1 Natural Resources Management B.sc. Final Curriculum

National Curriculum of B.
Sc degree in Natura l Resources Management
NationalCurriculum for Bachelor

of Science (B.Sc.) Degree
Natural Resources Management
By:
College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences
School of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences
May2021
Haramaya, Ethiopia
i
National Curriculum of B.Sc degree in Natural Resources Management
TABLE CONTENTS
Contents
TABLE CONTENTS......................................................................................................................................... 2
1. BACKGROUND OF THE PROGRAM ................................................................................................... 1
2. RATIONALE OF THE PROGRAM ........................................................................................................ 2
3. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES AND GRADUATE PROFILE........................................................................... 3
3.1 Program Objectives and Competency Profile ........................................................................................ 3
3.1. Professional and Graduate Profile........................................................................................................ 4
3.1.1. Professional Profile ............................................................................................................................ 4
3.1.2. Graduate Profile ................................................................................................................................ 5
4. ADMISSION AND GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................... 7
4.1. Admission Requirements ...................................................................................................................... 7
4.2 Duration of the Study ............................................................................................................................ 7
4.3. Graduation Requirements .................................................................................................................... 7
4.4 Medium of Instruction ........................................................................................................................... 7
5. DEGREE NOMENCLATURE....................................................................................................................... 7
6. ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION ............................................................................................................. 8
6.1. Mode of Assessment ............................................................................................................................ 8
6.1.1. Theoretical part of the course work .................................................................................................. 8
6.1.2. Practical part of courses .................................................................................................................... 8
6.1.3. Research projects, field practice, and seminars ................................................................................ 8
6.2. Grading System ..................................................................................................................................... 8
9. COURSES CONTENTS BREAKDOWN ....................................................................................................... 20
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................. 228
APPENDIX 1- Major Processes and Participants in the Curriculum Review ............................................ 228
i
1. BACKGROUND OF THE PROGRAM

Natural Resources (NRs) are at the core of human civilization. They are an engine for economic
advancement and societal wellbeing. Everything we need and everything we use, as individuals or
society, in the processed or unprocessed form are extracts of NRs. Indeed, they are our food,
shelter, energy, medicine, raw materials, etc. The role and importance of NRs in economic
development and societal wellbeing are nowhere else appreciated than in developing countries like
Ethiopia whose populations are predominantly rural in structure and directly dependent on natural
resources for subsistence.
Today the NR bases of the country are heavily suffering from widespread improper and unwise
utilization resulting in their rapid degradation. Deforestation, desertification, loss of biodiversity,
soil erosion, the decline of soil fertility decline, soil acidification, salinization, environmental
pollution, and climate change are some of the major expressions of natural resources problems in
contemporary Ethiopia. As more users place demands on the scarce environmental resources, the
need for intelligent conservation and rational management of the natural assets is ever greater, the
very concept of sustainable development. The fundamental principle of sustainable development
entails that the use of natural resources by a generation should not compromise (i) their roles in
maintaining natural ecological balance, (ii) their position in environmental quality and integrity,
and (iii) their quantity and quality such that successive generations could also satisfy their needs.
Natural resources management forms part and parcel of sustainable development and is a systems
approach (integrated-holistic approach) to managing our natural resources. This program in NRM
attempt to address the biological, engineering, social, economic, and policy-related aspects of
managing natural resources as an integrated system. The Natural Resources Management program
thus prepares students not only to care for the land and water resources but also to serve the people
whose well-being depends on these resources. The program also provides an opportunity for
students interested in managing society's impacts on the environment and how to manage it for
long-lasting benefit.
The idea of this curriculum is incited following identification of the multidirectional problems
encountering the sustainable management of the natural resources. As past experiences witnessed,
attempts to achieve sustainability on the management of several natural resources independently
does not furnish successful results. The strong stewardship of the environment as a whole is
1
characterized by a wide variety of disciplines and approaches in training, and thus demands
multidisciplinary- interdisciplinary- trans-disciplinary knowledge in broad areas that combines
natural and social sciences. Indeed, this Natural Resources Management curriculum is designed to
achieve such an approach, and by offering a properly selected relevant supportive, basic, skill
(research and management supporting tools) and diverse scientific disciplines focusing on most
natural resources, and by showing the interaction among them and with their stakeholders that use
and manage them. The focus of the curriculum is on an integrated (naturesociety) approach. The
courses are further organized in well-taught modules that packages interrelated courses together
to deliver focused and comprehensive knowledge and skills to students on the major focus of the
curriculum. At the end of each course, students will be acquainted with sufficient scientific and
practical knowledge skills relevant to the aim of the courses and certified for each course
accordingly. The curriculum is well structured with a flow of courses beginning with common
courses and stepwise moving into specialized packaged with more disciplinary and inter-
disciplinary courses and terminating with skill offering courses in research and managerial tools.
After successful completion of all the courses, a student will be qualified for a BSc degree in NRM
and certified as a competent graduate capable of working successfully in broad areas of Natural
Resources Management. It is believed that students graduating with this curriculum can (i) Access,
analysis and document the natural resources at various levels, (ii) develop and lead projects that
focus on conservation of natural resources, (iii) initiate, organize (facilitate), and implement
training on sustainable management of natural resources, and (iv) provide advice and technical
support for small scale natural resources-based industries.
2. RATIONALE OF THE PROGRAM

Combating land degradation will be the major challenge in the coming decades. In line with this,
the need for qualified manpower in the management of natural resources is critical. Thus, the
Natural Resources Management program will, therefore, contribute towards these efforts through
the provision of training. The Program is intended to satisfy the educational needs of students with
an interest in a wide variety of natural resource fields, issues, and career aspirations. It is expected
to satisfy the professional and research demands of the region and the country and thereby
contributing to reverse the present natural resource degradation of the region and the country at
large. On the other hand, regardless of the critical problems we have been challenged associated
2
with degradation of natural resources, development programs and activities in the country,
particularly at the grass-root levels, have been managed by professionals who are graduates of
other agricultural fields. Almost all the professionals at the grass-root level are diploma holders
with long field experience and limited knowledge of management of natural resources. However,
the problem of natural resource degradation has been becoming a serious issue that demands an
urgent solution. Moreover, because of the ratio of the total number of extension personnel on duty
to the number of farmers in the country, much needs to be done to produce qualified personnel in
the field of natural resources management.
With a long history of agriculture, but with primitive practices, it is estimated that about 85% of
the population is agrarian that needs well-trained professionals. In most parts of the country, the
natural resources have been deteriorating because of agricultural practice on the highland that
demands specialized training and research. Agricultural and environmental training and research
have been also stayed to be concerns of the university to be able to provide training and carry out
research that would alleviate societal problems in the region and the country at large. Hence, to
assist development personnel, extension experts, and agriculturalists in the realization of their
program and day-to-day objectives, it is of paramount importance to launch a regular & continuing
education program in the management of natural resources.
3. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES AND GRADUATE PROFILE
3.1 Program Objectives and Competency Profile
Program Objectives
The objectives of the Program of Natural Resources Management are:
 To offer an up-to-date and multi-disciplinary education that produce competent and qualified
professionals in Natural Resources Management,
 To strengthen Natural Resource Management effort through demand-driven research and
establish a partnership with related development partners (GO and NGOs) to promote
sustainable Natural Resource Management and contribute towards improved livelihoods
 Disseminate technological innovations generated in the course of education and research in
Natural Resources Management by using appropriate dissemination media/channel,
 Provide technical advice, consultancy services, and tailored short term training to
development agents and other stakeholders working in NR and environmental areas,
3
 Integrate teaching, research, and extension activities to extend appropriate technologies

generated through research,
Program outcomes
 Sustainable management of the natural resources insured through the provision of
outstanding and contemporary education and research in Natural Resources Management,
 Contribution of Natural Resources in economic development and improving living standards
of rural community at large,
 New technologies, techniques, and approaches for sustaining the management and utilization
of Natural Resources in Ethiopia developed and extended,
 Awareness about conservation of natural resources and challenges created and
 Policies, legislation, and strategies about natural resources discussed and advocated
Program Vision
The program of Natural Resources Management (NRM) envisions to become a nurturing academic
and research program for (i) producing knowledgeable and skilled professionals who upon
graduation can effectively and creatively work on an integrated use and management of natural
resources, (ii) generating and communicating problem-oriented technologies and techniques in
NRM, and (iii) ultimately evolve as a center of excellence in NRM education and research in the
country as well as the region.
3.1. Professional and Graduate Profile

3.1.1. Professional Profile
Using their broad base knowledge in Natural Resources Management (NRM), coordinate and
implement integrated NRM projects and programs particularly at the watershed level and
also mediate cross-sectoral development initiatives,
Identify Natural Resources and environmental-related problems, and design cost-effective,

socially acceptable, and environmentally sound projects and programs for mitigation and
adaptation.
Develop, restore and manage various resources such as forests, soil, water, and wildlife
particularly in an integrated manner, using watershed as a management unit, and introduce
also various Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) strategies that can optimize the
economic benefits from natural resources management interventions.
4
Carry out watershed management planning using various tools such as GIS, ground
surveying, and Remote Sensing (RS) and by applying Land Use Planning (LUP) principles.
Provide consultancy and advisory services to local communities, investors, and development
actors working in the areas of Integrated NRM
Carry out small to medium scale NRM-related researches to provide solutions to locally
emerging problems.
Reinforce the reality that maintains and sustains natural resources, and ensures environmental
quality.
Think critically, communicate, cooperate and solve problems from an interdisciplinary

perspective.
3.1.2. Graduate Profile
The B.Sc. graduates of the NRM program at their graduation
will be:
 Competent in the principle, techniques, and inventorization of stocks and distribution of Natural
Resources and the opportunities they offer for socio-economic developments and environmental
integrity
 Able to analyze problems encountering the Natural Resources, design integrated and
environmentally sound solutions by considering policies and legislations, and by coordinating
and reconciling the varied interests of different parties through analysis, identification, and
participation of stakeholders,
 Able to design and implement problem-orientated researches and development projects, provide
advice for policy makers, teach courses and offer various training programs in Natural Resource
Management areas and provide consultancy.
 Able to apply modern tools and techniques in management of Natural Resources and
environmental protections, work for continuous refinement and upgrading of existing practices,
and become competent entrepreneurs in their fields of experts, and
5
 Do feasibility studies, plan, implement, monitor, and evaluate programs/projects related to

natural resources management on a sustainable basis,
 Able to work in a multi-disciplinary team to solve Natural Resource Management related

problems.
6
4. ADMISSION AND GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS
4.1. Admission Requirements

Admission requirements for the regular degree programs will be as per the criteria of the
university. the university. Similarly, the criteria for admission set for full-time degree programs
are the criteria to be employed for admission to the degree program in the continuing education of
the university. Students to be admitted in the summer program must be diploma holders and above
with a minimum GPA of 2.00 from recognized higher learning institutions. Applicants for the
evening program on the other hand will be treated
4.2 Duration of the Study

The duration of study of the undergraduate (BSc) program in Natural Resources Management is
four (4) academic years (eight semesters) for regular admission, and a student admitted as an
advanced standing shall stay at least two years as a regular student in the Department.
4.3. Graduation Requirements

According to the rule and regulations of the university, students in this program will be able to
graduate if and only if:
 They complete a minimum of 151 credit hours course or 246 ECTS

 They attain a minimum CGPA of 2.00 and better on major courses and over all courses
 No “F” grades in any course they have taken
4.4 Medium of Instruction

The medium of instruction for the program is ENGLISH
5. DEGREE NOMENCLATURE
The nomenclature of the degree in the program is:
In English Bachelor of Science Degree (B.Sc.) in Natural Resources Management
In Amharic: የባችለር ሳይንስ ዲግሪ በተፈጥሮ ሃብት አያያዝ
7
6. ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION
6.1. Mode of Assessment

6.1.1. Theoretical part of the course work
 Quiz and Assignment (individual and group assignment)
 Project works
 Final Semester Examination
6.1.2. Practical part of courses
 Laboratory /field reports
 Practical examinations
 Written examinations
6.1.3. Research projects, field practice, and seminars
 Quality of paper presented and student analytical skill on the subject
 Method and style of presentation
6.2. Grading System

The Grading system is based on a fixed scale based on the academic rules and legislation of
Universities.
8
7. QUALITY ASSURANCE MEASURES

The quality of this program is monitored each year through monitoring & evaluating:
 Statistical information about the pass, attrition rate, and dropouts.
 Student, an employee from the program, and employers feedback.
Drawing on this and other information, program teams undertake the annual Review and
Enhancement Process which is to be coordinated at the program level and includes student
participation. The process is to be monitored by the program committee.
Once every five to six years an in-depth review of the whole field is to be undertaken by a panel
that should include at least two external subject specialists. The panel will consider documents,
look at student work, speak to current and former students and speak to staff before drawing its
conclusions. The result is supposed to be a report highlighting good practice and identifying areas
where the action is needed.
The role of the program committee

This program will have a program committee comprising all relevant teaching staff, student
representatives, and others who contribute to the effective operation of the program (e.g.
library/technician staff). The committee will have responsibilities for the quality of the program.
It will provide input into the operation of the Review and Enhancement Process and proposes
changes to improve quality. The program committee will play a critical role in the quality
assurance procedures.
Listening to the views of students

 The following methods for gaining student feedback will be used on this program:
 Course evaluations by questionnaires given to students in each semester
 Student representation on program committee meeting two times a year
 Final year student debrief session - takes place the morning of the assessment board.
Listening to the views of others
The following methods will be used for gaining the views of other interested parties:
 Questionnaires to former students/tracer studies when needed

 Employers
 Newsletter to ex-students and employers
9
10
National Curriculum of B.Sc. degree in Natural Resources Management
8. COURSE BREAKDOWN
Year 1 Semesters I
No Courses
Cr. Hr. ECTS
Course name C/Code
1 Communicative English Language Skills I FLEn 1011 3 5
2 General Physics Phys 1011 3(2+1) 5
3 General Psychology Psch 1011 3 5
4 Mathematics for Natural Sciences Math 1011 3 5
5 Critical Thinking LoTC 1011 3 5
6 Physical Fitness ScSc 1011 P/F
7 Geography of Ethiopia and Horn GeES 1011 3 5
8 History of Ethiopia and the horn Hist 102 3 5
Total 21 30
Year 1 Semester II
No Courses Cr. Hr. ECTS
Course name Code

1 Communicative English Language Skills II FLEn 1012 3 5
2 Social Anthropology Anth 1012 2 3
3 General Biology Phys 1012 3(2+1) 5
4 Economics Econ 1012 3 5
5 Introduction to Emerging Technologies EmTe 1012 3 5
6 Moral and Civic Education MCiE 1012 2 3
7 General Chemistry Chem 1012 3(2+1) 5
8 Community based Training Program CBTP 1 1
Total 20 31
16
Year 2 Semesters I
S/No Courses Cr. Hr. ECTS Type of Delivery

course
Course name C/Code
1 Introductory Soils NaRM211 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
2 Introduction to Ecology NaRM221 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
3 General Microbiology NaRM231 2(1+1) 3 Core Parallel
4 Inclusiveness SNIE241 2(2+0) 3 Supportive Parallel
5 Principle of Environmental Sciences NaRM251 3(3+0) 5 Core Parallel
6 Introduction to Statistics Stat261 3(3+0) 5 Supportive Parallel
7 Computer Science and Its Application Comp 271 3(2+1) 5 Supportive Parallel
Total 19 31
Year 2 Semesters II
S/No Courses Cr. Hr. ECTS Type of Delivery

course
Course name C/Code
1 Integrated Soil Fertility Management NaRM212 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
2 Biodiversity Conservation and Management NaRM222 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
3 Nursery Establishment & Plantation Management NaRM231 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
4 Plant Taxonomy NaRM242 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
5 Natural Resource and Environmental Economics NaRM252 2(2+0) 3 Core Parallel
6 Environment, Gender & Development NaRM262 2(2+0) 3 Core Parallel
7 Climatology and Agro-meteorology NaRM272 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
8 Community based Training Program CBTP II 2(0+2) 3
Total 21 34
17
Year 3 Semester I
No Courses Cr. Hr. ECTS Type of Delivery
course
Course name C/Code
1 Wildlife Ecology and Management NaRM311 2(2+0) 3 Core Parallel
2 Ecotourism Principles and Approaches NaRM321 2(2+0) 3 Core Parallel
3 Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation NaRM331 2(2+0) 3 Core Parallel
4 GIS and Remote Sensing NaRM341 3(2+1) 5 Supportive Parallel
5 Sustainable Forest Management NaRM351 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
6 Range Land Ecology and Management NaRM361 2(2+0) 3 Core Parallel
7 Hydrology NaRM371 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
8 Sustainable Agricultural Systems NaRM381 2(2+0) 3 Supportive Parallel
Total 21 32
Year 3 Semester II
course
Course name C/Code
1 Energy and Environment NaRM312 3(3+0) 5 Core Parallel
2 Non-timber Forest Products and Management NaRM322 2(1+1) 3 Core Parallel
3 Limnology and Wetland Management NaRM332 2(2+0) 3 Core Parallel
4 Land Degradation and Rehabilitation NaRM342 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
5 Surveying and Mapping NaRM352 2(1+1) 4 Supportive Parallel
6 Soil and Water Management NaRM362 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
7 Water Resources Planning, Development and Management NaRM372 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
9 Community based Training Program CBTP III 2(0+2) 3 Core Parallel
Total 23 38
18
Year 4 Semester I
course
Course name C/Code
1 Integrated Watershed Management NaRM411 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
2 Project Planning, Analysis and Management NaRM421 2(2+0) 3 Core Parallel
3 Principles of Irrigation and Drainage NaRM431 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
4 Research Methods NaRM441 3(3+0) 5 Supportive Parallel
5 Natural Resources Policy and Law NaRM451 2(2+0) 3 Supportive Parallel
6 Global Trends IRGI461 2(2+0) 3 Supportive Parallel
7 Agro-forestry Systems and Practices NaRM471 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
8 Senior Seminar NaRM481 1(1+0) 2 Core Parallel
Total 19 31
Year 4 Semester II
course
Course name C/Code
1 Land Evaluation and Land Use Planning NaRM412 3(2+1) 5 Core Parallel
2 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment NaRM422 3 (2+1) 5 Core Parallel
3 Rural Sociology and Natural Resources Management Extension NaRM432 3 (3+0) 5 Supportive Parallel
4 Nutrition Sensitive Agriculture NaRM442 3(2+1) 5 Supportive Parallel
5 Senior Research Project NaRM452 2 (0+2) 3 Core Parallel
6 Entrepreneurship MGMT462 3 (3+0) 5 Supportive Parallel
7 Natural Resources and Conflict Management NaRM472 2(2+0) 3 Supportive. Parallel
8 Exit Exam MOE 4254 Exam Pass
Total 19 30
19
9. COURSES CONTENTS BREAKDOWN

Course Title: Introductory Soils
Course Code: NaRM 211 Class Year: Two
Course Credit; Cr.Hr/ECTS: 3(2+1)/ 5 Semester: I
Instructor/s Full Name:____________________________
Address: Building ------- Email: -------
Office no.: --------- Telephone: --------
Course description: The course is designed to give strong background to students for advanced specific
soil and other related courses. It intends to teach students historical background on concepts of soils,
soil-forming rocks and minerals, factors and processes of soil formation, important physical, chemical,
and biological properties of mineral soils, soil-water-plant-atmosphere relationships and interactions,
modern systems of soil classification; and essential plant nutrients. In addition, the course gives brief
highlights on the soils of Ethiopia.
Course objective: At the end of the course, students are expected to:
 Acquire the basic understanding of concepts of soil and recognize it as a natural medium for plant
growth.
 Explain soil-forming factors and processes, soil profile, and the dynamic nature of soil properties.
 Understand different physical, chemical, biological, and colloidal properties of soils  Acquire
knowledge of Modern soil classification systems.
 Differentiate the organic and inorganic minerals, their structures, sources of charges
 Explain the historical development of soil classification and Soil Taxonomy/USDA and FAO/WRB
systems,
 Comprehend the properties and distribution of Ethiopian soils
 Elucidate the forms and roles of essential nutrients and their management.
COURSE OUTLINE:
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Concepts and Definition of Soil

1.2. Approaches in Soil Study
20
1.3. Major Components of Soil
1.4. Functions of Soils in the Ecosystem
2. ORIGIN, FORMATION, AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOILS

2.1. Soil Forming Rocks and Minerals
2.2. Soil Forming Factors
2.3. Weathering of Rocks and Minerals

2.4. Pedogenic Processes
2.5. Soil Profiles and Its Major Horizons
3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS

3.1. Soil Texture
3.2. Soil Density and Porosity
3.3. Soil Structure

3.4. Soil Consistence
3.5. Soil Color
3.6. Soil Air and Temperature
4. SOIL COLLOIDS
4.1. The genesis of Soil Colloids
4.2. General Properties and Types of Soil Colloids

4.3. Structures of Silicate Clays
4.4. Sources and Types of Changes in Soil Colloids
4.5. Properties of Soil Colloids
5. SOIL WATER
5.1. Importance of Soil Water
5.2. Basic properties of water

5.3. Soil Water Energy Concepts
21
5.4. Retention of Soil water

5.5. Measuring Soil Moisture
5.6. Soil Moisture Classification
5.7. Soil Water Movement
5.8. Water Uptake by the Plant
6. SOIL ORGANISMS AND ORGANIC MATTER (3HRS)

6.1. Classification of Soil Organisms
6.2. Organism Numbers & Biomass

6.3. Role of Soil Organisms in the Soil Ecosystem
6.4. Sources and Composition of Soil Organic Matter
6.5. Decomposition of Organic Compounds

6.6. Humus: Genesis and Nature
6.7. Influence of OM on soil properties
7. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS

7.1. Source of Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Ions
7.2. Classification of Soil Acidity
7.3. Buffering Capacity of Soils
7.4. Influence of Soil Acidity on Plant Growth

7.5. Reclamation of Acidic Soils
7.6. Soil Salinity and Alkalinity/Sodicity
7.7. Origin And Source of Soil Salinity, Alkalinity/Sodicity

7.8. Processes of Formation and Characteristics of Saline and Alkali/Sodic Soils
7.9. Relation of Higher Plants to Soil Salinity and Alkalinity

7.10. Management and Reclamation of Saline and Alkaline Soils
8. SOIL CLASSIFICATION
22
8.1. History of Its Development
8.2. Principle of Soil Classification

8.3. The USDA System for Soil Classification
8.4. The FAO System for Soil Classification
8.5. Major Soil Orders of Ethiopia
9. ESSENTIAL PLANT NUTRIENTS

9.1. Essentiality of Elements
9.2. Elements Required in Plant Nutrition
9.3. Function Of Nutrients in Plants Filed/laboratory practical/s (if any):
 Identification of Soil-Forming Rocks and Minerals

 Field Observation of Soil Profiles of Different Soil Types.
 Identification of Soil Colors using Munsel Color Chart
 Soil Texture Analysis by Feel Method and Hydrometer
 Determination of Soil Bulk density
 Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity Measurement
 Soil Water Content Determination
REFERENCES:
 Abebe, M. 1998. Nature & Management of Ethiopian Soils. Alemaya, University of Agriculture,
Ethiopia.
 Brady C.Nyle and Weil R. 2000. The nature and properties of soils 13rd ed. Pearson Edu, INC,
Upper saddle river, USA.
 Brady, N.C., and Weil, R. R. 2002. The nature and properties of soils: Third Edition. Macmillan
publishing
 Faniran, A., Areola, O. 1978. Essentials of Soil Study: with special emphasis to a tropical area,
Heinemann, Lusaka
23
 Jownsend, W.N. 1973. An Introduction to the Scientific Study of the Soil (5th Ed.). Edward Amold,
London.
 Miller, R.E.W., Donahue, R.L. 1995. Soils in Our Environment (7th Ed.). Prentice-Hall India.
 Patrick EF., 1980. Soils: Their formation, Classification, and Distribution

 Rai, M.M.1998. Principles of Soil Sciences. Replika Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Wild, A.
1993. Soils and the Environment: An Introduction. Cambridge, University
 Mode of Delivery:
o Lectures o Laboratory demonstrations o
Field visits and discussions  Assessment Methods:
o Laboratory and field visit reports and
attendance…………..10% o Specific lab
exam……………………………..…………….10% o
Continuous
assessment……………………….……………..30%
o Final
exam…………………………….…………………….
50%
Course Policy
All students are expected to abide by the Senate legislation and the student's code of conduct of the
University throughout this course.
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, laboratory and practical sessions as well as
field work. For the situations where you fail to attend sessions, because of reasons beyond your
control, see the senate legislation of the University.
 Grading system: as per the undergraduate grading system of the senate legislation of the University
 Cell phone: cell phone must be turned off before entering the classroom.
24
 Academic dishonesty: the highest standards of intellectual honesty in all academic works are
expected. Intellectual dishonesties including fabrication, cheating, and plagiarism will not be
tolerated in the course and will be reported to concerned bodies for further actions. Approval
_____________________________ _____________
Name of Instructor Signature
_____________________________ _____________
Name of Program Coordinator Signature
Course Title: Introduction to Ecology

Course Code: NaRM221 Class Year: Two
Course Credit; CrHr/ECTS: 3(2+1)/5 Semester: I
Instructor/s Full Name:__________________________

Address: Building ______________ Email: _______________
Office no: _______________ Telephone: _____________
Course Description
The course introduction to ecology covers broad ranges of ecological concepts including the
interactions of organisms to each other and with their abiotic environment at individual, population,
community, ecosystems, landscape, and biome levels of the organization. The course focuses on
ecosystems productivity and trophic relationships; the flow of energy and nutrient cycling processes
such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous. The course finally explores applied ecology concepts to
address the local and global environmental and natural resources management issues. The practical
component of the course includes field trips to observe different ecological processes.
Course Objectives
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
 Describe the relationship between organisms and their environment
 Identify the fundamental principles that underpin species distribution and abundance
 Describe the movement of energy and cycling of materials within the ecosystem
 Recognize the major ecological patterns in spatial and temporal scales in nature with their driving forces
25
 Explain how ecological concepts are usefully used to solve current environmental problems
COURSE OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Historical Background
1.2 Definitions
1.3 Level of Study in Ecology
1.4 Relevance and Application of Ecology
2. ENVIRONMENTAL/ECOLOGICAL FACTORS
2.1 Physical Environment
2.2 Biotic Environment
2.3 Adaptations to the Environment [Plant and Animal]
3. POPULATIONS
3.1 Population Characteristics
3.2 Populations and Population Dynamics
3.3 Population Growth Models
3.3.1 Density-independent vs. density-dependent
3.3.2 Geometric/exponential vs. logistic growth
3.4 Populations Regulation
3.5 Intraspecific Interactions
4. COMMUNITIES
4.1 Nature and Characteristics of Community
4.2 Community Structure and Growth Forms
4.3 Interspecific Interactions in Community
4.4 Community Diversity
4.5 Community Pattern in Space
4.6 Community Dynamics: succession
5. ECOSYSTEMS
5.1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
5.1.1 Food chain
5.1.2 Food web
5.1.3 Trophic levels and structure
5.1.4 Ecological pyramids
5.2 Material Cycle: Biogeochemical Cycles
5.2.1 Elements in living systems
5.2.2 Hydrologic cycle
5.2.3 Atmospheric cycle: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
26
5.2.4 Sedimentary cycle: phosphorus, sulfur

5.3 Ecosystem Productivity and Efficiency
6. LANDSCAPES, BIOMES, AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC REALMS
6.1 Landscapes
6.1.1 Landscape pattern
6.1.2 Landscape function
6.1.3 Landscape dynamics
6.2 Biomes and Biogeographic Realms
6.2.1 Terrestrial biomes
6.2.2 Aquatic biomes: fresh water, marine, and coastal, and wetlands
6.2.3 Biogeographic realms
Practical
- Field visits: ecological niches, edge effect, succession, and different ecosystems (terrestrial
and aquatic)
- Video shows: species interaction
REFERENCES
 Mathur, V. 2011. Environmental Ecology and Field Biology: applied aspects. I.K. international
publishing house, New Delhi.
 Molles, M.C, and Sher, A. 2019. Ecology: Concepts and Applications. 8th edition. McGraw-Hill
Education, New York.
 Purohit, S.S. and Agrawal, A. 2011. Ecology and Environmental Biology. Agrobios, New Delhi.
 Smith T.M. and Smith R.L 2015. Elements of Ecology. 9th Edition, Pearson Benjamin Cummings,
San Francisco.
 Turner M.G and Gardner R.H. 2015. Landscape ecology in theory and practice: Pattern and
process. 2nd Edition. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Mode of Delivery
- Lectures
- Pre-class readings
- Class discussions
- Tutorials
- Written assignments
- Practical/field visits
Assessment Methods
Continuous assessment 50%
[Quiz, test, assignments, practical/field report, project work, presentation, and class activity]
Final exam 50%
27
Course Policy
All students are expected to abide by the Senate legislation and the student's code of conduct of the University
throughout this course.
Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, laboratory and practical sessions as well as
Grading system: as per the undergraduate grading system of the senate legislation of the University
Cell phone: cell phone must be turned off before entering the classroom.
Academic dishonesty: the highest standards of intellectual honesty in all academic works are
tolerated in the course and will be reported to concerned bodies for further actions.
Approval
________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: General Microbiology
Course Code: NaRM 231 Class Year: Two
Course Credit; Cr. Hr /ECTS: 2(1+1) /3 Semester: I
Instructor/s Full Name: ____________________________
Course Description
Historical development of Microbiology, types, and structure of light and electron microscopes; culture
techniques; classification of microorganisms into different groups; characteristics of bacteria, microbes
in rhizosphere and phyllosphere; morphology, biology, nutrition, reproduction, and classification of
bacteria, fungi, viruses and other microorganisms of agricultural importance; the role of different
microbes in nutrient transformations and nitrogen fixation; microbial interaction in the soil system;
28
composting and decomposition of organic matter through microbes; biopesticides; bioremediation;

commercial use of biofertilizers in agriculture.
After attending the course, students will be able to:
 Explain the historical development of microbiology.
 Explain the criteria used in microbial identification and classification.
 Be aware of the soil microbes and their importance.
 Gaining knowledge about microbes associated with soil.
 Be acquainted with the methods used in microbial cultivation.
 Be aware of the economic importance of microorganisms.
 To learn about importance of microbes in agriculture and environment.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Historical development in origin of life
1.2. Germ theory of diseases
1.3. Koch’s postulates
1.4. Development of pure culture by koch
2. BASIC CONCEPTS IN MICROSCOPY AND CULTURE TECHNIQUES

2.1. Microscopes
2.1.1 Light microscope
2.1.2 Preparation and staining of specimens
2.2. Development of Culture Medium
2.2.1 Theory and practice of sterilization
2.2.2 Culture media and its preparation
2.2.3 Pure culture techniques
2.2.4 Preparation of smears and staining technique
3. TAXONOMY OF MICROBES
3.1. Eukaryotic microbes: algae, fungi, animal, plant and protozoa
3.2. Prokaryotic microbes: bacteria, archaea and viruses
29
4. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA

4.1. Gross morphology (shape, size and cell arrangement)
4.2. Bacterial cell
4.3. External structure (Flagella, pili, capsule, slime layer and cell envelope)
4.4. The Cell envelops (cell wall and cell membrane composition)
4.5. Internal structures (cytoplasm, nucleus, etc.)
5. MICROBIAL GROWTH AND NUTRITION
5.1. Growth curve
5.2. Nutritional factors
5.3. Physical factors
5.4. Enumeration of microbes
6. SOIL MICROORGANISMS
6.1. Micro flora: bacteria, fungi, mycorrhizae, actinomycetes, algae, viruses
6.2. Micro fauna: nematodes, protozoa, rotifers
6.3. Role of soil microorganisms in soil fertility
6.3.1 Nitrogen cycle
6.3.2 Phosphorus cycle in soil
6.3.3 Sulfur cycle in soil
6.4. Biofertilizers
6.4.1 What is biofertilizer?
6.4.2 Types of biofertilizers and their description
6.4.3 Methods of biofertilizer inoculation (application)
7. MICROBES IN RHIZOSPHERE AND PHYLLOSPHERE

7.1. Rhizosphere
7.1.1 Microbial plant interaction in the rhizosphere
7.1.2 Plant derived compounds in the rhizosphere
7.1.3 Organisms inhabiting the rhizosphere
7.2. Phyllosphere
30
7.2.1 What is phyllosphere

7.2.2 Types of microbes in phyllosphere
7.2.3 Interactions of microbes in phyllosphere
8. BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
8.1. Approaches to Bioremediation
8.2. Advantages of Bioremediation
8.3. Bioremediation of Xenobiotics
8.4. Composting of Organic Wastes
8.5. Vermicomposting
9. BIOPESTICIDES (BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT PATHOGENS, PESTS AND

WEED)
9.1. Biopesticide Categories
9.1.1 Biochemical pesticides
9.1.2 Microbial pesticides
9.1.3 Biopesticide formulations
MODE OF DELIVERY
 Interactive and lecturing,
 group discussion,
 presentation
MODE OF ASSESSMENT
Tests 10
Assignment 10
Lab report 10
Mid exam 30
Final exam 40
Total 100
Laboratory/Practical lessons
 Orientation of students about lab safety issues and introducing the common tools (Microscopy etc) used in
Microbiology laboratory
 Smear preparation and gram staining of selected bacterial species
31
 Observation of certain fungal structures under the microscope

 Microbiological culture media preparation and sterilization
 Isolation of microorganisms from soil and enumeration of them using the serial dilution plate technique
 Isolation and maintenance of pure cultures
 Observation of mush room production in the laboratory
References
Prescott, Harley and Kleins.2008. Microbiology 7th edition. Mc Graw Hill International
Environmental microbiology (2010) Edited by Ralph Mitchell and Ji-Dong Gu. Wiley Blackwell A John wiley
& sons, inc., Publication, New Jersey
Soil Microbiology and Sustainable Crop Production (2010) Editors Geoffrey R. Dixon • Emma L. Tilston.
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Soil Microbiology, Ecology, and Biochemistry (2007) Editor Eldor A. Paul. Academic Press is an imprint
of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
Atlas, R.M. 1997. Principles of Microbiology, WCB/Mc Graw Hill
Niclin, J., Graeme-Cook, K., Paget, T., and Killington, R. 1999. Instant Notes in Microbiology. Bios Scientific
Publishers Ltd. U.K.
Pelzar, M.J.; Chan, E.C.S., Kreig, N.R. 1993. Microbiology (5th Edition). Mc Graw Hill Pub. Co., New Delhi.
Course Policy
All students are expected to abide by the senate legislation and the students code of conduct of the University
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lecture, laboratory and practical sessions as well as
field work. For the situations where you fail to attend sessions, because of the reasons beyond your
 Cell phone: cell phone must be turned off before entering to class room.
expected. Intellectual dishonesties including fabrication, cheating and plagiarism will not be
32
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
33
Course title: Inclusiveness

