6 asneEsT0 OF THE COMMUNIST PE tory bas swept rom of th earth the greater orion ofthe sie paris ere enumerated, Ppt if sa, the Manifesto has become a historical docu- ment which we have no longs any sigh alte” “The present banlaton by Mr. Samuel Moo, the teantor of the peter portion of Man’ Capita. We five seve tn common, and have sed plasty of Mitel allasions ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party A specter i haunting Eu nism. All the powers of old Burope have entered into a holy alliance to exorcte this specter: Pope and Ci temmich end Gulaot, French radicals and Geman, sie. ‘Where is {in opposition thats not been de- cried a spponents in power? Where the oppes ted back the branding re prose of communism aga is as ello against its reaetionay adversaries? Two things 1. Commonisn is already ecznowledged by all European powers to be itself 2 power. c ‘sembled in Loadoa and sketched the following Mani- festo, to be published in the English, French, German, Flemish, and Densh languages 1. BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIANS! “The history ofall hitherto exiting soci! she hi ‘of class struggles. ae road Tree man aed ive, pats oxen olin cnt option an antic Sate, now den, nov open i ce ne mehr ‘olen weet ving no eas of frodsction of ther omni wedorel to Ing th ber power i onda to Ive inet ph dion Of 1888] (acai of lend {undationfom wi’ ning icvay of he tbe, Wik he8 eaxnvEs10 OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY ‘The modem bourgenis society that has sprovied from tha rains of feudal society as not done sway with class hed new eases, new cond tions of oppress fof stragale in place of the old ones. ‘Gur epoch the epoch ofthe bourgeois cre, ti ive fel rs simplied the c fam. Society a a whole is move and more to two reat hostile camps, into two great cls Baty facing each other: bourgecsie and proltait sree the srs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered bushes of the cates towns. From these burgesict the fret clement of cise were developed M egemveryof America, the rounding of the Cape ‘The paket, the col he increase im She means of to mv induetey an imp tnd hereby, to the revolutionary els fendal sce, a rapid development. “The feudel system of industry, under which industrial production was monopolized by closed guilds, now no Prager suid forthe growing wants of the new matkels. ‘Par anufacturing system took is place, ‘The guild mak tes wee pushed on one side by the manofactring middle Siusdiveion of lsbor between the different compote iis wished inthe fae of division of labor in exch i- fle workshop. “Mleustime the makets Kept ever owing, the demand coe ding, Byen manfactore bo longer suficed, ‘There Sen'stesn and machinery revolutionized indostal pro- see The place of manufacture was taken bythe gant daction: guste, the place of the Industral middle css Bp iaduaal miionaes, the leedes of whole industri fries, Be modem bourgeois, Tic industay has establihed the world market, for ‘which the discovery of America paved the way. This ma see fas even an immense development to commerce to ta tion to communication by land. This development Pare tom, eactd on the extension of industry; and nas industry, commerce navigation, ‘eloped, frouod erey elas handed down from the Mie Ags ‘We see, therefore, how the modem bourgeoisie lopment, ofa seis of accompanied las. An oppresed class und aly and Gemany), (asin France a the pat monarchs in gnc, sins the eablshment of mod ty nd fh al ate, one al modern represent tat, exe poll ray. The cathe ofthe madcnste i but semis fo Inaagig the common sf ofthe nae ourzis ‘Tue beugeise Matrcly, has played 8 most revels sy Fa 3 Bougeii, wherever it bas got the upper han nar a od, gue ite Te bas piety tna arade fhe mote fend ee that bound mun toi “natural sero” aod has lt semaine ingno oer nes between tan nd man Hn naked sl enthusiasm, of fof egotistical ealelation. It hat resolved peconal worth {nto exchange value and, in place of the numbers in- 4 "Commune" wat the name taken, a Fane, by the nascent alors ond espe Eagaed & br ken w foe Pe elon, France: [Note by Baga fo tion of 18884) eedefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up tht sng tonseionable fresdom-free tide. In one word, forex {ation, ved by religious and_poitia! ‘us ‘as rs ess, direct, brutal expleittion, "The bourgeoisie ha axippe of is halo every occupation