERS
Scope
Material, installation, and performance requirements for bedpan washers
Resources
ASSE, ANSI, IPC
1. All wall‐mounted, handheld, and foot‐pedal‐operated bedpan washer assemblies in all areas
should be designed to meet code requirements, except as directed otherwise. Wall thickness
dimensions should be coordinated and verified with the architect.
2. If a flushing‐rim clinical sink used only for temporary holding of soiled material is not provided in
soiled holding rooms, facilities for cleaning bedpans should be provided elsewhere.
3. Bedpan‐flushing devices should be provided in each inpatient toilet room. (Cold water devices are
acceptable.) Consider swing arm devices on water closets (coordinate with required grab bar
locations).
4. Vacuum breakers or backflow prevention devices should be installed on hose bibs and supply
nozzles used for connecting hoses or tubing in bedpan‐flushing attachments. Review the local
plumbing code.
Products
Quality Control
1. Verify that installed plumbing fixtures are the categories and types specified for the locations
where they are to be installed.
2. Check that plumbing fixtures are complete with trim, faucets, fittings, and other specified
components.
3. Inspect installed plumbing fixtures for damage and replace any damaged fixtures and
components.
4. After water systems are pressurized, test installed fixtures for proper operation. Replace
malfunctioning fixtures and components, then retest. Repeat this procedure until all units operate
properly.

END OF SECTION
8
CARPET ROLL FLOORING
Scope
Carpet, padding, and adhesives
Resources
ASTM, CRI, Consumer Product Safety Commission
1. Carpet tile should comply with the fire spread ratings requirements in NFPA 101: Life Safety Code.
2. Carpet joints should be tight and straight, with no adhesive visible.
3. Color, size, pattern, texture, dye system, backing, and soil protection should be carefully
considered when selecting carpet.
4. Wear warranty should be 15 years limited; backing warranty should be lifetime limited.
5. Carpet padding should not be used.
6. The carpet should not show any imperfections, including rolls, misalignment of pattern by more
than 1/4 in. in 10 feet, runs, or tears. The direction and pattern of the carpet should be
maintained. Imperfections (holes, cracks, depressions, or rough areas) in the slab should be
corrected with a leveling compound acceptable to the adhesive manufacturer.
7. Maintain the temperature at a minimum of 55° F for 48 hours before, during, and after
installation.
8. Confirm that an infection control risk assessment (ICRA) is created and that infection control
procedures are established and followed during replacement projects.
9. Confirm requirements for air flushing to remediate latent VOCs.
Location Profile
Extra‐heavy traffic – Emergency room lobby, common areas
Heavy traffic – Lobby, common areas, corridors, patient rooms, dining area
Moderate traffic – Examination room, open office
Light traffic – Private office, living unit
1. A dense, low pile height, loop‐pile carpet is most often used in heavy‐traffic areas. In offices and
other areas with lighter foot traffic, cut‐pile can be a good choice. Cut‐pile, loop‐pile, and cut‐loop
pile choices may be used in areas with moderate foot traffic.
2. Commercial carpet cushion applications are categorized as Class I, Class II, or Class III:
a. Class I (moderate traffic): This class includes executive, administrative, or private offices in
office buildings, banks, schools, and health care facilities.
b. Class II (heavy traffic): –This class includes clerical areas, corridors, patients’ rooms, lounges,
classrooms, and public areas in health care facilities, libraries, museums, hotels, motels, and
schools.
c. Class III (extra‐heavy traffic): – This class includes cafeterias, nurses’ stations, public and
ticketing areas, and lobbies in office buildings, airports, and health care facilities.
Products
Quality Control
1. Installer qualifications: The installer should be approved by the manufacturer, and the installer’s
employees should be trained by the manufacturer.
2. Preinstallation conference: Participate in the preinstallation conference for carpet installation.
3. Ensure the installer has a copy of the installation shop drawings before proceeding with the work.
9
4. Review requirements for verification and testing of subfloor condition, subfloor preparation, and
environmental conditions at the time flooring is installed.

END OF SECTION
10
CARPET TILE FLOORING
Scope
Adhered carpet tiles, adhesives
Resources
ASTM, Carpet and Rug Institute, Consumer Product Safety Commission
1. Carpet tile should be considered for high‐traffic areas, as approved by the project manager. An
advantage of carpet tile over roll carpet is the ease of replacement. Maintenance projects often
include smaller areas, reducing the isolation needed for infection control in the area.
2. Carpet tile should comply with the fire spread ratings requirements in NFPA 101: Life Safety Code.
3. Quick‐release adhesive should be used for vinyl‐backed carpet tiles.
4. Carpet joints should be tight and straight, with no adhesive visible.
5. When selecting carpet tiles, carefully consider color, size, pattern, texture, dye system, backing,
and soil protection.
6. The wear warranty of the tile should be 15 years limited; backing warranty should be lifetime
limited.
7. Carpet should not show any imperfections, including rolls, misalignment of pattern by more than
1/4 in. in 10 ft., runs, or tears, and direction and pattern should be maintained. Imperfections
(holes, cracks, depressions, or rough areas) in the slab should be corrected with a leveling
compound acceptable to the adhesive manufacturer.
8. Maintain temperature as recommended by the manufacturer or at a minimum of 55° F for 48
hours before, during, and after installation.
9. Obtain manufacturer’s standard cleaning instructions for the carpet installed.
10. Confirm that an ICRA (infection control risk assessment) is created and infection control
procedures are established and followed during replacement projects.
Products
Quality Control
1. Preinstallation conference: Participate in the preinstallation conference.
2. Obtain a copy of required flooring layout shop drawings.
3. Review requirements for verification and testing of subfloor condition, subfloor
preparation, and environmental conditions at the time of flooring installation.

END OF SECTION
11
CONCRETE – CAST‐IN‐PLACE
Scope
Concrete products, normal weight cast in place
Resources
ACI, ASTM, CRSI
Uses include slab‐on‐grade applications, site concrete, and site utility uses such as underground utility work.
Products
Quality Control
1. Consider floor sealer for moisture control when flooring products will be installed over cast‐
in‐place concrete. Bid as unit cost alternate to add to scope later.
2. Concrete should be made from portland cement, type as defined by the structural engineer.
3. Concrete should be placed in accordance with prevailing codes and standards. Cold weather
concrete (40° F and below) and hot weather concrete (80° F and above) should comply with
codes and standards.
4. The use of admixtures should be approved by the engineer‐of‐record; chlorides are not
acceptable. Fly ash should not exceed 15 percent of the admixture. When fly ash is not
compatible with the existing soil type, excessive cracking can result.
5. Concrete should be placed by methods that prevent separation or loss of materials.
6. The contractor should finish the floors to an acceptable flatness not to exceed 1/4 in. in 10 ft.
when measured with a straightedge. Surfaces should slope uniformly to drains where
required.
7. Structural concrete defects should be repaired as directed by the engineer‐of‐record;
aesthetic concrete repairs should be approved by the designated decision‐maker.
8. Liquid membrane‐forming curing and sealing compounds should comply with codes and
standards. These products should cure, seal, and dustproof and accept recoating, paint, and
adhesives for the selected flooring.
9. A testing agency approved by the engineer should be retained by the owner to confirm
conformance of products to standards.

END OF SECTION
12
CERAMIC TILE
Scope
Ceramic tile, ceramic wall tile, porcelain paver tile, tile trim, tile setting materials, grout, waterproofing
membrane in floor assemblies, crack isolation membrane in floor assemblies, expansion joints, floor
transitions
Resources
TCNA Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation
1. Use of ceramic tile is generally permitted only in limited areas (e.g., lobbies, public toilets, and
other high use areas).
2. Use of ceramic tile in patient or equipment transport areas is not recommended.
3. Floors subject to traffic while wet (such as shower and bath areas, kitchens, and similar work
areas) should have a nonslip surface. In geographic areas subject to mildew problems, consider
using epoxy resin flooring for showers.
4. Walls should be smooth.
5. Tiling should comply with standard‐grade manufacturing requirements of ANSI A137.1:
Specifications for Ceramic Tile for “Setting Materials” and “Grouting Materials” and with ANSI
A108 /A118/A136.1: Installation of Ceramic Tile.
6. Grout should be sealed with a sealant acceptable to the grout manufacturer. Consideration
should be given to using expoy grout systems where staining or other environmental issues are a
concern.
7. The floors and wall bases of kitchens, soiled workrooms, and other areas subject to frequent wet
cleaning should be homogenous, but may have tightly sealed joints.
8. Floors in areas and rooms in which flammable anesthetic agents are stored or administered
should comply with NFPA 99.
9. When using ceramic tile, include a base of similar material.
10. For ease of cleaning, tile dimensions should be considered (larger tiles may be easier to
maintain)and grout lines should be 1/4 in. or less, with true straight lines.
11. Abrasion resistance classification:
a. Floors should be tested in accordance with values listed in Table 1 of ASTM C1027: Standard
Test Method for Determining Visible Abrasion Resistance of Glazed Ceramic Tile.
b. For floors in corridors, kitchens, and storage areas, including refrigerated rooms, tiles should be
in accordance with Class V, 12,000 revolutions.
c. For floors in remaining areas, tiles should be Class IV, 6,000 revolutions.
12. Slip‐resistant tile for floors:
a. The coefficient of friction (tested in accordance with ASTM C1028: Standard Test Method for
Determining the Static Coefficient of Friction of Ceramic Tile) required for level of performance
should be
i. Not less than 0.7 (wet condition) for bathing areas
ii. Not less than 0.8 on ramps for wet and dry conditions
iii. Not less than 0.6 for wet and dry conditions for areas other than ramps and bathing areas
Materials and Their Proper Installation

