See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/290789832

A Survey on Various PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDM Communication

Systems

Article · September 2015

CITATIONS READS

10 1,493

1 author:

Simarpreet Kaur
Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Engineering College
29 PUBLICATIONS 66 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Simarpreet Kaur on 17 January 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Sep-2015 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

A Survey on Various PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDM

Communication Systems

Nutan Kumari1; Simarpreet Kaur2

M.Tech Student ,Deptt. Of Electronics,Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Engg. College, Fatehgarh Sahib,Punjab,India1;

Assistant Professor,Deptt. Of Electronics,Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Engg. College, Fatehgarh Sahib,Punjab,India2;

---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - One of the emerging technologies in the field of
communications is wireless technology. It provides efficient
data transmission and a growing concept for 4G and 5G
communications. The concept of OFDM system states that it
is a form of multi-carrier modulation. The OFDM system
suffers from the drawback of high PAPR i.e. Peak to average
Power Ratio. Numerous Techniques such as SLM, PTS, Tone
Reservation, Clipping and filtering etc. have been discussed
in this review paper which are used to reduce the PAPR
effect in OFDM systems.Different parameters such as
distortion Rate, data rate, power raise etc. are analyzed
with the study of different PAPR reduction techniques.
KeyWords: OFDM, PTS, SLM, BER, PAPR, PSK, QAM,CDF.
1.INTRODUCTION TO OFDM SYSTEMS
In the present scenario, the demand for high speed data
transmission has increased with accelerated growth in the
field of wireless technology. Wireless communication has
seen sudden rise in its development as a large number of
wireless devices are being innovated day by day for
efficient transmission. These wireless devices have access
to internet, the transmission of data faces distortion and
hence the distortion factor is reduced.
The basic principle of OFDM systems is that it is a form of
multi-carrier modulation. It is a type of signal modulation
that provides a high data rate modulating stream placing
them onto many slowly modulated space carriers[10]
which are orthogonal to each other. The main advantages
of using OFDM Scheme is that it provides high spectral
efficiency[14],increased system efficiency for reliable
transmission ,improves bandwidth efficiency. It can
handle multipath interference and ISI i.e. Intersymbol
Interference. Recently studied data depicts that there are
several limitations which are being suffered by the OFDM
Systems .One of the major drawback is that OFDM systems
exhibit High PAPR i.e. Peak to Average Power ratio[9].
Several techniques such as SLM( Selective
Mapping)[3],PTS(Partial Transmit Sequence)[8],[11],Tone
Reservation, clipping and filtering[7],Companding[5],etc
are being discussed in this paper which are used for
minimizing the effect of PAPR i.e. Peak to Average Power
Ratio. The OFDM communication systems finds it’s
applications in Digital television and audio broadcasting,
DSL Internet access, wireless networks and 4G mobile
communications[13].
The assembling of this Review paper is done as follows:-
Section 1 gives us the introduction to OFDM Systems.
Section 2 explains the concept of PAPR in OFDM Signal.
Section 3 gives the classification of PAPR Reduction
Techniques. Section 4 explains numerous PAPR Reduction
Techniques. Section 5 mentions the overall analysis of the
mentioned PAPR Reduction Techniques on various
parameters. Section 6 depicts the conclusion part.
2. PAPR IN OFDM SIGNAL
In OFDM System Model, it can be noted that the input
transmit signals are modulated first using either PSK or
QAM i.e. Phase Shift Keying or Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation and then undergo IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform)operation at the transmitter end. The
orthogonal sub-carriers are produced at the transmitter
side[11].These transmitted signals can have high peak
values in time domain and these high peak values are
referred to as high Peak To Average Power Ratio, in OFDM
Systems as compared with Single carrier systems. The
high PAPR is a result of summation of sinc waves and non-
constant envelope. The deleterious effect of High PAPR is
that it decreases the Signal to Quantization Noise Ratio of
ADC and DAC’s, while lowering the performance of power
amplifier.Therefore,RF power amplifiers needs to be
operated in very large linear region,Elseways the signal
peaks will get entered into non-linear region and will
cause distortion. So there are number of PAPR reduction
techniques. The efficiency of any PAPR Reduction
Technique is measured through Cumulative Distribution,
i.e.(CDF).
PAPR of a signal is represented by:-

© 2015, IRJET ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 24

 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Sep-2015 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

max│x(t)│2
PAPR(x)= E[│x(t)│2]

Where E[.] depicts Expectation operator[14].

