RK TEST PREP BOOK ESSENTIAL SAT SPV NVUs ie hl Rae eee) WRITING AND LANGUAGE PRACTICE TESTS 1 is @ trademark registered by the Coviege Dera. which is nat offilieted with, and daernet endoru, this publication ISHGERIANRK Test Prep Book of Essential SAT® Grammar: Writing and Language Practice Tests Rick KoshgerianCopyright © 2017 Rick Koshgerian All rights reserved. ISBN-13: 978-1545003442 ISBN-10: 1545003440 The information contained in this document is the original and exclusive work of Rick Koshgerian and is in no way affiliated with The College Board or any of its programs. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the author. For information, please send correspondence to info@rktestprep.com.Table of Contents IMEC HOT eee eet ae see ante eee me ne eee ence eee 4 ATS te eee ee eee see ee tee nee eee ee 5 SSS te ener ae eee ae ee 18 SCE te aternne ree cetneceesceetaersnesee ereereteeteee eaten en sien ien esl ectoncenedientsstmeersae 32 SSAA aerate le cae sere eetee eee eaten eee ene ee ee 46 ST CSti fe Slaarerscttnc tee tated eee et ete ee eee nets a 61 Answer Keys and Explanations ...............0ccccceccceeeeeneeeeaeeeeaeeseeeeseeaes 76Introduction: As a full-time SAT® and ACT® tutor for the last 5 years, I have often struggled to find practice materials for students that best prepare them for the rigors and style of the actual SAT®. This book is the result of my attempts to best simulate the content and style of questions found on the Writing & Language section of the SAT®. Use these in conjunction with material published by College Board to begin to consciously and subconsciously notice the patterns of questions and answers and the relatively limited set of grammar/punctuation/usage rules that the test covers. With practice these rules should become automatic and you will gain confidence that you have mastered the concepts tested. Please note that SAT® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this publication. Rick Koshgerian April 2017TEST 1 Writing and Language Test 35 MINUTES, 44 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section DIRECTIONS Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied. by one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising and editing decisions. Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole. After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option. Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the passage as it is. Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage. The Violet Wood Sorrel Plant Beauty of leaf and blossom is not the only attraction possessed by this charming little plant. As a family, the wood-sorrels have great interest for botanists since Darwin devoted such a long study to their power of movement, and many other scientists have described the several forms assumed by perfect flowers of the same (oe A) NO CHANGE B) bursting C) exhaustive D) fullspecies to secure cross-fertilization. Some members of the clan also bear so-called blind flowers. [@ Also termed cleistogamous flowers by botanists, blind flowers never open and lack petals, yet they are able to self-fertilize. Even the rudimentary leaves of the seedlings “go to sleep” at J evening, and during the day are in constant movement up and down. The stems, too, are restless. And [Mas for the mature leaves, every child knows how they droop their three leaflets back to back against the stem at evening, elevating them to the perfect horizontal again by day. Extreme sensitiveness to light has been thought to be the true explanation of so much activity, and a therefore this is not a satisfactory theory in many cases. It is certain that drooping leaves suffer far less from frost than those whose upper surfaces are flatly exposed to the zenith. This view that the sleep of leaves saves @ themselves from being chilled at night by radiation is Darwin's own, supported by @ innumerable experiments; it probably would have been advanced by Linnaeus, too, since so many of his observations in "Somnus Plantarum" verify the theory, had the principle of radiation been discovered in his day. The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted? A) Kept, because it helps explain what blind flowers are. B) Kept, because it provides information that Darwin would find fascinating. C) Deleted, because it blurs the focus of the paragraph by introducing loosely related information. D) Deleted, because it contradicts the passage’s claims about cross-fertilization. A) NO CHANGE B) evening and during the day they are C) evening, and during the day this is D) evening, and during the day they are A) NO CHANGE B) as with C) whereby D) as regards the sake of A) NO CHANGE B) yet C) because D) el A) NO CHANGE B) them C) it D) th A) NO CHANGE B) infinite C) numerous without bound D) lots of[1] & The violet wood-sorrel produces two sorts of perfect flowers reciprocally adapted to each other. These reciprocally adapted perfect flowers are found, however, on different plants in the same neighborhood. [2] As the high stigmas are fertile only when pollinized with grains from a flower having high anthers, |) its evident that insect aid to transfer pollen is indispensable here. [3] The two are essentially alike, except in arrangement of stamens and pistil: one flower having high anthers and low stigmas, the other having lower anthers and higher stigmas. [4] Small bees of the honey variety, which visit these blossoms abundantly in the spring, a6 is their benefactors; however, there is nothing to prevent pollen from falling on the stigmas of - the short-styled form. [5] Hildebrand proved that productiveness is greatest, or exists only, after legitimate fertilization. [6] To accomplish cross-pollination, many plants bear flowers of opposite sexes on different individuals; however, the violet wood-sorrel's plan has the advantage in that both kinds of its flowers are fruitful. 