1. Do not install building expansion joints in ceramic tile floors over waterproof membranes. In large
areas where an expansion joint is necessary, locate the joint along the perimeter.
2. To comply with TCNA installation guidelines, the spec writer’s notes should include the following:
13
a. Modify and edit setting bed materials to suit job conditions.
b. For new work, set floor tile on the mortar bed at a minimum thickness of 32 mm (1‐1/4 in.),
increased to provide positive slopes to drains.
c. Use reinforcing over cleavage or waterproof membranes.
d. Tile in depressed slab areas may also be set in epoxy or furan mortar, dry‐set or latex‐portland
cement mortar over "set‐up" mortar fills.
e. 75 mm (3 in.) depressed floor slabs are required for floor mortar beds.
f. For existing areas where floors cannot be cut for depressed mortar beds and a waterproof
membrane is required, consider the option of using an elastomeric bond coat over an
elastomeric membrane with waterproof isolation membrane system.
g. Note requirement for drying period (14 to more than 60 days) for latex‐portland cement mortar
setting beds. Latex (except acrylic) will re‐emulsify if exposed to water when not thoroughly
dry. Do not use latex‐portland cement in water.
Products
END OF SECTION
14
DEIONIZED WATER PIPING
Scope
Materials and operations required for the installation of a deionized water piping system with less than 3
ppm dissolved solids and resistivity of 10 megaohm or less, including fittings, valves, equipment, joints,
and tests. NOTE: For ultrapure water systems of 10 megaohm or greater resistivity, special specifications
will be issued.
Resources
1. ANSI B31.3: Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping, Chapter VII–Non‐Metallic Piping and
Piping Lined With Non‐Metals.
2. ASTM D1785: PVC Plastic Pipe, SCH 40, 80, and 120; ASTM D2467: PVC Plastic Pipe Fittings; ASTM
D3087: Anion‐Exchange Materials for Strong Acid Removal; ASTM D1782 – Particulate Cation
Exchange Materials; ASTM D3375 – Column Capacity of Particulate Mixed Bed Ion Exchange
Materials
1. Comply with all governing codes and regulations.
2. All piping should be arranged so it does not interfere with the removal of other equipment or
devices, nor block access to doors, windows, manholes, or other access openings. All water piping
should be pitched to a low point to drain.
3. Piping should be worked into place without undue force or springing on the pipe. Cutting or
alterations of the building structure will not be permitted without the express written permission
of a registered structural engineer.
4. Manual and automatic air vent locations for piping systems should be shown on floor plans.
5. No fewer than one zone isolation valves should be installed on each floor. Zone isolation valves
should not interfere with other zones.
6. All fixtures should have one gate valve per line at the fixture.
7. Piping should be free of any objectionable self‐generated noise. Isolate piping from the building
where required to prevent the transmission of noise.
8. Installation over any electrical equipment, panels, or transformers is not recommended.
9. The cyclotron should be water cooled with deionized water.
Products
Quality Control
Bonding Materials and Procedures:

Conform to ANSI B31.3, Chapter VII.

END OF SECTION
15
ELEVATOR SUMP PUMPS
Scope
Material, installation, and performance requirements for sump pump
Resources
ASSE
1. The elevator sump pump should be a submersible pump that complies with the governing codes
and the requirements of the engineer‐of‐record.
2. The sump pump system should have an alarm connected to the building automation system to
prevent pit or barrel overflow. The areas of primary concern are the pit (the building design
should ensure the cab will not flood) and the barrel (the design should ensure it does not
overflow, forcing hydraulic fluid down a sanitary system). When the pit starts to overfill, the sump
pump should start; if the barrel gets to the preset point, the alarm should sound and shut off the
system for safety.
3. The suction, discharge, intermediate chambers, impeller, and terminal box cover should be
constructed of stainless steel. The wearplate, terminal box, and pump handle should be
constructed of composite materials. The motor should be water lubricated, with hermetically
sealed windings. The wearplate should be replaceable and furnished with a 1‐1/4 in. threaded
outlet, mechanical float switch, and power cord.
4. The cover over the pump should comply with governing codes and regulations.
5. The elevator sump pump should be approved by the elevator inspector.
6. Coordinate storage of elevator waste and oil with waste piping.
Products
Quality Control
1. Product options: Drawings should indicate size, profiles, and dimensional requirements of
sump pumps and be based on the specific system indicated.
.
2. Electrical components, devices, and accessories: These should be listed and labeled as defined
in NFPA 70, Article 100, by a testing agency acceptable to authorities having jurisdiction; they
also should be marked for intended use.

END OF SECTION
16
EMERGENCY SHOWERS
Scope
Material, installation, and performance requirements for emergency showers
Resources
OSHA; IPC; ADA; federal, state, or local jurisdiction guidelines
1. Showers should be cast aluminum with a flange for flush‐to‐ceiling mounting and a stainless steel
spreader, with a pull rod for adequate reach, in compliance with ADA. Showers should be
furnished with a 120‐volt audible alarm and flow switch. The alarm should be mounted on a wall
adjacent to the shower.
2. Consider the use of tempered water in the showers.
3. Consider providing a drain or containment area around the shower if permitted by code.
4. The shower should have a wall‐mounted, detachable spray assembly with hand spray and hose
attached to a 762‐mm (30‐in.) chrome bar with an adjustable slide; elevated vacuum breaker;
supply‐wall connection and flange; diverter valve; over‐the‐rim tub spout; and thermostatic valve.
5. Showers should be located near all laboratories, operating rooms, and anywhere else infection
potential or chemical exposures exist. These showers are to be used in times of crisis only.
Products
Quality Control
Source Limitations:
1. Plumbing components: Obtain plumbing fixtures, faucets, and other components of each
category through one source from a single manufacturer.
2. Electrical components, devices, and accessories: These should be listed and labeled as
defined in NFPA 70, Article 100, by a testing agency acceptable to authorities having
jurisdiction; they also should be marked for their intended use.
Regulatory Requirements:
1. Comply with requirements for plumbing fixtures for people with disabilities in local
regulations and Public Law 101‐336: Americans with Disabilities Act.
2. Comply with NSF 61: Drinking Water System Components—Health Effects for fixture
materials that will be in contact with potable water.
3. Select compatible combinations of fixtures and trim, faucets, fittings, and other
components.

END OF SECTION
17
EPOXY FLOORS AND WALLS
Scope
Epoxy flooring in restrooms, kitchens
Resources
ASTM testing methods
<there may be multiple organizations>
1. Epoxy flooring is an optimal floor finish for restrooms, kitchens, and other dietary areas, provided
the budget allows its use. Epoxy floors should be troweled on with base.
2. Reinforced epoxy walls are preferred in high‐abuse areas.
3. The contractor should prepare the floors from concrete to an acceptable flatness not to exceed
1/8 in. in 10 ft. when measured with a straightedge.
4. Repair should be included as part of the contractor’s warranty.
Epoxy Resin Floor and Base

1. Seamless resinous flooring consists of a 100 percent solid epoxy resin blended with selected
ceramic‐coated quartz aggregates.
2. All materials should be from a single manufacturer to ensure compatibility and mechanical bond.
3. Products should be installed per manufacturer’s guidelines with a joint, five‐year guarantee
against failure, including delamination and pitting, from both the installer and the manufacturer.
4. The surface texture should be selected on a project‐by‐project basis.
5. Colors should be selected on a project‐by‐project basis. There should be no additional cost for
each room to have its own color selection. No pigmented epoxy base or topcoat is permitted.
6. Floors should be troweled down only; they should not be broadcast.
7. Provide an elastomeric waterproofing membrane as required for proper installation.
8. Bases should be of the same material as the floor and may vary up to 12 in., as the project
demands.
9. Bases should have a turned metal edge strip installed at the top, sealed against the wall, to
prevent liquid from entering the underside of the base and floor.
10. Inside corners should be rounded with a 1 in. smooth radius integrally connected to the floor.
Outside corners should be rounded smooth and straight.
Epoxy Resin Wall Coating (Reinforced)

1. For chemical‐resistant wall surfacing with integral fiberglass embedded on smooth walls, the
coating should be applied in a five‐step process: priming, applying fiberglass, sanding
imperfections, applying two body coats, and applying one sealer coat. Fiberglass should be an
alkali‐resistant fiberglass approved by the coating manufacturer.
2. The coatings should be capable of being installed on sheetrock, concrete, or concrete unit
masonry. When coatings are complete, the fiberglass should have a slight texture but be free of
pinholes.
3. All materials should be from a single manufacturer to ensure compatibility and mechanical bond.
Film thickness should be 20 to 40 mils.
4. Products should be installed per manufacturer’s guidelines with a joint five‐year guarantee
against failure, including delamination and pitting, from installer and manufacturer.
5. Different colors and color patterns may be used for different rooms at no additional cost , with a
single color pattern per room.
18
6. Surface texture should be selected on a project‐by‐project basis.
Products
Quality Control
1. Applicator qualifications: The selected applicator should have five years of experience in the
application of the specified materials on projects of similar size and complexity. The
designated applicator should provide a list of completed projects, including project name and
location, name of architect, name of material manufacturer, and approximate quantity of
materials applied.
2. Applicator's personnel qualifications: The applicator’s employees should be trained for
application of the specified materials.
3. Pre‐application meeting: Convene a pre‐application meeting before beginning the work.
Parties directly affecting the work of this section should attend, including the contractor,
architect, applicator, and manufacturer's representative. Review surface preparation,
priming, application, curing, protection, and coordination with other work.