3.CLASSIFICATION OF PAPR REDUCTION

TECHNIQUES:-
Signal Scrambling Signal Distortion
Techniques Techniques
1. Selective Mapping 1. Clipping and
(SLM) Filtering
2. Partial Transmit 2. Peak windowing
Sequence
3. Tone Reservation 3. Peak Reduction
Figure -1:- The Block Diagram of SLM Scheme
Carrier
4. Tone Injection 4. Companding
Using Selected Mapping technique (SLM), input data is
5. Interleaving portioned into sub data blocks given below of length N,
Table 1:-Various PAPR reduction Techniques. and is converted into the parallel data stream using serial
to parallel converter. When the data is parallel converted
4. VARIOUS PAPR REDUCTION TECHNIQUES then OFDM data block is multiplied element by element
with phase sequence given as
The explanation of the above mentioned PAPR Reduction
techniques is given in this section. Pu =[P1,P2,P3,….PU] ….(i)
4.1 SIGNAL SCRAMBLING TECHNIQUES Where u= [0, 1, 2….U], to make OFDM data blocks to be
phase rotated. Therefore X (u) expressed as,
4.1.1 Selective Mapping (SLM):-
X(u)=[xo(u),x1(u),………….xN-1(u)]T
The paper that fabricated the “Selective Mapping
Technique” first was penned down by Bamul,Fischer and =[P0(u)xo,P1(u)X1,………………PN-1(u)XN-1]T
Huber in 1996.[3]SLM is one of the favorable Reduction
techniques as it does not introduces distortion and yields =P(u)x …..(ii)
effective PAPR Reduction in OFDM System. In this
technique the Input data blocks are multiplied by each of After data blocks are phase rotated, the rotated OFDM
the phase sequences to generate alternative input symbol data blocks represents similar information which are
sequences. Each of the alternative I/P data sequence is unmodified OFDM data blocks, provided with known
processed further under IFFT Operation and then the phase sequence. Now frequency domain signal is
signal with lowest PAPR is selected for Transmission[11]. converted into the time domain X (u), by the help of IFFT.
Selected Mapping Technique is a technique which is used The fundamental idea that lies in this technique, it helps to
to lessen the PAPR effect which is observed in OFDM select the signal with lowest PAPR value from independent
Systems. It is a kind of Phase Rotation Method..The phase sequences that have same information at the
SII(side information index) should be transmitted to allow transmitter end.
recovery of data block at the receiver side.
4.1.2 Partial Transmit Sequence(PTS):-

The PTS (Partial Transmit Sequence )technique is

popularly used technique for PAPR reduction and the
concept of PTS Scheme can be clearly understood by its
bock diagram. The concept of this PAPR reduction
technique is addition of Phase Rotation to develop a
candidate signal and to select one signal with low
PAPR[8].The statistics of a multi carrier signal gets
enhanced by using this technique.