hitherto honored and looked up to with reverent ave. Tt iss converted the physician, the lawyer, the pris, the poet the man of si ts paid wage labore. "The bourgeoisie has tora say from the family its sexe timeatal yell and has reduced the family relation toa mere money relation. The bourgeoisie as dis ring about. Tt has accomplished Yronders far rurpssing Egyptian pyramids, Roman aque ‘ucts, and Gotlic cathedrals it has conducted expeditions ‘hat put in the shade all former exoduses of nations and 3 exist withovt constantly revlu- of production, and thereby the ity. Ci of production tered form we, on the contay, the fst condition ndostrial eases. Constant re. fn, uninterspted ditubance of isting uncertainty and agitation as through smatket given a cosmopolitan characte to ies that no longer wock up indig: rw material deawn fom the 1e- smotest zones, whose products ate consumed not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. Tn place of the old wants stsfed by the productions of the county, ‘we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the pro ands and climes. In place ofthe old local on and oe ‘The intelectual creations of individual nations become Justa ye towns, #0 it hat made balsts on nations of bourgeoit, the East om sore doing away with and of peop sd means of Production, and has concentrated few hands. The necessry consequence ofthis separate interests, lave, goveri- taxation, became lamped toge ‘ground-what earlier century och productive fores sm rapetiion, secompanted ¢ aad by ores against modern conditions of production, agrnst the roperty relation that are the conditions for the existence ‘of the Bourgeoisie and ofits rule. Its enough to mention too much commerce. The productive forces at the diporal ‘of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contary, they Ihave become too powerful for there con wealth czeatd by them, And how does the bourgeoisie ect ‘over these crises? On the one hand, by enforced destruc. productive foes on the ote, bythe pltton of hold ens. That toy, by peg te Wer for more extensive and more destractve css, ndof the machinery, ee. ‘Modem industry has converted the lite wi the patsarchal master into the gret fctory of taal capitalist. Mases of laborers, crowded into the fac- tory, ate organized like soldiers. Ae privates of the indut- ARE MARAE AND FRUEDRIGH ENGELS 5 seded by that of women. Difrences of age and sex have no longer any di cash, than he is set upon by bourgeoisie, the landlord, the shopkeeper, ee ‘The lover stata of the middle clastthe small trades people, shopkeepers, and reed tradesmen generally, the hhandiraftsmen and peasants hte sink gradually into the proletariat, partly because their diminutive capital does not sufi forte scale on which modem indartry is cried ‘by new methods of production. Thus the prle- fiom al eases ofthe ‘bourgeois conditions of production, smeats of production themteves hey estoy imported wares that compete with their labor, they smash to pieres machinery, they set factories ablaze, they feck to restore by force the vanished status ofthe workman of the Middle Ages, fore, the proletavians do not ight their enemies, but the enemies of their enemies, the remnants of absolute mon- archy, the landowners, the nomindustal bourgeois, themovement i ery vielry supply the proletariat with ‘exh elements of enlightenment and progres. “Final, cos, s0 NOW a port the boargoise goes over tothe proletariat, and in parten- Jara portion of theSARL MARX AND FRIEDRIGH ENGELS 9 antagonism of oppresting and ‘order to oppress a class certain i under which it can atproducts, What the bourgeoisie, therfore, pro ues, above al, its own gravediggess. Its fll and the victory ofthe proletariat are equally inevitable IL, PROLETARIANS AND COMMUNISTS relation do the communists stand tothe prole- fom a separate party opposed te and spart from thote of pushes fore They have over the grest mast of the proletariat the ertanding ey, con The theoreti concision ofthe communists are ‘They merely ex springing from an existing Gass strogoe, from a historical ‘ovement gong on under our very eyes, The abolition of not a alla distinctive feature Bl porty lations in he pst ave contin bon subject toh consequent upon the chsbge in nace eisai ane ‘The Feench Revolution, for example, abolished feudal may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition of priate