END OF SECTION
19
EPOXY RESIN TERRAZZO
Scope
Thin‐set epoxy terrazzo flooring, accessory items, crack isolation membranes, and sealants
Resources
ASTM, NTMA
1. Terrazzo should comply with the standards of the National Terrazzo and Mosaic Association, Inc.
2. Use thin‐set terrazzo materials that consist of an epoxy resin terrazzo matrix composed of
thermosetting, epoxy resin; harder, mineral filler; and color pigment complying with NTMA. Said
materials include sound natural crushed marble chips in sizes #1 and #0 and a two‐part resin
recommended by the matrix manufacturer to penetrate and seal the substrate and provide
maximum bonding with the terrazzo. The matrix manufacturer may recommend A resin‐based
grout with filler and pigments. The mixture should be troweled in place.
3. The penetrating interior floor sealer should be colorless and slip‐ and stain‐resistant and not
affect the color or physical properties of the terrazzo surface.
4. Divider, accessory, and control strips should be approved by the resin manufacturer.
5. Accessories should be used to prevent cracking of the floor and separation of colors, with
allowance for three colors.
6. Grind terrazzo with 100 or finer grit stones until 70 to 75 percent of the marble chips show.
7. The floor should be level to within 1/8 in. in 10 feet.
8. Use the terrazzo floor cleaner recommended by the sealer manufacturer. An extra container of
cleaner should be provided as attic stock.
9. Maintain the temperature above 50° F for 48 hours before and during terrazzo installation.
Products
Quality Control
1. Installer qualifications: The installer should have a minimum of five years of installation
experience as a primary subcontractor on projects of similar magnitude and complexity. This
experience may not include working as a fabricator or subcontractor to another installer. The
installer should submit a letter stating years of installation experience and a list of previous
contracts.
2. The installer should be a member of NTMA.
3. Installer’s personnel qualifications: The installer’s workers should be trained and
approved by the manufacturer.

END OF SECTION
20
FAUCETS
Scope
Material, installation, and performance requirements for faucets
Resources
ASSE, FGI Guidelines, local AHJ
1. Clinical areas should have hands‐free sensors on all faucets.
Products
Quality Control
1. Verify that installed plumbing fixtures are of the categories and types specified for the locations
where they are installed.
2. Check that plumbing fixtures are complete with trim, faucets, fittings, and other specified
components.
3. Inspect installed plumbing fixtures for damage, and replace any damaged fixtures and
components.
4. Test installed fixtures for proper operation after water systems are pressurized. Replace all
malfunctioning fixtures and components, and then retest the system. Repeat these procedures
until all units operate properly.
5. Install faucet‐spout fittings with the specified flow rates and patterns if faucets are not available
with the required rates and patterns. Adapters should be included, if required.
6. Install faucet flow‐control fittings with the specified flow rates and patterns if faucets are not
available with the required rates and patterns. Adapters should be included, if required.
7. Install fresh batteries in all sensor‐operated mechanisms. As batteries may be a maintenance
problem in a low‐staffed facility, consider the use of a transformer above the ceiling transferring
120V to supply multiple fixtures and reduce the need for battery reinstallation.

END OF SECTION
21
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS, CABINETS, AND BRACKETS
Scope
Portable, hand‐carried fire extinguishers, mounting brackets for fire extinguishers, and fire extinguisher
cabinets
Resources
NFPA compliance: Fabricate and label fire extinguishers to comply with NFPA 10: Portable Fire
Extinguishers
UL
1. A 10‐pound ABC multipurpose fire extinguisher (provided by the owner) should be installed in
each fire extinguisher cabinet.
2. Fire extinguisher cabinets should be placed in corridors or another easily accessible location as
defined by the building code. Cabinets may be recessed or semirecessed models as required for
fire extinguisher sizes and partition thicknesses.
3. The type and quantity of fire extinguishers should be approved by the authority having
jurisdiction and must be ADA‐compliant.
4. Install fire extinguisher cabinets in prepared openings and secure the cabinets in accordance with
the manufacturer's instructions.
5. Install the cabinets at heights that conform to ADA requirements.
Products
Quality Control
Local building and fire codes

END OF SECTION
22
FIRE PROTECTION
Scope
Material, installation, and performance requirements for the fire suppression system.
Resources
NFPA 24: Private Fire Service Mains, NFPA 13: Sprinkler Systems, NFPA 14: Standpipe and Hose Systems,
city building code and local ordinances; local fire department
1. Adhere to all NFPA life safety requirements.
2. Coordinate fire department connections with the authority having jurisdiction prior to completion
of the construction documents.
3. The entire facility should be protected by fire protection sprinklers (requirement may vary
depending on occupancy and building type). Consider preaction devices for specific areas and
sensitive equipment (MRI suites, etc.). These devices require an interconnection to the fire alarm
system and need special approval by the authority having jurisdiction.
4. Fire protection piping in the building must conform to industry standards as determined by the
engineer‐of‐record and must meet all governing code requirements. Pressure‐reducing devices
must be provided on all hose outlets above the maximum pressure limit as required by NFPA or
the IBC.
5. Provide quick‐response sprinkler heads throughout the facility or as required by code.
6. Sprinkler heads in lobbies, elevator lobbies, waiting rooms, operating and delivery rooms, and x‐
ray rooms should be fully recessed.
7. Rooms containing medical records storage or moveable/mobile shelving should have automatic
sprinkler protection. Note: Most codes have special requirements for coverage in these areas.
8. All storage areas must comply with all NFPA codes for sprinkler head placement above shelving
and other obstacles.
9. Make sure there is an adequate water supply for the fire protection system, and perform water
supply flow tests as designated by the AHJ.
10. Standpipes must be installed in stairwells in buildings as required by the NFPA. Dry standpipe
systems should be used in sensitive areas that could shut down the hospital and in areas where
the pipe could be under freezing conditions.
11. Fire alarm systems must be installed throughout the building and must have necessary tamper
and flow switches going to the standpipe. The tamper switch allows the staff to discover if anyone
has tampered with the valve, while the flow switch permits the staff to know when a head has
gone off or a major leak has occurred.
Products
END OF SECTION
23
FLUSH VALVES
Scope
Electronically controlled exposed flush valve, pressurized flushometers for urinals and wall‐mounted
toilets
Resources
ANSI/ICC A117.1: Standard for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities
ASME A112.18.1: Plumbing Fixture Fittings.
ASSE 1037: Pressurized Flushing Devices (Flushometers) for Plumbing Fixtures
1. Flush valves should have a chrome‐plated brass flushometer with an 11‐1/2 in.‐high inlet rough‐
in. The flushometer should be sensor‐operated for “no hands” operation.
a. Each group of fixtures should be furnished with a transformer designed for the application, 1‐
in. IPS (inline pressure setting) with screwdriver check angle stop with protective cap, control
stop, adjustable tailpiece, and vacuum breaker.
b. The tailpiece should be lubricated with water and inserted into the control stop.
c. The flush valve should be aligned above the vacuum breaker. Use a wrench to tighten the
tailpiece coupling, then the vacuum breaker coupling, and finally the spud coupling.
d. Flush connections and spud coupling for the 1‐1/2 in. top spud are to be cast brass wall and
spud flanges with a set screw escutcheon.
2. Design for hard‐wired sensor‐type infrared flush valves unless otherwise noted. Transformers
should be hidden, but accessible.
3. Design to minimize the number of transformers by having multiple sensors connected to a single
transformer.
4. Size water lines to provide an adequate volume of water for each fixture. Be sure the closet/urinal
fixture, drain line, and water supply are all properly installed before installing the flush valve.
Products
Quality Control
Installer qualifications: Select an installer experienced in performing work similar to that required
for this project.
1. Manufacturer qualifications: The manufacturer should be capable of providing field service
representation during construction and approving application method.
2. Regulatory requirements:
a. CSA B125: Plumbing fittings series
b. ANSI/ICC A117.1: Standard for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities
c. ASME A112.18.1: Plumbing Fixture Fittings
d. ASSE 1037: Pressurized Flushing Devices (Flushometers) for Plumbing Fixtures
3. Preinstallation meetings: Conduct a preinstallation meeting to verify project requirements,
manufacturer’s installation instructions, and manufacturer’s warranty requirements.