Course Code: SNIE241 Class Year: Two
Course Credit; Cr. Hr /ECTS: 2(2+0) /3 Semester: I
Course Description
Special needs education refers to people with divers’ disabilities, gifted and talented, and divers’
population being at risk of education and development. As per the institutional reform that is focusing
on enhancing development for all population, the field of inclusive education is taking center stage in
institutional planning and improvement. This course introduces the process of achieving inclusion with
all appropriate accessibility and established support system at institutional level.
In this course, the higher education students will learn how to assess, understand and address the needs
of persons with disabilities and provide relevant support or seek extra support form experts. He/she also
learns how to adapt and implementing services for an inclusive environment that aimed to develop
holistic development such as affective, cognitive and psychosocial skills of the population with
disabilities. Identification and removal/management of environmental barriers would find a crucial
place in the course. The students learn how to give more attention and support for students with; hearing
impairments, visual impairment, deaf-Blind, autism, physical and health impairments, intellectually
challenged, emotional and behavior disorders, learning difficulty, communication disorders, gifted and
talented student, and those at risk due to different reason (population who are environmentally and
culturally deprived, abused, torched, abandoned, and orphaned and vulnerable..etc). All University
students will be given the chance to study the specific developmental characteristics of each group of
students with disabilities and come up with appropriate intervention strategies in inclusive settings of
their respective professional environment and any development settings where all citizens are equally
benefited.
Learning Outcomes
34
The goal of this course is to provide the tools and strategies that help to create a convenient environment
that accommodates population with divers’ disabilities and potential. This course encourages exploring
the benefits of collaborating with colleagues to design and implement inclusion an all sphere of life. It
also guides the discovery of ways to modify environment as well as services and practices to meet the
needs of all persons with disabilities in inclusive environment.
As a result of reviewing various reading materials, completing the assignments, engaging in related
discussions, and strongly workings on activities, towards the completion of the course, the University
students of all fields in Ethiopia will be able to:
• aware the needs of people with special needs, their potential and include all aspects of developmental needs;
• identify population with special needs, their potentials and the learning and working styles of all population
with special needs in their environment;
• demonstrate desirable attitude towards all population with special needs in their learning, working and living
environment;
• apply various assessment strategies for evidence-based planning to meet their needs;
• attempt to adapt environments they are working and living in according to the need and potential of the
population with special needs;
• develop an accommodative and inclusive attitude help to think for the wellbeing and development of population
with special needs;
• identify and select appropriate support and services method that addresses the life needs of population with
special needs individually and on group bases;
• collaborate with experts and relevant others for the life success of all persons with disabilities in all
environments; and
• create and maintain successful inclusive environment.
Course Outlines and Schedules
Conceptual Focus
1. UNDERSTANDING STUDENTS WITH DIVERSE NEEDS/SPECIAL NEEDS
1.1. Overview of students with various special needs;
1.2. Theoretical models such as the right model, medical model and social model of special needs and its
relevance.
1.3. Educational of students with various special needs.
1.4. Attitudinal barriers and means to enhance awareness among the community members and political
leaders.
1.5. The relationship between poverty and disability
1.6. Planning effective development of population with special needs in inclusive settings
2. UNDERSTANDING INCLUSION
35
2.1. Definition of inclusive environment and the support system

2.2. Elements of Inclusive environment
2.3. Characteristics of inclusive environment
2.4. Special needs population’s right in the inclusive environment
2.5. Benefits and challenges of inclusion 2.6. Strategies in addressing individual needs.
2.7. Policies, legislations, strategies, legal framework and other related documents
3. IDENTIFICATION OF POPULATION WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
3.1. Development of checklists for identification of various difficulties.
3.2. Procedure of identification
3.3. Identifying learners needs, potentials and difficulties in learning
4. ASSESSMENT IN SPECIAL NEEDS
4.1. Strategy and procedure to develop assessment instrument.
4.2. Relevant components of assessment instrument.
4.3. Progressive assessments
4.4. Portfolios
4.5. Implication of assessment
5. DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES FOR POPULATIONS OF SPECIAL NEEDS
5.1. Content-specific resources for students
5.2. Instructional technology
5.3. Individualized service plan
5.4. Interdisciplinary individualized services plan teams
5.5. Curriculum enrichment
5.6. The role and responsibilities of a general education teacher in the
5.7. Implementation of the individualized services
5.8. Planning group intervention
6. PROMOTING POSITIVE BEHAVIORS INSTITUTION-WIDE
6.1. Behaviour management modifications
6.2. Classroom management for inclusive environment
6.3. Social relationships and collaboration in an inclusive environment
7. RESOURCES FOR THE INCLUSIVE ENVIRONMENT
7.1. Modification of environment and materials
7.2. Adapting learning and working process according to the needs
7.3. Identifying human material and other resources that help inclusive environmental activities.
7.4. Accessing adapted technologies
7.5. Accessing communication through various means such as sign language
8. COLLABORATIVE PARTNERSHIPS WITH STAKEHOLDERS
8.1. Collaboration to successfully move towards inclusion
8.2. Planning inclusive development in all sectors
36
8.3. Implementing inclusive

8.4. Individualized support as per the law, policies and directives
8.5. Evaluation and monitoring
Summary of the Course Assessment
Teaching & Learning The course will be delivered through lectures, class discussions,
Methods brainstorming, reading assignment, group discussion, and exercises.
Assessment Methods Students taking this course will be assessed through continuous assessment
and final examinations.
Assessment Weight (%)
1. Continuous assessment (Class 50
participation/ reflections/ attendance,
Home take
assignments, Tests, Quiz etc…)
2. Final Exam 50
Total 100
Grading As per University`s legislation
References
1. Alemayehu Teklemariam and Temsegen Fereja (2011). Special Need Education in Ethiopia: Practice
of Special Needs Education around the World. Washington: Gallaudet University Press.
2. Alemayehu Teklemariam (2019). Inclusive Education in Ethiopia: WILEY and Blackwell: Singapore
3. A Teachers Guide (2001). UNESCO. Inclusive Education and Classroom Practice in Secondary
Education (2004).
4. Berit H. Johanson and Alemayehu Teklemariam (2006). Towards Special Needs Education as a
University Discipline: An Important step on the way to Education for All. In When All Means All.
Hakapaino Oy: Helsinki
5. Tirussew Teferra and Alemayehu Teklemariam (2007). Including the Excluded: Integrating disability
into EFA Fast Track Initiative Process and National Education Plans in Ethiopia. World Vision
6. MOE (2007). School Improvement Program
7. MOE (2010). Special Needs Program strategies implementation guide.
8. MOE (Ministry of Education). (2006). Special Needs Education Program Strategy. Addis Ababa
9. Understanding and responding to children’s need in inclusive classroom (2010). www.european-
agency.org
10. ዓለማየሁ ትክለማርያም (2009). በመተባበር መማር፡- አንድ ለሁሉም፣ ሁሉም ለአንድ፣ አዲስ አበባ፡- ፋርኢስት
አታሚ
11. ዓለማየሁ ትክለማርያም (2011). አካቶ ትምህርት ለምን፣ምን፣ለነማን እንዴት፤ አዲስ አበባ፡-ፋርኢስት አታሚ.
Approval
____________________________ _____________
37
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Principles of Environmental Science

Course Credit; Cr.Hr/ECTS: 3(3+0)/5 Semester: I
Office No.: --------- Telephone: --------
Course Description
The course principle of Environmental Science is designed to give a comprehensive understanding of
environmental systems, components, processes, changes, and how they are functioning in the whole
complexity of environmental systems. It gives a highlight on principles of harmonizing human
developmental activities and environmental wellbeing. Concept of the environment; perspective of
environmental sciences; development and environmental; global, regional, and national environmental
problems; approach to environmental science; and biophysical environmental components and resources are
covered.
Course Objectives: Upon the completion of this course, students will be able to
 Understand the concepts and perspectives in Environmental Sciences
 Comprehend Biophysical Environmental components and major environmental systems
 Sharpen their critical thinking skills by carefully examining the complexity of environmental systems
and issues.
 Explore principles governing human and environmental interaction
 Critically examine human and natural induced environmental problems
Course Description
38
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Concepts of Environmental Sciences
1.2. Scope of Environmental Science
1.3. Environmental Perspectives
1.4. Environmental Sustainability
1.5. Environmentalism
1.6. Environmental Dilemmas
2. EARTH SYSTEM AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.1. Biophysical Environmental Components
2.1.1. Hydrosphere
2.1.2. Atmosphere
2.1.3. Lithosphere
2.1.4. Biosphere
2.1.5. Human and Built Environment
2.2. The Notion of Ecological System
2.2.1. Principles of the ecological system
2.2.2. Principle of energy and thermodynamics
2.2.3. The principle of conservation matter
2.2.4. Biogeochemical cycles
2.3. Climate and Atmospheric System
2.3.1. Atmospheric components and processes
2.3.2. Climate and weather system
3. PRINCIPLES GOVERNING HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION

3.1. Ethical Principles
3.2. Principle of Environmental Capacity
3.3. Principle of Sustainable Development
3.4. Environmental Entropy Principle
3.5. Systematic Principle of Environment
4. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES AND GLOBAL TRENDS

4.1. Natural Resources
4.1.1. Water resource
4.1.2. Soil and land resources
4.1.3. Forest and biological resources
4.1.4. Mineral resources
4.1.5. Renewable and non-energy resources
39
4.2. Environmental Goods and Services

4.3. Cultural Resources
4.4. Socioeconomic Resources
4.5. Issues of Resource Ownership
4.5.1. Tragedy of commons
4.5.2. Resources conflict
4.6. Trends in global environmental ; past, present and future
4.7. Responces to global environmental change
5. AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT

5.1. Concepts and Principles of Agriculture
5.2. Common Agricultural Practices
5.3. Potentials and challenges of Agriculture
5.4. World Food Problems
5.5. Environmental Impacts of Agricultural
6. ENVIRONMENT, TECHNOLOGY, AND DEVELOPMENT
6.1. Human Population and the Environment
6.1.1. Human population pattern and demographics
6.1.2. World population and environmental challenge
6.2. Harmony Between Environment and Development
6.3. Models of Development
6.4. Industrialization and Urbanization
6.5. Technology and Environmental Wellbeing
6.6. Globalization and Social Welfare
7. HUMAN IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT

7.1. Resource Depletion
7.2. Environmental Degradation
7.2.1. Land degradation
7.2.2. Soil erosion
7.2.3. Deforestation
7.3. Environmental Pollution
7.3.1. Water pollution
7.3.2. Air pollution
7.3.3. Soil pollution
7.3.4. Noise pollution
7.3.5. Solid hazardous wastes
40
7.3.6. Electronic waste

7.3.7. Radioactive and radiation pollution
7.4. Major Global and Regional Environmental Problems

7.4.1. Climate Change
7.4.2. Biodiversity Loss
7.4.3. Acid Rain
7.4.4. Ozone Depletion
8. ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

8.1. Ecological Footprint
8.2. Water Footprint
8.3. Carbon Footprint
8.4. Hazard and Risk Analysis
8.5. Life cycle Assessment
8.6. Impact Measurement Tools
9. SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT
9.1. Society, Culture, and Environment
9.2. Environmental Ethics, Beliefs, and Behavior
9.3. Gender and Environment
9.4. Life Style and Life Standard
9.5. Environmental Justice
Mode of delivery
 Lecture
 Group and pair work
 Individual work
 Brainstorming
Mode of Assessment
 Quizzes: 10%
 Tests: 20%
 Assignments: 25%
 Final Examination: 45%
Reference
41
 Jan J. Boersema • Lucas Reijnders, 2009, Principles of Environmental Sciences, Springer Science +
Business Media B.V.
 Eduardo S. Brond´ızio • Emilio F. Moran, 2013, Human-Environment Interactions, Current and
Future Direction, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
 Michael allaby, 2000. Basics of environmental science, second edition, published in the USA and
Canada by rout ledge 29 west 35th street, new york, NY 10001
 Miller, G.T., and Spoolman, S. 2008, Environmental Science – Problems, Connections, and
Solutions, 12th Edition, Thompson Brooks-Cole
 Anderson, j.m. 1981. Ecology for environmental sciences. London, Arnold.
 Eldon d. enger and Bradley f. smith, 2010, environmental science: a study of interrelationships,
twelfth edition
Course Policy
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, For the situations where you fail to attend sessions,
because of reasons beyond your control, see the senate legislation of the University.  Grading system: as
per the undergraduate grading system of the senate legislation of the University  Cell phone: cell phone
must be turned off before entering the classroom.
 Academic dishonesty: the highest standards of intellectual honesty in all academic works are expected.
Intellectual dishonesties including fabrication, cheating, and plagiarism will not be tolerated in the course and
will be reported to concerned bodies for further actions.
Approval
____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
42
43
Course Title: Introduction to Statistics

Course Code: Stat261 Class Year: Two
Course Credit; Cr.Hr/ECTS: 3(3+0) /5 Semester: I
Course Description
Meaning of statistics; methods of data collection; methods of data presentation; measures of central
tendency; measures of variation; moments; Skewness; kurtosis; concepts of probability; counting
techniques; sampling, hypothesis testing; Time Series Analysis
Objectives
To introduce the basic statistical concepts relevant to environmental science and to provide experience
in the correct use and interpretation of the various statistical methods currently used in the analysis of
weather/climate observed and model-simulated data.
Learning outcomes
At the end of the course students are expected to:

• have a broad knowledge of the basic understanding of statistical techniques demonstrated through
principles of data collection, descriptive statistics, linear regression, correlation, computation, and
data analysis;
• identify different techniques of sampling and understand the methods of data collection,
organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation;
• differentiate among common types of data, and summarize and display them appropriately; learn
some desirable properties of averages and measures of variation;
• have basic skills in exploratory data analysis and problem-solving.
Course Outline
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definitions and Classification of Statistics
1.2 Stages in Statistical Investigation
1.3 Definition of Some Terms
44
1.4 Applications, Uses, and Limitations of Statistics

1.5 Scales of measurement
2. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND PRESENTATION
2.1 Methods of Data Collection
2.1.1 Source of data
2.1.2 Types of data
2.2 Methods of Data Presentation
2.2.1 Frequency distributions: Qualitative, quantitative (absolute, relative, percentage, cumulative)
2.2.2 Diagrammatic presentation of data: Bar charts, pie-chart, pictogram, Steam, and leaf plot
2.2.3 Graphical presentation of data: Histogram, Frequency polygon, Ogive
3. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
3.1 Objectives of Measuring Central Tendency
3.2 The Summation Notation
3.3 Important Characteristics of Measures of Central Tendency
3.4 Types of Measures of Central Tendency
3.4.1 The mean (Arithmetic, weighted, Geometric, and Harmonic)
3.4.2 The mode
3.4.3 The Median
3.4.4 The quantiles (quartiles, deciles, percentiles)
4. MEASURES OF VARIATION
4.1 Objectives of Measuring Variation
4.2 Absolute and Relative Measures
4.3 Types of Measures of Variation
4.3.1 The range and relative range
4.3.2 The variance, the standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation
4.4 The Standard Scores
5. ELEMENTARY PROBABILITY
5.1 Definition and Some Concepts(Random experiment, sample space, event, equally likely outcomes,
and mutually exclusive event)
45
5.2 Counting rules: Addition, Multiplication, Permutation, and Combination Rule

5.3 Approaches in Probability Definition (Classical and Axiomatic)
5.4 Some Probability Rules
5.5 Conditional Probability and Independence
6. SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN
6.1 Basic Concepts: Population, Sample, Parameter, Statistic, Sampling Frame, Sampling Units
6.2 Reasons for Sampling
6.3 Types of Sampling Techniques
6.3.1 Non-probability sampling: Basic concepts and definitions
6.3.2 Probability sampling: Basic concepts and definitions
6.4 Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean
6.5 The Central Limit Theorem
7. STATISTICAL INFERENCE
7.1 Estimation
7.1.1 point estimation of population mean
7.1.2 Interval estimation of population mean
7.2 Hypothesis Testing
7.2.1 Important concepts in testing statistical hypothesis
7.2.2 Hypothesis testing about the population mean
7.2.3 Tests of association
8. SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSIONS AND CORRELATION
8.1 Fitting Simple Linear Regression
8.2 The Covariance and the Correlation Coefficient
8.3 The Rank Correlation Coefficient
9. INTRODUCTION TO TIME SERIES ANALYSIS
9.2 Time Series Components
9.3 Filtering and Smoothing
9.4 Serial Correlation
9.5 ARIMA (p,d,q) time series models
46
9.6 Further Sources of Information
Textbook:
Bluman, A.G. (1995). Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach (4th edition). Wm. C. Brown
Communications, Inc.
References:
1. Coolidge, F.L.(2006). Statistics: A Gentle Introduction (2nd edition).
2. David, S.M., McCabe, P. and Craig, B. (2008). Introduction to the Practice of Statistics (6th
edition). W.H. Freeman
3. Eshetu W. (2000). Introduction to Statistics. Addis Ababa University Press.
4. Freund, J.E and Simon, G.A. (1998). Modern Elementary Statistics (9th Edition).
5. Gupta, C.B. and Gupta, V. (2004). An Introduction to Statistical Methods. Vikas Publishing House,
Pvt. Ltd, India.
6. Snedecor, G.W, and Cochran, W.G. (1980). Statistical Methods (7th edition).
7. Spiegel, M.R. and Stephens, L.J. (2007). Schaum's Outline of Statistics, Schaum's Outline Series
(4th edition). McGraw-Hill.
Teaching and learning methods

Lectures, tutorials, discussions, demonstrations, and assignments.
Modes of Assessment
Continuous Assessment 50%
Final Exam 50%
Method Assignment Test Quiz Final
Percent 20 20 10 50
Frequency 2 2 At least 2 1
Course Policy
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, For the situations where you fail to attend sessions,
because of reasons beyond your control, see the senate legislation of the University.
47
Intellectual dishonesties including fabrication, cheating, and plagiarism will not be tolerated in the course and
will be reported to concerned bodies for further actions. Approval
________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Computer Sciences and its Application
Course Code: Comp 271 Class Year: Two


Course Description:
This course is intended to equip students with theoretical and practical aspects of the fundamentals of
computer application. In this course, an overview of computing; historical development of computers;
logical organization of a computer system; data representation inside computers; an overview of
computer networks & computer security; and computer technologies for environmental protection
will be discussed. Moreover, the laboratory session introduces the use of Personal Computer,
Microsoft Office Applications(Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint, and
Microsoft Access), Environmental Science Computing Technologies, and Internet Usages. This is a
complete lab-based course where students will learn these applications with hands-on exercises.
48
Course Goals or Learning Outcomes:

Up on the completion of this course, students will be able to:
• Find out what computer science is about and explore its applications and impact in natural resource
management and environmental science fields;
• Explain how the computer understands words, numbers, and how data and instructions are stored,
retrieved, and processed;
• Describe basic characteristics of components of a computer system, and basics of Computer
architecture illustration;
• Discuss and explain the importance of securing computer-based resources (including hardware,
software, and information)
• Explain what the Internet is, browse and use the Internet for information and communication purpose,
• Practice common computer application and environmental science-related tools.
Expectation:
Students are expected to attend all lectures and laboratory sessions with serious discipline and they
have to complete the required assessments. Thus, intensive reading of course references and frequent
practice of laboratory activities is expected from the students. In addition to this, students are also
strongly encouraged to collaborate in studying the reference books and lecture materials. Course
Content
Part I: Lecture Part
1. OVERVIEW OF COMPUTING
1.1 Introduction to Computing
1.2 Definition of Computer and Computing
1.3 Computers Characteristics
1.4 Types of Computers
1.5 Applications of Computers
- Generic Applications
- Computer Application for Natural Resource Management
1.6 Environmental Informatics
2. DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS
2.1 History of Computing
2.2 Generations of Computers
49
2.3 Current Trends in Computing

3. COMPUTER SYSTEM
3.1 Introduction to Computer Systems
3.2 Computer Hardware
- Input-Output Units
- Processing Unit
- Storage Units
3.3 Computer Software - System Software
- Applications Software
4. DATA REPRESENTATION
4.1 Data and Computers (Units of Data Representation)
4.2 Number Systems
- Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal
- Number Systems Conversion
- Binary Arithmetic
4.3 Computer Coding Methods
5. COMPUTER NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER
SECURITY
5.1 Computer Networking Fundamentals and its Applications
5.2 Types of Networks and Communication Services
- LANs (Local Area Networks) and WANs (Wide Area Networks)
5.3 Internet and Its Protocols
5.4 Network of IoT devices for Environmental Science and Natural Resource Management
5.5 Computer Security
- Virtual Society
- Issues and Ethics in IT
- Information system vulnerabilities and associated risks
- Computer Viruses and Worms
6. COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
6.1 Overview of Advanced Technologies for Environmental Systems
6.2 Introduction Environmental Modeling
6.3 Remote Sensing Overview
6.3 Computer intelligence for environmental systems
6.4 Current Technologies for Environmental Systems
Part II: Practical Part
50
Lab 1 Windows Operating System Installation and Usage

- Operating System Installation
- Computer Boot-Up
- Manipulating Desktop Windows
- Work with Applications and File Explorer
- Files and Folders
- Windows Personalization and Computer Setting Management
- Common Computer Programs and their Usage
Lab 2 Microsoft Office Installation and Usage
- Installation
- First use setup and activation
- Interacting with Office applications using Ribbon
- Microsoft Office Word
- Microsoft Office Excel and Access (Environmental Data
Processing) - Microsoft PowerPoint
Lab 3 Technologies for Environmental Systems
- MapSource and Google Earth
- Google Map
- Sensor Systems Simulation
Lab 4 Internet Usage
- Email
- Search Engine Usage Assessment methods:
Continuous Assessments (50%):
• Lab works
• Quizzes
• Assignment
• Tests
Final exam-50%
Text book and References:

- Dida Midekso, information technology: Addis Ababa University Printing Press, revised press, 2006
- Fikire Sitota and Belay Tedla: Fundamentals of Information Technology; AA, mega publishing
enterprise, 2002
- Otjacques, Benoît, "From science to society: new trends in environmental informatics", Springer,
Year: 2018
- William Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture, 5/E, 6/E, Prentice Hall, 2003
Course Policy
51
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, For the situations where you fail to
attend sessions, because of reasons beyond your control, see the senate legislation of the
University.
 Grading system: as per the undergraduate grading system of the senate legislation of the
University
Approval
________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Integrated Soil Fertility Management

Course Credit; Cr.Hr/ECTS: 3(2+1)/5 Semester: II
52

Pre-requisites (if any): Introductory Soil
Course description
Concepts and definitions of soil fertility and productivity, soil fertility depletion, and integrated soil fertility
management. Essential plant nutrients, nutrient transformations in soil, plant-soil relationships, nutrient
uptake, and factors affecting nutrient availability; soil fertility diagnosis - nutrient flow analysis and
balances computation, plant deficiency symptoms, soil testing, and plant analysis; effects of soil fertility
depletion on agriculture and food security; principles and practices of integrated soil fertility management
will be discussed
Course objective
At the end of the course, students are expected to:
 Explain integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) and productivity concepts.

 Identify types, sources, plant-available forms, and uptake of nutrients
 Describe nutrient cycles and transformations
 Describe soil fertility depletion: Causes and consequences
 Describe the principles, practices, and approaches of integrated soil fertility management
 Diagnose soil fertility under different land-use types using different techniques
 Identify and make use of locally available, economically affordable, environmentally friendly
nutrient sources
 Determine the right type, amount, time, and method of application nutrients for specific crops
under certain conditions
 Apply different ISFM practices to replenish nutrients under different land-use types
COURSE OUTLINE:
1. BASIC CONCEPTS
1.1. Paradigms in Soil Fertility Management

1.2. Soil Fertility vs. Soil Productivity
1.3. Essential Plant Nutrients
1.4.Factors Affecting Plant Growth And Nutrient Availability
53
2. BASIC SOIL AND PLANT RELATIONSHIPS
2.1. Addition and Removal of Nutrients From Soil
2.2. Role of Soil Colloids in Nutrient Supply
2.3. Adsorption, Exchange, and Availability of Ions
2.3.1. Root interception, mass flow, and diffusion of ions
2.3.2. Soil properties in relation to ion transport in soil
3. MANAGEMENT OF MACRONUTRIENTS
3.1. Functions, Sources, Availability, and Management of Primary Nutrients

3.2. Functions, Sources, Availability, and Management of Secondary Nutrients
4. MANAGEMENT OF MICRONUTRIENTS
4.1. Functions, Sources, and Availability
4.2. Management of Micronutrient Toxicity and Deficiency
5. SOIL FERTILITY DIAGNOSIS
5.1. Soil Fertility Diagnosis at Different Scales (Macro, Meso and micro)
5.2. Indicators of Soil Fertility Problems
5.3. Methods of Diagnosing Soil Fertility Problems
5.3.1. Yield gap analysis

5.3.2. Soil testing
5.3.3. Plant tissue analysis
5.3.4. Field observation and diagnostics keys
5.3.5. Nutrient balance (flow) analysis
5.4. Soil Fertility Status of Ethiopia
6. SOIL FERTILITY IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES

6.1. Organic Sources
54
6.1.1. Compost
6.1.2. Vermicomposting
6.1.3. Bio-fertilizer
6.1.4. Manures
6.1.5. Biochar
6.2. Inorganic Sources
6.2.1. Industrial fertilizers – type, amount, time and method of application, procedures for
recommendation
6.2.2. Agro-minerals – rock phosphate, dolomite, gypsum, etc
6.3. Environmental, Economic and Social Impacts of Nutrients Management Strategies
7. MANAGING PROBLEMATIC SOILS
7.1. Potentials of Problematic Soils

7.2. Management of Waterlogged Soils
7.3. Acid Soils Management
7.4. Management of Salt Affects Soils
8. APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
8.1. Basic Principles of ISFM
8.2. General Requirements of ISFM: Physical resource, Skill related farm resource flow map
8.3. Pre-plan Activities for ISFM Technologies use
8.3.1. Diagnosis of farming environment and observation of field problems
8.3.2. Identify soil fertility problems and opportunities
8.3.3. Identifying causes of soil nutrient problems
8.3.4. Identifying possible solutions to soil fertility problems
8.3.5. Assessment and selection of best practices to be selected
8.4. Factors affecting the adoption of ISFW technologies
8.4.1. Labor requirements for ISFM technologies

8.4.2. Capital investment and economics of ISFM
8.4.3. The adaptability of ISFM to a certain environment
8.4.4. Accessibility of ISFM technologies to farming communities
55
8.4.5. Gender and social-economic issues

8.5. The Role of Farming Communities in ISFM
8.5.1. The need for farmer involvement in ISFM activities

8.5.2. Participatory approaches for farming communities to implement ISFM technologies
Filed/laboratory practical/s (if any):
 Field observation and soil sample collection
 N/OC analysis
 P analysis
 K analysis
 Composting Vs. Vermicomposting project
 Microbial isolations project  Bio-char production project
REFERENCES:
1. Brady C.Nyle and Weil R. 2000. The nature and properties of soils 13rd ed. Pearson
Edu, INC, Upper saddle river, USA.
2. FAO 2006. Plant Nutrition for food security. FAo fertilizer and plant nutrition
bulletin 16, Rome Italy.
3. Henery D. F, and Boyd G.E. 1997. Soil fertility 2nd Ed. Lewis publisher, USA.
4. Kumar R.B.1999. Fertilizer textbook. Kalyani publisher India
5. Mengel L. and E.A. Kiryby 1996. Principles of plant nutrition 4th ed. Panama
publishing corporation new Delhi Banglore
6. Mesfine Abebe1998. Nature and properties of Ethiopian soil Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
7. Miller W.R. and Donahue L.B., 1997. Soils in our environment.Prentice hall of India
New Delhi
8. Netranya S and Paul W, 2009. Integrated soil fertility management in Africa.
Principles, Practices and Developmental Processes.
9. Tsidale L. S. et al., Soil fertility, and fertilizer 5th ed. Prentice-Hall of India New
Delhi
10. Sharma Arun K. 2006. Biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture. (BDU Library code:
631.86 SHA).
11. Subba Rao N.S. 1997. Soil Microbiology. (BDU Library code: 574.90948
 Mode of Delivery:
56
o Lectures o Laboratory demonstrations o
Field visits and discussions
 Assessment Methods:
o Laboratory and field visit reports and
attendance…………..10% o Specific lab
exam……………………………..…………….10
% o Continuous
assessment……………………….……………..30
% o Final
exam…………………………….………………
…….50% Course Policy
Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, laboratory and practical sessions as well as fieldwork.
For the situations where you fail to attend sessions, because of reasons beyond your control, see the senate
legislation of the University.
Grading system: as per the undergraduate grading system of the senate legislation of the University Cell
phone: cell phone must be turned off before entering the classroom.
Academic dishonesty: the highest standards of intellectual honesty in all academic works are expected.
Intellectual dishonesties including fabrication, cheating, and plagiarism will not be tolerated in the course
and will be reported to concerned bodies for further actions.
Approval
___________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
57
Course Title: Biodiversity Conservation and Management


Prerequisites: Introduction to Ecology
Course Description
The course of biodiversity conservation and management is designed to provide the basic concepts,
principles, and human dimensions to the conservation of and agro-biodiversity. The course explores how
plants, animals, and microbial genetic resources influence the environment people to live in. The subject
focuses on the structural and functional aspects of biodiversity; the patterns and measurements of
biodiversity; the cause for and consequences of biodiversity losses; the conservation strategies and
measures; and the management of threatened species and communities in nature reserves and national
parks. This course will also explore biodiversity and international treaties; the national conservation and
utilization policies and strategies. Topics will often be examined through local/national, regional, and
global perspectives.
Course Objectives
58
By the end of this course students will:

o Explain the concept of biodiversity and its sub-components o Identify the importance of
biodiversity and the human dependency on it o Clearly identify the major threats and effects of the
ongoing global biodiversity loss o Explain the biodiversity conservation approaches and
measures with all its complexities o Explain the social, economic and legal frameworks under
which biodiversity conservation and management operates
o Describe the different ecosystem types and related biota of Ethiopia with their major threats
COURSE OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION TO BIODIVERSITY AND ITS COMPONENTS

1.1 Definitions of Biodiversity
1.2 Evolution of Biodiversity
1.3 Levels of Biological Diversity
1.4 Types of Biological Diversity
1.5 Agro-biodiversity
1.5.1 Definition and concepts
1.5.2 Distinctive features of agro-biodiversity
1.5.3 The role of agro-biodiversity
2. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE
2.1 Biological Resources and Their Uses
2.1.1 Microbial genetic resources
2.1.2 Plant genetic resources
2.1.2.1 forest resource
2.1.2.2 field crop resources
2.1.2.3 horticultural resource
2.1.2.4 essential oil-bearing plants resources
2.1.2.5 medicinal plant resources
2.1.2.6 pasture and forage genetic resources
2.1.3 Animal genetic resources
2.1.3.1 wild fauna resources
2.1.3.2 domestic fauna resource
2.2 Ecosystem and Biodiversity Services and Values
2.2.1 Ecosystem services
2.2.1.1 the history and rise of the ecosystem services concept
2.2.1.2 provisioning services
2.2.1.3 regulating services
2.2.1.4 supportive services
59
2.2.1.5 aesthetic and cultural services

2.2.2 Biodiversity values and valuations
2.2.2.1 direct and indirect values
2.2.2.2 valuation of biodiversity: concepts and methods
4. MEASURING AND MONITORING BIODIVERSITY
4.1 Measuring Biodiversity: Structural, Functional, Methodological Aspects
4.1.1 Species diversity: alpha, beta, and gamma diversity
4.1.2 Species diversity metrics and indices
4.2 Monitoring Biodiversity Status
4.2.1 Biodiversity patterns: spatial and temporal
4.2.2 Hotspots and their identification
4.2.3 Indicators for biodiversity monitoring
5. BIODIVERSITY LOSS
5.1 Biodiversity Loss and Its Trends
5.2 Causes of Biodiversity Loss
5.2.1 Direct causes of diversity loss
5.2.2 Cross-cutting/root causes of biodiversity loss
5.2.2.1 population growth and increasing demand for natural resources
5.2.2.2 economic systems and valuation of the environment and its resources
5.2.2.3 inequity in ownership
5.2.2.4 legal and institutional systems
5.2.2.5 deficiencies in knowledge and its application
5.3 Consequences of Biodiversity Loss
5.3.1 Genetic erosion/loss of gene pool
5.3.2 Species extinction
5.3.3 Loss of ecosystem services and livelihood
6. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
6.1 Biological Conservation
6.1.1 History, guiding principles, and characteristics
6.1.2 Need for conservation
6.1.3 Values and priorities in conservation
6.2 Biodiversity Conservation Strategies/Approaches
6.2.1 Hotspot approach vs. representative/mega-diversity approach
6.2.2 Species-population approach vs. community-ecosystem approach
6.3 Biodiversity Conservation Measures
6.3.1 In-situ conservation measure
6.3.1.1 Design and management of protected areas
6.3.1.2 Problems of protected area
60
6.3.1.3 Connectivity and corridors

6.3.2 Ex-situ conservation measure
6.3.2.1 facilities
6.3.2.2 establishment of new populations
6.3.2.3 captive breeding
6.3.2.4 re-introduction
7. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES ON BIODIVERSITY
7.1 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
7.1.1 Framework, objectives, general principles
7.1.2 Key articles for biodiversity conservation and management
7.1.2.1 planning, policies, and legislations
7.1.2.2 identification and monitoring
7.1.2.3 in situ conservation
7.1.2.4 ex-situ conservation
7.1.2.5 incentive measures
7.1.2.6 public education and awareness
7.1.2.7 exchange of information
7.1.2.8 technology transfer
7.1.2.9 finance resource
7.2 Cartagena Biosafety Protocol
7.3 Nagoya Genetic Resources Protocol
7.4 Aichi Targets
7.5 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora (CITES)
7.6 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
7.7 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA)
7.8 African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural resources
7.9 International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
7.10 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
8. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION IN ETHIOPIA

8.1 Physiography and Biogeography of Ethiopia
8.2 Current Status and Trends
8.3 Natural Ecosystem Diversity in Ethiopia and Their Threats
8.3.1 Afroalpine and sub afro-alpine ecosystems
8.3.2 Dry evergreen montane forest to grass land complex ecosystems
8.3.3 Moist evergreen montane forest ecosystems
8.3.4 Acacia-comiphora woodland ecosystems
8.3.5 Combretum-terminalia woodland ecosystems
61
8.3.6 Low land semi-evergreen forest ecosystems

8.3.7 Desert and semi-desert scrubland ecosystems
8.3.8 Aquatic ecosystems
Practical
• Reconnaissance survey of different plant communities with simple sampling methods and analysis
• Estimating habitat/ecosystem diversity: species diversity, compositional measurements. Indices of
biodiversity: richness index, evenness index, similarity index, etc.
• Visit national park/sanctuary, zoo and botanical garden, gene bank
References
Cincotta R.P. and Gorenflo, L.J. (eds). (2011). Human Population: Its Influences on Biological Diversity.
Ecological Studies: Analysis and Synthesis, Vol. 214. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Hill, D. M. Fasham, G. Tucker, M. Shewry P. Shaw. (2005). Handbook of biodiversity methods: survey,
evaluation, and monitoring. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Naeem, S.; Bunker, D.E.; Hector, A.; Loreau, M.; and Perrings, C. (eds) (2009). Biodiversity, Ecosystem
Functioning, and Human Wellbeing: An Ecological and Economic Perspective. Oxford University
Press Inc., New York.
Primack, R. B. (2014). Essentials of Conservation Biology, 6th Ed., Sinauer, P.R.B associates Inc. Publishers,
Sunderlander MA, USA.
Tucker, G., Bubb P., de Heer M., Miles L., Lawrence A., Bajracharya S. B., Nepal R. C., Sherchan R.,
Chapagain N.R. (2005). Guidelines for Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring for Protected Areas.
KMTNC, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Mode of Delivery
- Lectures
- Tutorials
- Audiovisuals
- Critical discussions
- Practical/field visits
- Demonstrations
- Readings
Assessment Methods
• Continuous assessment 50%
[Quiz, test, written assignments, practical/field report, project work, presentations, and class
activity/participation]
62
• Final exam 50%
Course Policy
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, laboratory and practical sessions as well as field
work. For the situations where you fail to attend sessions, because of reasons beyond your control, see the
senate legislation of the University.
and will be reported to concerned bodies for further actions. Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
63
Course Title: Nursery Establishment and Plantation Management