7 Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences? A) The violet wood-sorrel produces two sorts of perfect flowers, reciprocally adapted, to each other but on different plants, in the same neighborhood. B) The violet wood-sorrel produces two sorts of perfect flowers reciprocally adapted to each other but on different plants in the same neighborhood. C) Two sorts of perfect flowers, reciprocally adapted to each other but on different plants in the same neighborhood, are being produced by the violet wood-sorrel. D) The violet wood-sorrel producing two sorts of perfect flowers reciprocally adapted to each other on different plants in the same neighborhood. A) NO CHANGE B) have been C) had been D) are ‘o make this paragraph most logical, sentence 2 should be placed A) where it is now. B) before sentence 1. C) after sentence 3. D) after sentence 4.Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage. Aaron Burr [1] Aaron Burr had been elected Vice- President coincidently with Jefferson's election 2 as President, however, his ambition was far from satisfied. [2] It was as favorable ground as he could find to try the issue between himself and the President, for New York had been the center of his activities while he was still an official Democrat. [3] He was determined to make another bid for the higher place, and as a preliminary he @ put himself forward as candidate for the Governorship of New York State. [4] However, he could not hope to succeed without the backing of those Federalist malcontents who had nearly made him President in 1800. [5] [#4 To conciliate them he focused all his energies. [6] He was again on the point of success when Hamilton, who also belonged to New York State, crossed his path. [7] Hamilton urged all the Federalists [who he could influence to have nothing to do with Burr, A) NO CHANGE B) as President, however C) as President however, D) as President; however, B) made another bid C) went there D) efforted to put himself in position Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences? A) Again on the point of success when Hamilton, who also belonged to New York State, crossed his path, to conciliate them he focused all his energies. B) Hamilton, who also belonged to New York State, crossed his path when, to conciliate them, he was in the act of focusing all his energies and on the point of success. C) To conciliate them, he focused all his energies and was again on the point of success when Hamilton, who also belonged to New York State, crossed his path. D) Focusing all his energies to conciliate them, Hamilton, who also belonged to New York State, crossed his path when he was again on the point of success. A) NO CHANGE B) whom C) there D) whichand, probably as a result of his active intervention, Burr was defeated. Burr resolved that Hamilton must be prevented from thwarting him in @ the future, and he deliberately chose a simple method of removing him. He had the advantage of being @ a superb marksman and a crack shot. He forced a private quarrel on Hamilton, challenged him to a duel, and killed him. 1 Therefore, he could hardly have calculated the effect of his action: it shocked the whole nation, which had not loved Hamilton, but knew him for a better man than. a Burr. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 2 should be A) placed before sentence 1. B) placed after sentence 3. C) placed after sentence 4. D) placed after sentence 5. A) NO CHANGE B) the future, he C) the future, therefore, he D) the future, therefore he A) NO CHANGE B) acrack shot. C) asuperb marksman who could shoot well. D) asuperb marksman in addition to a crack shot. A) NO CHANGE B) However, C) Consequently, D) Furthermore, Which choice adds the most relevant supporting information to the paragraph? A) Burr, who traveled by boat to the dueling ground. B) Burr, whose unpopular politicking campaign for the vice-presidency was just one of many schemes that fueled his negative image. C) Burr, who later traveled to the Western frontier after he left the Vice- Presidency. D) Burr, who could be kind to family and strangers alike.Dueling, indeed, was then customary among gentlemen in the United a States but it was rightly felt that the machinery provided for the vindication of outraged honor was never meant to enable one man to kill another merely because he found his continued existence personally inconvenient. a 10 A) NO CHANGE B) States, and it was C) States, however it was D) States, but it was At this point, the write is considering adding the following sentence. After the duel, sermons given by the Anti-Dueling Association of New York were well-received by the public and there was a significant increase in public opposition to the practice of dueling. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it provides an important detail required to understand Burr. B) Yes, because it provides additional support for the main point of the paragraph. C) No, because it distracts from the passage’s focus with irrelevant information. D) No, because it does not indicate the magnitude of the increase.Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage. Stories of Ohio: The Ice Folk The first Ohio stories are part of the common story of the wonderful Ice Age, when a frozen deluge pushed down from the north and covered a vast part of the earth's surface with slowly moving glaciers. The traces a that, this age, left in Ohio are much the same as it left elsewhere. The signs that there were people here ten thousand years ago, when the glaciers began to melt and the land became fit to live in again, a are such as have been found in the glacier drift in many other countries. Even before the ice came (5! sneaking from the region of Niagara, from Lake Erie to the Ohio River there were people here of a race older than the hills. [8 [27] This is because the glaciers ground away the hills as they once were and made new ones, with new valleys between them, and new channels for the streams to run. 11 A) NO CHANGE B) that, this age left in Ohio, C) that this age left in Ohio, D) that this age left in Ohio B) had been C) is D) being A) NO CHANGE B) creeping C) dripping D) motioning At this point, the write is considering adding the following sentence. Given that Lake Erie is the shallowest of the Great Lakes, this is a surprising development. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it creates geographical context necessary for understanding of the passage. B) Yes, because it supports the paragraph’s argument with an important detail. C) No, because it challenges the author’s main claim. D) No, because it is not directly related to the main point of the paragraph. A) NO CHANGE B) This is due to the fact that C) For D) As noted by prominent historiansThese earliest Ohioans must have been the same as the Ohioans of the Ice Age, and after fleeing southward before the glaciers, they must have followed the retreat of the melting ice back once more into Ohio Be again. No one knows how long they dwelt here along its edges in (@) a climate like Greenland, where the glaciers are now to be seen as they once were in the region of Cincinnati. But it is believed that these Ice Folk, as we may call them, were of the race which still roams the Arctic snows. They seem to have lived as the Eskimos of our day live, performing Be tasks such as hunting, foraging, and fishing. 12 A) NO CHANGE B) yet again C) additionally D) DELETE the underlined portion. A) NO CHANGE B) a Greenland-esque climate C) aclimate like those of Greenland D) aclimate like that of Greenland A) NO CHANGE B) tasks: such as C) tasks such as: D) tasks, such asIn the gravelly banks of the new rivers, which A) NO CHANGE the glaciers upheaved, the Ice Folk dropped the B) were axes of chipped stone that [4] was now found C) is D) are there. 32 They left nothing else behind them. Similar tools or weapons are found in the Which choice most effectively glacier-built river banks of Europe even today. combines the underlined sentences? And so it is thought that the earliest Ohio men oy pound cenescn tay ae lived pretty much all over the world in the Ice similar tools or weapons; they had left nothing else behind them. Age, eB its mark nearly universal. B) With leaving nothing else behind them, similar tools or weapons are found in the glacier-built river banks of Europe even today. C) They left nothing else behind them, yet similar tools or weapons are found in the glacier-built river banks. of Europe even today. D) Similar tools or weapons are found in the glacier-built river banks of Europe even today due to their leaving nothing else behind them. A) NO CHANGE B) there C) they’re D) their 13Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage. Navajo Dwellings The Navaho recognize two distinct classes of hogéns—the kegai, or winter place, and the keji’n, or summer place. @ Consequently, there are winter huts and summer shelters. The winter huts (55) resembling mere hollowed out mounds of earth. Notwithstanding their primitive appearance, they are warm and comfortable, and their construction is a matter of rule, almost of ritual. The dedication ceremonies which usually [§@) proceed regular occupancy are elaborate and carefully performed. 14 A) NO CHANGE B) In other words, C) Indeed, D) In fact, A) NO CHAN B) to resemble C) resemble D) would have resembled A) NO CHANGE B) precedes C) proceeds D) precedeAlthough no attempt at decoration is ever made either of the inside or the outside of a the houses; it is not uncommon to hear the term beautiful applied to them. Strong forked timbers of the proper length and bend are thrust together with their ends properly interlocking to form a cone-like frame. Stout poles | Jean against the peak form the sides. The whole well is covered with bark and heaped thickly with earth, forming a roomy warm interior with a level floor. These factors are sufficient to constitute a “gogdn nijoni,” a house beautiful. To the Navaho the house is beautiful to the extent that it is well constructed and to the degree that it ao adheres to the ancient model. 