END OF SECTION
24
FUEL OIL PIPING
Scope
Fuel oil distribution systems and the following:
Pipes, tubes, and fittings
Piping and tubing joining materials
Piping specialties
Valves
Fuel storage tank and concrete vault
Fuel oil aboveground storage tank (AST) accessories
Fuel oil storage tank piping specialties
Fuel transfer pumps
Fuel maintenance system
Liquid‐level gauge system
Leak‐detection and monitoring system
Mechanical sleeve seals
Grout
Concrete bases
Resources
International Fuel Gas Code, IMC, IBC, NFPA, FGI Guidelines
2. Unless specified otherwise by the owner, all piping should be schedule 40 black steel pipe with
3,000‐lb. socket‐welded fittings and joints. Connections to tank and pumps shall be made with
150‐lb. malleable iron threaded fittings or flanges.
3. All piping should be arranged so it does not interfere with removal of other equipment or devices,
nor block access to doors, windows, manholes, or other access openings.
4. Underground fuel‐oil piping should be double wall piping.
5. Piping should be properly supported. Make adequate provisions for expansion, contraction, slope,
anchors, and seismic conditions.
6. Piping should be worked into place without undue force or springing being placed on the pipe.
where required to prevent transmission of noise.
8. Provide liquid leak detection for all piping, tanks, and equipment located outside and inside of the
building, both below and above ground. Provide a system that gives feedback to locate the leak,
such as continuous cables and/or point sensors that are strategically located to ensure that fuel‐
oil leaks trigger an alert.
Products
Quality Control
1. Brazing: Qualify processes and operators according to Section IX: Welding and Brazing
Qualifications of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
2. Steel support welding qualifications: Qualify procedures and personnel according to American
Welding Society standard ANSI/AWS D1.1/D1.1M: Structural Welding Code ‐ Steel.
3. Pipe welding qualifications: Qualify procedures and operators according to ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code.
25
4. Electrical components, devices, and accessories: These must be listed and labeled as defined
in NFPA 70: National Electrical Code® by a qualified testing agency and marked for intended
location and application.
5. Comply with ASME B31.9:, Building Services Piping for fuel‐oil piping materials, installation,
testing, and inspection.
6. Comply with the requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency and state and local
authorities having jurisdiction, including those for well field protection, recording of fuel‐oil
storage tanks, and monitoring of tanks and piping.

END OF SECTION
26
GYPSUM WALLBOARD
Scope
Gypsum wallboard systems, metal stud framing, control joints
Resources
U.S. Gypsum Association, NFPA, ICC; USGBC
1. Gypsum board should generally be 5/8‐in. thick sheetrock (Type X) with tapered edges.
2. Gypsum board installed in a wet location (bathrooms, washrooms, janitor closets, etc.) should be
moisture resistant.
3. Use of impact‐resistant gypsum board should be considered in areas subject to impact loads from
equipment, gurneys, etc.
3. Liner board (shaft wall) should be 1‐in. sheetrock liner panel with beveled edge, 24 in. wide and
UL‐labeled.
4. Exterior sheathing should comprise paperless sheathing panels with a silicone‐treated core
surfaced with inorganic glass mat facings and gold‐colored, alkali‐resistant coating, 1/2 in. thick.
Studs, channels, and runners should be metal with size and shape to carry the load without
warping or bowing the wall or ceiling.
a. Additional studs should be used to provide stiffness to the walls around openings.
b. Studs should be spaced no greater than 24 in. o.c.
c. Runners should be designed to hold and align the studs, and should be braced as required to
prevent movement.
6. Wallboard should be installed in accordance with the U.S. Gypsum Association’s Gypsum
Construction Handbook (current edition) or the manufacturer’s handbook, if available. Allowable
tolerances should be 1/8‐in. offsets between planes of board faces and 1/4 in. in 8 ft. for plumb,
level, warp, and bow. Gypsum board should be held at least 1/2 in. above a rough floor.
7. Fasteners should be self‐taping screws, type “S,” depressed for proper concealment. Sheetrock
should be securely fastened in place.
8. Provide control joints as necessary to prevent cracking.
a. Joints should be treated with galvanized metal trim.
b. Access doors should be provided where maintenance requires mechanical or electrical access.
c. If installing partitions, provide gypsum wallboard that is a minimum of 5/8 in. thick with 20‐
gauge steel studs (preferred) at 24 in. o.c.
9. Corridor partitions should be a minimum of two layers of 5/8‐in. gypsum board on the corridor
traffic side and one layer of 5/8‐in. gypsum board on the nontraffic side. For serious impact
resistance, consider using products such as high‐impact gypsum board or pitwood backing.
10. Limit drywall ceilings to consistently wet areas, such as kitchens and operating rooms, soffits and
bulkheads in public areas, and in spaces as regulated by the local AHJ.
11. The finish levels should be specified based on the final finish product (i.e., paint, etc.). These five
levels are described in detail in the Gypsum Construction Handbook. Level 4 should generally be
considered for acute care settings.
Products
END OF SECTION
27
HOLLOW METAL DOORS AND FRAMES
Scope
Exterior doors, interior doors, fire‐rated doors, hardware reinforcement, anchors, stops, and moldings
Resources
Steel Door Institute (SDI); NFPA 80; ANSI/SDI A250.8; federal, state, or local jurisdiction guidelines
1. Comply with the standards of the Steel Door Institute and all governing codes.
2. Exterior doors and frames should be designed for 14 gauge and galvanized with a flush steel top
channel. Frames should be mitered and full face‐welded with tight seams.
3. Interior frames should be 16 gauge. Frames should be mitered and full face‐welded with tight seams
with provisions for three rubber silencers on the strike jamb. Consider knock‐down frames in low‐
traffic installations for doors without closers.
4. Doors should be 18 gauge, manufactured with no visible seams. The core must meet the rating of the
door but be no less than continuously reinforced with a full core of resin‐impregnated Kraft fiber
honeycomb with 1‐in. nested, hexagonal‐shaped cells with both face sheets bonded. Hollow metal
doors and frames should be from a single manufacturer; wooden doors can be obtained from a
second manufacturer.
5. Provide a drip edge on exterior doors and frames with no cover.
6. Door sizes (widths and heights of door leafs nominal, frame width not to be included) are as follows:
Inpatient Rooms
New construction. Door size for inpatient bedrooms in new work should be a minimum of 4 ft.
wide and 7 ft. high to provide clearance for movement of beds and other equipment. See local
building codes for minimum required clear opening dimensions.
Renovation. Existing doors of not less than 2 ft. 10 in. wide may be acceptable where function is
not adversely affected and replacement is impractical. However, preferred width for travel with a
wheelchair is 3 ft.
Rooms for Stretchers and Wheelchairs
Doors to other rooms used for stretchers (including hospital wheeled‐bed stretchers) and/or
wheelchairs should have a minimum width of 4 ft.
Rooms for Bariatric Access
Doors to rooms commonly used for obese individuals should be 3 ft. 6 inches.
7. Doors, except those to spaces such as small closets not subject to occupancy, shall not swing into
corridors in a manner that might obstruct traffic flow or reduce the required corridor width. (Large
walk‐in‐type closets are considered habitable spaces.)
Products
END OF SECTION
28
HOSE BIBS
Scope
Materials and installation of hose bibs, hydrants, and outdoor spigots
Resources
IPC, FGI Guidelines
1. Exterior hose bibs should be freeze proof, 3/4 in. in size, with a chrome‐finish brass casting face,
backflow preventer, wall clamp, and key handle.
2. Compression type bibs should be 3/4‐in, hose threaded on spout, 3/4‐in. pipe threaded on inlet.
3. Provide for a faucet without top or bottom brace and with 3/4‐in. hose coupling threads on spout,
integral stops, and vacuum breaker.
4. Valves should be designed with a valve disc arranged to eliminate rotation on seat.
5. Escutcheons should be either forged copper alloy or CRS (cold rolled steel). Four‐arm handles on
faucets should be cast, formed, or drop‐forged copper alloy.
6. Interior bibs should be mounted on the wall 36 in. above the floor. Consideration should be given
to bucket support at mop sinks, etc.
7. Exposed metal parts, including any exposed part under the valve handle when in open position,
should have a bright finish.
Lawn Faucets
8. Lawn faucets should be brass with detachable wheel or T‐handle, straight or angle body.
9. Lawn faucets should be finished rough; exposed surfaces should be chrome plated, except for the
handle, which may be painted. Set the faucets not less than 1‐1/2 ft. or more than 3 ft. above
grade.
10. On porches and platforms, set faucets approximately 2‐1/2 ft. above the finished floor. Provide an
integral vacuum breaker.
Products
END OF SECTION
29
IDENTIFICATION FOR PLUMBING, HVAC, AND GAS PIPING
Scope
Material and installation requirements for HVAC piping and equipment identification
Resources
OSHA standards, FGI Guidelines; ANSI Standard A13.1, NFPA 99.
1. All equipment with tag numbers should be coordinated with plan and schedule marks.
2. Label all mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems and the direction of flow in all
systems.
3. Indicate the make, model, and heating and cooling capacities and efficiencies of HVAC units.
4. Individual specification sections should be reviewed for additional requirements.
Tagging
1. All equipment and accessories should be tagged with a permanent system and color coded to
specify if the valve is to be normally left open (green), closed (red), or adjustable to seasons
(yellow). Numbers for rooms and equipment should be designated by the owner.
2. An example of equipment classification is as follows:
SHORT FORM EQUIPMENT