Course Credit; Cr.Hr/ECTS: 3(2+1)/5 Semester: II Instructor/s Full
Name: _____________________________
Address: Building ________ Email: ________
Office no.: ________ Telephone: ________
Course Description:
Forests as natural resources; history of forest cover change in Ethiopia; social, economic & ecological
importance of forestry in Ethiopia; Introduction to important tree shrub species of Ethiopia; forest seed
production and supply, nursery management, silvicultural treatments: site preparation, planting, weed, and
pest control, pruning, thinning, harvesting; theory of a normal forest; the arrangement of the forest: felling
maturity, rotation age
Course objective:
After having the course students should;
 Explain forest seed collection methods and handling techniques
 Describe nursery establishment and management
 Acquainted with the knowledge and skills of plantation establishment and management
 Describe various silvicultural operations and their implication in the improvement of stand quality
COURSE CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY
64
1.1. Concepts and Principles of Forestry

1.2. Types of Forests
2. FOREST COVER HISTORY OF ETHIOPIA

2.1. Natural High Forests
2.2. Planted Forests
2.3. Woodlands and Other Vegetation Covers
3. IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS IN ETHIOPIA
3.1. Role in National Economy
3.2. Role in Local Economy and Socio-Culture
3.3. Ecological Roles
4. FOREST SEED COLLECTION AND HANDLING

4.1. Selection of Seed Source
4.2. Seed Collection
4.2.1. Planning seed collection
4.2.2. Seed collection techniques
4.3. Seed Processing
4.4. Seed Storage
4.5. Seed Testing
4.6. Seed Certification
4.7. Pre-sowing Treatment
5. NURSERY ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT

5.1. Type of Forest Nursery
5.2. Planning of Forest Nursery
5.2.1. Selection of a nursery site
5.2.2. The layout of the nursery
5.3. Preparation of a Nursery Site
5.3.1. Seedling production techniques
65
5.3.2. Preparation of soil and beds

5.3.3. Type of seedlings
5.3.4. Seed sowing and transplanting
5.3.5. Care, protection, and conditioning of seedling
5.3.6. Quality control, dispatch, and transport of plants
5.4. Raising Plants Through Vegetative Propagation
5.5. Management of Forest Nursery
5.5.1. Record keeping in the nursery
5.6. Nursery Cost and Financial Plan
6. PLANTATION ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT

6.1. Why Plantation Forestry?
6.1.1. Positive factors for plantation forestry development
6.1.2. Negative factors for plantation development
6.2. Social and Economic Factors in Plantation Development
6.2.1. Objectives of plantation
6.2.2. Protective forestry
6.2.3. Production forestry
6.2.4. Choice of species
6.2.5. Species-site matching
6.2.6. Pros and cons of exotic Vs indigenous species
6.3. Plantation Establishment
6.3.1. Pre plantation essential
6.3.2. Silvicultural treatments
6.3.3. Site preparation
6.3.4. Planting
6.4. Tree Planting Tending Operations
6.4.1. Fertilizer at and after planting
66
6.4.2. Survival Count

6.4.3. Replacement planting
6.4.4. Weed and pest control
6.4.5. Pruning
6.4.6. Thinning
6.4.7. Harvesting
Practical and/or Lab. Session: seed germination tests and quality assessment, layout & design of planting site,
ground preparation, planting seedlings, and survival count. Stand tending operations and pruning will be
exercised.
REFERENCES:
• Etomes Marcel N., 2014. Agrotechnology Manual Including Nursery Management and
Practices, New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi
• Evans, 1992. Plantation forestry in the tropics. Oxford University Press, New York.
• FAO, 2001. Guideline for the Management of Tropical forests, Working Paper 135,
Rome
• Hans H., 1986. Silviculture in the tropics
• John D. M., 1989 Silvicultural systems
• Martin et al., 2008. Response of tree growth to a changing climate in boreal central
Canada: a comparison of empirical, process-based, and hybrid models
• Mike et al., 2000. African Climate Change
• P. k. Ray, 2012. Plant Nursery Management: How to Start and Operate a Plant Nursery,
Scientific Publishers (India)
67
• Pancel L., 1993. Tropical forestry handbook, Volume 1
• Pohjenen V., 1989. Establishment o f Fuelwood Plantations in Ethiopia, University of

Joensuu, Forestry faculty.
• Spiecker, 1999. Overview of recent growth trends in European Forests
• Young, A.R. and Giese, L.R., 1990. Introduction to forest science, 2nd edition, New
York
Mode of Delivery:
• Lecture
• Group and/ individual assignment/s
• Field and lab practical/s
Assessment Methods:
Assessment is carried out both as a continuous process during course delivery, which constitutes 50% Weight
in the total mark & final exam, which constitutes a maximum of 50%. The assessment methods involved are
summarized as follow:
• Continuous assessment [Quiz, Test results, Group assignment reports, Individual
assignment reports,
Practical session participation/Fieldwork or visit, Project work, and Class activity]
Final exam
Attendance requirement: At least 85 % of the lecture class and 100% of the practical sessions
Course Policy
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, laboratory and practical sessions as well as fieldwork.
For the situations where you fail to attend sessions, because of reasons beyond your control, see the senate
 Grading system: as per the undergraduate grading system of the senate legislation of the University  Cell
phone: cell phone must be turned off before entering the classroom.
68
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Plant Taxonomy

Course Credit; Cr.Hr/ECTS: 3(2+1) /5 Semester: II
Course Description
The course covers broad ranges of plant morphology, anatomy, and taxonomy concepts. It defines
plant morphology and anatomy; describes and explains the morphology and anatomy of root,
69
stem, and leaf; describes and explains the different types and parts of flowers; explains the
different types of fruits and seeds including seed dispersal and seedling development; defines
plant taxonomy including the basis and scope of plant taxonomy; the development of plant
classification; approaches to classification of plants; artificial, natural; phyletics, heretics and
classification processes, and the resultant hierarchy. In addition, character states and sources of
taxonomic information; plant nomenclature and rules governing the naming of wild and
cultivated plants; specimen perpetuation and herbarium management in the Botanical Garden
and use of herbarium library as a basic tool in pre-cutting, and plant classification; methods of
identifying plants, identification of families of economic importance to Ethiopia; an overview
of experimental plant taxonomy will be covered in the course plant taxonomy.
Course Objectives
At the end of this course, the students will be able to:

 Explain the terms plant morphology and anatomy
 Describe the morphology and anatomy of root, stem, and leaf
 List and explain the different types and parts of a flower  Describe and explain the different types
of fruits and seeds
 Classify plants based on resemblances of characters and states.
 Identify and recognize plant species, assign the appropriate names of the plants under consideration.
 Collect and prepare plant specimens for herbarium use, provide a proper description, diagnostic
characters and construct keys for identification purposes.
COURSE OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Principle and Concept of Plant Morphology and Anatomy
1.2. The Plant Body
2. ROOT, STEM, LEAF, AND FLOWER
2.1. The Root
2.1.1 General characteristics
70
2.1.2 Types of root

2.1.2.1 normal root
2.1.2.2 modified root
2.1.2.3 parts of the root
2.1.3 Anatomy of root
2.2. The Stem
2.1.1. General characteristics
2.1.2. Morphology of aerial and underground stems
2.1.3. Anatomy of woody stems
2.1.3.1 secondary growth in stems
2.1.3.2 anomalous secondary growth in stems
2.3. The Leaf

2.3.1 External Structure and Arrangement
2.3.2 Morphology of Specialized Leaves
2.3.3 Leaf Anatomy
2.4. The Flower
2.4.1 Flowers, flower parts, and their arrangement
2.4.2 Variation in the floral structures
2.4.3 Pollination
2.4.4 Inflorescences
2.5. Fruits, Seeds, and Seedlings
2.5.1 Fruit types and parts
2.5.2 Classification of fruits
2.5.2.1 simple fruits
2.5.2.2 aggregate fruits
2.5.2.3 multiple or compound fruits
2.5.3 Fruit and seed dispersal
2.5.4 Morphology of seed and seedling
71
2.5.5 Structure, function, and variations of the parts of the seedling

3 INTRODUCTION TO PLANT TAXONOMY
3.1 Definition and Perspectives of Plant Taxonomy
3.2 The importance and Universality of classification
3.3 The hierarchical system of classification
4 PLANT CHARACTER AND ITS SELECTION
4.1 Concept of Characters
4.2 Nature and Kind of Characters
4.3 Character Preference
5 APPROACHES TO CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
5.1 The Anatomy of Classification and the Artificial Approach.
5.2 Natural and Phyletic Approaches
5.3 Phenetic Approach
5.4 Cladistic Approach
5.5 The New Phyletics
6 CONCEPT OF TAXA AND CATEGORIES
6.1 Categories
6.2 Species Concept
6.3 Sub-species, Variety, and Form
6.4 Genus
6.5 Family and Higher Categories
7. SOURCES OF TAXONOMIC INFORMATION
7.1 Morphology
7.2 Anatomy
7.3 Embryology
7.4 Palynology
7.5 Cytology
7.6 Genetics and Cytogenetics
7.7 Chemistry
72
7.8 Reproductive biology

7.9 Ecology
8. BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE
8.1 Names and Codes
8.2 The Purpose of Names
8.3 Codes of Nomenclature
8.4 Modification of Codes
8.5 Scientific Names
8.6 Stability and Change
8.7 Name Changes and synonym
9. CLASSIFICATION IN PRACTICE
9.1 Ways & Means of studying plants
9.2 The Herbarium
9.3 Botanical Garden
9.4 The Herbarium Library
9.5 The Construction and Use of Diagnostic Keys for plant identification
9.6 Handling of Taxonomic Data
9.7 Gathering of Plant Data
9.8 Presentation of Plant Data
LABORATORY / PRACTICAL STUDY
 Characterize the morphology of herbaceous, woody, and modified root  Characterize the
morphology of herbaceous, woody, and modified stems
 Characterize the Morphology of leaves and their eco-functional adaptations.
 Study the structure of flowers and inflorescences
 Inflorescence and families
 The fruit and seed types, seed germination, and seedling development
 Fruits and Families
 Families and Identification
 Identification with the use of diagnostic keys and herbarium specimens
73
REFERENCES
1. Bilgrami, K. S., Srivastava, L. M. and Shreemali, J. L. 1995. Fundamentals of Botany, 2nd ed. Vikas
Publishing House PVT Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Cutter E. G. 1978. Plant anatomy: Experiment and interpretation. Part 1. Cells and tissues. London,
2nd ed. Edward rnold, London
3. Eames, A. 1961. Morphology of the Angiosperms. Mc Graw-Hill, New York
4. Spome, W. R. 1975. The morphology of Angiosperms, Hutchinson, London.
5. Blackwelder, R.E. 1967. Taxonomy: A Text and Reference Book, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
6. Burger, W.C. 1967. Families of Flowering Plants in Ethiopia. Experimental Station Bulletin No.45,
Oklahoma
7. Cornquist, A. 1981. An Integrated System to Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia Univ.
Press. New York.
8. Gurcharan Singh, 2009. Plant Systematic. An integrated approach.(3ed).Delhi. India
9. Hebderg, Land Edwards, S. (Eds) 1996. Flora of Ethiopia. Vol. 2. The National Herbarium, A.A.U.
Ethiopia.
10. Hedberg, I. And Edwards, S. (Eds). 1989. Flora of Ethiopia. Vol. 3 The National Herbarium A.A.U.
Ethiopia.
11. Porter, C.L. 1967. Taxonomy of Flowering Plants. 2nd Ed. Francisco. New York
12. Radford, A.E. 1974. Fundamentals of Plant systematic. Harper & Row, New York
13. Shukala, P. And Misra S.P. 1994. An Introduction to Taxonomy of Angiosperms, Vikas Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi.
14. Simpson. M.G, 2010. Plant systematics (2ed). Academic Press.
15. Stace, C.A. 1980. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. Edward Amlod (Pub. Ltd) London
ASSESSMENT/EVALUATION
The assessment methods to be followed are summarized as follow:
1. Continuous assessment
1.1 Quiz (5);
1.2 Test (2*10=20);
74
1.3 Individual or group assignment report and presentation (15);

2. Practical session attendance and report =20
3. Final exam =40
Course Policy
fieldwork. For the situations where you fail to attend sessions, because of reasons beyond your control,
see the senate legislation of the University.
expected. Intellectual dishonesties including fabrication, cheating, and plagiarism will not be tolerated
in the course and will be reported to concerned bodies for further actions. Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
75
Course Title: Natural Resource and Environmental Economics


Pre-requisites (if any): Economics
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course provides an overview of the origins and evolution of natural resource and environmental
economics; covers inter-linkage between economy and environment; describes and studies the basic
concepts of sustainability; sources of inefficiency and causes of environmental degradation are
examined. The theory of property rights and the link to environmental problems and resource miss-
use; economic valuation of natural and environmental resources; economics of pollution control;
optimal utilization of natural resources. The course aims at preparing students for the more
technically advanced courses in environmental and natural resources economics.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
After Completing this course students are expected to:
• Introduce the economic foundations of environmental and natural resources management using some
of the major issues which threaten the environment today, locally and globally
(e.g. soil erosion, deforestation, global warming, water pollution etc.);
• Examine the main tools and techniques that have been developed by economists to assess
environmental problems and formulate sustainable management strategies;
• Apply relevant economic analysis methods to make informed decisions in natural resource allocation;
• Apply relevant economic concepts to determine economically efficient level of pollution control; and
76
• Understand economic valuation techniques of non-market environmental goods and services.

1. INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMICS
1.1. Definition and Concepts of Basic Terms
1.2. The emergence of Resource and Environmental Economics
1.3. Fundamental Issues in the Economic Approach to Resource and Environmental Issues
2. CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY
2.1. The Origins of Sustainability Problem
2.2. Economic-Environment Interdependence
2.3. Sustainable Development
2.4. Sustainability Criteria’s
2.4.1. Weak sustainability
2.4.2. Strong sustainability
2.5. Sustainability and Efficiency
3. MARKET FAILURE, PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
3.1. Definition and Classification of Property Rights
3.2. Market Failure, Public Policy and the Environment
3.3. Externalities and Economic Efficiency
3.4. Correcting Market Failure
4. ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION
4.1. Theory of Environmental Valuation
4.2. Economic Values Measurement Techniques
4.2.1. Contingent valuation method
4.2.2. Travel cost method
4.2.3. Hedonic pricing method
4.2.4. Cost-benefit analysis
5. ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION CONTROL

5.1. Pollution Control: Targets
77
5.2. Modelling Pollution Mechanisms

5.3. Pollution Control: Instruments
5.4. Efficient Allocation of Pollution
5.5. Pollution Policy with Imperfect Information
6. OPTIMAL UTILIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
6.1. Theory of Optimal Depletion: Non Renewable Resources

6.2. Measuring Resource Scarcity
6.3. Renewable Resource: Fishery Resource
REFERENCES
1. Dominick Salvatore and Eugene Diulio. Principles of Economics: 2nd edition.
2. Koutsoyiannis, A., 1985. Modern Microeconomics: 2nd edition, English Language Book Society,
Macmillan.
3. Amacher, R.C. and H.H.., 1986. Principle of Microeconomics: 3rd edition, South- Western
Publishing Co., Cincinnati.
4. Gold, J.P. and E.P., Lazear, 1998. Microeconomic Theory: 6th edition, Richard D. Irwin, Inc.,
Homewood.
5. Perman R.; McGilvray J. and Common M., 2003: Natural Resource and Environmental
Economics, 3rd edition.
6. Tietenberg and Lewis, 2018. Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, 11th edition.
7. Tietenberg, T. 2006. Environmental and Natural Resources Economics, 6th edition.
8. Hanley N., and Clive L.S., 1993: Cost-benefit analysis and the environment, Edward Elgar.
9. Tietenberg, T. 2000. Environmental and Natural Resources Economics, 5th edition.
10. Field, B.C., and Field M.K. 2002. Environmental Economics: An Introduction. 3rd edition.
11. Kolstad, Charles D. 2000. Environmental Economics. Oxford University Press.
Mode of Delivery:
78
 Lecture
 Group Discussion and Reflection
Assessment Methods:
 Quiz 5%
 Test 15%
 Assignment 10%
 Mid Exam 20%
 Final Exam 50%
Course Policy
fieldwork. For the situations where you fail to attend sessions, because of reasons beyond your
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Environment, Gender, and Development
Course Code: NaRM262 Class Year: two

Course Credit; Cr.Hr/ECTS: 2(2+0)/ 3 Semester: II
79

Office No: --------- Telephone: --------
Course Description
This course is designed to make students acquaint with the meaning and link between population,
environment and development; it covers the basics of gender and its linkage to environment and
development; Human population-natural resources dilemma: Malthusian and Bosrup’s theories;
Kuznets curve and other theories of sustainable development will be explored. The course also
introduces the historical framework and issues related to gender, environment and development.
Policy Approaches to women’s issues will be discussed in the course. It explores the role of
women in environmental issues and development. The crucial interrelationship of ‘gender-
poverty-development’ will be examined. Natural resources basis, the socio-economic, political
and legal issues related to gender in Ethiopia in particular will also be covered.
Course Objectives
At the end of the semester students would be able to:
• Describe and explain population, environment, development and the interrelationship between them
and the concept of sustainable development
• Explain the policy approaches to women’s issues

• Understand the relationship among gender, environmental issues and development
• Understand and describe the significance of mainstreaming gender into sustainable development
initiatives
• Describe feminist political ecology and its importance to sustainable development
• Explore global international frameworks related to gender and environment
• To explain the natural resources, social, economic, political and legal realities of gender issues in
Ethiopia and their implication on sustainable development
COURSE OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
80
1.1 Definitions and concepts

1.1.1 Environment
1.1.2 Population
1.1.3 Development
1.1.4 Sex and Gender
1.2 Population demography
1.2.1 Historical perspective of population demography
1.2.2 Demographic variables
1.2.3 Demographic transition
2. THEORY OF POPULATION GROWTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT
2.1 Population growth: a development issue
2.2 The link between population and environment: framing the debate
2.2.1 Malthusian theory
2.2.2 Bousrup’s theory
2.2.3 Distributionist theory
2.3 Population growth and poverty
2.4 Population and economic development
2.4.1 Development concepts and challenges
2.4.2 Population and development
2.5 Population, environment, and development: the link
2.5.1 Downward spiral hypothesis
2.5.2 Kuznets’ hypothesis
2.5.3 Beckerman hypothesis
2.5.4 Porter hypothesis
2.6 Myths on population-poverty-environment-nexus
3. GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR AND POLICY APPROACHES
3.1 Gender Division of Labor
3.1.1 Triple roles of gender
3.1.2 Practical & Strategic Gender Needs/ Interests (PGN & SGN)
81
3.2 Policy Approaches to Women’s Issues

3.2.1 WID – Women in Development approach
3.2.2 GAD – Gender and Development Approach
3.2.3 Gender Mainstreaming
3.2.3.1 Gender Analysis
3.2.3.2 Gender Budgeting
3.2.3.3 Gender Auditing
4. GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT
4.1 The Link between Gender and Environment
4.1.1 Eco-feminism: Opportunities and Challenges
4.1.2 Feminist political ecology
4.2 Gender, Poverty and Environment
4.3 Gender and Environmental Resource Management
4.3.1 Gender and land
4.3.2 Gender and energy
4.3.3 Gender and climate change
4.4 Gender and Local Environmental Resource Management
5. GENDER EQUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
5.1 Women, Environment and Sustainable Development in Historical perspective
5.2 Global International Frameworks Related to Gender and Environment
5.3 Women and Innovative Adaptation Strategies to Environmental Change
5.4 Mainstream Gender into Sustainable Development Initiatives
5.5 The Relationship between Women and Nature
5.6 Mainstreaming Gender in Environmental Assessment and Early Warning
6. ENVIRONMENT, GENDER, AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN ETHIOPIA
6.1 Natural Resources Issues
6.2 Socio-Economic Issues
6.3 Political Issues
82
6.4 The Gap between Theory and Action

REFERENCES
• Demeny, P. 2003. Population Policy: A Concise Summary. Population Council, New York.
• Edwards, S. (ed) (2010). Ethiopian Environment Review. Forum for environment (FfE), Addis
Ababa.
• Heleen van den Hombergh (1993). Gender, Environment and Development: A guide to the
literature. Institute for Development Research, Amsterdam
• Janet Momsen (2009). Gender and Development. 2nd Edition. Imprint Routledge.
• Pervin, M.; Sarker, A.A.; Imam,T.and Tanjum,S. (2012). Training Handbook on Poverty,
Environment, Climate Change and Disaster Nexus for Planning Professionals. First edition,
PECM Project, UNDP, Bangladesh.
• UNFPA (2007). Population, Poverty and Environment. Asia (Population, Natural Resources
and Environment). www.unfpa.org
Mode of Delivery
 Lecturing
 Discussion and reading assignments
 Group assignment
Assessment Methods
 Reading assignment----------------------------------5%
 Paper work -------------------------------------------10%
 Presentation-------------------------------------------10%
 Quiz----------------------------------------------------10%
 Mid Exam---------------------------------------------20%
 Final exam---------------------------------------------45%
Course Policy
83
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, For the situations where you fail to attend
sessions, because of reasons beyond your control, see the senate legislation of the University.
University
____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
84
Course title: Climatology and Agro-meteorology

Course Code:- NaRM272 Class Year: Two
Course Description:
This course covers general topics of the impact of weather and climate that give an insight into the basics
of theoretical principles and their applications in Agriculture. Description of Climatic system and their
interaction, Climatic controls and climatic elements, observation, and measurements of climatic elements,
the nature, and scope of climatology and Agrometeorology, the importance of weather and climate for
agricultural activities. Atmospheric composition structure and stability, The Greenhouse effect, Solar
radiation and energy balance, general atmospheric circulation and thermal circulation link with climate,
organized weather systems, including air masses, fronts, and severe weather. global and local climates
classification, factors affecting the climatic system of Ethiopia, Agro-Climate Classification of Ethiopia,
Adverse effects of weather and climate on Agriculture and its management, use of weather and climate
forecast for Agrometeorology advisory and response farming, Agrometeorological observation and
forecast, micro-meteorological modification, Climate data sets, and processing, analyzing and interpreting
meteorological and climatological data in a variety of applied contexts.
Course Objective:
Students will be able to
• Define various terms related to weather, Climate, Climatology, Meteorology, Agro-meteorology, and Agro-
Climate.
• Explain factors affecting the spatial distributions of climate,
• Explain basic concepts about the atmosphere and its characteristics,
• Operate weather Instruments and understand units of measurements of weather variables
• Explain basic concepts of Climate/weather and its variables
• Identify the concepts and have skills of climate classification,
85
• Identify on inter-relationship between climate and Agriculture,

• Obtain the skills of weather and climate data processing, interpretation and analysis
• Obtain the skills of seasonal climate outlook for response farming and early-warning application
COURSE OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Concepts and Definitions of key terms;
1.2 Nature and Scope of Climatology and Agro-meteorology
1.3 Application of Climatology and Meteorology on Agriculture
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE CLIMATIC SYSTEM AND CLIMATIC CONTROLS
2.1 The Components of Earth's Climate System
2.2 Interactions Between Earth’s Climate System
2.3 Climatic Controls and Climatic Elements
2.4 Human Impacts on Weather and Climate
2.5 Observation and Measurement of Climatic Data
2.6 Climate Data Processing and Analysis
3. ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, AND STABILITY
3.1 Atmospheric Composition
3.2 Greenhouse Gases and their Effect on Atmosphere
3.3 Aerosol and its Effects
3.4 Vertical Structure of the Atmospheric Temperature, Pressure, Density, and Mass
3.5 Layers of the Atmosphere
3.6 Atmospheric Moisture
3.7 Atmospheric Stability
3.8 Cloud Development and Stability
4. SOLAR RADIATION AND SURFACE ENERGY BALANCE
4.1 Source of Heat for Climatic System
4.2 Factors Affecting Incoming Solar Radiation
4.3 Interaction of Radiation with Atmosphere
4.4 Controls of Radiation and Temperature
4.5 Annual Solar Energy Balance
5. GENERAL ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND CLIMATE
86
5.1 Scales of Atmospheric Motion

5.2 Horizontal Surface Pressure and Winds Movements
5.3 The Driving Force of Atmospheric Motions
5.4 Atmospheric General Circulation and Precipitation Patterns
5.5 Air mass movement and frontal system
5.6 Tropical and extra-tropical cyclones
5.7 Regional wind systems
5.8.The Monsoon winds circulation
5.9. Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
5.10. Atmospheric circulation about El Nino and La Nina (ENSO)
6. GLOBAL CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION AND SEASONAL CLIMATE OF ETHIOPIA

6.1.Overview of Global Climate Classification Concept
6.2.Methods of Climate Classification
6.3. Rainfall Distribution in Ethiopia
6.4. Rainfall Regime of Ethiopia
6.5. Climate Types of Ethiopia
6.6. Agro-climate Classification of Ethiopia
6.7. Factors Affecting Ethiopian Weather and Climate System
6.8. Impacts of various ENSO phase on Ethiopian Climate
7. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE VARIABILITY ON AGRICULTURE
7.1 Potential Impacts of Climate Variability on Agriculture
7.2 Seasonal Rainfall Variability and Its Role in Agricultural
7.3 Extreme Weather and Climate Events
7.4 Effects of Drought on Crops Growth
7.5 Effects of Excess Rainfall (waterlogging)
7.6 Effects of Extreme Temperature on Plant
7.7 Weather and Climate caused Damage due to Plant’s Pathogens
7.8 Effects of Heat and Humidity on Livestock
7.9 Water Budget, Climate Variability, and Climate Impacts
8. USE OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE OUTLOOK FOR RESPONSE FARMING
87
8.1 Foundations of Weather Forecasting

8.2 Type of Forecasts on Time and Spatial Scale
8.3 Weather Forecasting Methods and Tools
8.4 Extreme Weather and Climate Events
8.5 Climate Prediction
8.6 Interpretation of Observed and Predicted Map and Graph of Weather and Climate
8.7 Application of ENSO Forecasts for Agricultural Decision Making
8.8 Benefits of Weather and Climate Services
8.9 Role of Agricultural Meteorology in Decisions Making
8.10 Severe Weather Observation and Early Warning
8.11 Application of Weather and Climate Outlook for Agro-met Advisories
8.12 Ago-meteorological Observation and Forecast
8.13 Response Farming based on Forecasted Seasonal Climate
8.14 Micro-meteorological Modification in Agro-meteorology Filed/laboratory practical/s (if any):
The practical education offered under this course is listed as follows:
 CLIMGEN software for climate data generation practices
 Microsoft excels sheet – for different statistical analysis
 CLIMWAT -- A Climatic Database for CROPWAT
 MySQL -- Database Management Software
 Field observation of surface and upper air meteorological data collection site
REFERENCES
• Stigter, K. (Ed.). (2010). Applied agrometeorology. Springer Science & Business Media.
• The Atmosphere and an introduction to meteorology,12th edition. (2013). Frederick K. Lutgens Edward J.
Tarbuck
• Gonfa, L.1996. Climatic Classification of Ethiopia NMSA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
• Harrison.M, Troccoli A, Coughlan M, and Williams. J. 2007. Seasonal Climate Forecast. In: Troccoli,
Harrison, Anderson, Mason (eds.), Seasonal Climate Forecasting and Managing risk. Springer Academic
Publishers, London.
• Gissila, T., E. Black, Grimes, D.I.F. and Slingo, J. M. 2004. Seasonal Forecasting of the Ethiopian Summer
rains. International Journal of Climatology 24: 1345-1358.
Mode of Delivery
88
The course is going to be delivered in

 lectures
 Discussions
 Questions and answers
 Practical section Assessment Methods:
The actual performance of the students shall be evaluated against the intended learning outcomes
continuously during the study. Generally, evaluation of learning outcomes should be made by the
following method of assessment depending on the nature of the course, which may include, quizzes and
tests, practical report, assignment, mid and final semester written exam.
 Class activities 5%
 Quizzes 5%
 Test 5%
 Practical report 10%
 Assignment 15%
 Mid-semester, written exam 20%
 Final semester, written exam 40%
Course Policy
in the course and will be reported to concerned bodies for further actions.
89
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course title: Wildlife Ecology and Management
Course Code: NaRM311 Class Year: Three

Course Credit; Cr.Hr/ECTS: 2(2+0) / 3 Semester: I Instructor/s
Full Name: ____________________________
Course Description
The course explores conceptually the ecological knowledge needed for wildlife management, including the
Definition and concepts of wildlife ecology, Wildlife Conservation and Management, Wildlife Habitat, Cover
and Territory, Wildlife Movement, wildlife adaptation, Survival strategies of animals, Selection theories/life
strategies, Wildlife Foods, Nutrition and Water Requirements, Wildlife Reproduction and Mortality, Wildlife
Census Techniques, Observation in animals, Measurements of density, Information from age and sex
categories, Information from dead animals, Inventory and monitoring, Intensive and Extensive Wildlife
Management, Wildlife Management Attributes, Translocation, introduction and re-introduction of animals,
Management of captive animals, Care in transportation of captured wild animals, Wild animal health and
condition assessment, Wild animal disease, Guidelines to formulate wildlife management plan, Implementing
management plan and evaluating the effectiveness of wildlife management, Human-Wildlife Conflict and Its
Control Methods, Impacts of Human-Wildlife Conflict, Causes of Humanwildlife Conflict, Human-wildlife
conflict management.
Course Objective
90
On successful completion of the course the students should be able to do the following:
 Develop a concept of how they manage wildlife populations in different situations around the world.
 Discuss the principles of wildlife ecology.
 Explain wildlife habitats and their importance to managing wildlife.
 Explain how populations of any one species change and adapt to variations in their environment.
 Describe carrying capacity and its importance in managing wildlife populations.
 Explain a range of different methods used to determine the number of individuals in a wildlife population.
 Discuss a range of different wildlife management techniques.
 Explain the potentials and limitations of legal and administrative initiatives, in the pursuance of more
effective wildlife management.
 understanding of ecological and environmental principles required for management of wildlife ecology
for multiple uses, including wildlife habitat, water management, ecosystem services, recreation, and
livestock production;
 Describe how wildlife ecology management fits into the context of society and how societal factors
(e.g., economics, policy, laws, regulations, attitude, behaviors, and norms) influence wildlife ecology;
COURSE OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Ecological structure
1.2. Wildlife species diversity and distributions
1.3. Factors affecting wildlife species diversity and distributions
1.4. Ecology of Ethiopian Wildlife
2. BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY OF WILDLIFE
2.1. Species Interactions Within Ecology
2.1.1. Inter-specific interaction
2.2. 2.Intra-specific interaction
2.3. The Competitive Exclusion Principle
2.4. Symbiotic Relationships Of Wildlife
2.5. The Theory Of Natural Selection
2.6. Trophic Relationship Of Wildlife Community In Ecosystem
2.6.1. energy flow
2.6.2. nutrient cycle
2.7. Migration Behavior
2.8. Communication and Signaling Behavior
3. WILDLIFE HABITATS AND CARRYING CAPACITY
3.1. World Biomes
3.1.1. Forest
3.1.2. Tropical Savannah
91
3.1.3. Grassland
3.1.4. Wetlands (inland)
3.1.5. Desert
3.1.6. Man-Made Biomes (Urban)
3.1.6.1 urban ecology
3.1.6.2 urban wildlife
3.1.6.3 urban wildlife diversity and distribution
3.6.1.4 factors affecting urban wildlife diversity and distribution
3.2. Animal Needs
3.3. Changes to Habitats
3.4. Carrying capacity
4. POPULATION DYNAMICS OF WILDLIFE
4.1. Age Structure
4.2. Life span
4.3. Fecundity Rate Mortality Rate
4.4. Sex ratio
4.5. Geometric and Exponential Population Growth
5. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
5. 1 Definition and concepts Management
5.2 Purpose of Wildlife Management
5.3 Approaches to Wildlife Management
5.1.1. Preservation
5.1.2. Conservation
5.1.3. Habitat modification
5.1.4. Fire
5.1.5. Vegetation management
5.3.4 Predator control
5.3.5 Population monitoring
5.3.6 Captive breeding and release
5.3.7 Culling and cropping
5.3.8 Control of pest or undesirable wildlife species
5.3.9 Manipulating mortality, fertility, and genetic engineering
6. WILDLIFE INVENTORY AND CENSUS
6.1. Introduction and inventory types
6.2. Total Counts
6.3. Sampling
6.3.1. Types of sampling
6.3.2. Shape and size of sample units
92
6.3.3. Sampling design (Simple Random, Stratified, Systemic sampling)

6.4. Trapping
6.5. Transects
6.6. Indirect Methods
6.7. Mark-Recapture method
7. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LAW AND ADMINISTRATION
7.1. Policy and Wildlife Law
7.3 Treaties
7.4 International Customary Laws
7.5 Domestic/National Law
7.6 Sources of Legislation
7.7 Environmental Ethics
8 HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICTS AND ITS MANAGEMENT
8.1. Human and Wildlife
8.2. Human-Wildlife conflict
8.2.1. History of human-wildlife conflict
8.2.2. Forms of human-wildlife conflict
8.2.3. Causes of human-wildlife conflict
8.2.4. Impacts of human-wildlife conflict
8.3. Human-wildlife conflict management
8.6.1. Prevention strategies
8.6.2. Mitigation methods
REFERENCES
Fryxell, J.M., A.R.E. Sinclair, and G. Caughley. 2014. Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management, 3rd
edition. Wiley Blackwell Publishing (paperback)
Caughley G. and A. R. Sinclair. 1994. Wildlife Ecology and Management. Blackwell Press.
Eldredge, N. 1998. Life in the Balance: Humanity and the Biodiversity Crisis. Princeton University Press, New
Jersey.
Godfrey M. Restoring the tortoise dynasty. Charles Darwin Foundation, 1999.
Middleton, S., and D. Liittschwager. 1994. Witness: Endangered Species of North America. Chronicle Books,
San Francisco.
Mills, S. L. 2007. Conservation of wildlife populations. Demography, Genetics, and Management. Blackwell
Publishing.
Primack, R.B. 1993. Essentials of Conservation Biology, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland,
MA.
Leopold, A. 1949. A Sand County almanac. Oxford University Press, New York.
93
Sinclair, A. R. 2006. Wildlife Ecology Conservation and Management. Blackwell Press. Wilson,
E.O. 1988. Biodiversity. National Academy Press.
Mode of Delivery
 Lectures
 Group discussion in the classroom
 Field visit
 Tutorials
 Debates, etc
 Assessment Methods
Assessment is carried out both as a continuous process during course delivery, which constitutes 50% weight in
the total mark, and final exam, which constitutes a maximum of 50%.
The assessment methods involved are summarized as follow:
Continuous assessment [Quiz, Test results, Group assignment reports, Individual assignment reports,
Course Policy
 Grading system: as per the undergraduate grading system of the senate legislation of the University 
Approval
__________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Ecotourism Principles and Approach

94

Address: Building_____________ Email: ______________
Office no ______________ Telephone: ______________
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course introduces the concept of ecotourism and its difference from the big tourism
industry, deals with the evolution of ecotourism as a modern approach of nature conservation
and economic wellbeing, principles, and practices of promoting sustainable ecotourism, social,
environmental, and economic impacts of ecotourism, related terminologies to ecotourism,
ecotourism and local communities, ecotourism and protected areas, steps involved in
ecotourism management plan preparation, and ecotourism in the Ethiopian context.
COURSE OBJECTIVE
The main objectives of this course are to enable students to:
 Understand the basic concepts and evolution of ecotourism, become familiar with potential
impacts (both positive and negative impacts) of ecotourism,
 Understand how to prepare, analyze, implement and evaluate an ecotourism management plan
 Explain the relationship between ecotourism development and local communities’ livelihood,
and develop a deeper understanding of the potentials, major achievements, and limitations of
ecotourism development in the Ethiopian context.
1. INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM
1.1. Concepts and Definitions of Tourism and Ecotourism
1.2. The Tourism Industry
1.3. Historical Development of Tourism and Ecotourism
95
1.4. Types of Tourism