© 2015, IRJET ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 25

 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Sep-2015 www.irjet.net
Due to multicarrier propogation,the high value of PAPR
affects the system capacity . So there is a need to reduce
the high value of PAPR .For this, an approach named PTS
(Partial Transmit Sequence) is discussed in this section
which reduces the PAPR to a certain extent.
Figure 2: Block Diagram of PTS Scheme.
The vital idea that lies behind this PTS scheme is to divide
the original OFDM sequence into several sequences and
each sequence is multiplied by distinct weights until the
best result is achieved. The PTS block Diagram shows that
the input data block of N symbols is portioned into disjoint
sub blocks and then the signal is further transmitted[10].
The portioning of sub-blocks is one another factor which
should be taken into consideration as it also affects the
PAPR reduction performance. The three ways of sub block
portioning schemes are adjacent, interleaved and pseudo-
random portioning[12].The PTS scheme is complex in
nature and it also adds SII (Side Information Index) as that
in SLM scheme.
4.1.3 Tone Reservation:-
A Tone Reservation Technique partitions N sub carriers
i.e. small number of tones into data tones and peak
reduction tones.(PRT’s).The central idea behind this Tone
Reservation scheme is that small set of tones are created
for PAPR Reduction. It can be referred to as a accurate
technique. This method is used to minimize the High peak
values. It is based on adding a data block and time-domain
signal. At the transmitter, the calculation of time domain
signal can be done. The values for PAPR reduction in tone
reservation approach depends on some factors such as
number of reserved tones, amount of complexity and
allowed power on reserved tones[9].This technique shows
that by reserving even a small fraction of tones leads to
large reduction in PAPR value.. The benefits of Tone
Reservation method can be coined to be less complex in
nature. No additional information is required to be
© 2015, IRJET ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
operated at the receiver side. In this method , no side
information is required at the receiver end.
4.1.4 Tone Injection:-
The Tone Injection approach was penned down by Muller,
S.H., Huber, J.B [4].The basis of the tone injection scheme
is general additive method which provides desired PAPR
reduction. By the implementation of the additive method
on the multicarrier signal, the PAPR reduction is achieved
without any data rate loss. A set of equivalent
constellation points is being used by this Tone Injection
approach for original constellation points to minimize the
effect of PAPR. The demerits of Tone Injection scheme is
that this approach requires additional side information for
decoding the signal at the receiver side and cause extra
IFFT operation which results in complex circuitry.
4.1.5 Interleaving Technique:-
A technique which uses a set of Interleavers for PAPR
reduction is called Interleaving technique.in this
scheme,the upraised value of PAPR is reduced by using set
of interleavers but not by using the set of Phase sequences
as in PTS and SLM technique. A long correlation pattern is
broken down to reduce the elevated values of correlated
data structures[9].By the use of this Interleaving
technique,we can obtain higher code rate without
expansion in bandwidth as compared to conventional
OFDM systems,without increase in number of sub-carriers.
This interleaving technique gets slightly complex in nature
and it gets moderately complex to compute using this
technique.Interleavers are used to produce permuted data
blocks from the same data block. The PAPR of (K-1)
permuted data blocks and that of the original data block
with the lowest PAPR is then chosen for transmission. For
recovery of original data block,the receiver must be
knowing which interleaver is used at the transmitter
end.therefore,the number of required ‘side information’
bits is log2K . This normal Interleaving technique is
illustrated below :
Page 26
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Sep-2015 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Figure 3:-Block Diagram of Interleaving technique
Thus, interleaving and de-interleaving can be done simply.
The amount of PAPR reduction depends on the number of
Interleavers and the design of the Interleavers.
4.2 SIGNAL DISTORTION TECHNIQUES
is suited for Peak Reduction Carrier as in this envelope of
all the sub-carriers are the same.The implementation of
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Scheme will result in
serious BER (Bit Error Rate) degradation. When the
higher order modulation schemes are used by this
technique to represent lower order modulation scheme
data then,there is increased probability of error and
hence the overall BER performance gets degraded.

4.2.1 Clipping and Filtering Technique:- 5.OVERALL ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PAPR REDUCTION
TECHNIQUES
The clipping and filtering technique for PAPR reduction is
one of the simplest techniques and is being mostly used S.No PAPR Parameters
for getting reduced value of PAPR.The functioning of Reduction
clipping and filtering technique is clear from its name Technique
itself i.e. it clips the part of the signals which are not
allowed to enter the specified region. The operation of 1. Selective It..decreases distortion.
clipping and filtering technique can be understood by Mapping
using the HPA (High Power Amplifier) with saturation There is no Power raise
Technique
region below the signal span will automatically cause the in SLM technique.
signal to be clipped.For amplitude clipping, that is
Selects the signal with
lowest PAPR value for
transmission.
Generally, clipping is performed at the transmitter.
However, the receiver need to estimate the clipping that 2. Partial This technique helps
has occurred and to compensate the received OFDM Transmit in..reducing distortion.
symbol accordingly. Typically ,at most one clipping occurs Sequence
No power raise .
per OFDM symbol, and thus the receiver has to estimate
two parameters: location and size of the clip.However, it is It is complex in nature.
difficult to get these information. Therefore, clipping
method introduces both in band distortion and out of band
radiation into OFDM signals, which degrades the system
performance including BER and spectral efficiency. 3. Tone Reduces distortion effect.
Filtering can reduce out of band radiation after clipping Reservation
although it can not reduce in-band distortion. However, Power gets raised in this
clipping may cause some peak regrowth so that the signal technique.
after clipping and filtering will exceed the clipping level at
some points. To reduce peak regrowth, a repeated It is less complex in
clipping-and-filtering operation can be used to obtain a nature.
desirable PAPR at a cost of computational complexity
increase. As improved clipping methods, peak windowing
schemes attempt to minimize the out of band radiation by
using narrowband windows such as Gaussian window to 4. Tone It reduces distortion
attenuate peak signals[7].
Injection effect.