ACF Air curtain fan
ACP Air compressor
AHU Air‐handling unit
ATS Automatic transfer switch
BHH Biohazard hood
BLR Boiler
CHL Chiller
CDU Condensing unit
CEM Chemical treatment
CTW Cooling tower
CTR Controls
DEA Deaerator
DKF Drinking fountain
DRS Door
EXH Fan exhaust
FCU Fan coil unit
FMH Fume hood
FRN Furnace
FRZ Refrigerator/freezer
FPD Fire protection devices
FPS Fan, smoke purge
FXT Fire extinguishers
GEN Generator
HEX Heat exchanger
HOD Hood, standard
HRU Heat recovery unit
30
HYL Hydraulic lift
ICE Ice machine
LHT Lighting
MAU Make‐up air unit
PAC Package unit
PAN Electrical panel
PHX Plate heat exchanger
PLT Plaster trap
PMP Pump
PRV Pressure‐educing valve/station
RAF Return air fan
RHT Reheat terminal
RPZ Backflow preventers
SAF Supply air fan
SBD Switchboard
SFE Safety equipment
STL Still, H2O
STP Steam trap
SWT Incoming line switch
SWG Switchgear
TNK Tank
TRN Transformer
UHT Unit heater
VAV Air volume box (variable or constant)
VFD Variable frequency drive
WAC Window units
WEM Weather makers
WSH Washer
WTH Water heater
ACH Air conditioning and heating
ART Architecture
BFW Boiler feed water
CAS Control air
CDS Condensate
CHW Chilled water
CMT Chemical treatment
CWS Cooling water
DSW Distilled water
DWS Drinking chilled water
DCW Domestic cold water
EGS Ethylene glycol
EMG Emergency power
FOS Fuel oil
FPS Fire protection
GAS Natural gas
HEX Hood exhaust
HPS High‐pressure steam
HTW Heating water
HWS Domestic hot water
31
LPS Low‐pressure steam
MAS Medical air
MPS Medium‐pressure steam
NEP Normal electric power
NIS Nitrogen
NOS Nitrous oxide
OXY Oxygen
PNE Pneumatic
RFG Refrigeration
SAF Safety equipment
STR Storm drain
SWR Sewer
VAC Vacuum
An example of the tag follows, but each tag should be color coded for the position of the valve:
BLDG. NO.
SYSTEM
VALVE NO.
Products
END OF SECTION
32
INTERIOR IDENTIFYING DEVICES
Scope
Signage
Resources
IBC; ADA; federal, state, or local jurisdiction guidelines
1. Manufacturer, font, type, and style of all specialty interior signage should be approved by the owner or
specific signage department during planning.
2. Only products approved during planning may be installed; if approved products are unavailable, the owner
or signage department should approve replacement products before they are installed.
3. The owner will furnish and install room signage, unless waived. Many hospitals have a specific signage
department that handles room signage.
4. Room numbers should be coordinated with the architect or owner before signs are manufactured.
5. All stairs, utility rooms, and restrooms should be adequately identified with name, symbols, and braille
beside the door and the identification installed as required by codes.
6. All offices should have a sign in the corridor by the door identifying the room with a number and a
slip cover in which a name and/or title can be inserted. Braille identifying the room number
should also be, installed, as required by ADA. Only room numbers and braille should be
permanently affixed.
7. All stairs and elevators on each floor should have a directory sign addressing the major
departments and department heads for each floor, using slots for removable signs. The directory
should also address connection points to other buildings.
8. Directional signs should be located in all corridors at appropriate intervals to guide patients and
visitors to the different departments on each floor. The hospital should provide a directory for all
floors at the main entry.
Products
Quality Control

END OF SECTION
33
Lightweight Concrete
Scope
Lightweight concrete products
Resources
ACI, PCA, ICC
1. Concrete should be composed of low‐density material, not exceeding 50 lb. per cubic foot, made
with portland cement, water, and air‐producing agents with a compressive minimum strength of
190 psi.
2. Lightweight concrete is to be installed by companies experienced in the application of lightweight
concrete for similar installations. Typical areas of use are for sound deadening in roof systems and
floor systems. Comply with local codes and structural capacity as defined by the engineer of
record.
3. Do not install outside of environmental parameters (temperature, etc.) defined by the
manufacturer.
4. Clean the subsurface of debris, oil, and other contaminants that will prevent bonding, as required
by the manufacturer.
5. Concrete should not be placed in lifts of less than 2 in. or more than 8 in. in thickness.
Products
Quality Control
Considerations should include the following:
Weight per cubic foot
Moisture content of mix design components
Supplier’s experience in lightweight concrete production
Air entrainment
Slump (at the chute and at the end of the pump)
Temperature at time of mix and placement
Time from ready‐mix plant to placement
Thickness of slab
Testing agency
Reinforcement, if any
Finishing methods
Place/finish contractor’s experience with lightweight concrete placement
Curing methods
Construction joint locations and materials to be used
Use of sealants and the effect of adhesives under Division 9 flooring materials

END OF SECTION
34
LOCKERS
Scope
Locker units, layout, trim, locking devices
1. Locker types and styles should be discussed with user groups during the planning stages of a
project.
2. Standard lockers should be metal units, but wood units should be considered in higher profile
areas if the budget allows.
3. Metal units should include a locker, fillers, trim, base, and other accessories to make a complete
unit. Material should be high‐grade Class 1 mild annealed, cold‐rolled steel, complying with ASTM
366.
4. The body should be 24‐gauge steel, flanged for double thickness of metal at back vertical corners.
5. Door frames should be constructed from 16‐gauge formed steel channels designed to keep the
door rigid and straight.
6. Louvers should be installed at the top and bottom of the unit.
7. Door jambs should be welded with a safety reverse nose to prevent pointed edges from
protruding into the locker.
8. Hinges should be 0.05‐in. steel, five‐knuckle, full loop, double thickness on each leaf.
9. A one‐piece, prelubricated, spring steel latch should be contained in the lock bar. Handles should
be zinc die‐cast, attached securely to the door, to operate latch/lock with rubber silencers.
10. Attachments for padlocks can be provided if use requires.
11. A two‐prong wall hook is to be installed inside the unit.
12. Aluminum number plates, with 1/2‐in.‐high etched figures, can be placed on the door; the
numbers should be coordinated by the owner during planning.
13. The base should be 16‐gauge cold‐rolled steel to fill in the bottom of the locker.
14. The metal finish should be bonderized, able to inhibit rust, and phosphate‐treated, in a color
approved by the project core committee.
15. If lockers are not encased in a wall, install a sloping top.
16. Units will be either single tier or double tier.
17. Units should be installed level and square.
Products
END OF SECTION
35
MEDICAL AND LAB GAS PIPING
Scope
Material, installation, and performance requirements for gas piping for laboratory and health care
facilities, including connection to the existing gas distribution system
Resources
NFPA; FGI Guidelines
1. All work to be done on a medical gas system must be recertified with the governing code. Confirm
the compatibility of all new outlets with existing gas outlets. The use of adapters between outlets
is not recommended in the hospital setting.
2. All piping must be installed with certified medical gas brazers in accordance with NFPA 99.
3. All piping should be arranged so it does not interfere with removal of other equipment or devices
or block access to doors, windows, manholes, or other access openings.
4. Piping should be properly supported, and; adequate provisions should be made for expansion,
contraction, slope, anchors, and seismic conditions.
5. Piping should be worked into place without placing undue forces or springing on any pipe
6. Cutting or alterations of the building support structure will not be permitted without the express
written permission of a registered structural engineer.
7. Alarm panel locations should be discussed during planning, with consideration to code‐mandated
locations.
8. At least one zone isolation valve should be installed on each floor. No isolation valve should
interfere with other zones.
9. Manifolds, tanks, compressors, connections to existing lines, and any other special requirements
should be discussed during the initial planning of the project.
11. Copper piping routed below grade under concrete or fill, which may attack the pipe surface,
should be sleeved with a 4‐mil‐thick polyethylene sleeve. Sleeve all penetrations through concrete
or block with a compatible heavy‐duty sleeve that will not react with copper pipe.
12. Piping should have isolators between dissimilar metals to prevent electrolysis. Lines should be
thoroughly tested to ensure that corrosion of pipe is not taking place in line.
13. All valves should be installed so that maintenance personnel have access to them.
14. Each brazed joint should be visually examined after the outside of the joint has been cleaned. The
following conditions are considered unacceptable:
a. Flux or flux residue
b. Excessive oxidation of the joint
c. Presence of unmelted filler metal
d. Failure of the filler metal to be clearly visible all the way around the joint at the interface
between the socket and the tube
e. Cracks in the tube or component
f. Cracks in the braze filler metal
15. Shutoff valves should be labeled to identify the rooms they control. Labeling should be kept current
from initial construction through acceptance. Valves should be labeled in substance as follows:
CAUTION: (NAME OF MEDICAL GAS) VALVE
DO NOT CLOSE EXCEPT IN EMERGENCY
THIS VALVE CONTROLS SUPPLY TO . . .
36
Metal tags, stenciling, stamping, or adhesive markers should be used for labeling, in a manner
that is not readily removable.
16. Locations of valves and associated zones should be documented on floor plan drawings.
Products
Quality Control
1. Testing agency qualifications: Testing should be conducted by an independent testing agency that
has the experience and capability to conduct indicated medical gas piping testing, is a nationally
recognized testing laboratory (NRTL) as defined by OSHA, is a member of the Medical Gas
Professional Healthcare Organization, or is acceptable to AHJs.
2. Qualify testing personnel according to ASSE Standard 6030 verifiers.
3. Brazing: Qualify processes and operators according to ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
4. Electrical components, devices, and accessories: A testing agency acceptable to authorities having
jurisdiction should list and label components, devices, and accessories as defined in NFPA 70:
National Electrical Code® and mark them for intended use.
5. ASME Compliance: Fabricate and label bulk medical gas storage tanks to comply with ASME Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Code.
6. NFPA compliance
7. Comply with NFPA 50: Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites for bulk oxygen storage tanks.
8. Comply with NFPA 99: Health Care Facilities for medical gas piping system materials and
installation.
9. Source Limitations: Obtain piping, fittings, and other components of each material through one
source from a single manufacturer.