1.5. Impacts of Mass Tourism
2. ECOTOURISM
2.1. Ecotourism Vs Other forms of tourism
2.2. Benefits of Ecotourism
2.3. Impacts of Ecotourism
2.4. Ecotourism Frame work
2.5. The major attraction in Ecotourism
3. PRINCIPLES OF ECOTOURISM
3.1. Environmental Sustainability
3.2. Community Participation
3.3. Contribution of Ecotourism to Sustainable Natural Resource Management
3.4. Contribution of Ecotourism to Sustainable Development
3.5. Contribution of Ecotourism to Local Community Development
3.6. Other principles of Ecotourism
4. ECOTOURISM AND CONCEPTS OF CARRYING CAPACITY
4.1. Ecological Carrying capacity
4.2. Recreational Carrying capacity
4.3. Recreational Opportunity spectrum
4.4. Limits of Acceptable Change
5. COMMUNITY-BASED ECOTOURISM
5.1. Community-Based Natural Resource Management
5.2. Community-Based Conservation and Ecotourism
5.3. Sustainable Ecotourism as a Development Tool For Local Communities
6. ECOTOURISM AS A DEVELOPMENT TOOL
6.1. Linking Conservation and Development
6.2. Linking Conservation and Development Through Ecotourism
6.3. Limitations of Ecotourism as a Development Tool
96
6.4. Constraints of Ecotourism as a Development Tool

7. ECOTOURISM IN ETHIOPIA
7.1. History of Tourism in Ethiopia
7.2. Historical Development Of Ecotourism in Ethiopia
7.3. Ecotourism Potentials in Ethiopia
7.4. Opportunities and limitations of Ecotourism Development in Ethiopia
REFERENCES
Role of Ecotourism in Sustainable Development, Advances in Landscape Architecture, Murat
Özyavuz, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/55749.
Andy Drumm and Alan Moore ------------- --. USAID, Ecotourism Development, A
Manual for Conservation Planners and Managers. Volume I- An
Introduction to Ecotourism Planning, Second Edition. Internet Doc.
The International Ecotourism Society. 1998. Ecotourism statistical fact sheet. N.
Bennington, Vermont: The International Ecotourism Society. Internet Doc.
The Nature Conservancy’s Ecotourism Program — www.nature.org/ecotourism.
Intenet Doc. Ecotourism as an Alternative for the Development of Tourism in Ethiopia. Internet
Doc.
Lindberg, K. 1991. Policies for maximizing nature tourism’s ecological and economic
benefits. Washington D.C.: World Resources Institute. Mode of Delivery
 Lectures
 Field visit
 Tutorials
 Debates, etc
Assessment Methods
Assessment is carried out both as a continuous process during course delivery, which
constitutes 50% weight in the total mark, and final exam, which constitutes a maximum of
50%. The assessment methods involved are summarized as follow:
97
Course Policy
All students are expected to abide by the Senate legislation and the student's code of conduct of
the University throughout this course.
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
98
99
Course Title: Climate Change, Adaptation and Mitigation


Pre-requisites: Climatology and Agro-meteorology
Course description:
This course covers general topics of the impact of climate change and its adaptation that give an insight
into the basics of theoretical principles and their applications in the Environment. The course gives an
overview of the physical science of our climate system, Patterns and causes of climate change,
greenhouse effect, and evidence of climate changes. The Earth’s climate history, a survey of proxy
records of past climate and environmental changes, and the limitations of these proxy records.
Earth’s energy balance, the interaction of the climatic system, and the basic mechanisms that govern
the climate system respond to drivers of change. Climate Forcing, Response, Sensitivity and Feedback
Mechanisms, Overview of Global Climate Models and Climate Change. Potential Impact of climate
change on natural resources, impact, vulnerability, resilience; Impacts of climate change and possible
scenarios; Explore climate change from multiple perspectives: paleoclimatic change, recent historical
variability, and change, future climate projections as well as its impacts on Natural resources, social,
environmental and economic issues. Exploring Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy of Climate Change
impacts, Climate change policy and law, and Overview of Impacts of Climate change and adaptation
in Ethiopia.
Course Objective: This course aims to give a fundamental understanding of the scientific basis of the
cause and impacts of global climatic change and its adaptation and mitigation strategy.
Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:

 Explain and evaluate the evidence for human-caused climate change, in the context of historical
climate change, as well as the relevant scientific uncertainties and possible evidence to the
contrary
 Describe the components, drivers, and interactions of climate, at global and local levels
 Students will be able to explain the elements of climate and analyze the earth's energy balance
that affects climate change.
 Students will be able to identify various sources of evidence used to chart climate and apply
100
the evidence to determine the proximate and ultimate causes.
 Students will be able to analyze the impact of climate change on environmental, biological, and
social systems.
 Identify potential responses and solutions to climate change challenges, as well as assess their
feasibility and potential effectiveness
COURSE OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Concept and Definitions of key terms;
1.2. Basic Climate Change Science
1.3. Evidence for Global Climate Change in the Recent, Past and Future
1.4. Cause of Global Climate Change
1.5. Consequences of Global Climate Change
2. HISTORICAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND DATA PROCESSING
2.1. The Nature of Earth’s Climate Science
2.2. Past Climate Observations and Abrupt Climate Changes
2.3. The Components of Earth's Climate System
2.4. Gases Composition in the Atmosphere
2.5. Greenhouse Gases Effect
2.6. Climate Construction from Instrumental Data
2.7. Palaeoclimate Reconstruction from Proxy Data
2.8. Data Analysis Methods in Weather and Climate Research
3. CLIMATE FORCING, RESPONSE, SENSITIVITY AND FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
3.1. Concept of Climate Forcing and Feedbacks
3.2. Major Climate Forcing
3.3. Positive & Negative Forcing
3.4. External and Internal Forcing Mechanisms of Earth System
3.5. Equilibrium, Sensitivity and Transient Climate Response
3.6. Climate Feedback and Feedback Process
4. GLOBAL CLIMATE MODELS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
4.1. Modeling Concepts
4.2. Components of the Climate System
4.3. Process in Each Climatic System
4.4. Climate Model Components

4.5. Timeline of Climate Model Development
101
4.6. Special Report on Emission Ecenarios (SRES)
4.7. Global Climate Projection under Different Representative Concentration Path(RCP)
4.8. Interpretation and Applications of Climate Model Output
4.9. Sources of Uncertainty in Climate Models
5. IMPACTS, ADAPTATION, AND MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE
5.1. Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture, Water cycle, Health, and Environment
5.1.1. Ecosystems, biodiversity, and ecosystem services
5.1.2. Plant pests and disease
5.1.3. Future climate changes, risks, and impacts
5.1.4. Climate change and extreme weather events
5.2. Climate Change Impact Adaptation
5.2.1. How to adapt to climate change
5.2.2. Assessing and managing the risks of climate change
5.2.3. Climate services for disaster prevention
5.2.4. Climate change adaptation strategy
5.2.5. Adaptation now and in the future
5.3. Mitigation of Climate Change
5.3.1. Low emission land-use planning
5.3.2. Carbon measurement & monitoring
5.3.3. Carbon trading
5.3.4. The various international climate change agreements or global environmental accords
(e.g. UNFCCC , the Kyoto Protocol , valid action paln)
5.3.5. Legal and policy frameworks
6. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT, ADAPTATION, AND MITIGATION IN ETHIOPIA

6.1. Climate Change Impacts in Ethiopia
6.1.1. Historical evidence of climate change
6.1.2. Future risk of climate change
6.2. Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy

6.2.1. Different approaches to climate change adaptation
102
6.2.2. The national environmental policy: The strength and weakness of the policy
6.2.3. The national environmental laws
6.2.4. Sources of national environmental laws
6.2.5. Challenges & opportunities on climate change adaptation and mitigation (eg. MRV
system)
Filed/laboratory practical/s (if any): No

REFERENCES
• Houghton, J., & Firor, J. (1995). Global warming: The complete briefing.Nature,
373(6509), 30-30.
• Sene, K. (2010). Hydrometeorology. Springer.
• Rafferty, J. P. (Ed.). (2010). Climate and Climate Change. Britannica Educational
Publishing.
• Singh, S. N. (Ed.). (2009). Climate change and crops. Springer Science & Business
Media
• Benjamin J R., Yves Le B., Heather M., Stepan W. (eds) (2011). Climate Law and
Developing Countries: Legal and Policy Challenges for the World Economy
(Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011)
• Dowden, M. (2013). Climate change and sustainable development: law, policy, and
practice. Taylor & Francis.
• McCarthy, J. J. (2001). Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation, and

vulnerability:
contribution of Working Group II to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
Mode of Delivery
The course is going to be delivered in
 lectures
 Discussions
 Questions and answers
Assessment Methods:
The actual performance of the students shall be evaluated against the intended learning outcomes
continuously during the study. Generally, evaluation of learning outcomes should be made by the
following method of assessment depending on the nature of the course, which may include, quizzes
and tests, assignments, mid and final semester written exam, practical exam.
 Class activities 5%
 Quizzes 5%
 Test 5%
103
 Assignment 20%
 Mid-semester, written exam 25%
 Final semester, written exam 40%
Course Policy
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: GIS and Remote Sensing

Course Credit: Cr.Hr/ECTS: 3(2+1)/5 Semester: I

Address: Building ------- Email: ---------------------
Office No.: --------- Telephone: ---------------------
Prerequisite Course: Introduction to Computer Science and its Application
Course Descriptions:
104
Geospatial technology is a technology used for handling geographic data and has a wider application
for studying earth and geo-environmental resources. This course deals on two major parts; i) basic
principles on geographic information systems/sciences and ii) basics principles of remote
sensing. The course is supported by a series of lectures focusing on theoretical concepts of basics of
GIS and RS; laboratory/practical session which is targeted in enhancing the trainee’s practical skills
on different geospatial software’s, spatial data analysis, image processing; and image classification.
Finally, the application concept of geospatial technology (GIS and RS) in environmental resources,
natural resource management, agricultural resources, forestry, water resources, and land resources
monitoring and mapping will be fully covered.
Course Objectives:
At the end of this course, the students will be able to:
 Comprehend how GIS, and remote sensing system work

 Explain the difference between raster and vector format  Evaluate when raster or vector
format is to prefer
 Describe how geographical data are gathered and stored
 Design simple GIS databases for resource management
 Perform simple overlay analysis in both raster and vector environment
 Evaluate quality and usability of different data sources for different GIS applications and
analyses
 Identify the most important RS data sources for geo-environmental resources
 Identify and characterize natural and artificial features on remote sensing data using their
spectral response pattern.
 Generate valuable information by processing and analyzing RS data sources
 Interpret/produce a map using analog or/and digital image
 Preform simple digital image classification(land use/cover analysis) using selected
software
 Critically evaluate the use of GIS and RS for different types of applications.
 Visualize spatial information required for planning and monitoring of geoenvironmental
resources and use them for planning, development, research, policy, and decision making
COURSE OUTLINE:
PART ONE: PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
1. INTRODUCTION TO GIS
1.1. Definition and History of GIS
1.2. Element of GIS
1.3. Types of Geographic Features
1.4. Questions a GIS Can Answer
1.5. Integration of GIS and RS
1.6. Why Is GIS of Important
105
1.7. Application of GIS

2. NATURE AND SOURCES OF GIS DATA
2.1. Nature of GIS data
2.1.1. GIS data models (raster and vector data models)
2.1.2. GIS Data Types (geographic data types and non-spatial data (attribute data)
2.1.3. GIS data structures (vector and raster data structures)
2.1.4. Topology and topological data models 2.2. Sources of GIS Data
2.1.1. Satellite image and aerial photographs
2.1.2. Field survey
2.1.3. Existing documents
2.1.4. Soft idea
2.1.5. Survey data and records
2.1.6. Digitized and scanned data
3. DATUM AND COORDINATE SYSTEMS IN GIS

3.1. Concept of datum (local and global datum)
3.2. Basic concept of coordinate systems
3.3. Importance of coordinate systems
3.4. Types of coordinate systems (geographic coordinate systems and projected coordinate system)
3.5. Types and characteristics of the projection
3.6. Distortions Caused by Map Projections
4. DATA ENTRY, DATABASE, AND MEASUREMENT SCALE IN GIS

4.1. GIS Data Entry
4.1.1. Digitizing (Manual, semi-automatic and automatic)
4.1.2. Scanning
4.1.3. Electronic data transfer/importing existing data
4.1.4. Data transfer from instruments
4.1.5. Existing data transfer
4.1.6. Attribute data entering
4.2. GIS Database
4.2.1. Geodatabases
4.2.2. Personal Geodatabases (single user Geodatabases)
4.2.3. Multi-user Geodatabases
4.2.4. File Geodatabases
4.3. Measurement Scale in GIS
4.3.1. Nominal scale
4.3.2. Ordinal scale
4.3.3. Interval scale
4.3.4. Ratio scale
5. SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS

5.1. Definition of spatial analysis
5.2. Data retrieval/extraction / query
5.3. Classification,
5.4. Vector Overlay (dissolve, clip, merging, intersect, union, erase, select, spatial join)
106
5.5. Raster overlay (arithmetic operators, comparison operators, logical operators/Boolean

operators, etc.)
5.6. Proximity and Network Analysis
5.7. Distance/Length Measurement
5.8. Proximity Analysis (Buffering)
5.9. Hydrology and Terrain Analysis
6. PRESENTATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

6.1. Concept of Map
6.2. Map Types
6.3. Map Elements
6.4. Map Layouts, Printing/Exporting Maps
PART TWO: REMOTE SENSING
7. PRINCIPLE OF REMOTE SENSING

7.1. Definition, historical perspectives, and development
7.2. Electromagnetic Energy (EME) and Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Spectrum
7.3. Theories of EME
7.4. The Black and real body concept of radiation
8. INTERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC (EM)

8.1. Earth Surface (reflection, transmission, spectral signature)
8.2. Atmosphere (scattering, absorption, refraction)
8.3. Atmospheric windows, remote sensing systems, and their operation ranges in the EM spectrum
9. PLATFORMS, ORBIT, SENSORS, AND CONCEPT OF RESOLUTION

9.1. Platforms: ground-based, airborne, space-born,
9.2. Orbits: Geostationary Satellites and Polar-orbiting/ Sun-synchronous
9.3. Sensors: Active and Passive
9.4. Concept of resolution (Temporal, Spectral, Spatial, and Radiometric)
9.5. Types of Satellites and Their Application Area
9.6. Color Theory (true and false colors)
10. IMAGE INTERPRETATION AND VISUALIZATION

10.1. Data Acquisition and Interpretation
10.2. Color Perception
10.3. Fundamentals of Image Interpretation
10.4. Basic Visual Image Interpretation Elements
11. DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING AND CLASSIFICATION

11.1. Pre-processing Methods: image rectification, geometric correction, atmospheric correction, etc.
11.2. Digital Image Classification
11.2.1. supervised classification
11.2.2. unsupervised classification
11.2.3. classification accuracy assessment
11.2.4. error matrix
107
12. APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

12.1. Forest Resource Management
12.2. Agriculture and Soil Management
12.3. Water Resource Management
12.4. Environmental Resources Monitoring and Management
12.5. Biodiversity and Range Land Management
12.6. Natural Resources Management
12.7. Land Use Land Cover Change Analysis
12.8. Climate Change and Disaster Risk Analysis
Practical Sessions:
Activitiy1: Identifying and describing various spatial types of information /data required in different
fields (for example in forestry, agriculture, soil and water conservation, natural resource
management, tourism, etc.).
Activity 2: Exercise selected analysis operations using a simple case study for which data is available
on the computer. Project report (individual): develop analysis procedure/model for selected
case study (related with the practical exercise)
Activity 3: Create a map layout and visualizing geographic information/data as a map
Activity 4: Hands-on exercise on Image enhancement, image interpretation, and classification using a
spectral, spatial, and temporal pattern of features.
Activity 5: Supervised and Unsupervised image classification using case study (land use land cover
analysis, Forest cover analysis, detecting land degradation, biodiversity conservation hotspot
area mapping)
Activity 6: Application of RS and GIS data sources for forestry/ agriculture soil and water, rangeland
and disaster management, and planning and mapping.
Activity 7: Characterizing and describing of different types earth features using the eight image
interpretation key elements (color, size, shape, texture pattern, and the likes) for
distinguishing different features (for example vegetation, wet/ dry, or fine/ coarse-textured
soil water
Activity 8: Discussion on the various orbits of satellites, understand the difference between the
products of active and passive sensors, identify different satellite types(MSS, TM, OLI,
Hyperspectral, UAV, LiDAR, and Radar)
Activity 9: Identify and describe different sources of EMR, the difference between the black body and
real body, describe the EME movement between source and earth
Activity 10: Watershed delineation using Arc Map Hydrology tool and Arc Hydro
REFERENCES
108
1. Alan S. Belward and Grlos R. (1991). Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System for
Resource Management in Developing Countries KLUMER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS,
Boston.
2. Bernhandsen. 2002. Geographic Information Systems 3rd edition. John Wiley Sons. New York
3. Campbell, J.B. (2002). Introduction to remote sensing, 3rd ed., The Guilford Press. ISBN
157230-640-8.
4. Dr. B.C. Panda. 2005. Remote Sensing Principles & Approaches. Indian Agriculture Research
Institute. Sunta printers.
5. Jensen, J.R. (2007). Remote sensing of the environment: an Earth resource perspective, 2nd ed.,
Prentice Hall.
6. Jensen, J.R. (2005). Digital Image Processing: a Remote Sensing Perspective, 3rd ed., Prentice
Hall.
7. John A. Howard. (1991) Remote Sensing of forest Resources, theory, and application.
Champman and Hall, London
8. Lanheywood, Sarah, Comelius, and Steve Carver. (1998). Introduction to Geographic
Information System. Pearson Education. England
9. Lillesand, T.M.; R.W. Kiefer, 1994.Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Third Edition.
The University of Wisconsin-Madison. John Wiley & Company. New york
10. Paul M. Mather. 1999. Computer process of Remote Sensed images, John Wiley. Sons.
Chichester. New York.
11. Peter A. Burrough and Rachael A. (1998). Principles of Geographic Information System. Oxford
University Press.
12. W.G. Reed. 2001. Physical Principles of Remote Sensing. Second edition. Scott Polar Research
Institute. The University of Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. S K Duggal, 2004,
Surveying Volume I Second Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. New
Delhi.
13. Heywood, I., Cornelius, S., and Carver, S. (2006). Introduction to Geographical Information
Systems. Prentice-Hall
14. Maguire, D., Batty, M., Michael, and Goodchild, F. (eds). (2005). GIS, Spatial Analysis and
Modeling. ESRI Press
15. Burrough, P. A, and A. McDonnell, R. A. (1998). Principles of Geographic Information
Systems, 2nd Ed. OUP Oxford
16. Longley, P., Goodchild, M.F, Maguire, D., and Rhind, D. (2005). Geographic Information
Systems and Science,2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell
Mode of Delivery:
• Lecture
• Lab exercise
• Group discussion and presentation
• Home study
Mode of Evaluation/Assessment:
• Laboratory exercise --------------------------------------------------------------- 20%

• Project work and presentation --------------------------------------------------- 15%
• Quiz --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10%
109
• Mid-term-Examination ----------------------------------------------------------- 20%

• Final Examination ----------------------------------------------------------------- 35%
Course Policy
University
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Sustainable Forest Management

110
Pre-requisites (if any): Nursery Establishment and Plantation Management

Course description: Definitions and the scope of forest management, objectives of forest
management, factors affecting forest management, Forest ecology, role of forests in global ecology,
forest ecosystem management, principles of sustainable forestry, the principles of sustained yield,
forest sustainability, forest sustainability criteria and indicators, forest regeneration, basic elements
and methods of forest management, developing, evaluating, and applying prescriptions, describing
and classifying forestlands for management purpose, predicting forest condition and outcomes,
preparing plans, forest inventory, purpose of forest inventory, types of forest inventory, planning
forest inventory, sampling designs in forest inventories, forest mensuration and stand parameters,
basics of mensuration, measurement of tree parameters, basics of mensuration, measurement of tree
parameters, determination of tree volume, weight, and biomass, stand parameters (age, species
composition, diameter, height, volume, weight, biomass, crown and canopy measurement, understory
and regeneration, site quality, density and stocking), forest protection (invasive species, forest fire,
forest insects, pests and diseases), Approaches and pillars of sustainable forest management,
approaches for implementing sustainable forest management (top-down development, top-
downconservation planning, bottom-up development, participatory action), pillars of sustainable
forest management (economic, environmental, social), biodiversity and livelihoods in forest
management, forest policy and governance, general overview, Ethiopian forest management
problems, Ethiopian forest Policy, strategies and laws, local forest governance in Ethiopia Course
objective:
After having the course students should:
 Explain Sustainable Forest Management
 Describe principles of sustainable forestry
 List and explain the basic elements and methods of forest management
 Acquainted with the knowledge and skills of Forest inventory and mensuration
Practices
 Describe the concepts of forest protection
 Explain the pillars of sustainable forest management
 Brief the issues in forest policy and governance
 Explain the attachments of biodiversity and livelihoods in forest management
COURSE CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definitions of Terminologies
1.2. Scope of Sustainable Forest Management
1.3. Objectives of Forest Management
111
1.4. Factors Affecting Forest Management

1.5. Abuses of Forests
1.6. Managing Forest Values
2. FOREST ECOLOGY
2.1. Forest Ecosystem Management
2.2. Ecological Role of Forests
2.3. Ecological Principles in Forest Regeneration
3. PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY

3.1. Principle of Sustained Yield
3.2. Forest Sustainability
3.3. Forest Sustainability Criteria and Indicators
3.4. Forest Regeneration
4. ELEMENTS AND METHODS OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT

4.1. Elements of Sustainable Forest Management
4.1.1. Legal and policy framework
4.1.2. Sustained and optimal production of forest products
4.1.3. protecting the environment
4.1.4. Wellbeing of people
4.1.5. Extra considerations applied
4.2. Forest Management Methods
4.2.1. Developing, Evaluating, and Applying Prescriptions
4.2.2. Describing and Classifying Forestlands for Management Purpose
4.2.3. Predicting Forest Condition and Outcomes
4.2.4. Preparing Plans
5. FOREST INVENTORY AND MENSURATION
5.1. Forest Inventory
5.1.1. Purpose of forest inventory
5.1.2. Types of forest inventory
5.1.3. Planning forest inventory
5.1.4. Sampling Designs in Forest Inventories
5.2. Forest Mensuration and Stand Parameters
5.2.1. Basics of mensuration
5.2.2. Measurement of tree parameters
112
5.2.3. Determination of tree volume, weight, and biomass

5.3. Stand Parameters
5.3.1. Age, Species composition
5.3.2. Diameter, Height
5.3.3. Volume, weight, and biomass
5.3.4. Crown and canopy measurement
5.3.5. Understory and regeneration
5.3.6. Site Quality
5.3.7. Density and stocking
6. FOREST RESOURCE PROTECTION

6.1. Forest Fire Management
6.2. Forest Insects, Pests and Diseases Management
6.3. Invasive Species Management
6.4. Protection from illegal harvesting
6.5. Protection From Animals
6.6. Protection From Adverse Climatic Conditions
7. APPROACHES AND PILLARS OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT

7.1. Approaches to Forest management
7.1.1. Protected areas
7.1.2. Sustainable forest management
7.1.3. Sustainable use of tree species
7.1.4. Forest restoration
7.2. Approaches for Implementing Sustainable Forest Management
7.2.1. Top-down development
7.2.2. Top-down conservation planning
7.2.3. Bottom-up development
7.2.4. Participatory action
7.3. Pillars of Sustainable Forest Management
7.3.1. Economic
7.3.2. Environmental
7.3.3. Social
8. BIODIVERSITY AND LIVELIHOODS IN FOREST MANAGEMENT

8.1. Biodiversity in Production Forests
113
8.2. Agroforestry
8.3. Forest Landscape Restoration
8.4. Forest Protected Areas
8.5. Non-Timber Forest Products
8.6. Unsustainable, Unregulated, and Unauthorized Harvesting
8.7. Payments for Environmental Services
8.8. Role of Indigenous and Local Communities
8.9. Forest Biodiversity in National Strategies and Action Plans
8.10. Access and Benefit-Sharing
8.11. Communication, Education and Public Awareness
9. FOREST POLICY AND GOVERNANCE

9.1. General Overview
9.2. Forest Management Problems of Ethiopia
9.3. Ethiopian Forest Policy, Strategies, and Laws
9.4. Local Forest Governance in Ethiopia
Practical and/or Lab. Session:

a. Preparing a forest management plan for a forest of a certain area
b. Forest inventory and mensuration (collecting field data and processing E.g.
collecting tree parameters and determining the biomass, weight, and volume)
c. Field visit of common alien invasive species, diseases, and pests
REFERENCES:
• Bryan G. Bowes, 2010. Trees and Forests; a color guide, biology, pathology, propagation,
silviculture, surgery, biomes, ecology, conservation. Manson Publishing.
• Evans, 1992. Plantation forestry in the tropics. Oxford University Press, New York.
• FAO, 2001. Guideline for the Management of Tropical forests, Working Paper 135, Rome
• Florencia M. and Carl. F. J., 2005. Tropical Forest Ecology, the basis for conservation and
management, springer.
• Hans H., 1986. Silviculture in the tropics
• Joe Landsberg and Richard Waring, 2014. Forests in Our Changing World, New Principles
for Conservation and Management, Island Press, Washington.
• John D. M., 1989 Silvicultural systems
114
• Laslo Pancel and Michael Kohl, 2016. Tropical Forestry Handbook. 2nd Edition,
SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg.
• Newton A.C., 2007. Forest ecology and conservation, a handbook of techniques, Oxford
University Press.
• Pancel L., 1993. Tropical forestry handbook, Volume 1
• Sophie Higman, James Mayers, Stephen Bass, Neil Judd, and Ruth Nussbaum, 2005. The
Sustainable forestry handbook, 2nd edition, ProForest limited and international institute for
environment and development.
• Young, A.R. and Giese, L.R., 1990. Introduction to forest science, 2nd edition, New York
Mode of Delivery:
• Lecture
• Field and lab practical/s
Assessment Methods:
Assessment is carried out both as a continuous process during course delivery, which constitutes
50% Weight in the total mark & final exam, which constitutes a maximum of 50%. The
assessment methods involved are summarized as follow:
• Continuous assessment [Quiz, Test results, Group assignment reports, Individual assignment
reports, Practical session participation/Fieldwork or visit, Project work, and Class activity]
• Final exam
Course Policy
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, laboratory and practical sessions as well
as fieldwork. For the situations where you fail to attend sessions, because of reasons beyond your
University
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
115
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Range Land Ecology and Management

Course Credit; Cr.Hr/ECTS: 2 (2+0)/ 3 Semester: I Instructor/s Full
Name: ____________________________
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course will focus on synthesizing science and ecological principles that drive the dynamic nature
of rangeland ecology. Topics will include the history of range management, ecological drivers of
rangelands, grazing management, vegetation management, and management of rangelands for
multiple ecological services. rangeland geography of the world; rangeland vegetation types and
classifications; ecological adaptation strategies of rangeland plants to herbivore; physiology of range
plants; photosynthesis and products, plant phenology; plant community structure and dynamics;
succession, stability, and resilience of rangelands; rangeland ecosystem components and functioning;
rangeland biodiversity; range inventory, monitoring, and evaluation; assessment of rangeland
condition; grazing management about the intensity of grazing and stocking rate; pasture
establishment, improvement, renovation, and management; range resources degradation;
rehabilitation of degraded rangelands, ideal pastoralism systems, range burning; principles of
photographic interpretation:
Course Objectives
 Develop an understanding of what rangelands are, why they are important, and the role of science
in managing rangelands.
 Identify ecological principles that drive rangeland ecosystem function and structure
 Gaining factual knowledge such as terminology, classifications, methods, and trends.
 Identify and describe major rangeland types and their unique importance to society.
116
 Explain basic factors that drive rangeland ecosystems such as fire, herbivory, and climate.
 Describe how management actions can manipulate ecosystem drivers and influence ecosystem
function and structure, and be able to predict the potential management outcomes.
 Understand how management can affect ecosystem services provided by rangelands
COURSE OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION TO RANGELAND ECOLOGY
1.1. Definitions and Concepts of Rangeland Ecology
1.2. The importance of Rangelands
1.3. Range Management
2. WORLD RANGELAND ECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION
2.1. Ecosystem Concept and Components
2.2. Functioning of Ecosystem Services
2.3. Types of Rangelands Ecosystems
2.3.1. Grassland
2.3.2. Savanna
2.3.3. Steppe
2.3.4. Desert
2.3.5. Forest
2.3.6. Tundra
2.4. Distributions of Rangelands Ecosystems
2.5. Distributions of Rangeland Ecosystems in Ethiopia
3. GRAZING RESISTANCE OF RANGELAND VEGETATION
3.1. Strategy of Escape
3.1.1. Space mechanisms
3.1.2. Time mechanisms
3.2. Tolerance Strategy
3.2.1. Morphological mechanisms
3.2.2. Physiological mechanisms
4. RANGE UTILIZATION, CONDITION AND TREND ANALYSIS
4.1. Range Utilization
4.2. Methods to Determine Utilization
4.2.1. Grazed and ungrazed comparisons
4.2.2. Grazed class method
4.2.3. Height-weight method
4.2.4. Stubble height
4.2.5. Paired plot method
4.3. Range Condition Classification
4.4. Condition Trend Analysis
4.5. Carrying Capacity
4.5.1. Animal units
4.5.2. Animal unit equivalents
4.5.3. Animal unit months
4.5.4. Stocking rate
5. RANGE REHABILITATION AND IMPROVEMENT METHODS
117
5.1. Rangeland Rehabilitation

5.1.1. Regeneration of degraded rangelands
5.1.2. Seeding/Reseeding
5.1.3. Water conservation
5.1.4. Control of bush encroachment
5.1.5. Fire management
5.2. Principles of Grazing Management
5.2.1. Grazing system (types)
6. RANGELAND INVENTORY AND MONITORING
6.1.1. General Principles of Rangeland Inventory and Monitoring
6.1.2. Sampling Concepts
6.1.3. Sample Units
6.1.4. Types of sample units
6.1.5. Sample unit size
6.1.6. Sample unit shape
6.1.7. Sample Size
6.1.8. Allocation of Sample Units - Sampling Designs
6.1.9. Stratified sampling
6.1.10. Systematic sampling
6.1.11. Random sampling
6.1.12. Vegetation Attributes in Range Inventory
6.1.13. Rangeland Monitoring Techniques
7. PASTORALISM AND RANGE MANAGEMENT
7.1.1. General Characteristics
7.1.2. Types of Pastoralism
7.2. Socio-Economic Conditions of Pastoralists
8. RANGELAND AND WILDLIFE
8.1. Overview of Wildlife Ecology
8.2. Wildlife-Rangeland Interaction
8.3. Functions of Rangeland Habitat
8.4. Structures of Rangeland Habitat
8.4.1. Horizontal habitat structure (Patchiness)
8.4.2. Vertical habitat structure (Canopy layer)
FILED PRACTICAL
1. Assessment of species composition and diversity
2. Plant-environment interactions in the rangeland ecosystem
3. Rangeland condition and utilization assessment: on-field practices
3.1 Utilization Measurements
3.2 Ocular
3.3 Paired Plot
3.4 Weight Before and After Grazing
3.5 Stubble Height and Height-Weight Ratio as an indicator of rangeland conditions
4. Evaluation of rangeland productivity. Eg. Biomass yield of shrub/tree, herbaceous plants
5. Measuring carrying capacity of rangelands
118
6. Assessment of rangeland degradation: eg. Soil degradation, invasive species, exotic spp/native
species proportion
7 Field visits on rangeland improvement practices. Eg. Reseeding, fire application, mechanical and
chemical woody plants controlling activities.
REFERENCES
Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 2004. Methodology for calculating carrying and grazing
capacity on public rangelands. Prepared by Rangeland Management Branch Rangeland
Resource Management Program. (inventory, vegetation classification, Carrying, and
grazing capacity.
Alemayehu Mengistu. 2005. Biodiversity Conservation and Management and Inventory and Monitoring.
Alemayehu Mengistu .2004. Rangelands Biodiversity: Concepts, Approaches, and the Way Forward.
Botkin D.B and E.A. Keller.1995. Environmental Science Friedel M.H., W.A. Laycock and G.N.
Bastin.Assessing
Rangeland Condition and Trend. CSIRO, Department of Wildlife and Ecology,( grazing mgt) Jerry
L., Rex D. and Carlton H., 2001. Range Management Principles and Practices. Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, USA.
Mannetjie L. and Jones R.M. (eds). 2000. Field and Laboratory Methods for Grassland and Animal
Production Research. Department of Plant Sciences. Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
Pellan M., P.Shaver, D. A. Pyke, J. E. Herrick. 2000. Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health.
United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1734-6.
( Range health)
Perrings C. &, B. Walker. 2004. Conservation in the optimal use of rangelands. Environment
Department, University of York. Available @ www.sciencedirect.com. Whalley R.D.B. and M.B.
Hardy. Measuring Botanical Composition of Grasslands. Botany Department, University of New
England
Mode of Delivery
 Lectures
 Field visit
Tutorials
Assessment Methods
Assessment is carried out both as a continuous process during course delivery, which
constitutes 50% weight in the total mark, and final exam, which constitutes a maximum of
50%.
reports, Practical session participation/Fieldwork or visit, Project work, Class activity] Final
exam
Course Policy
119
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Hydrology

Course Credit; Cr.Hr/ECT: 3(2+1) / 5 Semester: I
Address: Building ____________ Email: ____________
Office No:___________________ Telephone:_________
Course Description
Definition and scope of hydrology, water occurrence in nature, hydrological cycle; precipitation:
the mechanism of precipitation formation, type of precipitation, measurement of precipitation,
Evapotranspiration, Processes ET, factor affecting ET, measurement of ET, estimation of ET,
infiltration, measuring infiltration, rate, infiltration Indices, and equation; Runoff: rainfall and
runoff relation, factor affecting runoff, Hydrography and its components, unit hydrography,
estimation of runoff, flood, flood forecasting, and Warning; stream flow measurement:
measuring streamflow; groundwater: aquifer formation, properties of aquifers, type of aquifer,
water table, groundwater flow, Darcy’s law, groundwater potential, Water Hazards and their
Management, human impacts on the hydrologic cycle.
Objective
 Upon completion of the course, students will be able to:
 Describe the concept of hydrology and describe the hydrologic cycle
 Explain the mechanism of water losses,
 Operate precipitation measurement,
 Apply method to calculate runoff yielded from a given area,
 Explain aquifer formation, type of aquifers, and properties of good aquifers,
120
 Describe basic concepts of occurrence and movements of groundwater Differentiate

aquifers and their characteristics
 Explain how sediment storage capacity of a reservoir.
 Describe human impacts on the hydrologic cycle and manage groundwater resources
Course outline
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Concept and Definition of Hydrology
1.2. Hydrologic cycle and its processes
1.3. Precipitation-Runoff-Infiltration-Evaporation Analysis
1.4. Importance of hydrologic to society
1.5. Water Balance
1.6. Water supply for Agriculture
2. PRECIPITATION
2.1. Precipitation processes
2.2. Type of precipitation
2.3. Measurement of precipitation
2.3.1. Estimating missing precipitation data
2.3.2. Analysis and interpretation of precipitation data
2.3.3. Measuring mean real depth precipitation
2.3.4. Rain-gauge network design
2.3.5. Error in the measurement of precipitation and locating of rain-gauges
2.4. Rainfall Erosivity
2.5. Infiltration and Soil- Water Processes
3. EVAPORATION AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
3.1. The Evaporation Process
3.2. Transpiration Process
3.3. The Evapotranspiration Process
3.4. Factors Affecting Evapotranspiration
3.5. Measurements and Estimation of Evapotranspiration
4. RUNOFF
4.1. Concept of runoff
4.2. Rainfall and runoff relation
4.3. Runoff processes and factor affecting runoff processes
4.4. Surface and Subsurface runoff
121
4.5. Watershed characteristics