4.2.2 Peak Reduction Carrier :- Power raise is observed in

this technique.
This technique was proposed by Tan and Wassell,[1]and
this technique demonstrates that it is used to reduce the PAPR reduction is
elevated value of PAPR by using data bearing Peak observed without data
Reduction Carrier in OFDM systems.this technique is rate loss.
associated with the use of higher order modulation
scheme to represent a lower order modulation
symbol[2],[9].The phase shift keying modulation schemes

© 2015, IRJET ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 27

 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Sep-2015 www.irjet.net
5. Clipping It introduces distortion.
&Filtering
No Power Raise .
It is one of the simplest
technique to apply.
6. CONCLUSION
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a
form of multi-carrier modulation technique. Wireless
Communication is emerging technology in the present
times and OFDM systems are in use because of its
advantages such as providing High Spectral Efficiency,
Increased Bandwidth Power and its robustness against
multipath Interference.. But the OFDM System suffers
from the drawback of high values of PAPR i.e. Peak to
Average Power Ratio. In this Review paper, several
techniques for PAPR Reduction are being reviewed and
discussed. The techniques are classified into two
categories. 1. Signal Scrambling Techniques 2. Signal
Distortion Techniques. Numerous techniques such as
SLM,PTS,Tone Reservation, Tone Injection, Interleaving,
Clipping and filtering and Companding techniques are
being discussed in this review paper. The analysis of PAPR
Reduction Techniques on various Parameters is done. It
has been studied that different PAPR Reduction
techniques are able to reduce the PAPR effect, but there is
no specific technique for PAPR Reduction which can
reduce this effect for multi-carrier transmission. It is
concluded that the PAPR Reduction Technique should be
selected as per the system requirements.
REFERENCES
[1].Tan, C.E. Wassell, I.J., “Data bearing peak reduction
carriers for OFDM systems”, IEEE Proceedings of the 2003
Joint Conference of the Fourth International Conference of
Information, Communications and Signal Processing, 2003
and the Fourth Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia,
Vol.2, Dec 2003.
[2].Pratik Kumar Dubey , Narvendra Kumar,International
Journal Of Advance Research In Science And Engineering
,IJARSE, Vol. No.2, Issue No.3, March, 2013 ISSN-2319-
8354(E).
[3]. Bauml, R.W., Fischer, R.F.H., and Huber, J.B. Reducing
the peak to average power ratio of multi carrier
modulation by selective mapping”, IEEE Electronics
Letters, Vol.32, Oct 1996.
[4]. Muller, S.H., and Huber, J.B., “OFDM with reduced peak
to average power ratio by optimum combination of partial
© 2015, IRJET ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal
View publication stats
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
transmit sequences”, IEEE Electronics letters, Vol.33, Feb
1997.
[5]. Wang, X., Tjhung, T.T., Ng, C.S., “Reduction of peak to
average power ratio of OFDM system using a companding
technique”, IEEE transactions on broadcasting, Vol.25, Sep
1999.
[6]. V. Vijayarangan , DR. (MRS) R. Sukanesh Journal of
Theoretical and Applied Information Technology “AN
OVERVIEW OF TECHNIQUES FOR REDUCING PEAK TO
AVERAGE POWER RATIO AND ITS SELECTION CRITERIA
FOR ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING RADIO SYSTEMS”
[7]. “A detailed Study of 4G in wireless Communication:
Looking insight in issues in OFDM Systems. By Neelam
Dewangan”.
[8].Gurtej Singh Toor, Harjinder Singh, Amandeep singh
Bhandari, REVIEW PAPER ON PAPR REDUCTION
TECHNIQUES IN OFDM SYSTEM International Journal For
Technological Research In Engineering ,Volume 1, Issue 8,
April-2014 ISSN (Online): 2347 – 4718
[9].Md. Ibrahim Abdullah, Md. Zulfiker Mahmud, Md.
Shamim Hossain, Md. Nurul Islam, November 2011,
“Comparative Study of PAPR Reduction Techniques in
OFDM” VOL. 1, NO. 8, November 2011 ISSN 2222-9833
ARPN Journal of Systems and Software
[10].Leman Dewangan, Mangal Singh, Neelam Dewangan A
Survey of PAPR Reduction Techniques in LTE-OFDM
System International Journal of Recent Technology and
Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-1, Issue-5,
November 2012
[11].Md. Kislu Noman, Md. Mojahidul Islam ,Md. Shafiul
Azam ,Nur Hossain Khan Comparative study between
Selection Mapping Technique (SLM) and Partial
Transmission Sequence (PTS) for PAPR reduction in
OFDM signals International Journal of Advanced Research
in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 2, Issue
11, November 2013.
[12]. Celina Antony and Winifred Nadar,”A PTS Technique
for PAPR Reduction,”International Journal of Advanced
Research in Computer Science andsoftware Engineering
Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2015.
[13]. www.wikipedia.org
[14].Arun Gangwar,Manushree Bhardwaj,”An
overview:Peak to Average Power ratio in OFDM System &
its Effect, International Journal of communication and
computer Technologies,Volume 1-No.2,Issue 2,September
2012.
Page 28