END OF SECTION
37
MILLWORK
Scope
Standing and running trim, wood casework, countertops, handrails, bumprails, guardrails, open shelving,
finishing, etc.
Resources
Architectural Woodwork Institute (AWI): Quality Standards
1. All millwork should comply with AWI’s Quality Standards for premium‐grade materials and
installation. All wood used should be kiln‐dried lumber, premium grade for exposed wood and paint
grade for covered wood or shelving in storage closets.
2. Exposed face veneer comes in a variety of cuts. Selection of the cut and wood has significant cost
implications for the owner and should be weighed carefully.
3. Horizontal surfaces subject to heavy use of water (areas with an open water source) should have a
nonporous, solid surface of 1/2‐in.‐thick acrylic compound or stainless steel with continuous
backsplash. Side splashes should be sealed in epoxy to the countertop if not continuous.
4. Plastic laminate should be limited to use on countertops that are not subject to heavy surface
wetting. In general, particleboard or chipboard should not be used; however, marine‐grade plywood
is permitted in wet areas for use as a backer board. Consider wheat board or other environmentally
friendly products.
5. Edge banding should be matching plastic laminate, vinyl, or 3‐mm hardwood of the same species as
exposed face veneers.
6. Stainless steel should be at least 20 gauge, and all members should be sized to handle the expected
load without warp or dents from normal use.
7. Hardware and operating mechanisms should have a shape that is easy to grasp and operate with one
hand without tight grasping, pinching, or twisting of the wrist. The force required to operate the
hardware, doors, or drawers should be no greater than five pounds. All wall‐hung cabinets should
have blocking in the wall for support. All medication cabinets should have a lock on each door or
drawer.
Products
Quality Control
10. Anchor millwork firmly to walls, and make the sure the fasteners are not visible.
11. Do not install millwork unless required temperature and relative humidity conditions have been
stabilized and will be maintained in installation areas.

END OF SECTION
38
NATURAL GAS PIPING
Scope
Material, installation, and performance requirements for gas piping in laboratory and health care facilities
Resources
NFPA
2. All exterior gas piping below grade should be polyethylene PE 2406 piping and fittings; above
grade piping should be schedule 40 or standard‐weight black steel with standard seamless carbon
steel welded flanges. Gas piping 2 in. and smaller should be schedule 40 or standard‐weight black
steel with 150‐lb. threaded malleable fittings.
3. All piping should be arranged to not interfere with removal of other equipment or devices or
block access to doors, windows, manholes, or other access openings. All gas piping should be
accessible.
4. Piping should be properly supported, with adequate provision for expansion, contraction, slope,
5. Piping should be worked into place without placing undue force or springing on the pipe.
6. Each device should have one gas cock per line.
Products
Quality Control
1. Coordinate with the local gas utility company regarding available gas pressures and local metering
and safety requirements for equipment type and installation locations.
2. Seismic bracing should be provided per the governing code. Shut‐off valves should be installed on
all equipment that needs such valves.

END OF SECTION
39
PAINTING AND FINISHING
Scope
Preparation, painting, or finishing surfaces
Resources
Master Painters Institute (MPI)
1. The proper primer should be used for each paint application.
2. Wall finishes should be washable. In the vicinity of plumbing fixtures, wall finishes should be
smooth and water‐resistant. Some AHJs require a finish with greater water resistance than paint.
3. Apply a minimum of two finish coats of water‐based acrylic latex paint or epoxy and have a
consistent finish with no imperfections showing. An imperfection is defined as undercoats, stains,
or other conditions showing through the final coat of paint. Add coats until the paint is of uniform
finish, color, and appearance. Edge corners, crevices, welds, and exposed fasteners should receive
a film thickness equivalent to flat surfaces. Surfaces should be prepared so that no depressions,
cracks, or loose materials transmit through the paint.
4. Acrylic epoxy‐based paint should be used in high‐moisture‐content rooms.
5. Use a semigloss finish for interior frames to be painted with water‐based acrylic latex.
6. Use a flat finish for ceilings to be painted with water‐based acrylic latex. Textures should be
coordinated through the owner but should be cleanable.
7. Wood finishes should have the appropriate wood filler and be stained with a polyurethane
varnish or receive satin alkyd enamel; the choice should be coordinated through the owner.
8. All exposed exterior metal should be hot‐dipped galvanized and painted.
9. All exposed metal should be painted unless waived by the owner.
10. All ceiling areas above an open return grill should be painted black.
11. Do not paint prefinished baked‐on finishes from manufacturers unless the item is old and in need
of a protective coating to maintain its life.
12. Interior finish materials should comply with the flame‐spread limitations and smoke‐production
limitations indicated in NFPA 101: Life Safety Code®. This requirement does not apply to minor
quantities of wood or other trim (see NFPA 101) or to wall coverings that are less than 4 mil thick
and applied over a noncombustible base.
Products
Quality Control
1. Single‐source responsibility: Materials selected for each coating system and type of surface should
be the product of a single manufacturer.
2. Material compatibility:
a. Primers and paints used for final coats should be from the same manufacturer and should
be of the type the manufacturer recommends for the particular application.
b. Thinners, when used, should be recommended for that purpose by the manufacturer of
the material to be thinned.
3. VOC content: Materials should conform to current federal requirements for lead, zinc, and volatile
organic compound (VOC) content. Give special consideration to the use of low‐VOC products.

END OF SECTION
40
PUMPS
Scope
Material, installation, and performance requirements for end‐suction base‐mounted, in‐line, hydronic and
steam condensate pumps and accessories
Resources
International Mechanical Code; FGI Guidelines; NEMA standards
1. The engineer should select the type of pump that meets the best performance of the system
without cavitation. The pump should be selected and sized to ensure it will not overload. Motor
design should be open dripproof with a NEMA Class C face design and a minimum service factor of
1.15. The motor should be sized to operate continuously without exceeding the horsepower
rating, regardless of the flow and head, throughout the entire range of operation.
2. Pumps should be designed to allow for servicing of the impeller, strainers, and bearing assembly
with minimum pipe disturbance. An OSHA‐approved coupling guard should be mounted between
the pump and motor where applicable.
3. Vertically mounted pumps should be less than 1 hp.
4. If a pump is mounted vertically, the design top should not exceed 36 in. above the finished floor.
5. Rather than directly insulating a chilled‐water or heating‐water pump, an insulating box should be
placed around the pump.
6. Pumps should comply with NEMA standards and FCC regulations, Part 15, Section 15, governing
radio frequency and electronic interface. Pumps should be UL‐listed and stamped.
7. Fire pump and jockey pump controllers should be Underwriter Laboratories and Factory Mutual
approved. The local AHJ should witness fire pump tests upon installation of a new pump.
8. Each pump should have a suction diffuser at its intake. The engineer should size suction diffusers
by pressure drop, and the design maximum pressure drop should be scheduled. If a cooling tower
is located on the ground, the strainers for the condenser water pump should be located on the
discharge side at the pump.
9. Close‐coupled, end suction pumps may be used for design flow rates to 100 gallons per minute
(GPM). End suction, base‐mounted, coupled pumps may be used where selection provides an
efficiency of not less than 75 percent. Use double suction, horizontal split‐case pumps on larger
flows and where maintenance is of greater concern.
10. Pumps should not have an impeller larger than 90 percent of the maximum diameter the casing
will hold.
11. Pumps should have mechanical seals.
Products
Quality Control