4.6. Runoff characteristics
4.7. Hydrography and it's component
4.8. Estimation of runoff
4.8.1. Rational method
4.8.2. Curve number method
4.8.3. Infiltration indices method
4.8.4. Hydrography method
4.9. Flood
4.9.1. Estimation of the peak flow of flood
4.9.2. Flood forecasting and warning
5. STREAM- FLOW MEASUREMENT
5.1. Selection of Site Stream Gauging Station
5.2. Stream Interaction With Its Environment
5.3. Stream Flow and Methods of Measuring Stream Flow
5.3.1. Weirs
5.3.2. Slope area methods
5.3.3. Area Velocity Method
5.3.4. Current method gaugings
5.3.5. Use of streamflow measurements
5.3. Stream characteristics/basin morphometry
5.4. Stream stability and sediment transport
5.5. Flood plains
6. GROUNDWATER
6.1. Aquifer formation
6.2. Properties of Aquifer
6.3. Type of Aquifer
6.3.1. Unconfined Aquifer
6.3.2. Confined Aquifer
6.3.3. Semi confined Aquifer
6.4. Water Table
6.5. Ground Water Flow
6.5.1. Steady-state flow
6.5.2. Unsteady state flow
6.5.3. Darcy’s law
122
6.6. Groundwater Recharging

6.5. Groundwater Potential and Management of Ethiopia
7. GROUNDWATER RISK AND ITS MANAGEMENT
7.1. Water and the Nature of its Pollution
7.2. Flood Disaster and Its Management
7.3. Landslide Hazards and their Management
7.4. Disaster due to Collapse of Dams
7.5. Hazards due to Droughts
7.6. Information and System Organization for Disaster Mitigation List of practical’s/Field visit:
Visiting meteorological station and introducing student with measuring equipment’s
Working with meteorological and hydrological data (analysis and interpretation) Visiting
impact of flood disaster and its mitigation measurements
Mode of delivery:
 Lectures, Group discussion, Field visits, Tutorials  Mode of evaluation:
 Class attendance (optional) 5%
 Quiz 10%
 Individual assignment (including practical report) 10%
 Group Assignments (and Presentation-optional) 10%
 Test 25%
 Final Semester Examination 40%  Total
100%
REFERENCES
Subramanya, K. 2008. Engineering Hydrology
Raghunath, H. M. 2006. Hydrology principle, analysis, and Design Grag.
2002. Hydrology and water resource management.
Ramixi Reddy. 1992. A Text of hydrology
Fetter. C. W. 2001 Applied hydrology, 4th Edition.
Keith Todd & Larry W. Mays, 2005. Groundwater Hydrology, Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons
Inc., USA.
John.E. Moore,2002, Field Hydrogeology: A Guide for Site Investigations and Report Preparation.
LEWIS Publishers.
Fletcher G. Driscoll, 1995. Groundwater and Wells, 2nd ed. Johnson Screens, USA.
Freez and Cherry, 1979. Groundwater David Keith Todd.1980. Ground Water Hydrology.
Allen Freeze and John A.Cherry.1979. Ground Water Prentice Hall Abdel Aziz Ismail Kashef
.1986. Ground Water Engineering.McGraw –Hill, New York G.P.
Kruseman. 1994. Analysis and Evaluation of Pumping Test Data, second edition, TNO Institute
of Applied Geoscience, Delft
Course Policy
123
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, laboratory and practical sessions as
well as fieldwork. For the situations where you fail to attend sessions, because of reasons
beyond your control, see the senate legislation of the University.
University
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
124
Course Title: Sustainable Agricultural Systems

Course Credit; Cr.Hr /ECTS: 2(2+0) /3 Semester: I
Course Description:
This course explains the various aspects of sustainable agricultural systems to undergraduate students
of natural resource management. The course mainly focuses on addressing issues like definition and
concepts of agriculture, agricultural systems, and sustainable agriculture; the history, principles and
practices, objectives, benefits, and elements of sustainable agriculture; terms and definition, and
types of cropping systems; principles of crop husbandry (agronomic practices) i.e. tillage, irrigation
and drainage, seeds and seeding, soil fertility management, crop improvement and protection,
harvesting, storing, and marketing; major field crops grown in Ethiopia; introduction to livestock
production; livestock production systems; types of livestock and their features; and sustainable
livestock production, husbandry, integration and role in Ethiopian Agriculture.
Course Objectives:
At the end of this course, students will be able to:
• understand and explain the basic concepts of sustainable agricultural systems;
• differentiate the different principles and practices of sustainable agricultural systems either that
do or do not contribute to managing the natural resource base and producing products sustainably;
• familiarize with the different cropping systems and analyze their cons and pros about sustainable
agriculture;
• recognize and describe the major field crops grown in Ethiopia;
• identify specific issues related to livestock and livestock product production systems;
• assess the challenges and opportunities facing different livestock sectors;
• critically evaluate measures to improve the sustainability of a livestock production system; and
Know the role of livestock production in Ethiopian agriculture.
Course outline
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Basic concepts of Agriculture, Agricultural Systems and Sustainability
1.2. History of Sustainable Agriculture

1.3. Principles and Practices of Sustainable Agriculture
1.4. Objectives of Sustainable Agriculture

125
1.5. Benefits of Sustainable Agriculture
1.6. Elements of Sustainable Agriculture
2. CROPPING SYSTEMS
2.1. Terms and Definitions
2.2. Types of Cropping Systems
3. PRINCIPLES OF CROP HUSBANDRY
3.1. Tillage and Land Preparation
3.2. Irrigation and Drainage
3.3. Seeds and Seeding
3.4. Soil Fertility Management
3.5. Crop Improvement
3.6. Crop Protection
3.7. Crop Harvesting and Storage
3.8. Marketing of Agricultural Crops
4. MAJOR FIELD CROPS GROWN IN ETHIOPIA
4.1. Cereal Crops
4.2. Grain Legumes
5. INTEGRATED CROP-LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
5.1. Fertilizer Tree
5.2. Perennial Tree
5.3. Cover Crops
5.4. Integrated Crop-Livestock Production Systems
6. INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
6.1. Terminologies
6.2. Domestication of Farm Animals/Livestock
6.3. Multi-functionality/Role of Livestock

6.4. Challenges in Livestock Production Systems
6.5. Challenges to Meet Sustainable Livestock Agriculture
126
7. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
7.1. Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral System
7.2. Urban and Peri-Urban system
7.3. Mixed/Integrated System
8. TYPES OF LIVESTOCK AND THEIR FEATURES
8.1. Small Ruminants Versus Large Ruminants
8.2. Ruminants Versus Monogastric
8.3. Aquatic Versus Terrestrial Animals
9. SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION HUSBANDRY, INTEGRATION, AND

ROLE IN ETHIOPIAN AGRICULTURE
9.1. Monogastric
9.1.1. Poultry
9.1.2. Swine
9.2. Large Ruminant
9.2.1. Dairy cattle
9.2.2. Beef cattle
9.3. Small Ruminant
9.3.1. Sheep
9.3.2. Goat
9.4. Aquaculture
9.5. Apiculture
Teaching and learning methods
Mode of delivery of the course includes lecture, field practice, and assignments
Assessment Methods
Evaluation will be carried out based on field practical which accounts for 25%, continuous
assessment, which comprises quizzes, tests, assignments 35 %, and the remaining 40% is the final
exam.
Assessment methods Allotted marks in %
Field /Laboratory Practical
1. Field/ Laboratory Report 10%
2. Field /Laboratory Practical Exam 15%
Total 25%
Lecture
1. Class participation/ 5% reflections/attendance
2. Assignment 10%
3. Tests 10% 4. Quiz 10%
5. Final Exam 40%
Total 75%
127
Field /Laboratory Practical:

Practical work
 Determination of seed purity and germination percentage on some major field crops and
demonstrating their effect on crop establishment in the field.
 Demonstrating the effect of different sources of fertilizer on the soil and growth of field crops
 Implementing principles of crop husbandry
 Comparing the different water-conserving tillage practices on crop emergence and growth of
field crops
 Visiting and evaluating farmers’ fields based on the principles and practice of sustainable
agriculture
REFERENCES:
Chandrasekaran, B., K. Annaduri, and E. Somasundaram. 2010. A Text-Book of Agronomy.
New Age International Publisher, New Delhi
Martin, H.J. W.H. Leonard, and D.L.Stamp. 2006. Principles of Field crop Production. 4th .ed.
Macmillan Publishing Co., New York.
National Research Council. 2010. Towards Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the 21st
Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/12832.
Reddy, P. Parvatha . 2016. Sustainable Intensification of Crop Production. Springer India (Pvt.)
Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Course Policy
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, For the situations where you fail to attend
sessions, because of reasons beyond your control, see the senate legislation of the University. 
Approval
____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Energy and Environment
128

Course Description
This course is designed to help students understand the basic concept of energy, energy generation,
energy use, energy efficiency, and environmental impacts. The course covers the nature, sources, and
natural energy flow on earth, as well as renewable and nonrenewable energy resources. Historical
energy use, conventional and alternative energy resources along with associated environmental
problems of energy production and consumption such as pollution and resource depletion are
contained.
Course Objectives
Upon the completion of this course, students will be able to:
• Describe basic energy concepts of energy
• Identify the major sources and uses of energy
• Account for conventional and renewable energy technologies and their application
• Describe the nature, scope, and impact of the most important environmental problems arising
from our current energy system
• Analyze the consequences of today’s energy consumption impact management option
• Reflect on technological, sociopolitical, and economic aspects of energy and the environment
Course Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
1. 1 .The Environment as a Medium for Energy
1. 2 .Natures (Forms and Types) of Energy
1. 3 .Earth Energy System and Ballance
1. 4 .Natural Energy Flow
1. 5 .Energy Conversions
1. 6 .Energy Transfer
1. 7 .Sources of Energy
2. RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
2.1. Hydropower
2.2. Wind Energy
2.3. Solar Energy
2.4. Geothermal Energy
2.5. Hydrogen Energy
2.6. Tidal and Wave Energy
2.7. Biomass energy
129
2.7.1. Bio-Energy Resources

2.7.2. Production and Management of Bio-fuel Plants
2.7.3. Bio-Energy Technology
3. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
3.1. Fossil-Fuel
3.1.1. Coal
3.1.2. Oil(Petroleum)
3.1.3. Natural Gas
3.2. Nuclear Energy
4. APPLICATION AND APPLIANCE OF ENERGY USE
4.1. Electric Power Generation
4.2. Heat Generation
4.3. Light Generation
4.4. Mechanical Energy Generation
4.5. Energy Appliance
5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ENERGY PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION
5.1. Resource Depletion
5.2. Outdoor air pollution
5.3. Indoor Air Pollution
5.4. Human Health
5.5. Global Warming
5.6. Acid Rain
5.7. Climate Change
6. ENERGY PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION MANAGEMENT
6.1. Production and Generation Management
6.2. Supply Side Energy Management
6.3. Demand Side Energy Management
6.4. Energy Utilization Impact Management
6.5. Energy Efficiency
6.6. Energy Conservation
6.7. Green Building Design
6.8. Waste to Energy Technology
7. SOCIO-POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
7.1. Environmental Ethics and Energy Conservation
7.2. Life cycle thinking in energy production and use
7.3. Economic expression of Energy
7.4. Gender Aspect of Energy
7.5. Energy and the UN's Sustainability Goals
7.6. Global Energy Politics
7.7. Case Study: Potentials and Challenges of Ethiopian Energy Production and Utilization
Mode of delivery
 Lecture
 Individual work
130
 Brainstorming
Mode of Assessment
 Quizzes: 10%
 Tests: 20%
 Final Examination: 45%
Reference
 The situation in Developing Countries.” Annual Review of Energy and Environment 18:
529–66.
 Bloom, D.E., and A. Zaidi. 1999. “Energy-Population Linkages in Developing Countries.”

Paper presented at World EnergyAssessment Lead Authors Meeting, London, March.
 Decher, R., 1994. Energy Conversion. New York: Oxford University Press.
 Fay, James A, and Golomb, Dan S, Energy and the Environment, Oxford, University Press
(2002
 Smith, K.R. 1993. “Fuel Combustion, Air Pollution ExpoBascom, R., and others. 1996.
“Health Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution
 Tester, J. W., D. O. Wood, and N. A. Ferrari, Eds., 1991. Energy and the Environment in
the 21st Century. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Course Policy
University
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
131
Course Title: Non-Timber Forest Products and Management

Course Credit; Cr.Hr/ECTS: 2(1+1)/3 Semester: II Instructor/s Full Name:
_______________________________
Address: Building: ________ Email: ________
Course Description
introduction, definitions of common phrases and terminologies, types of NTFPs, components of

NTFPs, major NTFPs, bamboo, mulberry and mushroom, distribution in Ethiopia, cultivation,
propagation and growth habit, harvesting techniques and utilization, medicinal plants, economic value
of medicinal plants, identification of medicinal plants, common medicinal plants in Ethiopia,
conservation of medicinal plant, parts used and harvesting effects, honey bee flora, gum and resin,
frankincense, domestication and commercialization of NTFPs, the concept of domestication and
commercialization, constraints and potentials in domestication, barriers of commercialization, value
addition techniques, harvesting and handling of NTFPs, collection and processing of NTFPs,
postharvest handling, sorting, grading and cleaning, certification and labeling, marketing
considerations, selling and quality control, role of NTFPs in sustainable development, social and
economic importance of NTFPs, biodiversity conservation, environmental function, sustainable
harvesting methods, valuation of NTFPs, socio-cultural and policy issues of NTFPs, traditional
knowledge of NTFPs, property right and implication in NTFPs management, impact of national
policies in NTFPs use and management, ecology of major NTFPs producing species, distribution and
diversity of floras, productivity and stability, conservation and management of tree/shrub lands.
Course Objective: at the end of this course the students should have to:
 Define and differentiate the various technical terms to be used in NTFPs
 Identify and list the types of NTFPs common in Ethiopia and elsewhere in the tropics
 Examine and describe rural peoples’ production and use of NTFPs
 Apply the traditional and modern methods of production and processing of NTFPs
 Develop conviction and tolerance of conservation (wise utilization) of NTFPs
 Introduce sustainable management techniques of NTFPs from natural and planted forest
 Demonstrate artificial development and utilization of NTFPs other than their natural
occurrence
132
COURSE CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definitions of Common Phrases and Terms
1.2. Types of Non-Timber Forest Products
1.3. Components of Non-Timber Forest Products
2. MAJOR NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS
2.1. Bamboo, Mulberry, and Mushroom
2.1.1. Distribution in Ethiopia
2.1.2. Cultivation, Propagation, and Growth Habit
2.1.3. Harvesting Technique and Utilization
2.2. Medicinal Plants
2.2.1. The economic value of medicinal plants
2.2.2. Identification of medicinal plants
2.2.3. Common medicinal plants in Ethiopia
2.2.4. Conservation of medicinal plant
2.2.5. Parts used and harvesting effects
2.3. Honey Bee Flora
2.4. Gum and Resin, Frankincense
3. DOMESTICATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF NON TIMBER FOREST
PRODUCTS
3.1. The Concept of Domestication and Commercialization
3.2. Constraints and Potentials in Domestication
3.3. Barriers of Commercialization
3.4. Value Addition Techniques
4. HARVESTING AND HANDLING OF NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS
4.1. Collection and Processing of Non-Timber Forest Products
4.2. Post-Harvest Handling
4.3. Sorting, Grading, and Cleaning
4.4. Certification and Labeling
4.5. Marketing Considerations
4.6. Selling and Quality Control
5. ROLE OF NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS MANAGEMENT IN SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
5.1. Social and Economic Importance of Non-Timber Forest Products
5.2. Biodiversity Conservation
5.3. Environmental Function
5.4. Sustainable Harvesting Methods
5.5. Valuation of Non-Timber Forest Products
6. SOCIO-CULTURAL AND POLICY ISSUES OF NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS
MANAGEMENT
6.1. Traditional Knowledge of Non-Timber Forest Products
6.2. Property Right and its Implication in Non-Timber Forest Products Management
6.3. Impact of National Policies in Non-Timber Forest Products Use and Management
7. ECOLOGY OF MAJOR NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS PRODUCING SPECIES
7.1. Distribution and Diversity of Floras
7.2. Productivity and Stability
133
7.3. Conservation and Management of Tree/Shrub Lands

REFERENCES:
 Azene Bekele, 2007. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Ethiopia
 Bolen E.G. and Robinson W.L. (2003).Wildlife Ecology and management, 5th edition. Pearson
education Inc. LTD, London.
 Demel T., Feyera S., Mark M., Million Bekele, Pia B., 2010. Edible Wild Plants in Ethiopia, AAU
Press
 Garg, R. (2006). Ecological and Environmental Studies. Delhi, India.
 Getachew Dessalegn, Melaku Abegaz, Demel Teketay and Alemu Gezahegn, 2012. Commercial
Timber Species in Ethiopia; Characteristics and Uses, AAU Press
 H.N. Pandey, 2010. Sacred Forests, Their Ecology and Diversity, Regency Publications, Delhi
 Hubbell, S. P. 2001. The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Princeton
University Press, Princeton.
 Nigist Asfaw and Sebsebe Demissew, 2009. Aromatic Plants of Ethiopia, Shama Books.
 Osborne, P. J. 2000. Tropical Ecosystems and Ecological Concepts. Cambridge University Press.
 Turner, I. M. 2001. The Ecology of Trees in the Tropical Rain Forest. Cambridge Univ. Press.
 Zelealem Leyew, 2011. Wild Plant Nomenclature and Traditional Botanical Knowledge Among
Three Ethnolinguistic Groups in North Western Ethiopia, Organization for Social Science Research
in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA)
 በቀለች ቶላ 2007. ሕክምና በቤታችን ፤ የቤት ዉስጥ ባሕላዊ ሕክምና በተፈጥሮ መድሀኒት
Mode of Delivery:
• Lecture
Assessment Methods: Assessment is carried out both as a continuous process during course delivery,
which constitutes 50% weight in the total mark, and final exam, which constitutes a maximum of 50%.
• Continuous assessment [Quiz, Test results, Group assignment reports, Individual
assignment reports, Project work, Class activity
• Final exam
Attendance Requirement: 85 % of the lecture class
134
Course Policy
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Limnology and Wetland Management

Course Credit: CrHr /ECTS: 2(2+0) /3 Semester: II
Instructor/s name:____________________________
Address: Building ------- Address: Building -------

Office No.: --------- Office No.: ---------
135
Course description
The course introduces students to freshwater ecology and wetland ecosystems. An integrated
examination of both standing and running freshwater ecosystems, particularly, focusing on lakes,
wetlands, and rivers. Major physical, chemical, and biological aspects of freshwater ecosystems
and Functions, values & benefits of wetlands will be discussed. Human-induced threats such as
accelerated eutrophication, sedimentation, and toxic contamination or pollution, and their effects
on the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems as well as controlling methods are emphasized.
The major contents will be Definition of limnology; lake variability; branches of limnology:
physical, chemical and biological limnology; wetlands: definition and distinguishing features of
wetlands; classification of wetlands; functions, values, and benefits of wetlands; wetland
management: threats of wetlands, consequences of wetland alteration and degradation, wetland
management practices; Ethiopia wetlands: distribution, values, benefits, threats and management
options of Ethiopia wetlands. Course objectives
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to

 Understand the structure and function of freshwater ecosystems
 Characterize physical, chemical, and biological attributes of fresh water ecology 
Familiarize yourself with the different functions, values & benefits of wetlands.
 Explain how the dynamic physical and chemical environment affect the biota of the
freshwater ecosystem
 Describe the major wetlands and lakes of our country
 Identify the human-induced threats on the freshwater ecosystem and suggest remedial
measures to be taken to sustain the ecological integrity of these systems
Course outline
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definition and Concepts of Limnology
1.2. Branches of Limnology
1.3. Physical Limnology
1.4. Chemical Limnology
1.5. Biological Limnology
2. LIMNOLOGY OF INLAND WATER BODIES

2.1. Lakes and Ponds,
2.2. Rivers and Streams
2.3. Springs
2.4. Groundwater
2.5. Marshes and Swamps
3. WETLANDS
3.1. Definition and basic concepts
3.2. Distinguishing Features of Wetlands
3.3. Classification of wetlands
3.3.1. Classification based on their water source
3.3.2. Classification based on Ramsar convention
4. FUNCTIONS, VALUES & BENEFITS OF WETLANDS

136
4.1. Values and Benefits of Wetlands

4.2. Hydrological Functions of Wetland
4.2.1. Wetlands for water quality
4.3. Chemical Functions of Wetlands

4.4. Biological Function of Wetlands
4.5. Wetland as a buffer to environmental pollution
4.6. Constructed wetlands and their benefits
5. WETLAND MANAGEMENT
5.1. Wetland management
5.2. Human-Induced Threats on Wetlands
5.3. Consequences of Wetland Alteration and Degradation
5.4. Wetland Protection
5.5. Wetland Restoration
6. ETHIOPIAN WETLANDS
6.1. Distribution of Ethiopian Wetlands
6.2. Values and Benefits of Ethiopian Wetlands
6.3. Major Threats on Ethiopian Wetlands (Ew)
6.4. Management of Ethiopian Wetlands
Mode of  Lecture
delivery  Group and individual assignments
 Reading assignments
Assessment  Home works ----------------------------------------------------------------------10%
methods  Projects works--------------------------------------------------------------------15%
 Quizzes and Tests----------------------------------------------------------------25%
 Final Semester Examination----------------------------------------------------50%
Course Policy
Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, laboratory and practical sessions as
well as field work. For the situations where you fail to attend sessions, because of reasons
Grading system: as per the undergraduate grading system of the senate legislation of the
University
137
Academic dishonesty: the highest standards of intellectual honesty in all academic works are
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________
_____________________________ Signature
Name of Program Coordinator
Course title: Land Degradation and Rehabilitation

Name: ____________________________
Prerequisite: Introduction to soils
Course Description
138
Land degradation and rehabilitation course examine the basic concepts of hazard, risk, vulnerability,
and degradation; and the major forms and main processes of land degradation. These include the
degradation of soil, vegetation, water, and atmosphere. The causes and impacts of the different forms
of land degradations; the tools, models, and methodologies for land degradation assessment and
monitoring are also under the topics to be addressed in this course. This course focuses also on
reconciling degradation and land resources management issues through the various land rehabilitation
strategies needed to restore, reclaim and remediate degraded land to support ecosystems' functions and
services. There is an emphasis on the analysis of real problems of land degradation and rehabilitation
at different scales.
Course Objectives
Up on the completion of this course, students will:
• Discuss the concept, types, causes, and impacts of various types of land degradation and
rehabilitation
• Identify the concerns, issues, types, tools, methodologies, and indicators to assess and monitor
degradation extent and severity;
• Develop integrated land management solutions at relevant scales in an ecosystem context.
COURSE OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Concepts and Definitions
1.1.1 Land
1.1.2 Land degradation
1.1.3 Risks, hazards, and vulnerability
1.1.4 Rehabilitation, reclamation, and restoration
1.2 Trends in Land Degradation
2. MAJOR FORMS OF LAND DEGRADATION

2.1 Vegetation Degradation: Forest, Rangeland
2.2 Soil Degradation: Physical, Chemical, and Biological
2.3 Water Degradation: Freshwater Depletion, Pollution
2.4 Atmospheric Degradation: Pollution, Climate Change
3. MAJOR CAUSES AND IMPACTS OF LAND DEGRADATION

3.1 Deforestation
3.2 Overgrazing
3.3 Land Use Mismanagement
3.4 Population Pressure
3.5 Urbanization
3.6 Land Tenure
3.7 Climate Change
3.8 Pollution
3.9 Loss of Biodiversity
3.10 Desertification
4. LAND DEGRADATION ASSESSMENTS

139
4.1 The Need for Assessing Land Degradation

4.2 Indicators of Land Degradation
4.1.1. Biophysical indicators
4.1.2. Socio-economic indicators
4.1.3. Institutional indicators
4.3 Methods of Land Degradation Assessment
4.3.1 Experts opinion
4.3.2 Remote sensing
4.3.3 Field monitoring
4.3.4 Productivity changes
4.3.5 Opinion of land-users and farm-level field criteria
4.3.6 Modeling
5. REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED LANDS

5.1 Approaches to Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands
5.2 Vegetation Rehabilitation: Area-closure, Afforestation, Reforestation
5.3 Soil Reclamation and Restoration
5.4 Wetland Restoration and Rehabilitation
5.5 Monitoring and Evaluating of Rehabilitation Performance
5.5.1 Performance measurement: a rating system
5.5.2 Selecting indicators: key steps and planning
5.5.3 Using indicators for monitoring
5.5.3.1 natural regeneration
5.5.3.2 soil seed bank
6. SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT (SLM)

6.1 Concept and Progress
6.2 Sustainable Land Use and Food Production
6.3 Barriers to Sustainable Land Management
6.4 Strategic Options
6.4.1 Land tenure and administration
6.4.2 Socioeconomic environment: participation, capacity, finance/investment
6.4.3 Policy, legal, and institutional mechanisms
6.4.4 Scaling up agroecological components
6.4.5 Other enabling environments
Practical
 Field visit: observe land degradation status of local watersheds
 Assessment of land degradation: assess some biophysical and chemical parameters of land and
analyze the data
 Evaluating local land rehabilitation projects: develop a checklist in line with the project
objectives; identify strength and limitations of the projects; evaluate major impacts of the project
REFERENCES
Blanco, H. & Lal, R. (2010). Principles of Soil Conservation and Management. Springer, New York.
FAO (2003). Data Sets, Indicators & Methods to Assess Land Degradation IN Dry lands. Rome,
140
Italy.
Imeson A. (2012). Desertification, Land degradation, and Sustainability. John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
UK.
Michael Stocking & Niamh Murnaghan (2000). Land Degradation: Guidelines for Field Assessment.
Norwich, UK.
Mirsal, I.A. (2008). Soil Pollution: Origin, Monitoring & Remediation. Second edition. Springer,
Berlin.
Sivakumar, M.V.K. and Ndiang‘ui,N. (Eds.) (2007). Climate and Land Degradation. (In)
Environmental Science and engineering. Springer, Berlin.
Mode of Delivery
 Lectures
 Tutorials
 Audiovisuals
 Practical/field visit
 Laboratory activities
Assessment Methods
- Continuous assessment 50%
- [Quiz, test, written assignments, practical/field/lab reports, presentations, and class
activity/participation]
- Final exam 50%
Course Policy
University
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Surveying and Mapping

141
Course Credit; CrHr/ECTS: 2(1+1)/ 4 Semester: II Instructor/s Full

Name: ____________________________
Course description
Surveying and mapping use state-of-the-art technology and mathematical-based analysis to study the
built and natural environments. This allows us to go beyond simply observing the world around us, to
collecting and analyzing data about it. The application of the data we collect is huge, from using lasers
to make 3D models of buildings for construction projects, to using satellite positioning to model
environmental changes. The course is designed to develop basic skills in spatial data collection, data
computation processing, and plotting or mapping. It emphasizes on definition and concept of surveying
need and purpose of surveying, use, and importance of surveying. Principles and techniques of ground
surveying: survey techniques, units of measurement, error, and mistakes, tools and instruments. Ground
survey and measurements: position fixing, horizontal distance, setting out right angles, obstacles. Chain
surveying: observation and measurements, procedures of the field, and the office work. Compass
surveying: observation and measurements, procedures of the field, and office work. Measurements of
vertical distance: leveling, techniques of leveling, elevation and contour, sectioning/ contouring, contour
characteristics. Map: map use, projection, scale, distance, and area measurement. GPS: Application of
GPS in data collection and information generation
Course objectives:
At the end of the course the students will be able to:

 Develop critical thinking (judgment of site, understanding of accuracy and precision, understanding
of data gathering requirements)
 Demonstrate skills of using different modern surveying instruments and techniques
 Demonstrate field data collections organization and analysis
 Generate information on different resources communicate to end-users using maps figures and
reports for resource planning, development, research, decision, and policy making
 Develop team work and skills
 Classify & record observations
 Draw inferences on relationships among observations
Course Outline:
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Basic Concepts and Definition
1.2. Classification of Surveying
1.3. Purpose of Surveying
1.4. Basic Measurement of Surveying
1.5. Importance of Surveying
2. PRINCIPLES AND THEORY OF ERROR

142
2.1. Basic Principles

2.2. Units of Measurement in Surveying
2.3. Error and Mistakes
2.4. Accuracy and Precision
2.5. Tools and Instruments of Ground Surveying
2.6. Major Techniques of Ground Surveying
2.7. Position Fixing
3. MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCES

3.1. Description of tools and instruments
3.2. Methods of Measurement
3.3. Horizontal Distance
3.4. Setting out Right Angles
3.5. Obstacles in Distance Measurement
4. MEASURING VERTICAL DISTANCE

4.1. Definition of Levelling
4.2. Principles of Levelling
4.3. Types of Levelling
4.4. Elevation and Contour
4.5. Contour Characteristics
5. COMPASS (TRAVERSE) SURVEYING: MEASUREMENTS OF HORIZONTAL AND

VERTICAL ANGLES
5.1. Basics of Trigonometry
5.2. Definitions and concepts
5.3. Open and closed compass traverse
5.4. Types of Measured Angles
5.5. Azimuth and Bearings
5.6. Angles and Directions
3.6.1. Angles to the direction
3.6.2. Direction to angles
5.7. Traverse Computations
5.7.1. Misclosure
5.7.2. Graphical method for closing a gap
5.8. Measurement and Computation of Areas
6. MAP READING
6.1. Principles and Use of Maps
6.2. Map Projection
6.3. Map Scale
6.4. Distance and Area Measurements Using Maps
7. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) AND GIS
7.1. Introduction to GPS
7.2. Application of GPS in Data Collection
7.2.1. Data Collection Using GPS
143
7.2.2. Integration of GPS Data into GIS System

7.3. Integrating GIS and remote sensing
7.4. Practical applications in Natural Resource Surveying
7.4.1. Forest resource survey
7.4.2. Soil and water resource survey
7.4.3. Ecological management
Mode of Delivery:
These teaching & learning Methods contain to make the student performance Lecture, Tutorial, Field
practice & report, Classroom Exercise, and group discussion.
Mode of Evaluation:
There is a continuous assessment of students’ performance through assignments, class tests (sudden or
cop-up quiz) in addition to the mid-term and final exams. Moreover, students are highly recommended to
attend the practical classes based upon the class arrangement with the co-instructor of the course. Based
on these pieces of information the tentative mark breakdown will be as follows.
 Quiz I &II…………………………….10%
 Individual assignment 10%
 Mid-test………………………………20%
 Group assignment …….…................. 10%
 Mini-project & Report……………… 20%
 Final exam………………………… 30%
 Total --------------------------------- 100%
References
Chandra A.M. (2002). Plane Surveying
th
Bannister A. (1977). Surveying (7 edition
A. Bannister, S.Raymond and R.Baker, (1998), Surveying
Moffit, Francis H. (1987), Surveying
R.E.Devis, F.S.Foot, J.M.Andersa, and E.M. Mikhail, (1998), Surveying Theory and Practice.
***** All Related Surveying Book *****
Course Policy
144
in the course and
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Soil and Water Management

Course Credit; Cr.Hr/ECTS: 3(2+1)/5 Semester: II Instructor/s
Full Name: ____________________________
145
Pre-requisites (if any): Introductory soil Course

description:
The course will include information on the introduction to soil resources and land degradation.
Principles of soil erosion and practices of soil and water conservation will also be discussed. The
course will cover soil erosion assessment and measurement methods and the principles of the water
cycle to improve water use efficiency in dry land areas and irrigated systems. Moreover, this course
will deal with soil water management and soil-water relationships; soil erosion kinds/types; their
causes and effects; their control measures; the role of cultural practices and cropping systems in the
integrated soil and water management and conservation as well as the magnitude of soil erosion in
Ethiopia. water quality and pollution, On-farm soil water conservation practices including
mechanisms of soil water losses will be included. Technical specifications in physical conservation
structure construction and some aspects of runoff will be studied in sufficient detail.
Course Objectives
Upon completion of the course, students will be able to:
o comprehend major causes of land degradation
o recognize the characteristics of soil water, its losses and management, and soil-waterplant
relationships,
o describe the methods of soil erosion hazard assessment and measure soil erosion
quantitatively in the field
o realize principles of soil erosion and conservation: types, cause and effects, and control
measures of erosion, and
o gain the principal role of cultural practices and cropping systems in the integrated soil and
water conservation and management; important soil fertility challenges and their
management. o Design, survey, construct and manage major physical conservation
structures and estimate runoff
COURSE OUTLINE:
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Soil as a Renewable Natural Resource
1.2. Land/Soil Degradation
1.3. Soil and Water Conservation
2. PRINCIPLES OF SOIL EROSION

2.1. Causes of Soil Erosion
2.2. Types of Soil Erosion
2.3. Agents of Soil Erosion
2.4. Factors Affecting Soil Erosion
2.5. Mechanics of Soil Erosion
2.6. Damages Caused by Erosion
3. WATER EROSION AND CONTROL
146
3.1. Forms of Water Erosion

3.2. Factors Affecting Water Erosion
3.3. Types of Water Erosion
3.4. Water erosion control measures
3.4.1. Soil loss tolerance
3.4.2. Mechanical measures of water erosion control
3.4.3. Agronomical measures of water erosion control
4. WIND EROSION AND CONTROL

4.1. Wind Erosion
4.2. Mechanics of Wind Erosion
4.3. Types of Wind erosion
4.4. Factors Affecting Wind Erosion
4.5. Estimation of Soil Loss Due to Wind Erosion
4.6. Wind Erosion Control Measures
4.6.1. Vegetative measures
4.6.2. Tillage practices
4.6.3. Mechanical measures
4.6.4. Sand dunes stabilization
5. SOIL EROSION ASSESSMENT

5.1. Soil erosion Hazard Assessment
5.2. Generalized Assessment
5.2.1. Erosivity indices
5.2.2. Rainfall aggressiveness
5.3. Semi Detailed Assessment
5.3.1. Land capability classification
5.3.2. Land systems classification
6. SOIL LOSS AND SEDIMENT YIELD ESTIMATION

6.1. Soil Loss/Sediment Yield Estimation
6.1.1. Estimation of soil loss
6.1.2. Universal soil loss equation (USLE)
6.1.3. Uses and limitations of USLE
6.1.4. Revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE)
6.1.5. Modified universal soil loss equation (MUSLE)
6.2. Erosivity and Erodibility
6.2.1. Erosivity of rainfall
6.2.2. Soil erodibility
6.2.3. Relationship between rainfall energy and soil erosion
6.3. Estimation of USLE Parameters
6.3.1. USLE parameters
6.3.2. Assumptions and estimation of USLE parameter
7. SEDIMENTATION
7.1. Sedimentation of Water Resources
147
7.1.1. Sedimentation
7.1.2. Sources of sedimentation
7.1.3. Factors affecting sedimentation of water resources
7.1.4. Losses due to sedimentation of water resources
7.2. Sediment Transport and Measurements
7.2.1. Mechanics of sediment transportation
7.2.2. Types of sediments transported along with streams
7.2.3. Methods of in-stream sediment measurements
7.3. Reservoir Sedimentation
7.3.1. Distribution and estimation of sediments in reservoirs
7.3.2. Factors affecting the sedimentation of reservoirs
7.3.3. Rate of reservoir sedimentation
7.3.4. Reservoir sedimentation control
8. WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION

8.1. Water Quality
8.1.1. Importance of water quality
8.1.2. Standards of water quality for different uses
8.1.3. National water quality monitoring program
8.2. Water Pollution
8.2.1. Types of water pollution
8.2.2. Sources of water pollution
8.2.3. Effects of water pollution
9. WATER CONSERVATION (WITH A FOCUS ON DRY LANDS)

9.1. The Water Cycle and Losses of Soil Water;
9.2. Field (On-Farm) Water Conservation Approaches
9.3. Water Conservation Practices and Water Harvesting Techniques Filed practical/s
(if any):
 Field visit
REFERENCES:
 Brady N.C and R.R. Weil, 2002. The nature and properties of soil, 13th Ed. Pearson Education,
Asia. 960p.
 Hudson, N., 1971. Soil conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 320p
 Morgan, R.P.C., 2005. Soil Erosion and Conservation, 3rd Ed. Blackwell Publishing. Victoria
3053, Australia.
 DuSanZachar, 1982. Soil Erosion. Developments in Soil Science 10. ElsevierScientific

Publishing Company, Bratislava
148
 Miller, R.W. and R.L. Donahue, 1995. Soils in our environment, 7 thEd.Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliff, New Jersey. 649p.
 Tripathi, R.P. and H.P. Singh, 1993. Soil erosion and conservation. New International (P)
Limited, Publishers, New Delhi. 305p.
 Suresh, R. (2009). Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Standard Publishers

Distributors,
Mode of Delivery: o Lectures o
Laboratory demonstrations o
Field visits and discussions
Assessment Methods:
o Laboratory and field visit reports and attendance…………..10% o
Specific lab exam……………………………..…………….10% o
Continuous assessment……………………….……………..30% o
Final exam…………………………….…………………….50%
Course Policy
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, laboratory and practical sessions as
University
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
149
Course Title: Water Resources Planning, Development and Management

Course Credit: CrHr/ECTS: 3(2+1)/ 5 Semester: II
Instructor/s Full Name: _____________________________

Course Description:
Water resources of the World and African continent, Water resources of Ethiopia, water use, Irrigation
development, Consumptive and non-consumptive uses of water, single- and multiplepurpose water
uses, Compatibility of different uses, Water Resources Development Planning and Management:
Concepts of Planning, Planning and Management Approaches, the generalized process of water
resource planning and management, Methods and Levels of planning, Types of water resources
information, Current Problems Related to Water Resources Management Activities, Surface water
reservoir systems, Allocation of available water resources, Water resources projects formulation,
Concepts of sustainability; Integrated Water Resources Management: Principles of IWRM, IWRM
tools, Steps towards more integrated development and management, Water Resources Planning and
Management Models: Water Resources Systems concept, Hydrologic models, Optimization models,
Systems concepts.
Course Objectives:
At the end of the course students will be able to:
Define various water resource problems
To describe fundamentals of the water cycle, hydrology and water use trends and categories
necessary for water resources planning
To discuss the planning process, its implementation activities, and its various theoretical bases
Understand the political and institutional context of water resources protection and management
To distinguish the various planning tools as well as their applicability and usefulness
To evaluate component(s) of a specific water resource planning project
150
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Water Resources of the World
1.2. Global water Distribution and Availability

1.3. Global Water Scarcity and food security
1.3.1. Water scarcity
1.3.2. Food security
1.4. Global Water Resource Challenges

1.5. Water Resources of Africa
1.6. Water Resources of Ethiopia
1.7. Hydrologic fundamentals
1.7.1. Definitions of hydrologic components
1.8. Water resource system
1.8.1. System Analysis
1.8.2. Advantage and limitations of the System approach
1.9. Components of Water Resources System
1.9.1. The geopolitical and institutional aspect
1.9.2. Hydro-physical and ecological aspect
1.9.3. Infrastructure and management aspect
1.9.4. The socio-cultural and economic aspect
1.9.5. Health and population
1.9.6. Water resources system assessment
1.9.7. Water resource vulnerability assessment
2. WATER SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION
2.1. Basic Concepts & Definitions
2.2. Sustainable Water Resource Utilization
2.3. Systems Analysis Techniques: Simulation, Optimization, Other Techniques
2.4. Optimization Techniques Of Water Resources
2.4.1.1. Linear programming (lp)
2.4.1.2. Graphic methods
2.4.1.3. Simplex method
2.4.1.4. Dynamic programming (DP)
3. WATER SOURCES
3.1. Rainfall Water Sources
3.2. Surface Water Sources
3.2.1. Ponds and lakes
3.2.2. Rivers and streams
3.3. Groundwater sources
3.3.1. Confined aquifers
3.3.2. Unconfined aquifers
3.4. Springs and Seeps
4. WATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS
151
4.1. Definitions and Classification

4.2. Definitions and Classification
4.3. Categories of Water Harvesting System
4.4. Water Requirements f Crops
4.5. Requirements for Water Harvesting
4.5.1. Soil requirements
4.5.2. Topographic requirements
4.5.3. Socio-economic factors
4.6. Type of Water harvesting structures
4.6.1. Roof water harvesting
4.6.2. Runoff water harvesting
4.6.3. Flood water harvesting
5. WATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

5.1. Water resources assessment approaches
5.2. Surface water development and water budget
5.3. Groundwater development and sustainability
5.4. Conjunctive uses of surface water and groundwater
5.5. Spring water development and protection
6. INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT

6.1. Concept of the river basin and its development
6.2. Integrated river basin development
6.3. Trans-boundary rivers basins and utilization
6.4. Geopolitics of Transboundary River Basins
7. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (IWRM)

7.1. Concepts and definitions
7.2. The need for IWRM
7.3. IWRM tools
7.4. Steps towards IWRM
7.5. Sustainability IWRM
8. WATER MANAGEMENT POLICY

8.1. The need for policy
8.2. The fundamental principle of water management policy
8.3. Policy on transboundary water
8.4. Policy on water supply and sanitation
8.5. Policy on hydropower policy
8.6. Policy on irrigation
9. WATER RESOURCE PLANNING
9.1.Concept and definition of planning
9.2.Planning approaches
9.3.Methods and levels of planning
9.3.1. Demands on the water resource system
152
9.3.2. Basic information for planning

9.3.3. Feasibility and design
9.4. Concept of Master plan
9.5. Institutional aspects of water resources planning in Ethiopia
 Assessment/Evaluation
Assessment is carried out both as a continuous process during course delivery, which constitutes 50%
weight in the total mark, and final exam, which constitutes a maximum of 50%.
reports, Practical session participation/Field work or visit, Project work, Class activity)
• Final exam
Attendance requirement: 85 % Lecture, 100% Practical
Reference:
PP Mujumdar,2005, Water Resources Systems Modeling Techniques and Analysis, McGraw-Hill
publishing company, Linslay, R. K., Franzini, J. B., Freyberg, D. L., and Tchobanoglous, G.
(1992): Water Resources Engineering, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill International Editions.
Course Policy
University
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Community Based Practical Education

Course Credit; CrHr/ECTS: 1(0+1)/2 Semester: II
153
Course Description
The course is intended to help students in orchestrating their theoretical knowledge on the real ground.
It provides students with experiences and skills of community engagement, observation of real natural
resources problems on the ground, and critical capacity to analyze and synthesize these problems. This
course to equip students with practical skills required to understand and solve natural resources
problems, carry natural resources knowledge and experiences to the public, and ultimately develop the
confidence to undertake the jobs of a natural resource professional and also assist the community’s
effort towards sustainable natural resources. This course provides students with an opportunity to gain
practical working experience and network with communities and other stakeholders. The program
coordinates the practical education by engaging students into communities with the objectives of
understanding, prioritizing, and providing professional advice for the problems with the chosen specific
area, which supervise and mentor the student during their placement.
Course Objectives: Upon the completion of the course, students will be able to:
 Increase students' capacity to identify, understand, and solving real-life NR problems.
 Support students’ theoretical knowledge with practices in the real world NR issues
 Increase students' ability to transfer NR knowledge, skill, and environmentally sound

technologies and practices to the community.
 Provide students with the required technical skill that will help them efficiently deliver natural
resources management education and practical experiences to the community.
 Increase students' skills to communicate and work smoothly with the community towards
sustainable use of natural resources.
 Disseminate the current knowledge of natural resources protection and conservation
 Participate in and strengthen community initiatives on the natural resources management and
protection
 Identify environmentally sound indigenous (e.g. Water resource handling and soil conservation)
and innovative practices, document, and re-disseminate the same.
 Create awareness on efficient energy use and provide technical support on how to develop
energy-efficient technologies using locally available resources.
 Provide practice-oriented environmental education to the different groups of the society at

selected model sub-sites.
154
 Create awareness on the role of females in environmental sustainability.
 Integrate knowledge sets learned in the classroom with skill sets needed in the workplace.
 Develop professional behavior, good communication and people skills, and the ability to
effectively plan and complete a project during community engagement experience.
 The present potential research problem for writing a research proposal and reporting skill.
COURSE OUTLINE: Not Applicable
COURSE PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES

1. Course plan
• Students have to follow a semester's practical education by engaging in communities parallel

with other courses in the semester during the fourth year first semester. The coordination,
overall supervision are upon the program.
• A faculty member will be in charge of monitoring and mentoring student’s progress in-field
performance and reporting.
• Students working mode whether it is the individual base or in group/team base will be decided
by the program based on appropriateness of facilities and other settings
• Upon completion of their practical education, students make a presentation outlining the work
they undertook, and the lessons they learned during their engagement. The placement runs for
two and a half month during semester break
2. Orientation: Students will be oriented to:
• The objective and purpose of the course

• Ethical and behavioral aspects during community engagement
• Techniques and methods of consultation, participation, informing and/or teaching, and learning
during their practical engagement in communities
• The organization, reporting, development, and delivering of presentations:
• Time management in the practical community engagement session as well as in preparing
reports
3. Work on paper: zero drafts, first drafts, final paper
• The final paper is required for completion of the course

• The final paper will be evaluated by the course coordinator, content advisor, and a
mentor
• Criteria include (1) completeness; (2) depth and accuracy of the issues; (3) analysis; (4)
organization; (5) quality of writing; and (6) formatting and proper citation
• The final seminar paper should be as follows:

 Length and typeface - the body of the paper (independent of any cover pages, illustrations, or
tables) must be at least 15 pages long. It must be in 12-in font size Times New Roman in font
155
type, double-spaced (with footnotes single-spaced), and with margins no larger than 1 inch
on the top, bottom and sides.
 Citation format- citation and reference style uses the university guideline and should be
consistent throughout the paper
 Submissions- all submissions must be made on time following the due dates and means of
submission to be given by the course coordinator.
4. Scholarly presentation
• Final presentations are required for completion of the course
• The final presentation will be evaluated by the course coordinator, content advisor, and a
mentor
• 15-20 minute will be given for a presentation of the paper topic and responding to questions
Mode of Delivery
- Community Engagement
- Filed work
- Report write-up and Presentation
Assessment Methods
- Field Engagement and Participation performance 10%
- Course coordinator evaluation (10%)
- Report paper (40%)
- Report presentation (40%)
Course Policy
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Integrated Watershed Management
Course Code: NaRM411 Class Year: Four

Course Credit: CrHr/ECTS: 3(2+1)/ 5 Semester: I
156

Course description
The course assesses watershed management and planning processes, watershed management practices,
watershed physical conditions, policy, and institutional needs towards watershed management. The
course further looks into the integrated watershed rehabilitation and different conservation techniques,
as well as impact monitoring and evaluation
Course objectives
At the end of the course, students are expected to:

• Acquaint with knowledge on the concepts of the watershed, watershed ecology and watershed
functions, watershed management, etc.
• Gain knowledge on the different approaches used to understand watershed management
• Understand how the different processes of watersheds are monitored and evaluated
• Define and collect biophysical and socio-economic data sets required in watershed-based land use
planning and prepare a general integrated watershed management plan
Course outline
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Concept And Definition Of Watershed And Other Related Terms
1.2. Watershed Ecology And Watershed Functions
1.3. Watershed Management
1.3.1. Definition and historical origins of watershed management
1.3.2. Why watershed-based management approaches
1.3.3. Aims and principles of watershed management
1.3.4. Benefits of watershed management approaches
1.4. Watershed Management Zones
1.5. Challenges of Watershed Management
2. GEOMORPHOLOGY OF WATERSHEDS
2.1. Watershed Hydrology And The Hydrological Cycle
2.2. Watershed Characterization (Physical, Biological, and Social)
2.3. Watershed Delineation, Mapping, and Area Measurement
2.4. Watershed Shapes and Shape Attributes
2.5. Stream/Channel Orders and Basin Orders
3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES AND CONSTRAINTS IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

3.1. Soil and Water Erosions
3.2. Vegetation Degradation and Loss of Biodiversity
3.3. Water Quality and Quantity
157
3.4. Conflicts in Watershed

3.5. Policy and Institutional Needs
3.6. Impact of Population and Local Economic Activities on Watersheds
3.7. Policies and Institutions
3.8. Infrastructure
3.9. Upstream-Downstream Relations in Watershed Management
3.10. Stakeholder Involvement in Watershed Management Planning
4. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICES

4.1. Components of Watershed Management
4.1.1. Land management
4.1.2. Biomass management
4.1.3. Water management
4.1.4. Livestock management
4.1.5. Management of social issues
4.2. Watershed Management Practices
4.2.1. Watershed protection and rehabilitation
4.2.2. Reforestation and area closures
4.2.3. Soil and water conservation practices
4.2.4. Gully control
4.2.5. Stream and landslide stabilization
4.2.6. Protection and restoration of source water
4.2.7. Buffer zone protection
4.2.8. Pasture and range management and improvement
4.2.9. Pollution control and prevention
5. INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

5.1. Definitions and basic concepts
5.2. Integration and its importance in sustainable watershed management
5.2.1. Natural system integration
5.2.2. Human system integration
5.3. Processes of integrated watershed management
6. DEVELOPING INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.1. Getting Started At Community Level
6.2. Biophysical And Socio-Economic Survey
6.3. Identification And Prioritization Of Major Biophysical Problems And Management Options
6.4. Identifying And Networking With Local Partnership
6.5. Organizing And Building Local Partnership/Watershed Group
6.6. Defining Role Of Partnership
6.7. Defining Concerns, Analyzing Information, and Setting Objectives
6.8. Getting To Know Your Watershed
6.9. Surveying The Critical Area
6.10. Selection And Prioritization Of Challenges/Opportunities
6.11. Prioritizing Of Challenges/Opportunities, Sources, and Causes 6.12. Problem Formulation
158
6.13. Developing Goals and Objectives

6.14. Developing The Plan
6.15. Selecting Management Alternatives
6.16. Monitoring And Evaluation
7. IMPACT MONITORING AND EVALUATIONS

7.1. On-Site: Land Use Production and Income
7.2. Off-Site: Sedimentation, Floods, and Water Quality
Mode of delivery
• Lectures supported by assignments
• tutorials
• Field visit to nearby watersheds and reports
Assessment methods
• Group Assignments & presentations
• Reports
• Tests/exam
• Final examination Course Policy
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Project Planning, Analysis, and Management

COURSE DESCRIPTION
159
This course is primarily designed to introduce students to the basic concepts of agricultural project
planning and management and to make them have an insight into how agricultural projects plan, analysis
and make the appropriate decision. The course acquaints students with basic principles, approaches,
techniques, and activities in the project cycle. Starting from conceiving the idea of a project to its
screening, analysis and project appraisal, financing of the project and project implementation and
finally, its evaluation is the part of the discussion in the course. Furthermore, project planning and
analysis as a learning task in this educational unit focus on investment appraisal and management by
using different techniques.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, students are expected to be able to:
• Understand the concept of agricultural projects, their features, and their role towards national
development;
• Get an insight into the project costs and benefits, project cycle, and sources of idea about it;
• Understand the different aspects of project preparation and analysis identify different approaches
to cost-benefit analysis of agricultural projects; and
• Get an understanding of the different methods of selecting or appraising agricultural projects.
COURSE OUTLINE
1. CONCEPTS OF PROJECT
1.1. The Project Concepts
1.2. What is Project?
1.3. The Linkage Between Projects and Programs
1.4. The Importance of Project Planning
1.5. What is Project Analysis?
1.6. The Project Formats
1.6.1. Advantages of the project format
1.6.2. Limitations of the project format
2. ASPECTS OF PROJECT PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS
2.1. Technical Aspects
2.2. Commercial /Demand and Market/ Aspects
2.3. Institutional-Organizational-Managerial Aspects
2.4. Financial Aspects
2.5. Economic Aspects
160
2.6. Social Aspects

2.7. Environmental Aspect Analysis
3. PROJECT CYCLE MANAGEMENT
3.1. Project Life Cycle World Bank Approach
3.1.1. Identification
3.1.2. Pre-feasibility study
3.1.3. Feasibility
3.1.4. Selection and project design
3.1.5. Implementation
3.1.6. Ex-post evaluation
3.2. Project Life Cycle – UNIDO Approach
3.2.1. Pre-investment Phase
3.2.2. Investment Phase
3.2.3. Operation Phase
4. PROJECT COSTS AND BENEFITS
4.1. Objectives, Cost, and Benefits
4.2. Costs and Benefits: in Financial and Economic Analysis
4.3. Categories of Costs and Benefits
4.3.1. Direct transfer payments
4.3.2. Costs of inputs
4.3.3. Contingency allowance
4.3.4. Sunk costs
4.3.5. Tangible benefits of projects
4.4. Externalities
4.4.1. Secondary costs and benefits
4.4.2. Intangible costs and benefits
5. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
5.1. Objectives of Financial Analysis
5.2. Market Analysis
5.3. Pricing Project Costs and Benefits
5.3.1. Finding market prices
5.3.2. Change in prices
5.3.3. Financial export and import parity price
5.4. Farm Investment Analysis
161
5.5. Computing Debt Service

5.5.1. Simple interest rate
5.5.2. Compound interest
6. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ANALYSIS
6.1. Purpose of Economic Analysis
6.2. Economic and social cost-benefit analysis
6.2.1. Shadow pricing/efficiency pricing
6.2.2. Steps in efficiency pricing
6.3. Approaches of measuring Economic Cost and Benefit of a Project (UNIDO/LM)
6.4. Economic Export and Import Parity Price
6.5. Valuation of Non-traded Goods
6.6. Valuing Externalities
7. EVALUATION AND APPRAISAL OF PROJECTS
7.1. With and without project comparison
7.2. Separable Components
7.3. Undiscounted Methods
7.4. Discounted Measure of Project Worth
REFERENCES
12. Behrens, W. and P.Hawrank. (1991). Manual for the preparation of industrial feasibility studies.
United Nations Industrial Development Organizations (UNIDO)
13. Chandra P. (1995). Projects: Planning, Analysis, selection, implementation, and 4th edition. Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
14. Edwin Flippo and Gary Munsinger. (1970). Project Management, 3rd edition Boston: Allyn and
Bacon.
15. Gittinger P. (1982). Economic Analysis of Agricultural Projects, 2nd edition, EDI Series in
Economic Development Institute of the World Bank, the Johnson Hopkins University Press,
USA.
16. Lumpy, Stephen. (1991). “Investment Appraisal and Financing Decisions”, fourth edition,
Chapman and Hall, London.
17. Potts D. (2002).Project planning and Analysis for development. Lynne Rienner publishers.
18. Kanshahu A.I., 1996. Planning and Implementing Sustainable Projects in Developing Countries:
theory, practice, and economics. AgBe Publishing, Holland.
162
19. Square, L. and van der Tak, H.G., 1992. Economic Analysis of Projects. 7th edition, The Johns
Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, and London.
20. Thirlwall, A. P., 2003, Economic Growth and Development: With Special Reference to
Developing Economies. 7th edition, Macmillan.
21. Bellas, A. and Zerbe, R. O., 2000. A primer for Cost-benefit Analysis. Harper Collins, NY.
22. Belli, P., 1996. Hand Book on Economic Analysis of Investment Projects. World Bank,
Operations Policy Department.
Mode of Delivery:
 Lecture
 Group Discussion and Reflection Assessment Methods:
 Quiz 5%
 Test 15%
 Assignment 10%
 Mid Exam 20%
 Final Exam 50%
Course Policy
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
163
Course Title: Principles of Irrigation and Drainage

Course Credit: Cr.Hr/ECTS: 3(2+1)/5 Semester: I
Course Description
Introduction: Early history of irrigation development, definitions of irrigation, source of Irrigation

Water, water resource and Irrigation development in Ethiopia, the water resource potential of Ethiopia,
constraints in Irrigation development in Ethiopia; Basic Soil-water relations: physical properties of
soil, soil water conditions, infiltration, factor affecting infiltration rate, soil moisture measurement, soil
water classification; crop water requirements, irrigation scheduling, estimation methods crop water
need; irrigation water quality and management, Irrigation method: surface irrigation methods,
pressurized Irrigation methods, low-cost drip irrigation system, irrigation efficiencies; Drainage
concepts and definition of drainage, the need of drainage, types/systems of drainage, the status of
irrigation and drainage in Ethiopia.
Learning Outcome
On successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:

 Determine definition and history of irrigation
 State the role of soil physical and chemical properties to soil water accessibility
 Determine soil moisture using various methods
 Apply formulae to calculate crop water requirements
 Apply CROPWAT software to calculate crop water needs
 Examine quality water for irrigation
 Explain appropriate irrigation methods for different crops, soils, and climatic zones
 Set irrigation schedules for different crops
 Determine the principles of drainage systems in the irrigation scheme
 Determine need, advantage, and type of drainage system
 Determine the status of irrigation and drainage in Ethiopia
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definitions of Irrigation
1.2. Early History of Irrigation Development
1.3. The Need for Irrigation
2. SOURCE OF IRRIGATION WATER
2.1. Surface Water Sources
2.2. Groundwater
2.3. Harvested Water
3. WATER RESOURCE AND IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN ETHIOPIA
164
3.1. Water Resource Potential of Ethiopia,

3.1.1. Surface water resource
3.1.2. Ground water resource
3.2. Irrigation Development in Ethiopia
3.3. Irrigation Potential of Ethiopia
3.3.1. Irrigation schemes in Ethiopia
3.3.2. Constraints in irrigation development in Ethiopia
3.3.3. Water management, policies and legislation related to water in agriculture
4. BASIC SOIL-WATER RELATIONS
4.1. Physical Properties of Soil
4.2. Infiltration and Soil Water Processes
4.2.1. The processes of infiltration
4.2.2. Factors affecting infiltration
4.3. Soil Water Conditions
4.4. Soil Moisture Conditions
4.4.1. Soil moisture content
4.4.2. Soil water classification
4.4.3. Soil moisture constants
4.5. The Energy State of Soil-Water
5. IRRIGATION METHODS
5.1. Surface Irrigation Methods
5.1.1. Basin irrigation
5.1.1.1. basin layout and construction
5.1.1.2. irrigating basins
5.1.2. Furrow irrigation
5.1.1.1. furrow layout and construction
5.1.1.2. irrigating in furrows
5.1.3. Border irrigation
5.1.3.1. layout of borders
5.1.3.2. irrigating borders
5.2. Pressurized Irrigation Methods
5.2.3. Sprinkler irrigation
5.2.3.1. sprinkler system layout
5.2.3.2. wetting pattern
5.2.4. Drip irrigation
5.2.4.1. drip (trickle) system layout
5.2.4.2. wetting pattern
5.2.4.3. low-cost drip irrigation system
5.3. Irrigation Efficiencies
6. CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS
6.1. Definition of Terms
6.2. Factors Affecting Crop Water Use
6.2.1. Climatic factors
6. 2.2. Crop type
6.3. Determination of Crop Water Needs
165
6.3.1. Pan evaporimeter

6.3.2. Empirical formulae
6.3.3. CROPWAT Software
6.4. Effective Precipitation
6.5. Irrigation Scheduling
6.5.1. Irrigation water need
6.5.2. Determination of irrigation scheduling
6.5.2.1. plant observation method
6.5.2.2. estimation method
6.5.2.3. simple calculation method
6.5.2.4. soil moisture measurement method
7. IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY AND MANAGEMENT
7.3. Classification of Irrigation Water Quality
7.4. Suitability of Irrigation Water
7.5. Management of Salt Affected Irrigation Water
7.5.1. Leaching requirement & artificial drainage
7.5.2. Pre-plant irrigation
7.5.3. Irrigation frequency management
7.6. Residue management
8. DRAINAGE SYSTEM
8.1. Concepts and Definition of Drainage and Drainage System
8.2. The Need For Drainage
8.3. Types of Drainage Systems
8.4. Selection of Drainage Systems
8.5. Improving Soil Condition Through Proper Management
Assessment/Evaluation
 Assessment is carried out both as a continuous process during course delivery, which constitutes
50% weight in the total mark, and final exam, which constitutes a maximum of 50%.
Teaching methods
 Continuous assessment (Quiz, Test results, Group assignment reports, Individual assignment
reports, Practical session participation/Field work or visit, Project work, and Class activity)
Practical work
 Field and laboratory for soil moisture content measurement
 Laboratory analysis of quality of irrigation water from different sources
 Field measurement of infiltration and sketching graph
 Field visit to small-, medium- and large-scale irrigation areas in the country

References
Ali M.H. 2010. Practices of Irrigation & On-farm Water Management: Volume 2 AM Michael, 2005.
Irrigation Theory and practices. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
Allen, R., L. Pereira, D. Raes and M. 1998. Smith. Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing
crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. Rome, Italy.
166
Dilip Kumar M., 2002. Irrigation Water Management: Principles and practices. Prentice-Hall of India,
New Delhi.
Doorenbos, J. and W.O. Pruitt. Rome. 1977. Crop water requirements (revised). Irrigation and Drainage
Paper 24. Rome, Italy.
Dr. R. Suresh, 2008. Land and water management principles. Prabhat Offset Press, Delhi. Stern,
P. 1979. Small Scale Irrigation. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, and
International Irrigation Information Center, Bet Dagan.
Withers, B. and S. Vipond. 1974. Irrigation Design and Practice. Batsford, London.
Course Policy
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, laboratory, and practical sessions as well
as fieldwork. For the situations where you fail to attend sessions, because of reasons beyond your
University
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Research Methods

Course Credit; Cr.Hr/ECTS: 3(3+0) /5 Semester: I Instructor/s Full
Name: ____________________________
167

Course Description
Using real-life situations, this course is designed to introduce students to the basic skills of research
problem formulation and proposal preparation. Students will have an opportunity to develop these skills
further by designing and implementing a project of special personal interest on a problem related to the
environment. The course covers the following topics: Purpose of doing research; scientific and other
methods of conducting research; the research process: formulating research problems, data collection
procedures; data processing and analysis; report writing; different kinds of research designs such as
survey, participant observation, experimentation, and quasi-experimentation; consumption of research
results; ethics in research.
After the course, students will be able to:
• Describe what research is and explain the purpose of doing research
• Identify researchable problems in Environmental Sciences
• Explain the different types of research designs and their functions
• To understand what data collection is and explain the various types of data collection tools
• Distinguish between basic, applied, disciplinary, inter(multi) disciplinary researches Write
research proposal and concept notes
1.INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODS

1.1 Definition Research?
1.2 Sources of Knowledge
1.3 Purpose of Research and Ethics In Research
1.4 Types of Research
1.5 Research and Theory
1.6 The Scientific Approach
1.7 Stages of Research Process
2. FORMULATION OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
2.1 Selection of A General Topic
2.2 Literature Review and Exploratory Study
2.3 Specification of Objectives And Hypotheses
2.4 Concepts and Variables
2.5 Types of Variables
2.5.1 Dependent, independent, intervening, and extraneous variables 2.5.2 Attribute and active
variables
2.5.3 Continuous and discrete variables
2.5.4 Qualitative and quantitative variables
2.6 Measurement
2.6.1 Nominal scale
168
2.6.2 Ordinal scale

2.6.3 Interval scale
2.6.4 Ratio scale
3. SAMPLING
3.1 Population and Sample
3.2 Sampling Errors and Sample size
3.3 Probability Sampling
3.3.1 Simple random sampling
3.3.2 Systematic random sampling
3.3.3 Stratified random sampling
3.3.4 Cluster sampling
3.3.5 Multistage sampling
3.4 Non-probability sampling
3.4.1 Judgemental sampling
3.4.2 Purposive sampling
3.4.3 Snow ball sampling
3.4.4 Quota sampling
4. SELECTION OF STUDY DESIGN
4.1 What is research design
4.2 Basic elements of study design
4.3 Major types of study design and their relative functions
4.3.1 Cross-sectional, before and after, and longitudinal study design
4.3.2 Prospective and retrospective study design
4.3.3 Experimental, observational and quasi-experimental study design
4.4 Basic principles of experimental design
4.4.1 Replication/Experimental material-Exper. Unit
4.4.2 Randomization
4.4.3 Statistical models
4.4.4 Source of variability
4.4.5 ANOVA
4.5 Overview of some experimental designs
4.5.1 CRD
4.5.2 RCBD/LSD/Split plots
4.5.3 Factorial experiment
5. DATA COLLECTION METHODS
5.1 Data and Information
5.2 Issues to consider when selecting data collection tool
5.3 Validity and reliability of data collection methods
5.4 Primary and secondary sources of data
5.5 Common types of data collection methods
5.4.1 Secondary or existing data
5.4.1 Experiments
5.4.2 Interviews
5.4.3 Questionnaire
5.4.4 Observation
169
5.6 Analysis and Interpretation of Data

5.6.1 Editing, coding, and tabulation
5.6.2 Statistical analysis: descriptive and inferential
5.6.3 The meanings and implications of results: why so and so what?
6. REGRESSION AND CORRELATION ANALYSIS
6.1 Correlation analysis
6.2 Linear regression model
6.2.1 Introduction to Regression
6.2.2 Simple linear regression and assumptions
6.2.3 Estimation of model parameters
6.2. 4 Inferences about the slope parameter 1
6.2.5 Multiple Regression
6.3 Nonlinear regression
6.4 Exercise with Minitab or SPSS
7. RESEARCH PROPOSAL AND REPORT WRITING
7.1 Structure/format for proposal writing
7.1.1 Definition of research proposal
7.1.2 Components of research proposal
7.2 General form of the main research report
7.2.1 Preliminary sections
7.2.2 Main body of the report
7.3 Reference and citations
7.3.1 Uses of citation
7.3.2 Major citation styles
7.3.3 End of text citation
7.3.4 In-text citation
7.3.5 Quotation in the text
7.3.6 Notes
7.3.7 Use of EndNote for citation and referencing
7.3.8 listing references
7.4 Data base and Literature retrieval
MODE OF DELIVERY
 Individual work
 Lecture
 Brainstorming
MODE OF ASSESSMENT
 Homework, Assignments: 10%

 Project reports, presentation: 30%
 Quizzes and test: 20%
 Final exam:40%
REFERENCES
170
Westland., J.(2006).The Project Management Life Cycle: A complete step-by-step methodology for
initiating, planning, executing, and closing a project successfully.
Dawson., C.(2002).Practical Research Methods: User-friendly guide to mastering research techniques and
projects
Kothari, C.R.(2004).Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques
Day, Robert A. (1998). How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper. 5th ed. Cambridge University Press.
Michael, W. Trosset. (2001). An Introduction to Statistical Inference and Data Analysis
Stoecker, Randy R. (2005). Research Methods for Community Change: A Project-Based Approach.
Sage Publications Ltd. UK
Kumar, R. (2014). Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. Sage Publications Ltd.
UK
Devore J. L.(1995)Chapter XII & XIII
Course Policy
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, laboratory, and practical sessions as well as
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Natural Resources Policy and Law

Course Credit: CrHr/ECTS: 2(2+0)/3 Semester: I Instructor/s
Full Name: ____________________________
171
Course Description
The course deals with the various policy and legislative frameworks that govern the ownership, use, and
conservation of all forms of natural resources - most notably including minerals, wildlife, genetic
resources, biodiversity, freshwater, and marine water resources, forests, and rangelands. It is designed
to introduce students to sustainable use and management of natural resources through policy
formulation, analysis, implementation, and enforcement of natural resources policies and laws. The
course begins by dealing with the fundamental notion of and general issues in international natural
resources law and then looks at some specific issues relating to the management of natural resources.
The course will explore the theoretical, historical, philosophical, economic, and constitutional
underpinnings of laws and policies that affect the exploitation and conservation of natural resources. It
will analyze the conflicting values and interests that inspire policy debates over the management of
natural resources, as well as the legal doctrine that attempts to reconcile those competing values and
interests. In the end, the natural resources, the related policies, and laws of Ethiopia with all the
constraints and the challenges will be introduced in the course.
Course Objectives
At the end of this course, students will be able to:
• Identify the role of natural resources in society and economic development and the importance of
appropriate policies and laws for sustainable resource management.
• Describe the terms, concepts, theories, and models of policy making, and identify the various stages in
policy making
• Identify the conceptual underpinnings of natural resources law and policy; the core legal concepts and the
history of resource development across nations
• Explain how laws govern the use of natural resources and natural resources management
• Distinguish the conflicts of values and interests that inform natural resources law and policy
• Describe the experiences of Ethiopia in natural resource policy making, the contents of the existing natural
resources policies and laws, and associated constraints
COURSE OUTLINE
1. NATURAL RESOURCES IN CONTEXT

1.1 Definitions and Classifications of Natural Resources
1.2 Role of Natural Resources in Economic Development
1.3 Justifications for Natural Resource Management
1.4 Tools for Natural Resource Management
1.5 Policy and Law: Definitions and Critical Relations
1.6 Sources of Law and Policy
2. ELEMENTS AND PROCESSES OF NATURAL RESOURCES POLICY
2.1 Policy Elements: Goals/Objectives and Instruments
2.2 Policy Formulation: Analysis and Making
2.3 Policy Making: Approaches and Models
2.4 Policy Advocacy and Appraisal
172
2.5 Policy Implementation and Performance Evaluation

