XII- Biology practical 2023-24

1. Perform an experiment to extract DNA from the given sample. Write the aim,
apparatus required procedure, observation & diagram and precaution. ( 5 marks)

 Experiment to extract DNA – 1 m,

 Aim- 1/2 m,
 Apparatus required – 1/2m,
 Procedure-1m, observation &diagram 1m,
 Precation-1m)

Aim
To isolate DNA from plant materials such as spinach, green peas, papaya and any other available plant
material.

Necessary Materials & Apparatus

 Any available plant materials
 Mortar and pestle
 Test tubes
 Beakers
 Ethanol
 Spool
 Enzymes (Cellulase, ribonuclease, lipases, protease)

Procedure
1. Take the available plant material and grind it in the mortar.
2. Treat the material with cellulase to break down the cell wall of the plant cells.
3. Next, treat it with protease to hydrolyze the peptide bonds of proteins in the plant
material. In other words, the enzyme removes the histone proteins which are
intertwined with the DNA.
4. Dissolve RNA with ribonuclease
5. Use lipase to dissolve lipids.
6. Add chilled ethanol to enable the precipitation of the DNA. It essentially increases
DNA concentration.
7. Use spooling to extract the precipitated DNA. Spooling involves winding the fine
threads of DNA on to a reel.

Observation
The DNA appears as white precipitates of fine thread on the spool.
 Precautions
1. Fresh plant materials should be used for extraction of DNA
2. The glass wares be thoroughly cleaned and dried before the experiments starts
3. The enzymes and chemicals used for the experiment should be of standard quality
4. Always use distilled water to make the solutions
5. Chemicals and solutions should be prepared carefully in order to avoid any wastage

2. Find the density of the vegetation by observing the quadrants given. ( 4 marks)

 Aim – 1 m
 Observations and Tabulation – 2 m,
 Result-1m

Aim
To study the plant population density by the quadrant method.

Materials Required
1. Nail.
2. Thread
3. Hammer

Procedure
1. Select a site for the study and hammer the nails on the site without harming the
vegetation.
2. Fix four nails in the form of a square.
3. Each end of the nail is tied with the help of a thread making a 1m*1m quadrant.
4. Nine more similar quadrants are made at the site of the study.
5. The number of individuals of species A present in the first quadrant is counted and
the data is recorded in the table.
6. The number of individuals of species A in other quadrants is also counted and the
data is recorded in the table.
7. Similarly, count the number of individuals of species B and C present in all the
quadrants and record the data in the table.
 8. The density of the plant population is then calculated by the following equation:

Formula: D = S/Q

Observations
Plant Total number of Total number of Density
Number of individuals in each quadrant
Species individuals (S) quadrants (Q) (D)=S/Q

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

A 2 0 5 7 5 0 0 0 5 3 27 10 2.7

B 1 4 4 0 4 0 3 2 0 2 20 10 2

C 4 0 0 3 0 6 0 3 1 2 19 10 1.9

Conclusion
The population density is the highest for species A and the lowest for species C. The density
value is expressed as the number of individuals per unit area

3. Prepare a temporary slide to show the pollen germination in nutrient medium .

 Preparation of slide – 1m,

 Procedure – 2m,
 Observation & Diagrams -1m,
 Result & Precautions- – 1m)

Aim:

To study pollen germination on a slide.

Necessary Materials & Apparatus
Freshly plucked seasonal flowers, beaker, boric acid, magnesium sulphate, calcium nitrate, sucrose,
microscope and cavity slide.

Procedure
1. The first step involves the preparation of a nutrient solution. This is done by dissolving 10g of
sucrose as well as 10mg of boric acid in 100ml of water.
2. Pour a few drops of this solution on to the cavity slide. Then, use a brush or fingers to gently dust
a few pollen grains from the stamen of mature flowers.
3. Let the slide set for 5 mins. Then, use the microscope to view the slides in 30-minute intervals.

Observation
1. The pollen grains will germinate when submerged in the nutrient-rich medium.
2. This is characterized by the enlargement of the vegetative/tube cell.
3. It emerges through one of the germ pores, eventually forming a pollen tube.
4. The generative cell nucleus grows into the pollen tube and makes two male gametes (sperm
nuclei).
5. The male gamete is either spherical or lenticular in outline.

Precautions
1. Ensure that the flowers are freshly picked
2. The observation slide should be a cavity slide, meaning that it has a depression in the centre.

Results
All the pollens of different species in the medium germinate with different percentage, also
there is a great variation in time taken for germination of pollen of species

Section – C (7 X 1 = 7 Marks)

4. Identify the slides or specimens or models or pictures and comment on each according
to the instruction given.

A. Identify the Plant /Photograph arranged and write the type of pollination taking
place in it.
(Identification of pollinating agent: ½ m, Characters of the plant that helps in pollination
process: ½ m)

Ans: Identification A: wind pollination or Anemophily Eg: Grass

 No bright colours, special odours, or nectar.

  Stamens and stigmas exposed to air currents.

B. Identify the slide and add comments.

Identification and Diagram: ½ m,
two comments: ½ m

Ans: Identification: Given slide B is T.S. of Blastula

1. Blastula appears as a sphere with a cavity known as blastocoel.

2. An outer layer of blastomeres known as trophoblasts is observed.

C. Identify the slide and add comments .

Identification : ½ m ,
two comments: ½ m

Ans: Identification: Given slide C is Leptotene of prophase I, Meiosis I

Leptotene: In this stage, the initiation of chromosome condensation takes place.

Nuclear membrane and nucleous are not clearly visible

D. Identify the disease causing organism and comment.

(Scientific Name of the organism: ½ m, two comments ½ m)

Ans: Given specimen D is Ascaris lumbricoides

Classification:

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
family : Ascarididae
class : Secernentea
order : Ascarida
Genus : Ascaris
Species : lumbricoides

 Ascaris lumbricoides is a nematode roundworm

 Ascaris roundworms cause an infection called Ascariasis found in the small intestine.

E. Identify the picture and add comment.

(Identification: ½ m, comments: ½ m)

Ans: Given specimen E is emasculated flower

 Removal of anther or stamens is known as emasculation.

  It is the method employed to prevent the self-pollination of bisexual plants.

F.Identify the given specimen of symbiotic association and comment on the features
with labelled
diagram.
(Identification ½ m, Two adaptations: ½ m)

Ans: Given specimen F is Lichen

 The fungal part is called mycobiont and non-fungal part is called photobiont that
contains chlorophyll
 Lichens grow in a wide range of environmental conditions. But they are sensitive to
atmospheric pollutants like sulphur and nitrogen

G. Identify the given chart and write two comments

(Identification: ½ m,
two comments: ½ m)

Ans: Given pedigree chart G is Colour blindness

1. It is a sex linked recessive dis order

2. In this case the affected individual is unable to differentiate between red and green
colours
3. It results in the absence or malfunctioning pedigree analysis of colour blindness