END OF SECTION
41
SINKS
Scope
Material, installation, and performance requirements for sinks
Resources
IPC; ADA; FGI Guidelines; federal, state, or local jurisdiction guidelines
1. Sinks should be discussed during planning to coordinate their functionality with user
requirements (e.g., specify depth and type of spigots needed to ensure flexibility for washing
oversized equipment).
Clinical Sinks
2. Clinical sinks should be trimmed with valves that can be operated without hands. Single‐lever or
wrist‐blade devices are permitted. Handles on clinical sinks should be at least six inches long.
3. Clinical sinks should have an integral trap wherein the upper portion of the water trap provides a
visible seal.
Scrub Sinks
4. Freestanding scrub sinks and lavatories used for scrubbing in procedure rooms should be trimmed
with foot, knee, or ultrasonic controls; single‐lever wrist blades are not permitted.
5. Design the type of spigot and location in the sink to avoid splash problems that result in
countertop damage.
6. Design for hard‐wired, sensor‐type fixtures unless noted otherwise by the user.
7. Control power for automatic controlled scrub sinks in the operating room and C‐section suites
should be connected to the critical branch of the emergency power system.
Environmental Services (Housekeeping) Sinks
8. Each floor of the building should have at least one environmental services room (custodial closet)
per 20,000 square feet, containing a 24 in. x 24 in. floor‐mounted mop sink with stainless steel
edge caps, vandal‐proof drain, stainless steel splash plates, and a hose connection with vacuum
breaker.
9. Each building should have a central storage closet on the main floor, accessible to the main
corridor and as close as practical to access doors and an elevator. This storage closet should
contain a 24 in. x 36 in. floor‐mounted mop sink with stainless steel edge caps, vandal‐proof drain,
stainless steel splash plates, and a hose connection with vacuum breaker.
10. Use separate, independent spigots for hot and cold water supply. .
11. Install check valves on both water supply lines.
12. All environmental services sinks should include provisions for a holder big enough for five mops
and/or brooms mounted on the wall.
13. A ground‐fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) duplex outlet should be located in the room with the
environmental services sink.
14. Placement of a floor drain near environmental services sinks is recommended.
Products
Quality Control
Source Limitations:
1. Obtain plumbing fixtures, faucets, and other components of each category through one source
from a single manufacturer.
42
jurisdiction should have listed and labeled components, devices, and accessories as defined in
NFPA 70, Article 100, and marked them for intended use.
Regulatory Requirements:
1. Comply with the requirements for plumbing fixtures for people with disabilities in the Americans
with Disabilities Act as defined by the AHJ.
2. Comply with water flow and consumption rate requirements for plumbing fixtures as defined by
the AHJ.
3. Select combinations of fixtures and trim, faucets, fittings, and other components that are
compatible.
4. Comply with the following applicable standards and other requirements specified for plumbing
fixtures:
a. ASME A112.19.4M: Porcelain‐Enameled, Formed‐Steel Fixtures
b. ANSI/ICPA SS‐1: Solid‐Surface‐Material Lavatories and Sinks

END OF SECTION
43
STEAM DISTRIBUTION AND CONDENSATE SYSTEMS
Scope
Material, installation, and performance requirements for steam and condensate piping
Resources
International Mechanical Code; International Plumbing Code; FGI Guidelines; federal, state, or local
jurisdiction guidelines
1. Comply with all governing codes and regulations. When considering steam systems for smaller
facilities, confirm that all maintenance personnel have the required operations licenses.
2. Low‐pressure (below 20 psig ) steam supply, steam return, steam vent, pumped condensate, and
relief piping 2‐1/2 in. and smaller should be of schedule 80 black steel with 300‐lb. forged steel
socket‐welded fittings up to the isolation valve, then threaded forged fittings from the isolation
valve (20 ft. max). Low‐pressure (below 20 psig) steam supply, steam return, steam vent, pumped
condensate, and relief piping 3 in. and larger should be of schedule 80 black steel with 300‐lb.
forged steel or schedule 80 butt‐welded forged fittings up to the isolation valve. Use extra‐strong
pipe for steam and condensate return piping 10 in. and larger.
3. Medium‐pressure (20 psig to 75 psig) steam supply, steam return, steam vent, pumped
condensate, and relief piping 2‐1/2 in. and smaller should be of Schedule 80 black steel with 300‐
lb. forged steel socket‐welded fittings up to the isolation valve, then 300‐lb. threaded fittings from
the isolation valve (20 ft. max). Medium‐pressure (20 psig to 75 psig) steam supply, steam return,
steam vent, pumped condensate, and relief piping 3in. and larger should be of schedule 80 black
steel with schedule 80 butt‐welded fittings up to the isolation valve, then threaded fittings from
the isolation valve (20 ft. max). Use extra‐strong pipe for steam and condensate return piping 10
in. and larger.
4. Installation of high‐pressure (above 120 psig) steam supply, steam return, and pumped
condensate systems must be approved by the AHJ.
5. Forged steel weldolets or branchlets and threadolets may be used for branch connections up to
one pipe size smaller than the main. Forged steel half‐couplings, per the ASME/ANSI standard for
forged steel fittings, may be used for drain, vent, and gauge connections.
7. Piping should be properly supported, with adequate provisions for expansion, contraction, slope,
anchors, and seismic conditions. Anchor pipe to ensure the proper direction of expansion and
contraction.
8. Drip legs should be designed at appropriate intervals for the system. Install bypass piping around
each strainer and trap.
9. Piping should be worked into place without placing undue force or springing on the pipe.
10. Piping routed below grade under concrete or fill, which may attack the pipe surface, should be
sleeved with a 4‐mil‐thick polyethylene sleeve. Pipe passing through concrete should be sleeved
with compatible pipe.
11. Piping should have isolators between dissimilar metals to prevent electrolysis. Lines should be
thoroughly tested to ensure that pipes in the lines do not corrode.
12. Manual and automatic air vent locations for piping systems should be illustrated on floor plans.
13. All valves should be identified by tags and their locations reflected on drawings.
14. Install at least one zone isolation valve per floor; this valve should not interfere with other zones.
15. Each fixture should have one shut‐off valve per line.
44
17. Hot water recirculation should be discussed during initial planning of each project to determine
need.
18. Do not install piping over any electrical equipment, panels, or transformers.
19. Design pressure‐powered condensate pumps to operate by compressed air. The source of air
pressure should be discussed during design.
20. Design for steam backup, and address any specific options during planning.
21. Schedule all steam traps with flow rate, type, safety factor, pressure drop, and accessories.
22. All steam flanged gaskets should be discussed during planning; the minimum standard is Victaulic
blowout‐proof gaskets.
23. Orifice‐type traps are not recommended.
24. Equipment should be designed to use low‐pressure steam unless otherwise approved the AHJ.
Steam condensate pumps for new buildings should be a pressure‐powered rather than electric‐
powered type to provide for longer life and lower energy costs.
Products
Quality Control
1. Steel support welding: Qualify processes and operators according to AWS: Structural Welding
Code–Steel.
2. Pipe welding: Qualify processes and operators according to the following:
a. Comply with provisions in the ASME Code for Pressure Piping.
b. Certify that each welder has passed AWS qualification tests for welding processes
involved and that certification is current.
c. ASME compliance: Comply with the ASME standards on Power Piping and Building
Services Piping for materials, products, and installation. Safety valves and pressure vessels
should bear the appropriate ASME label. Flash tanks should be fabricated and stamped to
comply with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code: Section VIII, Division 1.

END OF SECTION
45
TERMITE CONTROL
Scope
Chemical application under cast‐in‐place concrete slabs and around foundations, pipework, piers, etc.
Resources
AHJs, local departments of environmental quality
1. Only termicides bearing a federal registration number of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) and registered with the state regulatory agencies for the prevention or control of
termites, powder‐post beetles, wood‐rotting fungi, or other wood‐destroying organisms may be
used for protection. Termicides should be labeled with the federal registration number and the
state’s approval.
2. Apply approved chemicals according to labeled directions in trenches around the inside and
outside of foundations, slabs, pipes, ductwork, piers, etc., after soil has been leveled. Application
must include a dye to permit visual inspection of treated soil.
3. Allow the application to dry before beginning concrete placement or other construction activities,
as directed on the label.
4. Reapply the termicide to any area that has been disturbed.
Products
• Water‐based emulsion soil chemicals
• Working solutions containing 1.0% Dursban TC
END OF SECTION
46
THERMAL PROTECTION
Scope
Building insulation systems, including rigid, granular, blanket, sprayed foam, etc. (Regarding use of
sprayed foam, be careful of the VOCs’ fire rating and smoke rating for each product. Some sprayed foam
products are known to burn and are not considered safe for use in a hospital environment.)
Resources
Model Energy Code, LEED guidelines, ICC
1. Insulation should be made of noncombustible material, unless sealed on all sides.
2. Insulation should not cause a build‐up of moisture and should be properly supported to remain in
place.
3. The architect should select the type of insulation that best fits the needs of the application.
4. Insulation should conform to current energy conservation requirements.
5. Check to see that insulation has thermal separation from concealed spaces (above ceiling, etc.).
Products
END OF SECTION
47
TOILET AND BATH ACCESSORIES
Scope
Feminine napkin dispensers and disposal units, toilet tissue dispensers, side and rear grab bars, robe
hooks, towel bars, shower curtain rods, surface‐mounted shower seats, shelves, shower/tub grab bars,
diaper‐changing stations, soap dishes
Resources
AHJ, FGI Guidelines
1. All bathroom and toilet accessories should be designed to meet all current requirements of the
Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG). The owner should coordinate all
chosen toilet paper dispensers and soap dispensers with the product distributor.
2. Surface mounted paper towel dispensers should have a sloped top for minimal dust collection.
3. Semi‐recessed waste receptacles should be used in all restrooms.
4. Public restrooms, both men's and women's, should be designed with baby‐changing stations. This
should be discussed with the manufacturer during planning.
5. Equip toilet compartments with durable napkin disposals.
6. Grab bars should meet governing codes and be slip‐resistant unless prohibited by code.
7. Provide backing material for all grab bars, towel bars, and paper towel dispensers, and coordinate
this with the contractor.
8. All shower curtain rods should be securely fastened to prevent accidents.
9. Shower seats should be installed with backing in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Products
Quality Control
Security areas (psychiatric holding, etc.) have special requirements; comply with the requirements
of the AHJ.