2.6 Policy Cycle
3. NATURAL RESOURCES LAW
3.1 Evolution and Principles of Natural Resources Law
3.1.1 The traditional law of natural resources
3.1.2 Early international legal regimes on various natural resources
3.1.3 The critique and culmination of the traditional approach
3.1.4 The emergence of the modern law of natural resources and major principles
3.2 General Aspects of International Natural Resources Law
3.2.1 The notion of permanent sovereignty and sustainable development
3.2.2 International governance and management of natural resources
3.2.3 Property rights and natural resources: ownership regimes
3.2.4 Nationalization and expropriation of foreign-owned property
3.3 Specific International Legal Issues Related To Management of Natural Resources
3.3.1 Trans-boundary freshwater management
3.3.2 International law of the sea and natural resources conservation & management
3.3.3 Fisheries management
3.3.4 General principles of the conservation of biological diversity
3.3.5 Dispute resolution
4. NATURAL RESOURCES POLICIES AND LAWS OF ETHIOPIA
4.1 Resources Base, Status, and the Need for Policy and Law
4.2 The History and Constitutional Basis of Natural Resources Policy and Law
4.3 Legal and Institutional Frameworks for Natural Resources Protection and Utilization
4.3.1 Natural resources policy goals, objectives, and guiding principles
4.3.2 Natural resources protection and utilizations laws
4.3.3 Institutional frameworks for the protection of natural resources: federal & regional
4.4 The Sectorial Natural Resource Polices and Laws of Ethiopia
4.4.1 Forest policy and law
4.4.2 Wildlife policy and law
4.4.3 Land use and land administration policy and law
4.4.4 Water policy and strategy
4.4.5 Environmental policy and law
5. POLICY AND LEGAL CHALLENGES OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN
ETHIOPIA
5.1 Policy Instruments and Synergy
5.2 Constraints on Legislations
5.3 Engaging the Public in Policy and Laws Making
5.4 Effect of Natural Resources Law on Stakeholders
5.5 Liability and Enforcement of Policy and Law
5.6 Common Property Resources (CPR) Management
5.7 Trans-Boundary Natural Resources Management
N.B Further issues and constraints will be identified and presented by students
REFERENCES
173
Birnie P, Boyle A, Redgwell C, 2010, International Law & the Environment, 3rd Edition, Oxford University
Press.
Celine Tan & Julio Faundez (eds) 2017. Natural Resources and Sustainable Development International
Economic Law Perspectives, Edward Elgar.
Elisa Morgera & Kati Kulovesi (eds), 2016. Research Handbook on International Law and Natural
Resources. Edward Elgar
Louka E, 2006. International Environmental Law Fairness, Effectiveness, and World Order, Cambridge
University Press, UK
Melanie Pichler eds. 2017. Fairness and Justice in Natural Resource Politics. Routledge.
Rasband, J., J. Salzman, and M. Squillace. 2009. Natural Resources Law and Policy. 2nd edition. Foundation
Press.
Richard Barnes, 2009, Property Rights and Natural Resources, Studies in International Law.
Sands Philippe et al, 2012, Principles of International Environmental Law, 3rd edition, Cambridge University
Press, London, UK
Schrijver N, (1997), Sovereignty over natural resources: Balancing rights and duties, Cambridge, University
Press
Shawkat Alam, Jahid Hossain Bhuiyan & Jona Razzaque eds, 2017. International Natural Resources Law,
Investment and Sustainability. Routledge.
Mode of Delivery
- Lectures
- Brainstorming
- Classroom discussions
- Debates
- Essays
- Readings
Assessment Methods
[Quiz, test, written assignments, essays, debates, cases
discussions/presentation, class activity/participation]
• Final exam 50%
Course Policy
174
fieldwork. For the situations where you fail to attend sessions, because of reasons beyond your control, see
the senate legislation of the University.
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
175
Course Title: Global Trends

Course Code: IRGI461 Class Year: Four
Course Credit; Cr.Hr/ECTS: 2(2+0) /3 Semester: I
Address: Building ------- Email: ------- Office no.: --------- Telephone: --------
The course is designed to familiarize learners with the nature and development of international
relations and global issues. It deals with nations, states, national interest, cooperation and conflict
among states, and the role of state and non-state actors in the international system. Additionally, it
explains the nature of international law, global political economy, and the nexus between regionalism
and globalization. It also critically examines contemporary global issues and how the international
community is trying to address them. It is organized to systematically examine international issues by
employing different theories and providing concrete examples from different parts of the world. Last
but not least, after providing a rigorous understanding of how the international system functions, it
will equip learners to consciously observe and critically understand
Ethiopia’s Relations with the outside world. As the saying goes “Think globally act locally!”
We live in an exciting yet challenging period in history. The world seems to dominantly progress in
constantly opposing directions. On the one hand, because of globalization, the world is getting closer
and becoming interconnected in ways never experienced before generating more wealth, scientific
innovation, and cross-national cooperation. On the other hand, the challenges of war, terror, arms
trade, money laundering, disease, poverty, environmental problems, human and drug trafficking still
generate an aura of uncertainty for the present and future generations. As such, decisions made by
states, multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, and terrorists have a direct
impact on our life. Thanks to the global flow of information, there may be a multitude of individuals
who know the events that are occurring in the world. But some still do not understand why events
happened the way they have happened; and what consequences they may bring. In light of this, this
course is designed to equip students with the necessary knowledge and skill which enable them to
understand the political, economic, and social dynamics of the global system, how it works, its actors,
its influence, and ways to cope up global issues from a theoretical and practical point of view.
176
At the end of the course, students will be able to:

Understand nations, nationalism, and states
Explain the nature and historical development of international relations
Gain basic knowledge of the major theories in the discipline of International
Relations and develop the ability to critically evaluate and apply such theories
Elucidate national interest, foreign policy, and diplomacy
Explicate the nature and elements of international political economy and
international law
Examine the extent and degree of influence of state and non-state actors in the
international system
Examine the roles major international and regional institutions play in the world
politics
Critically evaluate the major contemporary global issues
Assess the overriding foreign policy guidelines of Ethiopia in the past and present
Explore Ethiopia’s role in regional, continental and global institutions and affairs
COURSE CONTENTS AND SCHEDULES
Contact Chapters, Sections, and Sub-sections

Hours
Chapter One: Understanding International Relations

1.1 Conceptualizing Nations, Nationalism, and States
1.2 The Nature and Evolution of International Relations
1.3 Actors of International Relations
- State Actors
- Non-State Actors
1.4 Levels of Analysis in the International Relations
1.5 Power, Anarchy and Sovereignty in the International System
1.6 The Structure of International System
Chapter Two: Contending Theories of International Relations
2.1 Realism and Neo-Realism
2.2 Liberalism and Neo-Liberalism
2.3 Marxism and Neo-Marxism
2.4 Critical Theory
2.5. Constructivism
2..6. Modernism and Post-Modernism
177
Chapter Three: Foreign Policy and Diplomacy
3.1 Conceptualizing National Interest, Foreign Policy, and Diplomacy

3.2 National Interest and Foreign Policy
- Determinants of National Interest and Foreign Policy
- Objectives of Foreign Policy
- Foreign Policy Orientations
- Instruments of Foreign Policy
3.3 A Survey of Foreign Policy and Diplomacy of Ethiopia

- Foreign Policy of Ethiopia during the Reign of Emperor Menilik II
- Foreign Policy of Ethiopia during the Reign of Emperor Hailesillassie
- Foreign Policy of Ethiopia during the Derg Regime
- Foreign Policy of Ethiopia during the EPRDF
Chapter Four: The International Political Economy (IPE)
4.1. Meaning and Nature of IPE
8hrs - The Nexus between Politics (State) and Economics (Market)

4.2. Theoretical Perspectives on IPE
- Classical Mercantilism and Economic Nationalism
- Classical Liberalism and Adam Smith
- Comparative Advantage and David Ricardo
- Neoliberalism and Keynesianism
- Marxism and Dependency Theory
- Hegemonic Stability Theory
- Developmental State Model
4.3. The Political Economy of North-South, South-South: Conflict and
Cooperation
Chapter Five: International Law

5.1 Meaning, Nature, and Areas of International Law
5.2 Sources and Subjects of International Law
5.3 Law Making and Enforcement process at International and Domestic level
08 Hours
5.4 Formation, Recognition and Responsibility of State under International Law
Chapter Six: Regionalism and Globalization
178
6.1. The Concept, Nature, and Development of Regionalism and Regional

06 hrs Integration
- The Old and New Regionalism
6.2. Major Theories of the Regional Integrations
- Functionalism
- Neo-functionalism
- Intergovernmentalism
- Supra-nationalism
- Selected Cases of Regional Integration (EU, AU...)
179
6.3. Definition and Evolution of Globalization
- Aspects of Globalization
- Actors of Globalization
- Pros and Cons of Globalization
- Ethiopia in a globalized World
6.4. Regionalization versus Globalization and State
- The Convergence, Divergence and Overlapping relations of Regionalization and

Globalization
06hrs - The Hypocrisy of Sovereignty
Chapter Seven: Major Contemporary Global Issues
7.1 Conceptualizing Global Issues
7.2 Survey of Global Issues
- Security Issues
 Terrorism, Religious Fundamentalism and Political Extremism
 Weapons of Mass Destruction and The Nuclear Power paradox
 Illicit Human Trafficking, Drug Trafficking, Firearms Trafficking
- Environmental Issues
 Climate Change and Global warming
- Technology Related Issues
 Cyber Crime and Cyber Security
- Other Social, Economic, and Political Issues
 Human Rights
 Migration and Refugee
180
 Trade War
 Aid, Debt Relief
Teaching methodology: Lectures, Group discussions, debates & Reflections

Recommended Tests (20%)
Mode of assessment Assignment and Presentation
(15%)
Mid-Exam (25%)
Final Examination (40%)
Instructor’s Commitments: The course instructor is expected to provide timely
lectures, demonstrate students understand and analyze the issues about the central
theme of the course, suggest available reading materials, and evaluate students’
performance regularly.
Course Policy: Meaningful participation during class, group work, and presentation are important for the
success of this course. Since each class builds on the one before it, attendance is mandatory.
Academic Integrity: The department expects from its students a high level of responsibility and academic
honesty. Because the value of an academic degree depends upon the absolute integrity of the work done by
the student for that degree, a student must demonstrate a high standard of individual honor in his or her
scholastic work. If you cheat on an exam you will receive a failing grade, and most likely will be dropped
from the class. Academic dishonesty of any type by a student provides grounds for disciplinary action by the
instructor or department. In written work, no material may be copied from another. The work that you
submit must be your own, for both moral and legal reasons.
Recommended Reading Materials

Altinay, Hakan (2011) Global Civics: Responsibilities and Rights in an Interdependent World. The Brookings
Institution: Washington
Armstrong, David(ed.)(2009). Routledge Handbook of International Law. London: Routledge
Baylis, J. and Smith, S. (eds.) (1997).The Globalization of World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Browlie, Ian (2003). Principles of Public International Law. (6th ed.). New York: Oxford University
Copson, Raymond w.(2007)The United States in Africa: Bushpolicyand beyond in association with
InternationalAfrican InstituteRoyalAfrican Society of SocialScience Research Council, Zed
Books: London
Crane, George T. and AbalAmawi (1997). The Theoretical Evolution of International Political Economy:
A Reader (2nd Edition). Oxford University Press: New York.
Crawford, Robert (2000) Idealism and Realism in International Relations: Beyond the Discipline. Routledge:
USA
DeLombaerde,Philippe(ed.)(2008)GoverningRegionalIntegrationforDevelopment:Monitoring
Experiences, Methodsand Prospects.AshgatePublishingCompany:England
Demelo, Jaime and ArvindPanagariy(eds.) (1993)ANew Dimensionsin RegionalIntegration, Centre
for economic policy research 1993, Cambridge University Press: USA
Demelo, Jaime and ArvindPanagariy(eds.)(1993)ANew Dimensionsin RegionalIntegration, Centre
for economic policy research 1993, Cambridge University, Press: USA
Der, James D. (2009) Critical Practices in International Theory: Selected Essays, Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon
Farrell, Mary(ed.) (2005)GlobalPoliticsofRegionalism: Theory and Practice. Pluto Press: London
181
Genest, Mark A. (1996). Conflict and Cooperation: Evolving Theories of International Relations. Fourth Worth:
Harcourt Brace and Co.
Goldestein, Joshua S. and John C. Pevhouse (2006). International Relations brief 3rd ed. PrisscillaMcGreehon.
Goldstein J. S. (2003) International Relations. 5th edition. Washington, D.C. Pearson Education Press, Inc
Griffiths, Martin (Ed.) (2007). International Relations Theory for the Twenty-First Century: An introduction. New
York: Routledge
Griffiths, Martin, and Terry O’Callaghan (2002) international relations: The Key Concepts. Routledge: London
Griffiths, Martin, et al. (2008). International Relations: The Key Concepts (Second Edition). New York:
Routledge
Griffiths, Martin, Steven C. and M. Scott (2009), Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations (2nd edition)
Hancock, KathleenJ.(2009)RegionalIntegration;ChoosingPlutocracy, PalgraveMacmillan:United States
Henderson, Conway W.(1998) International Relations: Conflict and Cooperation at the Turn of the 21 st Century.
Guilford: McGraw-Hall.
Hollis, Martin and Steve Smith (1990) Explaining and Understanding International Relations. United States: Oxford
University Press.
Holsti, K.J. (1995) International Politics: A Framework for Analysis. 7th ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
J.M. Biswaro. (2012) The Quest for Regional Integration in the Twenty-First Century: Rhetoric versus
Reality - A Comparative Study, MkukinaNyota Publishers Ltd, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania
Macdonald, David B.et.al (ed.)(2007)The Ethics of Foreign Policy. Ashgate Publishing Limited: England
Malm, Endreas and ShoraEsmailian (2007). Iran on the Brink Rising Workers and Threats of War. Pluto Press
Mintz, Alex and Karl De Rouen (2010) Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making, Cambridge University Pres:
Cambridge
Rengger, N.J.(2000) International Relations, Political Theory and the Problem of Order: Beyond International
Relations theory?Routledge: London
Rourke, John T. and Mark A. Boyer (1998). World Politics: International Politics on the world Stag., brief. 2nd ed.
Guilford: Dushkin/McGraw-Hall.
Salmon, Trevor C. (Ed.) (2005). Issues in International Relations. New York: Routledge
Steans, Jill, and LloyndPettiford (2005). Introduction to International relations: Perspectives and Themes. 2 nd ed.
Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Sutch, Peter, and Juanita Elias (2007 ) International Relations, the basics. Taylor & Francis.
Todaro, Michael P. and Stephen Smith (2003).Economic Development (8thed).
Trevor S. Salmon and Mark F. Imber (ed) (2008). Issues in International Relations. Routledge Publishing, 2nd Edition
Vinay Bhargava (2006). Introduction to Global Issues.
Walts, Kenneth N. (2003) Progress in International Relations Theory. Belfer Center for Science and
International Affairs John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University Cambridge,
Massachusetts
Weber, Cynthia (2001) International Relations Theory: A Critical Introduction(2nd edition) Routledge:
London
Mode of Delivery:
Lecture, group discussion, individual and group assignment.
Assessment Methods:
Assessment is carried out both as a continuous process during course delivery, which constitutes 50% weight
in the total mark, and final exam, which constitutes a maximum of 50%.
Attendance requirement: 85 % of the lecture class and 100% of the practical session
182
You are expected to attend class regularly. I will take attendance always during the semester to ensure that
students are coming to class. If you miss more than 15% of the class attendance, you will not sit for the
final examination. Please try to be on time for class. Cell phone must be disabled before you come to class.
So please make sure that your cell phone is turned off in the classroom. You are responsible for all class
announcements and changes. All issues discussed in the class and assignments are part of the final
examination question items.
Course Policy
Intellectual dishonesties including fabrication, cheating, and plagiarism will not be tolerated in the
course and will be reported to concerned bodies for further actions.
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
183
Course Title: Agroforestry Systems and Practices

Course Description
History, definition, and concept of agroforestry as a land-use system; structural, functional,

socioeconomic and ecological bases of agroforestry; description and analysis of major agroforestry
technologies and their functions within the farming and forest systems; Agroforestry components and
their interactions; effect of agroforestry species on soils, nutrient cycling and soil organic matter,
nitrogen fixation and soil conservation; socioeconomic aspects of agroforestry, agroforestry extension
Course Objective:
After taking this course students will be able to:

 Explain the history of Agroforestry and its concepts
 Describe various agroforestry systems and practices
 Identify MPTS suitable to Ethiopian Environment and conditions
 Describe the effects of Agroforestry species on soils
 Explain the socioeconomic contributions of Agroforestry
 Identify some Agroforestry technologies and their functions
 Describe the component interactions in agroforestry, short and long term species management for
Agroforestry systems and practices
 Acquaint themselves with knowledge and skills on the effect of agroforestry in crop production
 Explain root characteristics and soil stabilization
 Study agroforestry systems, designs, crop-tree interactions, site amelioration, socioeconomics
of agroforestry, short- and long-term species management
184
COURSE CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definition and Concepts of Agroforestry
1.2. The History of Agroforestry
1.3. The Role of Agroforestry
1.3.1 Ecological
1.3.2 Economical
1.3.3 Climate change and carbon trade
1.3.4 Livelihood
1.4. Community, Farm, and Social Forestry
2. CLASSIFICATION OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS

2.1. Structural Bases of Classification
2.2. Functional Bases of Classification
2.3. Ecological Bases of Classification
2.4. Socio-Economic Bases of Classification
2.5. Agroforestry Systems, Practices, and Technologies
3. AN OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS

3.1. Agrisilvicultural Systems
3.1.1 Shifting cultivation
3.1.2 Improved fallow
3.1.3 Taungya
3.1.4 Home gardens
3.1.5 Multilayer tree gardens
3.1.6 Plantation crop combinations
3.1.7 Alley Cropping
3.1.8 Biomass transfer
3.1.9 Windbreaks and Shelterbelts
3.1.10 Crops under tree cover
185
3.1.11 Boundary planting

3.2. Mainly Silvopastoral Systems
4.2.1. Protein banks
4.2.2. Trees and shrubs on rangelands or pasture
4.2.3. Live fences for fodder trees and shrubs
4.2.4. Plantation crops with pastures and animals
3.3. Agrosilvopastoral Systems
3.3.1 Home gardens
3.3.2 Multipurpose woody hedgerows
3.3.3 Multipurpose woodlots
3.4. Other Special Agroforestry Systems
3.4.1 Apiculture
3.4.2 Aquaculture
3.4.3 Sericulture with trees
3.5. Traditional Agroforestry Practices in Ethiopia
4. SOIL AND AGROFORESTRY

4.1. Effects of Trees on Soils
4.2. Nutrient Cycling in Agroforestry Systems
4.3. Soil Organic Matter
4.4. Role of Roots
4.5. Trees and Shrubs for Soil Improvement
5. AGROFORESTRY SPECIES: THE MULTIPURPOSE TREES

5.1. Role of Multipurpose Trees in Agroforestry (MPTs)
5.2. Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs Commonly Used in Agroforestry
5.3. Improvement of MPTs and Desired Characteristics of MPTs
6. COMPONENT INTERACTION IN AGROFORESTRY

6.1. Perception of Different Scientists About Component Interaction
186
6.2. Positive (Production-Enhancing) Interactions

6.3. Negative (Production-Decreasing) Interactions
6.4. Component Management in Agroforestry
7. SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS OF AGROFORESTRY

7.1. General Principles of Economic Analysis
7.2. Financial and Economic Analysis
7.3. Important Socio-Cultural Factors in Agroforestry
7.4. Social Acceptability of Agroforestry
7.5. Agroforestry Extension
8. DIAGNOSIS AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY

8.1. Definition and Concepts
8.2. Procedures in Conducting Diagnosis and Design
Laboratory/ Practical:
i. Demonstration of film slides and video projection of field experience and some Agroforestry
practices
ii. Assessment of multipurpose trees/shrubs in indigenous Agroforestry systems and practices
iii. Study on effects of multipurpose trees on some selected soil properties (E.g. Soil bulk density,
soil moisture, soil temperature, soil pH, soil organic carbon, …)
iv. Data collection, analysis, compilations, and presentation of Agroforestry systems and practices
in the Hararghe highlands
v. Design of an Agroforestry technology for a local farming community
REFERENCES:
A. Young, 1997. Agroforestry for Soil Management 2nd ed., CAB International, New York, New York,
and ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya ISBN: 0-85199-189-0.
A. Young, Agroforestry for Soil Conservation. CAB International. 2002

187
Antony Joseph, Raj S.B. Lal, 2014. Agroforestry: Theory & Practices, Scientific Publishers, India
Ashton, M.S., and Montagnini, F. (eds). The silvicultural basis for agroforestry systems. CRC Press. 1999.
Baumer, M. 1990. The Potential Role of Agroforestry in combating Desertification and Environmental
Degradation, with Special Reference to Africa. CTA, the Netherlands.
D. Rocheleau, F. Weber, and A. Field-Juma, 1988. Agroforestry in Dryland Africa, ICRAF, Nairobi,
Kenya ISBN: 92-9059-049-1.
Fiona Flintan and Shibru Tedla, 2010. Natural Resource Management, The Impacts of Gender and Social
Issues, Fountain Publishers, Kampala
G. Schroth and F.L. Sinclair, 2003. Trees, Crops and Soil Fertility: Concepts and Research Methods,
CABI Publishing. ISBN: 0851995934.
Gazala Rizvi, Manish Singh Paijwar, 2011. Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture, Shree Publishers
and Distributors, New Delhi
Götz Schroth, Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Celia A. Harvey, Claude Gascon,

Heraldo L. Vasconcelos, and Anne-Marie N. Izac, 2004. Agroforestry and
Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Landscapes, Island Press, Washington, DC.
ISBN: 1-55963357-3.
ICRAF, 1990. Multipurpose tree and shrub database. ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya
Jonsson, Kerstin Agroforestry in Dry Savanna Areas in Africa: Interactions between Trees, Soils and
Crops, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Dept. of Forest Ecology Umea:
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1995.
Macdicken, Kenneth G.; Vergara, N.T.; Agroforestry: Classification and management. New York,
NY, U.S.A. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. 1990
188
Nair, P.K. R. An Introduction to Agroforestry. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993
P.J. Wood and J. Burley, 1991. A Tree for All Reasons: the introduction and evaluation of multipurpose
trees for Agroforestry, ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya ISBN: 92-9059-075-0.
P.K.R. Nair, 1993. An Introduction to Agroforestry, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The
Netherlands ISBN: 0-7923-2134-0.
Raintree, J.B. D and D manual. ICRAF. Nairobi. 1987
Raintree, J.B. Socioeconomic attributes of trees and tree planting. FAO. Community Forestry Note. No.
9. 1991
Rocheleau, D. Weber, F.J. Agroforestry in Dry land Africa. 1988.
Tewari, D.N.; Agroforestry for Increased Productivity, Sustainability and Poverty Alleviation.
International Book Distributors, India. 1995.
W.C. Clark and R.R. Thaman, 1993. Agro-Forestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for Sustainability,
United Nations University Press, Tokyo ISBN: 92-808-0824-9.
Wojtkowski, P. The theory, and Practice of agroforestry design. Science Publisher, Inc. USA, 1999
በቀለች ቶላ, 2007. ሕክምና በቤታችን ፤ የቤት ዉስጥ ባሕላዊ ሕክምና በተፈጥሮ መድሀኒት
Mode of Delivery:
Lecture, group discussion, field visits to important agroforestry practices, video show, individual and
group assignment.
Assessment Methods:
Attendance requirement: 85 % of the lecture class and 100% of the practical session
189
You are expected to attend class regularly. I will take attendance always during the semester to ensure
that students are coming to class. If you miss more than 15% of the class attendance, you will not sit for
the final examination. Please try to be on time for class. Cell phone must be disabled before you come
to class. So please make sure that your cell phone is turned off in the classroom. You are responsible
for all class announcements and changes. All issues discussed in the class and assignments are part of
the final examination question items.
Course Policy
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Senior Seminar

190

Nill
Course Description
The senior seminar course is designed to assist students to adequately prepare for their research work by
reviewing relevant literature in the area of their interest in the field of natural resources management. The
course provides opportunities for students to look at the current topics of the profession, and to develop a
career-oriented relationship with a mentor(s) in their area of interest. This will take the form of readings of
the scientific backgrounds and developing a paper (mainly based on secondary data) with contents of the
intended topic. The course will address different techniques including writing critical and review papers, and
oral presentations, and seminar discussions.
Course Objectives
After completing the senior seminar course, students will be able to:
 Think critically, accessing information, and integrate learning
 Develop skills in paper writing (organizing and structuring) and literature retrieval
 Communicate and interact with peers, content advisors, mentors, and scientific members 
Develop communicative skill through paper presentation
COURSE OUTLINE:
Course Procedure
Orientation: students will be introduced to:
• Organization and reporting of a seminar paper

• Development and delivering of presentations: slides, power points, overheads
• Content advisor’s role
• Time management for the course [minimum of 16 hours must be spent]
Topic selection: topic must be related to the subject of natural resource management
Work on paper: zero drafts, first drafts, final paper
191

• The final paper will be evaluated by the course coordinator, content advisor, and mentor.
• Criteria include (1) completeness; (2) depth and accuracy of the issues; (3) analysis; (4) organization;
(5) quality of writing; and (6) formatting and proper citation
• The final seminar paper should be as follows:

 Length and typeface - the body of the paper (independent of any cover pages, illustrations, or
tables) must be at least 15 pages long. It must be in 12-point Times New Roman font,
doublespaced (with footnotes single-spaced), and with margins no larger than 1 inch on the top,
bottom and sides.
 Citation format- citation and reference style uses the university guideline and should be consistent
throughout the paper.
 Submissions- all submissions must be made on time following the due dates and means of
submission to be given by the course coordinator.
Scholarly presentations
• Final presentations are required for completion of the course
• The final presentation will be evaluated by the course coordinator, content advisor, and
mentor.
• 15-20 minute will be given for a presentation of the paper topic and responding to questions
REFERENCES
BillinghamJ. and CohenB.B.(2003). Giving presentation: one step ahead, Oxford University Press, UK
BradburryA. (2006). Successful Presentation Skills, Kogan page Inc. UK
Taylor G. (2009). A Student’s Writing Guide: How to Plan and Write Successful Essays. Cambridge
University Press.
Mode of Delivery
- Literature review - Presentation
Assessment Methods
- Seminar final paper (50%)
- Seminar presentation (40%)
- Critics: peer/course coordinator evaluation (10%)
Course Policy
192
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
193
Course title: Land Evaluation and Land Use Planning
Course code: NaRM412 Class Year: Four

Course description
Definitions, principles, and objectives of land use planning. The nature and scope of land use planning:
concepts and definitions, decisions on land use, principal goals, focus, and levels of land use planning;
An overview of the planning process: steps, the need for flexibility, planning as an iterative process; Land
Evaluation: definitions, systems, principles, and procedures; selection and description of land utilization
types; Land use requirements; Land units, characteristics, and qualities; Matching and land suitability and
Capability classification; Environmental, economic and social analysis. Socio-economic issues in land
use planning.
Course Objective
At the end of the course the trainees will able to:
• Describe specific terminologies, concepts, and basic principles used in land use planning.
• Elaborate the need for land use planning for developing countries in general and Ethiopia in
particular.
• Explain the basic principles and systematic framework of land evaluation
• Developing land use plan for sustainable utilization of land in a given socio-economic context.
• Identify target population participating in and explain advantages of participatory land-use planning.
• Have good insights in land suitability and Capability assessment for sustainable land use.
• Develop land use plan in collaboration with stakeholders
Course outlines
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Concepts and Definitions
1.2. Purposes of Land Evaluation and Land use planning
1.3. Actors in Land Evaluation and Land use planning
194
2. TYPES AND METHODS OF LAND EVALUATION

2.1. Types of Land Evaluation
2.1.1. Qualitative and quantitative classifications
2.1.2. Actual and potential suitability classifications
2.1.3. Physical and economic land evaluation
2.2. Methods of Land Evaluation
2.2.1. Crop specific land evaluation – FAO land suitability classification
2.2.2. USDA land capability classification
2.2.3. Fertility capability soil classification (FCC)
3. PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES OF FAO LAND EVALUATION
3.1. Land Use Resources

3.1.1. Major kind of land use resources
3.1.2. Physical land use resources
3.1.3. Human Resources
3.1.4. Capital Resources
3.2. Levels of intensity and approaches
3.2.1. Level of Intensity
3.2.2. Approaches
3.3. Data Sources for Land Evaluation
3.3.1. Remote Sensing for Land Evaluation
3.3.2. Land Cover Classification
3.3.3. Soil Surveys
3.3.4. Climate and Hydrology
3.4. Basic Principles and Procedures of Land Evaluation
3.4.1. Basic principles of land evaluation
3.4.2. Key Definitions of FAO Land Evaluation
3.4.3. Procedures of Land Evaluation
4. EVALUATING LAND SUITABILITY
4.1. Why Land Evaluation?
4.2. Principles of Land Evaluation
4.3. Levels of Intensity of Land Evaluation;
4.4. Procedures of Land Evaluation;
4.5. Types of land classifications,
4.5.1. Land capability classification
4.5.2. Land capability classes
4.5.3. Land suitability evaluation
195
4.5.4. Types land suitability evaluation

4.5.5. Structure of the suitability classification
4.6. Evaluate alternative land use: Environmental impact assessment; Economic analysis; Social
impact analysis
4.7. Choosing the best option: Arranging for consultation; assemble and review the comments;
choose the best option, and authorize the plan
4.8. Prepare the land use plan: Preparation of maps, and Writing the plan
5. LAND USE PLANNING

5.1. Land Resource and people
5.2. The function of Land and Land Ownership (the Basic Relationship) 5.3. Central Idea of
Integrated Participatory Land Use Planning
5.4. When is land use planning useful?
5.5. Planning at different levels
6. INTEGRATING LAND USE PLANNING INTO PLANNING SYSTEMS
6.1. Planning Systems, Land Use Planning, and Individual Objectives
6.2. Planning Systems in the Social and Political Context
6.3. Land Use Planning at Different Planning Levels and the Vertical and Horizontal Linkages
7. OVER VIEWING OF THE PLANNING PROCESS

7.1. The Need For Flexibility
7.2. Planning As an Iterative Process
7.3. Participation in The Land Use Planning Process

7.4. Important Steps in Preparing Land Use Planning
8. PREPARATION FOR LAND USE PLANNING

8.1. Formulating the Planning Team
8.2. Clarification of Legal Provisions
8.3. Land Use Related Problem Analysis
8.4. Entering Into A Dialogue with The Participants
8.5. Assessment of the Institutional Capacities
8.6. Determining the Planning Area
8.7. Capacity Building for Land Use Planning
9. LAND USE PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION

9.1. Establishing goals and terms of reference
196
9.2. Organize the work: What the work plan does? Why it is needed? How it is done?
9.3. Analyze the problems: Collect data on the existing situation; Identify and map land unit and
Land-use systems; Identify problems of land use, and Problem statements
9.4. Identify opportunity for land-use change

9.4.1. Options for land-use change
9.4.2. Procedures for alternative selection
10. IMPLEMENTATION IN LAND USE PLANNING

10.1. Implementation Strategies
10.2. Organizing and Financing the Implementation of the Plan
10.3. Monitoring and Evaluation
10.4. Upgrading the Land-use Plan
11. FRAMEWORK OF GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR LAND USE PLANNING

11.1. Impact of the General Conditions on Land Use Planning
11.2. Possibilities of Dealing with the General Conditions
11.3. Limits in Practicing Land Use Planning
Practical session
1. Land capability classification of a certain watershed using Slope (L), Soil depth, Past erosion, Top
soil texture, Water logging, Infiltration, Surface stoniness, or rockiness
2. Land Suitability analysis of a certain watershed either by using primary or secondary data
Assessment/Evaluation
Practical session participation/Field work or visit, Project work and Class activity] Final exam
Course Policy
197
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Course Credit: Cr.Hr/ECTS: 3(2+1)/5 Semester: II
Course Description
This course examines principles, procedures, methods, and applications of environmental and social
impact assessment. The course promotes an understanding of how environmental and social impact
assessment is conducted and used as a valuable tool in the project management decision-making process.
Topics include overview and steps of environmental impact assessment; selection of scientific,
engineering, and socioeconomic factors in environmental impact assessment; identification of
quantitative and qualitative environmental evaluation criteria. The course also covers techniques and
approaches for identifying, measuring, predicting, and mitigating environmental and social impacts;
modeling techniques employed in environmental impact assessment; environmental standards and the
environmental impact assessment process; and methodologies for incorporating environmental impact
assessment into management decision making.
198
Course Objectives:
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to
 Comprehend underlying principles and concepts of environmental impact assessment
 Explore and evaluate the operation and legal framework of EIA in Ethiopia
 Explain and assess the stages and operation of the environmental impact assessment process 
Explore the methods and techniques used in the stages of the EIA process.
Course Outline
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Concepts and Definitions in Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

1.2. Objective and Purpose
1.3. Origins and Development
1.4. Steps of ESIA Process
1.5. ESIA Related Assessment Processes
1.5.1. Environmental impact assessment
1.5.2. Social impact assessment
1.5.3. Strategic impact assessment
1.5.4. Life cycle assessment
1.5.5. Economic assessment
1.5.6. Risk assessment
2. SETUPS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
2.1. International and National Experience
2.2. Legal and Policy Framework of ESIA
2.3. Applicable Environmental Standards
199
2.4. Social and Environmental Baseline Conditions
2.5. Triggered Safeguards and Risk Considerations
3. SCREENING AND SCOPING
3.1. Screening(Methods and Practices)
3.2. Scoping (Baseline and Boundaries)
4. IMPACT AND IMPACT ANALYSIS
4.1. Impact Identification(Techniques)
4.2. Impact Prediction (Principles and Approach)

4.3. Impact Evaluation(Principles and Approach)
4.4. Environmental Media and Socioeconomic Index:
4.4.1. Environmental (Air, water, soil, noise, visual) Quality indicators

4.4.2. Ecological sensitivity and diversity
4.4.3. Socio-economic indices
4.4.4. Health indicators
4.4.5. Historical and cultural indicators
5. IMPACT MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN

5.1. Impact Mitigation Measures
5.2. Environmental and Social Impact Management Plan
6. ESIA REPORT, ESIA QUALITY REVIEW, AND DECISION MAKING
6.1. ESIA Report (EIS)
6.2. Review of ESIA Quality
6.2.1. ESIA process review
6.2.2. ESIA report review

200
6.3. Decision making
7. IMPLEMENTATION FOLLOW-UP/MONITORING AND AUDITING
7.1. Implementation
7.2. Monitoring and Follow-up
7.3. Auditing
8. PUBLIC AND STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT IN ESIA
8.1. Actors and Stakeholders in ESIA
8.2. Purpose of Public Involvement

8.3. Typology and Level of Public Involvement
8.4. Methods of Public Involvement
8.5. Role of Public Involvement in Stages of the ESIA process
Mode of delivery
 Lecture
 Individual work and Brainstorming Mode of Assessment
 Quizzes: 10%
 Tests: 20%
 Final Examination: 45% Reference
 United Nations Environment Programme, 2002, Environmental Impact
Assessment, Training Resource Manual, Second edition
Course Policy
201
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course title: Rural Sociology and Natural Resources Management Extension

Course Description
The course is aimed at familiarizing students with the basic concepts, principles, and theories of rural
sociology. It introduces students to the social organization of rural society focusing on the role of land
tenure and cultural dimensions of the rural community. It also focuses on a comparative study of the
characteristics of rural life both in developing and developed countries; types and characteristics of rural
institutions; modes and strategies of subsistence adaptation; over view of rural Ethiopia, characteristics
and theoretical perspectives of peasant farming; types and characteristics of livelihood crisis and
approaches to overcome those drawbacks in rural areas.
Extension education and related professions; concept & principles of extension; Principles of perception
& communication; general principles of perception and designing effective extension messages; the
element of the communication process; communication methods and strategies for natural resource
management: methods related to raising awareness and consciousness; methods related to the
explanation of views & issues; methods related to information provision; methods related to training:
methods related to conflict management; advisory communication; supporting horizontal knowledge
202
exchange; Participation & Partnership Management - Ecosystem approach, Participatory approach,

Local knowledge systems approach; Participatory planning of extension activity for natural resource
management: Stakeholder analysis; problem & situation targeting determining content selecting media
& method: organization & logistics.
The objective of the course

Upon completion of this course students will:
 Understand subject matter of rural sociology and theoretical perspectives that focus on ruralurban
relations
 Understand the concept of rural family and households, rural community, and land tenure
 Understand the nature and characteristics of rural social organizations and structures
 Understand rural livelihood mechanisms
 Understand the overview of rural Ethiopia at different times
• Identify different types of Extension method
• Recognize Diffusion and adoption of innovation
• Grasp principles/importance of participation and participatory natural resources management;
• Describe the unique benefits of participation for NRM
• Understand and apply different methods to promote participation, and participatory planning of
extension activity for natural resource management,
• Describe the basic theories of conflicts and conflict management, sources and contexts of conflicts
in natural resource management;
• Explain the relevance and limitation of different conflict resolution mechanism
COURSE OUTLINE
Part I- Rural Sociology
1. INTRODUCTION TO RURAL SOCIOLOGY

1.1 Definition of Rural Sociology
1.1.1. The subject matter of rural sociology
1.2 The Need for Rural Sociology
1.3 Emergence and Development of Rural Sociology
2. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN RURAL SOCIOLOGY
2.1 The Traditional and Modern Dichotomy
2.2 The Rural-Urban Continuum Perspective
2.3 The Political-Economy of Rural People
2.4 The Social Construction of Rurality
2.5 Innovation-Diffusion-Adoption Model
203
3. RURAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS AND STRUCTURES

3.1 Characteristics of Rural People and Rural Life
3.2 Physical Structure of Rural Society
3.3 Basic units and institutions
3.3.1. Family and household
3.3.2. The concept of community
3.4 Approaches to the Study of Community
3.4.1. The cultural community dimension approach
3.4.2. Asset-based or community capital approach
4. RURAL LIVELIHOOD: BEYOND SUBSISTENCE FARMING
4.1 Peasant farming and family farming
4.2 Crisis of rural livelihood: poverty drought and famine
4.3 Approaches in the analysis of famine
4.3.1. Food availability decline approach
4.3.2. The entitlement approaches
5. AN OVERVIEW OF RURAL ETHIOPIA
5.1 Pre 1974 Land Tenure System of Ethiopia.
5.2 Pre 1974 Government Policy Towards Rural Development
5.3 The post-1974 situation of rural Ethiopia
5.4 Issues Surrounding Land Tenure after the fall of The Derg Regime
Part II- Natural Resources Management Extension
1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Concept of Extension
1.2. Principles of Extension
1.1 Extension Method
1.1.1 Individual extension method
1.1.1.1 Farm/Home visit
1.1.1.2 Office calls
1.1.1.3 Personal Letter
1.1.1.4 Telephone calls
1.1.1.5 Informal contacts
1.1.2 Group extension methods
1.1.2.1 Group meetings/ discussions
1.1.2.2 Demonstrations
1.1.2.3 Field days
1.1.2.4 Field Tours
204
1.1.3 Mass extension methods

1.1.3.1 Printed media
1.1.3.2 Radio
1.1.3.3 Television
2. EXTENSION APPROACHES
2.1. General Clientele Approaches
2.2. Training and Visit Extension Approach (T&V)
2.3. Integrated (Project) Approach
2.4. Educational Institution (University-Based) Extension Approach
2.5. Farming Systems Research/Extension (FSR/E) Approach
2.6. Commodity Specialized Extension Approach
2.7. Participatory Extension Approach (PEA) (Client-Based and Client-Controlled Extension)
2.8. Cost Sharing Approach (Extension as a Commercial Service)
3. PARTICIPATORY EXTENSION APPROACH
3.1. The concept of participatory approaches
3.2. Participatory Approaches for Natural Resource Management
3.3. Levels of participation in Natural Resource Management
3.4. Typology of Participation
3.5. Co-Management in Natural Resource
3.6. Historical development of participatory approaches
3.7. Critical assumptions underlying the participatory approach
3.8. Key Principles of Applying Participatory Methods
4: - PARTICIPATORY MONITORING AND EVALUATION

4.1. Definition Of Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation
4.2. Relevance Of Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation
4.3. Differences B/N Conventional And Participatory M&E
4.4. Steps in A Participatory Evaluation Process
4.5. International Experience in Participatory Approaches
4.6. Ethiopian Experience in Participatory Approaches
4.6.1. Participatory Forest Management (PFM) in Ethiopia
4.6.2. Components of PFM design in Ethiopia
4.6.3. Results from introducing PFM
4.6.4. Challenges
5: - DIFFUSION AND ADOPTION OF INNOVATION

5.1. Definition of Terms
5.2. Adoption Process
205
5.3. Innovation-Decision Process

5.4. Attributes of Innovations and Rate of Adoption
5.5. Adopter Categories and their Characteristics
6: - CONCEPT OF CONFLICT AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT

6.1. Concepts of Community-Based Natural Resource Conflicts
6.2. Types of Conflicts in CBNRM
6.3. Causes of Conflict and Natural Resource Management
6.4. Overviews of the Conflict Theories
6.5. Conflict analysis
6.6. Concept of Context
6.7. Stakeholder Analysis in Natural Resources Conflict
6.8. Conflict resolution
6.9. Participatory Approaches as Conflict Management Tools
6.10. Consequences of Conflict
Mode of Delivery
The course material will be delivered through:
A. Lecture: course materials, case study materials, lecture notes, and articles B.
Tutorial: Three tutors will be given at the end of two successive chapters.
C. Reflection: students are required to consistently make their reflections on issues under discussion
in class. As such, class participation includes activities such as speaking, listening, observing,
sharing ideas, and reflecting.
D. Assignments: Students will at least take two rounds of assignments to be worked, evaluated, and/or
presented in class
E. Presentations and seminars: As part of the instruction process, students will present their
assignments. The presentations then should be followed by warm class discussions and debates
Mode of Assessment
• The continuous assessment of the course (part I and part II) 50%
[Written assignments, term paper, project/research work, presentations, and class
activity/participation, etc.]
206
• The Final exam of the course (part I and part II) 50%
Reading Material (part I)

Bertand. A.L 1958, Rural Sociology: an analysis of contemporary rural life. New York: McGraw- Hill Book
Company.
Cloke, P.T. Marsden, and P.H. Mooney (eds) (2006). Handbook of Rural Studies. London: Sage
Publications Cohen, J. and D. Weintraub (1975) Land and Peasants in Imperial Ethiopia: The
Social Background to a Revolution. Assen: Van Gorcum and Co.
Cohen, John M., (1987) Integrated Rural Development: The Ethiopian Experience and the Debate, The
Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala
DegafaTolossa (2005). Rural Livelihood, Poverty and Food Insecurity: A case Study at Erensa and
GarbiCommunies in Oromia Zone, Amhara National Regional State. Doctoral
Thesis.Trondhiem: Norwegian University of Science and Technology
DessalegnRahmato (1984) Agrarian Reform in Ethiopia. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies
DessalegnRahmato (1991) Famine and Survival Strategies: A Case Study from Northeast. Ethiopia. Uppsala:
Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
Dixon, C., (1990) Rural Development in the Third World, Routledge, London, and New YorkEllis, F.
(2000) Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries. Oxford: Oxford University
of Press
Ethiopian Economic Association/Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute (2006) Evaluation of the
Ethiopian Agricultural Extension With Particular reference on the Participatory
Demonstration and Training Extension System (PADETES)
Fassil G.Kiros (1993) The Subsistence Crisis in Africa: The Case of Ethiopia. Nairobi: ICIPE Science Press
Galeski, Bougslaw (1972) Basic Concepts of Rural Sociology. Manchester: Manchester University Press
Green, G. and Haines, A. (2002) Asset Building and Community Development. Sage Publications, Inc.
Mbithi, P.M (1974) Rural Sociology and Rural Development: Its Application in Kenya. Nairobi: East
African Literature Bureau
MesfinWolde-Mariam (1984) Rural Vulnerability to Famine in Ethiopia: 1958-1977. New Delhi: Vikas
Newby, H., ed (1978) International Perspectives in Rural Sociology. New York: John Wiley
Rogers, E.M. (1995) Diffusion of Innovations, 5th Edition. New York/London: Free Press
Schwarzweller. Harry K. and Thomas A. Lyson (eds) (1995) Research in Rural Sociology and Development.
Volume 6. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc
Tonnies, F. (1996) Community and Society (Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft).With a New Introduction by
John Samples. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers
Webb, P. and J. von Braun (1994) Famine and Food Security in Ethiopia: Lessons for Africa. Chichester:
John Wiley & Sons
YerasworkAdmassie (2000) Twenty Years to Nowhere: Property Rights, Land Management and
Conservation in Ethiopia. Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press
207
Reading Material (part II)
Robin Grimble1.998. Socio-Economic Methodologies, Best Practice Guidelines: Stakeholder

Methodologies in Natural Resource Management, Natural Resources Institute, The University of
Greenwich,
GRIMBLE, R.J., and CHAN, M-K. (1995). Stakeholder analysis for natural resource management in
developing countries, Natural Resources Forum, 19(2)
Emma Comerford. 2004. Choosing between incentive mechanisms for natural resource management: A
practical guide for regional NRM bodies in Queensland, Queensland Department of Natural
Resources
The role of property rights in natural resource management, good governance and empowerment of the rural
poor, October 2006, United States Agency for International Development.
Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Lynn R. Brown, Hilary Sims Feldstein, and Agnes R. Quisumbing.1997. Gender,
property rights, and natural resources Washington, D.C. 20036-3006 U.S.A.
ARUN AGRAWAL, 2001. Collective Action, Property Rights, and Decentralization in Resource Use in
India and Nepal, Vol. 29, December 2001
Pilot project natural resource management by self-help promotion: Promoting Participation and SelfHelp in
Natural Resource Management, Guidelines for project staff, Bonn, June 1997
Incentives systems for natural resources management: The Role of Indirect Incentives, report no.
99/023 IFAD-RAF
Choosing between incentive mechanisms for natural resource management, A practical guide for
regional NRM bodies in Queensland, Emma Comerford Queensland Department of Natural
Resources, Mines and Energy
Robin Grimble, 1998. Socio-economic methodologies best practice guidelines: stakeholder
methodologies in natural resource management, Natural Resources Institute, The University of
Greenwich,
Project Cycle Management Technical Guide, Socio-Economic and Gender Analysis Programme, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO 2001
Program Manager’s Planning Monitoring & Evaluation Toolkit: Stakeholder Participation in Monitoring and
Evaluation, 2004
Antonia Engel Benedikt Korf . 2005. Negotiation and mediation techniques for natural resource
management; food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, ROME, 2005
Developing capacity for conflict analysis and early response, a training manual
Community-Driven Development in the Context of Conflict-Affected Countries: Challenges and
Opportunities, June 20, 2006, Social Development Department
Conflict analysis for project planning and management; A practical guideline - Draft, August 2001
Conflict and Natural Resource Management FAO 2000
208
Michael Warner and Philip Jones, 1998. Assessing the need to manage conflict in community-based natural
resource projects, Number 35, July 1998
Niklas L.P. Swanström ,Mikael S. Weissmann , 2005. Conflict, Conflict Prevention, Conflict Management,
and Beyond: a conceptual exploration concept paper Summer 2005
Participatory Approaches to Environmental Policy by Bruna De Marchi & Jerome R. Ravetz
Jesse C. Ribot, 2002. Democratic decentralization of natural resources, Institutionalizing Popular
Participation
Elizabeth Linda Yuliani, 2004. Decentralization, deconcentration, and devolution: what do they mean?
April 2004
Dr. J.P. de Campos Guimarães , 2009. Participatory Approaches to Rural Development and Rural Poverty
Alleviation, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands
Course Policy
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
209
Course Title: Nutrition Sensitive Agriculture

Course Code: NaRM442 Class Year: Four Course Credit:
3(2+1)/5 Semester: II

Course main objective: At the end of this course, students will be able to apply the basics
of human nutrition and its relation with gender and demonstrate nutrition-sensitive
agricultural practices through a multi-sectorial approach.
Course description: This course is designed to equip agriculture students with the basics of
human nutrition and the various nutrition-sensitive agricultural practices. The course will
enable them to design and implement nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs, promote and
assist production and consumption of diversified foods, and contribute to the improvement
of the nutritional status of mothers, children, and the public at large.
210
Course competence: After successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:
 Apply the basic principles of human nutrition, Explain the life cycle approach of human
nutrition, Assist production and household consumption of diversified and nutritious foods,
 Apply safe production and post-harvest handling techniques including preservation and
processing of animal origin foods, Analyze community-level food production and
consumption trends, Describe the role of the agriculture sector in nutrition interventions in
terms of nutrition-sensitive production and consumption,
 Describe concepts and principles of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP),
Identify the effect of post-harvest handling, processing, and preservation on the nutrient
content of foods, Discuss the role of gender in food production and consumption
 Explain the use of nutrition promotion to improve the nutritional status of individuals and
groups through basic nutrition-sensitive production, utilization trends, diversification, and
food safety practices
 Plan nutrition interventions jointly with other nutrition stakeholders in feasible agricultural
activities by respecting their boundaries, Monitor and evaluate the implementation of
nutrition-sensitive agriculture interventions and their impacts on the community
COURSE CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN NUTRITION
1.1.Introduction
1.2.Definition of basic terms
1.3.Nutrients and their functions
1.4.Food groups and their sources
1.5.Food and nutrition security
1.6.Malnutrition
1.6.1.
Definitions and basic concepts
1.6.2.
Courses of malnutrition
1.6.3.
Forms of malnutrition
1.6.4.
Status of malnutrition in Ethiopia
1.6.5.
Impacts of malnutrition
1.7.Nutrition intervention strategies to combat malnutrition
2. NRM AND NUTRITION LINKAGE AS A MEANS FOR FOOD
DIVERSIFICATION
2.1. Introduction
211
2.2. Importance of diversified food production to improve nutrition

2.2.1. Diversified food production
2.2.2. Role of natural resource for diversified food production
2.2.3. The link between diversified food production and nutrition security
2.3. Impact of Climate change on Agricultural Production and Nutrition
2.3.1. The basic concept of climate change
2.3.2. Effect of climate change on nutrition security
2.4. Climate-Smart Agriculture for Sustainable Food System
2.5. Significance of Natural Resources Conservation on Nutrition
2.5.1. Watershed management and Nutrition
2.5.2. Role of Agroforestry Practices for Nutrition
2.5.3. The link between Soil and Water Management and Nutrition
2.5.4. Irrigation and Nutrition
2.6. Consequences of Natural Resources Degradation on Nutrition
3. SAFE PRODUCTION & POST-HARVEST HANDLING OF ANIMAL
ORIGIN FOODS
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Safety of Agricultural Products
3.2.1. Definition of food safety and related terms
3.2.2. Food quality versus food safety
3.2.3. Food safety hazards
3.2.4. Safety and Quality Management Systems
3.2.5. Food safety and nutrition linkage
3.3. Postharvest Handling
3.3.1. Basic principles of post-harvest handling
3.3.2. Postharvest loss and its causes
3.3.3. Post-harvest losses of animal source food
3.3.4. Impacts of postharvest loss on food and nutrition security
3.3.5. Pre and post-harvest food safety problems and associated health risks
4. GENDER AND NUTRITION
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Basic gender-related terminologies
4.3. Gender role in food production and consumption
4.4. Gender equality and equity for nutrition
4.5. Empowering women in food production and consumption
4.5.1.Women’s access and control over assets
4.5.2.Labor, time and energy-saving technologies for women
4.5.3. Involvement of male in feeding and caring practices
212
5. SOCIAL BEHAVIORAL CHANGE COMMUNICATION (SBCC) FOR

NUTRITION
5.1. Introduction
5.2. The Culture of Food Consumption in Ethiopia
5.2.1.Food Preferences and Nutrition
5.2.2.Food Taboos and Nutrition
5.2. 3.Food sharing among family members
5.3. Nutrition Education, Counseling and communication
5.4. Nutrition Behavioral Change Communication (NBCC)
5.5. Tools for nutritional behavioral change communication
5.6. Nutrition Extension through SBCC/NBCC
6. BIODIVERSITY AND NUTRITION
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Harmonizing Agricultural Production with Biodiversity Conservation for nutrition
6.2.1.The link between agricultural production and biodiversity conservation
6.2. 2.Role of Agricultural biodiversity for nutrition
6.3. Potential species of Biodiversity for Nutrition
6.3. 1.Aquatic Biodiversity and Nutrition
6.3. 2.Terrestrial Biodiversity and Nutrition
6.4. Biodiversity conservation, Ecosystem Services, and Nutrition
7. MULTI-SECTORAL COLLABORATION FOR NUTRITION
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Multi-sectorial nature of nutrition
7.3. Ethiopian National Nutrition Programs
7.4. Roles and responsibilities of various sectors
7.5. Role of agriculture and livestock sector in NNP II
7.6. Strengthening Multi-sectoral coordination
8. PLANNING, MONITORING, AND EVALUATION OF NUTRITION
SENSITIVE AGRICULTURE INTERVENTIONS
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Basic principles of planning for NSA interventions
8.2.1.Program principles
8.2. 2.Policy principles
8.3. Monitoring and evaluation indicators for NSA activities Assessment
Techniques:
 Attendance = 10%
 Quiz =20%
 Assignment =2%
213
 Final exam (comprehensive) =60%
References
a. David, L. Y. and Idamarie, L., 2003. Handbook of nutrition, 9th ed., H.J. HEINZ Company.
b. Mark Visocky, USAID BFS/CSI Climate Smart Agriculture Team. Multi-sectoral Nutrition:
Climate Smart Agriculture and NutritionEastwood M., 2003. Principles of Human Nutrition, 2nd
Ed., Oxford Printing Press.
c. Eastwood, M ., 2003. Principles of Human Nutrition, 2nd ed. Oxford printing press.
d. Gropper, S. S., Smith, J. L. and Groff, J. L., 2005. Advanced Human Nutrition and Metabolisms,
4th ed.
e. Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition, Climate-Smart Food Systems for
Enhanced NutritionYeung, D. L. and Laquatra, I., 2003. Handbook of Nutrition, 9th ed., H. J.
Heinz Company.
f. Jessica Fanzo, Rebecca McLaren, Claire Davis, Jowel Choufani, 2017.Climate Change and
Variability; What are the Risks for Nutrition, Diets, and Food Systems?Ending Malnutrition
from commitment to action, FAO 2015
Course Policy
Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures, laboratory and practical sessions as
Academic dishonesty: the highest standards of intellectual honesty in all academic works
are expected. Intellectual dishonesties including fabrication, cheating, and plagiarism will
not be tolerated in the course and will be reported to concerned bodies for further actions.
214
Approval
_________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Senior Research Project

Course Credit: CrHr/ECTS: 2(0+2) /3 Semester: II
Prerequisite: Research Methods
Course Description
This course is a field/industrial/laboratory study on a research problem relevant to natural resources

management. It is centered on an individual research project conducted by the student culminating in
the production and defense of the project. A relevant academic staff member will be assigned to function
as the supervisor for the project. Depending on the nature of the research, the possibility of having two
or more supervisors (even from outside the campus) will also be encouraged - to facilitate research and
learning. The topic of the project will be selected through a consensus of the internal and external
supervisors and the respective student. Whilst indulging in research, the student will also be encouraged
to write and publish papers/articles at scientific and public venues. The students may undertake small
group research. Outstanding students are encouraged to work and write an individual research project,
based on the availability of staff and facilities.
Course Objectives
 To familiarize students with state of the art literature and methodologies pertinent to their
research topics or related topics in natural resources management
215
 To familiarize students with the scientific research process and report preparation.  To
allow students to develop the skill of conducting research independently.
Course Procedure
Orientation: students will be introduced to:
• Organization and reporting of the research project

• Development and delivering of presentations: slides, power points, overheads Time
management for the course
Topic selection: topic must be related to the subject of natural resources management
Work on paper: zero drafts, first drafts, final paper
• The final paper will be evaluated by the course coordinator, content advisor, and mentor.
• Criteria include (1) completeness; (2) depth and accuracy of the issues; (3) analysis; (4)
organization; (5) quality of writing; and (6) formatting and proper citation
Submissions- all submissions must be made on time following the due dates and means of submission
to be given by the course coordinator.
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH PROJECT
The project should compulsorily consist of the following parts;

Abstract
List of abbreviations and acronyms
List of tables
List of figures
1. Introduction to the particular problem
2. Literature review on the problem
3. Materials and methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion and recommendations
6.1. Conclusion
6.2. Recommendations
References
List of annexes (If any)
List of Appendixes (If any)
216
1. Introduction to the particular problem

2. Literature review on the problem
3. Materials and methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion and recommendations
6.1. Conclusion
6.2. Recommendations
 References
 List of annexes (If any)
 List of Appendixes (If any)
MODE OF DELIVERY
Tutorial and Practical

Students will be oriented about the research project
ASSESSMENT METHODS
 Paper evaluation – 50%

 Oral defense – 50%
Course Policy
University
_____________________________ _____________
217
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Entrepreneurship
Course Code: MGMT462 Class Year: Four

Course Credit; CrHr/ECTS: 3(3+0)/ 5 Semester: II
Prerequisites (if any): Nil

Course Description
This interdisciplinary course is designed to introduce students the meaning and concept of entrepreneurship,
creativity, innovation and their manageable processes that can be applied across careers and work settings.
It focuses on building entrepreneurial attitude and behavior that will lead to creative solution within
community and organizational environments. The Course topics include the history of entrepreneurship,
218
the role of entrepreneurs in the globalized economy and the identification of entrepreneurial opportunities.
The development of a business ideas, products and services, marketing and developing new ventures, the
examination of feasibility studies and the social and ethical implications of entrepreneurship are
incorporated. Besides, issues related to starting and financing new ventures are included. Finally, managing
growth, transition and sustainability of the venture are considered. And forms of business organizations,
legal and regulatory frameworks of governing the whole system are also encompassed in the course
syllabus.
Course Objectives
Upon the completion of this course, students will be able to:
 Define entrepreneurship within the context of society
 Identify business opportunities
 Prepare business plan
 Distinguish forms of business ownership
 Comprehend intellectual property rights in business practices

 Define basic marketing concepts
 Formulate context-based marketing strategies
 Identify and evaluate sources of financing new ventures
 Manage business growth and transition
 Practice ethical business with all stakeholders
Expected Learning outcomes
The expected learning outcomes of this course are to produce innovative, creative, entrepreneurial team
players, ethical and calculated risk-taking students who can run their own businesses efficiently and
effectively.
219
Course Competence
As the intension of the course entrepreneurship is preparing University students for self-employment,
the curriculum is designed focusing on changing the behavior of students. It is designed in such a way
that graduates will be more of “job creators than job seekers”. Much should be done on the behavioral
aspects than the technical aspects of entrepreneurship. Students are expected to develop the basic
competencies that successful entrepreneurs should possess.
COURSE OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definition and philosophy of Entrepreneurship Vs Entrepreneurs
1.1.1. Historical origin of entrepreneurship
1.2. Type of Entrepreneurs
1.3. Role within the economy
1.4. Entrepreneurial Competence and Environment
1.4.1. Entrepreneurial Mindset
1.4.2. Demographic Factors
1.4.3. Entrepreneurial Environment
1.5. Entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation
2. BUSINESS PLANNING
2.1. Opportunity Identification and Evaluation
2.2. Business Idea Development
2.2.1. Business Idea Identification
2.2.2. Sources of Business Ideas
2.2.3. Methods for generating Business Ideas
2.3. The Concept of Business Planning
2.4. Business Feasibility
2.5. The Business plan
2.6. Developing a business plan
3. BUSINESS FORMATION
3.1. The Concept of Business Development
220
3.2. Forms of Business (a short explanation)

3.3. Definition and Importance of SMEs
3.4. Setting up small scale business
3.5. Roles of SMEs
3.6. Business failure and success factors.
3.6.1. Problems of small scale business in Ethiopia
3.7. Organizational structure and entrepreneurial team formation
4. PRODUCT OR SERVICES DEVELOPMENT
4.1. The Concept of product or service technology
4.2. Product or service development Process
4.3. Legal and regulatory frameworks
4.4. Intellectual Property Protection/Product or service protection
4.4.1. Patent
4.4.2. Trademarks
4.4.3. Copyrighting
5. MARKETING
5.1. The Concept and philosophy of marketing
5.2. Marketing Mix and Strategies
5.3. Marketing Information System
5.3.1. Marketing intelligence
5.3.2. Marketing research
5.5. Competitive analysis
5.6 Selling and Customer Service
6. FINANCING THE NEW VENTURE
6.1. Overview of Business Financing
6.2. Source of financing
6.2.1. Equity financing
6.2.2. Debt financing
6.2.2.1 Trade credit
221
6.2.2.2 Lease financing

6.3. Traditional Financing (Equib/Edir, etc.)
6.4. Crowd Funding
6.5. Micro finance in Ethiopia
7. MANAGING GROWTH AND TRANSITION
7.1. Managing business growth
7.2. New venture expansion strategies
7.3. Business Ethics and Social Responsibility
Recommended Text Book

• Hirsh Robert D., and D. and Peters Michael P. “Entrepreneurship” Fifth Edition, Tata McGraw Hill
Edition, 2002.
FURTHER REFERENCES
• Justin G. Longenecker and Carlos W. Moore, Small Business Management 12th edition, College
Division South Western Publishing Co. Dallas, 2003
• Holt David H. “Entrepreneurship – New venture Creation “Eastern Economy Edition, 2000.
• Donald F. Kutatko and Richard M. Hodgetts, “Entrepreneurship: A Cotemporary Approach” Fourth

Edition, the Dryden Press, 1998.
• Hailay Gebretinsae, Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management, 2nd Edition.
Mode of Delivery
• Interactive Lecture
• reading assignment,
• group discussion
• Individual reflection
• Debate among groups
• Case study discussion and analysis
• Presentations
• Discussion with Real World Entrepreneurs
Assessment Methods
Quiz 5%
222
Test 15%
Individual assignment 10%
Business Plan Preparation 15%
Presentation 5%
Final Exam 50%
Course Policy
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures and practical sessions as well as fieldwork. For
the situations where you fail to attend sessions, because of reasons beyond your control, see the senate
Intellectual dishonesties including fabrication, cheating, and plagiarism will not be tolerated in the
course and will be reported to concerned bodies for further actions.
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
Course Title: Natural Resources and Conflict Management

Name: ____________________________
223
Course Description
The course examines the various natural resources and their distribution; importance to human wellbeing,
community participation in natural resources management, the causes, dynamics, and consequences of
natural resource conflicts; the range of possible approaches/strategies to prevent and resolve such conflicts.
The course will also consider the merits of conventional approaches to manage natural resource conflicts
and emphasize the theory and methods of collaboration. It will conclude by considering the relationship
between natural resource conflict and sustainable livelihood.
Course Objectives
At the end of the course students will:
• Identify the various natural resources, their distribution, and importance to a human being
• Explain the community participation in natural resource management
• understand the various sources of natural resource conflict
• develop strategies for analyzing conflict
• recognize various challenges and how to address them within the collaborative process;
• be exposed to key negotiation tools; and
• learn about evolving management strategies within natural resource collaboration
COURSE OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Description of Natural Resources: renewable and non-renewable
1.2 Global Distribution of Natural Resources
1.3 Natural Resources of Ethiopia
1.4 Community Participation: concepts and contributions
1.5 Natural Resource Conflicts: meaning, source, and nature
2. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
2.1 Arguments and Principles
2.1.1 Approaches to the study of community participation
2.1.2 Arguments for community participation
2.1.3 Principles and participatory strategies of community participation
2.2 Approaches of Participatory Development
2.2.1 Participatory development vs. Participation in development
2.2.2 Practices and difficulties of participatory approaches
2.2.3 Commonly used participatory approaches
2.3 Natural Resource Governance and Levels of Participation
224
2.3.1 Concepts of Good Governance in Natural Resources

2.3.2 Levels and Scope of Community Participation
2.4 Participatory Natural Resource Management (PNRM)
2.4.1 Concepts of Projects & Programs
2.4.2 Stages of PNRM Projects & Programs
2.4.3 Tools and Methods of for Making with Communities
2.4.4 Monitoring and Evaluation of PNRM Projects & Programs
2.4.5 Empowerment of Women and Gender Equity in PNRM
3. COMPETITION AND CONFLICTS OVER NATURAL RESOURCES
3.1 Competition over Natural Resources
3.1.1 Structural causes
3.1.2 Socio-Economic change
3.1.3 Policies, Programs, and projects
3.2 Conflicts over Natural Resources
3.2.1 Life cycle of natural resource conflicts
3.2.2 Spaces of natural resource conflicts
3.2.3 The dynamics of natural resource conflicts
3.2.4 Sensitivity of natural resource conflicts
3.2.5 Advantages and opportunities of natural resource conflicts
4. NATURAL RESOURCES CONFLICT ANALYSIS
4.1 Ways of Understanding Natural Resources Conflict
4.2 Typology of Natural Resources Conflicts
4.3 Mechanisms to Deal With Natural Resource Conflicts
4.4 Anticipating and Addressing Latent Conflict
4.5 Analyzing Conflicts
4.5.1 General approaches
4.5.2 Stakeholder assessment
4.5.3 Root Causes
4.8. Developing a Strategy for Conflict Resolution
4.9. Negotiation Skills
5. NATURAL RESOURCES CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
5.1 Strategies for Managing Natural Resource Conflicts
5.1.1 Natural resources conflict management
5.1.2 Natural resources conflict transformation
5.1.3 Peacebuilding
5.2 Customary Systems for Managing Natural Resource Conflicts
5.2.1 Common customary systems for natural resources conflict management
5.2.2 Complementary of customary systems with the formal or legal system
225
5.3 Natural Resource Conflicts and Sustainable Livelihoods

6. ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) MECHANISMS
6.1 General Overview of ADR
6.1.1 Meaning of Alternative Dispute Resolution
6.1.2 Historical Development of Alternative Dispute Resolution
6.1.3 Characteristics of ADRM Approaches
6.1.4 Purpose and Demerits of ADR
6.1.5 Litigation in Natural Resource Conflict Management
6.2 Types of ADR and their Proceeding
6.2.1 Types of ADR
6.2.2 Negotiation
6.2.3 Mediation /Conciliation
6.2.4 Arbitration
6.3 ADR in Ethiopia (Term paper with presentation)
REFERENCES
• FAO (2000): Conflict and Natural Resource Management
• Kumar, S.(2002): Methods for Community Participation. Vistar publication, New Delhi.
• Tefera Eshetu and Mulugeta Getu Alternative Dispute Resolution Teaching Material Presented by the
Justice and Legal System Research Institute; unpublished material
Mode of Delivery
• Gaped lecture
• Group discussion
Mode of Assessment
[Group work, Term paper, presentation, quiz, test]
• Final exam 50%
Course Policy
 Attendance: a student is required to attend all lectures and practical sessions as well as fieldwork. For
the situations where you fail to attend sessions, because of reasons beyond your control, see the senate
226
Approval
_____________________________ _____________
_____________________________ _____________
227
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1- Major Processes and Participants in the Curriculum

Review
Drafting and Organization: Haramaya University
Drafted and Organized by:

1. Samuel Feyissa Ayano (Asst. Prof., PhD)
2. Ayele Akuma Aga (Asst. Prof., MSc)
3. Solomon Estifanos Bekele (Asst. Prof., MSc)
4. Tasisa Temesgen Tolossa (Lecturer, MSc)
Internal reviewer:
1. Bobe Bedadi Woreka (Assoc. Prof., PhD)
2. Kibebew Kibret Tsehay (Assoc. Prof., PhD)
3. Abebe Aschalew (Asst. Prof., PhD)
4. Lemma Wogi Mirkena(Asst. Prof., PhD)
5. Mengistu Mengesha Mega (Asst. Prof., PhD)
6. Arbo Feyissa Bobasa (Lecturer, MSc)
7. Tessema Toru Demissie (Asst. Prof., PhD)
8. Tamirat Kassa Abegaz (Lecturer, MSc)
External reviewer:
Jimma University
1. Alemayehu Regassa (Assoc. Prof., PhD)
2. Tibebu Alemu (Assis. Prof., PhD)
3. Obsu Hirko (Lecturer, MSc)
4. Dereje Bekele (Assis. Prof. MSc)
5. Zerihun Kebebew (Assoc. Prof. MSc)
6. Tadesse Mosissa (Assis. Prof., MSc)
7. Abebayehu Aticho (Assis. Prof., MSc)
External Review-2: Other stakeholders (Virtual)

1. Universities
2. Environment Forest and Climate Change Commission
228
3. Environment and Forest Research Institute

4. ATA
5. Red Plus
6. Cleaner Production
Validation Workshop:
1. Haramaya University (Organizer)
2. Hawassa University (Participant)
3. Jimma University (Participant)
4. Wachemo University (Participant)
5. Madda Walabu University (Participant)
6. Wollega University (Participant)
7. Ambo University (Participant)
8. Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute (Participant)
9. Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission- FDRE (Participant)
10. Dire Dawa Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission Authority (Participant)
229

1 Natural Resources Management B.sc. Final Curriculum

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

1 Natural Resources Management B.sc. Final Curriculum

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 Natural Resources Management B.sc. Final Curriculum

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

National Curriculum of B.

Sc degree in Natura l Resources Management

NationalCurriculum for Bachelor

Natural Resources Management

College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences

School of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences

1. BACKGROUND OF THE PROGRAM ................................................................................................... 1

2. RATIONALE OF THE PROGRAM ........................................................................................................ 2

3. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES AND GRADUATE PROFILE........................................................................... 3

3.1 Program Objectives and Competency Profile ........................................................................................ 3

3.1. Professional and Graduate Profile........................................................................................................ 4

3.1.1. Professional Profile ............................................................................................................................ 4

3.1.2. Graduate Profile ................................................................................................................................ 5

4. ADMISSION AND GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................... 7

4.1. Admission Requirements ...................................................................................................................... 7

4.2 Duration of the Study ............................................................................................................................ 7

4.3. Graduation Requirements .................................................................................................................... 7

4.4 Medium of Instruction ........................................................................................................................... 7

6. ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION ............................................................................................................. 8

6.1. Mode of Assessment ............................................................................................................................ 8

6.1.1. Theoretical part of the course work .................................................................................................. 8

6.1.2. Practical part of courses .................................................................................................................... 8

6.1.3. Research projects, field practice, and seminars ................................................................................ 8

6.2. Grading System ..................................................................................................................................... 8

9. COURSES CONTENTS BREAKDOWN ....................................................................................................... 20

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................. 228

1. BACKGROUND OF THE PROGRAM

2. RATIONALE OF THE PROGRAM

 Integrate teaching, research, and extension activities to extend appropriate technologies

3.1. Professional and Graduate Profile

Identify Natural Resources and environmental-related problems, and design cost-effective,

Think critically, communicate, cooperate and solve problems from an interdisciplinary

3.1.2. Graduate Profile

The B.Sc. graduates of the NRM program at their graduation

 Do feasibility studies, plan, implement, monitor, and evaluate programs/projects related to

 Able to work in a multi-disciplinary team to solve Natural Resource Management related

4. ADMISSION AND GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS

4.1. Admission Requirements

4.2 Duration of the Study

4.3. Graduation Requirements

 They complete a minimum of 151 credit hours course or 246 ECTS

4.4 Medium of Instruction

In English Bachelor of Science Degree (B.Sc.) in Natural Resources Management

In Amharic: የባችለር ሳይንስ ዲግሪ በተፈጥሮ ሃብት አያያዝ

6. ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION

6.1. Mode of Assessment

6.2. Grading System

7. QUALITY ASSURANCE MEASURES

The role of the program committee

Listening to the views of students

 Course evaluations by questionnaires given to students in each semester

 Student representation on program committee meeting two times a year

 Questionnaires to former students/tracer studies when needed

Course name Code

S/No Courses Cr. Hr. ECTS Type of Delivery

S/No Courses Cr. Hr. ECTS Type of Delivery

9. COURSES CONTENTS BREAKDOWN

1.1. Concepts and Definition of Soil