END OF SECTION
48
TRAFFIC MARKINGS
Scope
Striping of new or resurfaced asphalt or concrete paving and site concrete if applicable
Resources
Federal, state, or local jurisdiction standards
Recommended Uses/Consideration
1. Allow new pavement surfaces to cure for at least 14 days before applying marking materials.
2. All surfaces to be marked should be thoroughly cleaned before paint is applied.
3. Use detail pavement markings, exclusive of actual traffic lane markings, at exit and entrance
islands and turnouts, on curbs, at crosswalks, at parking bays, and so on.
Colors
1. Striping for handicap‐accessible logo and stripes should conform to the requirements of the AHJ.
2. Curbs that are part of a fire lane should be painted to conform to the requirements of the AHJ.
(Note: Signage may also be required.)
3. Parking spaces should be painted in yellow where concrete is used, white where asphalt is used.
Size of Markings
1. Parking lines should be 4 in. wide and follow ADA guidelines and other codes for handicap spaces
that apply in the jurisdiction.
2. The length and width of lines should conform within a tolerance of plus or minus 3 in. and plus or
minus 1/8 in. for road markings.
Products
Quality Control
1. Paint should be in accordance with the federal specification for Paint, Traffic, Highway, White and
Yellow.
2. A certificate should accompany each batch of paint, stating compliance with the applicable
publication.
Reflective Glass Beads

1. When used in regions of high humidity, beads should be coated with silicone or other suitable
waterproofing material to ensure free flow.
2. Furnish the glass beads in containers suitable for handling and strong enough to prevent loss
during shipment.

END OF SECTION
49
URINALS
Scope
Material, installation, and performance requirements for urinals
Resources
International Plumbing Code; ADA; federal, state, or local jurisdiction requirements
1. Floor‐mounted urinals are no longer acceptable. Fixtures should be wall‐mounted, vitreous china
siphon jet urinals with 3/4‐in. top spud. These should be coordinated with ADA requirements for
handicap fixtures. Consider water‐free urinals where appropriate and allowed by the AHJ.
2. Coordinate size requirements during planning.
3. Use a universal hanger plate with pipe uprights and block base feet designed to meet the
requirements of the urinal.
4. All fireproof blocking requirements should be coordinated with the architect.
5. Automatic flush valves should be used on water closets and urinals in public restrooms. Design for
hard‐wired sensor‐type infrared flush valves unless battery operation is acceptable.
Products
Quality Control
1. Verify that installed plumbing fixtures are of the categories and types specified for the locations
2. Plumbing fixtures should be evaluated to ensure that all are complete with trim, fittings, and
other specified components.
3. Inspect installed plumbing fixtures for damage and replace any damaged fixtures and
components.
4. Installed fixtures should be tested for proper operation after water systems are pressurized.
Replace malfunctioning fixtures and components, and retest. This procedure should be repeated
until all units operate properly.
5. Install fresh batteries in sensor‐operated mechanisms at project completion.

END OF SECTION
50
WALL CORNER GUARDS
Scope
Wall corner guards, crash rails, wall blocking
Resources
Federal, state, or local jurisdiction guidelines; ADA
1. Install wall corner guards in high‐traffic areas and discuss options during planning. Non‐PVC
plastic with noncorrosive metal reinforcement in corridor areas should be used as a standard, but
stainless steel may be considered. Wood may be considered in higher finish areas.
2. Corner guards should installed at full height or as determined by the owner.
3. Provide all corner guards from a single manufacturer. Wall facing should be purchased from the
same manufacturer as the corner guards.
Products

END OF SECTION
51
WATER CLOSETS
Scope
Material, installation, and performance requirements for water closets
Resources
International Plumbing Code; ADA; federal, state, or local jurisdiction guidelines
1. Fixture mounting (floor‐mounted/wall‐hung) should be determined by the expected use. Floor‐
mounted fixtures are generally recommended for areas required to accommodate bariatric
patients. All fixtures should be water‐saving vitreous china siphon jet elongated toilets with 2‐1/4
in. passageway and 1‐1/2 in. top spud, 1.6 gpf. Coordinate with ADA requirements for handicap
fixtures.
2. Coordinate fireproof blocking requirements with the architect.
3. Design for hard‐wired sensor‐type infrared flush valves. Consider the use of battery‐operated
flush valves.
Products
Quality Control
1. Verify that installed plumbing fixtures are of categories and types specified for the locations
2. All plumbing fixtures should be complete with trim, faucets, fittings, and other specified
components.
3. Installed plumbing fixtures should be inspected for damage, and all damaged fixtures and
components should be replaced.
4. Test installed fixtures for proper operation after water systems are pressurized. All malfunctioning
fixtures and components should be replaced and the system retested. Repeat this procedure until
all units operate properly.
5. Install flow‐control fittings with specified flow rates and include adapters, if required.
6. Install fresh batteries in sensor‐operated mechanisms at the completion of the project.

END OF SECTION
52
WATER SOFTENERS
Scope
Material, installation, and performance requirements for water softeners
Resources
International Plumbing Code, International Mechanical Code, FGI Guidelines
1. Water treatment equipment should be located in an enclosed room.
2. The design engineer should consult with the hospital water management engineer regarding scale
and corrosion tendencies of the local water source.
3. Consider the impacts of waterborne infectious pathogens.
4. Water treatment equipment: Specify the water treatment equipment so the mechanical
contractor can competitively bid the equipment among all vendors.
Products
Quality Control
1. Product options: Drawings should indicate size, profiles, and dimensional requirements of water
softeners based on the specific system indicated.
jurisdiction should list and label components, devices, and accessories as defined in NFPA 70,.
Components, devices, and accessories should also be marked for their intended use.
3. ASME compliance for steel tanks: Fabricate and label mineral tanks to comply with ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, where indicated.
4. Manufacturer's field service: Engage a factory‐authorized service representative to inspect, test, and
adjust field‐assembled components and equipment installation, including connections, and to assist in
field testing. Obtain test results in writing.
5. Perform the following field tests and inspections and prepare test reports:
a. Leak test: After installation, charge and test for leaks. Repair leaks and retest until no leaks
exist.
b. Operational test: After electrical circuitry has been energized, start units to confirm proper unit
operation.
c. Test and adjust controls and safeties: Replace damaged and malfunctioning controls and
equipment.

END OF SECTION
53
WATER SUPPLY PIPING SYSTEMS
Scope
Material, installation, and performance requirements for interior domestic water piping
Resources
American Water Works Association (AWWA) Recommended Practice for Backflow Prevention and Cross‐
Connection Control, International Mechanical Code, International Plumbing Code
2. All cold and hot water piping within a building should be Type “L” hard‐drawn copper tubing, with
solder joint, wrought‐copper tube fittings unless waived by the CM. Joints must be made with
lead‐free solder. (Lead solder must NOT be used on any system.)
4. Piping should be properly supported with adequate provisions for expansion, contraction, slope,
5. High points of all water piping and locations flow in a pipe turns down should be properly vented
to prevent water hammer.
6. Piping should be worked into place without placing excess force or springing on the pipe. Cutting
or alteration of the building structural support elements will not be permitted without the express
written permission of a state‐registered structural engineer.
7. Copper piping routed below grade under concrete or fill, with substances that may attack the pipe
surface, should be sleeved with a 4‐mil‐thick polyethylene sleeve. Hot water lines should have a
red sleeve, and cold water lines should have a blue sleeve. Sleeve all penetrations through
concrete or block with a compatible heavy‐duty sleeve that will not react with copper pipe.
8. Water lines should be properly designed to prevent corrosion in the pipes, which could affect
water quality.
9. Consider the impact of waterborne infectious pathogens.
10. Piping should have isolators between dissimilar metals to prevent electrolysis and corrosion. Lines
should be thoroughly tested to ensure that corrosion of pipe is not taking place in the line.
11. Show manual and automatic air vent locations for piping systems on floor plans.
12. All valves should be identified by tags, and the location of all valves should be identified on
drawings.
13. At least one zone isolation valve should be installed per floor; this valve should not interfere with
other zones. Provide for drainage of the system.
14. Provide one stop valve per line at each fixture.
16. Hot water should be available within 10 seconds at plumbing fixtures designed to receive hot
water. To achieve this, consider the use of a recirculation system. Consider commercial‐grade
point‐of‐use water heaters when domestic hot water is not reasonably obtainable. Using heat
tape on indoor piping to heat domestic water for hot water delivery is not acceptable.
17. Do not install water piping over any electrical equipment, panels, or transformers.
18. The complete water system should be thoroughly sterilized as required by the state department
of health.
19. All piping, except for control line tubing, should be labeled.
54
20. All valves should be tagged, and a valve schedule should be provided to the owner for permanent
record and reference.
21. No plumbing piping may be exposed overhead or on walls where possible accumulation of dust or
soil may create a cleaning problem or where leaks would create a potential for food
contamination.
22. Systems should be protected against cross‐connection in accordance with AWWA Recommended
Practice for Backflow Prevention and Cross‐Connection Control.
Products
Quality Control
1. Piping materials should bear the label, stamp, or other markings of the specified testing agency.
2. Obtain piping, fittings, and other components of each material through one source from a single
manufacturer.

END OF SECTION
55

ASHE Construction - Details - Recs Jan 2011

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American Society for Healthcare Engineering

of the American Hospital Association

ASHE Planning, Design, and Construction Management Committee

155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 400

Knoy Hall – Room 453

© 2010 American Society for Healthcare Engineering

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Purdue University, Healthcare Construction Management Program

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Materials and Their Proper Installation

Bonding Materials and Procedures:

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Epoxy Resin Floor and Base

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SHORT FORM EQUIPMENT

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