15 A) NO CHANGE B) the houses, it is not C) the houses, and it is not D) the houses. It is not [ANGE B) leaning against the peak forming the sides. C) lean against the peak to form the sides. D) lean against the peak and they form the sides. A) NO CHANGE B) follows C) sticks D) obeys[1] It is perhaps on account of these gorgeous mythical hogans that no attempt is now made to decorate the everyday dwelling; it would be taboo (or sacrilegious). [2] There are many legends and traditions of wonderful houses made by the gods and by the mythic progenitors of the tribe. [3] In the building of these houses, turquoise and pearly shells were freely used, as were also the transparent mists of dawn and the gorgeous colors of sunset. [4] They were covered by sunbeams and the rays of the rainbow, with everything beautiful or richly colored on the earth and in the sky. [5] The traditions preserve methods of house building that were imparted to mortals by the gods themselves. [6] These methods are the ® simplest and most primitive, but they are « still scrupulously followed. aA 16 A) NO CHANGE B) simplest and most basic C) simplest and most humble D) simplest sentence 1 should be placed A) where it is now. B) after sentence 3. C) after sentence 4. D) after sentence 6.Early mention of house building occurs in the creation [| myths in which: First-man and First-woman are discovered in the first or lowest underworld, living in a hut which was the prototype of the hogan. There were curious beings located at the cardinal points in that first world, and these also lived in huts of the same style, but constructed of different materials. In the east was Tigholtsodi, who afterward appears as a water monster, but who then lived in the House of Clouds, where I¢ni* (Thunder) guarded his doorway. B In the south was Teal’ (Frog) in a house of blue fog. Also Tiel’in, who is afterward a water monster, lay at that doorway. Acihi Estsén (Salt-woman) was in the west, and her house was of the substance of a mirage; the youth C6‘nenili (Water-sprinkler) danced before her door. In the north, Cqaltlagal made a house of green duckweed, and Sistél‘ (Tortoise) lay at that oon a Number ai Navajo ‘Dwellings By Decade 250 7 7 eee 2s _ 150 ——— a 100 Lk 5 kh a fis 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s f@ Winter Huts g Summer Shelters Number of Dwellings & a A) NO CHANGE B) myths in which First-man C) myths where: First-man D) myths, in which First-man, Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences? A) In the south, Teal’ (Frog) was in a house of blue fog; nevertheless, Tiel’in, who is afterward a water monster, lay at that doorway. B) In the south, Teal’ (Frog) was in a house of blue fog, and Tiel’ in, afterward a water monster, lay at that doorway. C) Teal’ (Frog) was in a house of blue fog in the south, but Tiel’in, afterward a water monster, laying at that doorway. D) Teal’ (Frog) was in the south in a house of blue fog, and laying, at the doorway, Tiel’ in, who is afterward a water monster. Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of the data in the graphs? A) The number of winter huts was more than double the number of summer shelters in every decade shown in the graph. B) The gap between the number of winter huts and summer shelters was largest in number in the decade of the 1900s. C) The number of winter huts was greater than the number of summer shelters in every time period measured except for the 1910s. D) The decline in the number of winter huts was greater from the 1900s to the 1910s than it was from the 1870s to the 1890sTEST 2 Writing and Language Test 35 MINUTES, 44 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section DIRECTIONS Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied. by one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising and editing decisions. Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole. After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option. Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the passage as it is. Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage. Ve The Mantle of Washington A) NO CHANGE B) which was, the achievement The compromises of the Constitution, on C) which was the achievement a D) which was; the achievement whatever grounds they may be criticized, were so far justified that they gained their end, {i which was: the achievement of union. This was not done easily nor without 18opposition. @ In some cities anti- Constitutional riots took place. Several States refused to ratify. The opposition had the support of the great name of Patrick Henry, 8 he had been the soul of the resistance to the Stamp Act. Henry now declared that under the specious name of "Federation" Liberty had been betrayed. The defense was 4 steered ina publication called The Federalist largely by two men afterwards associated with fiercely contending parties, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. However, the iron necessities of the situation 5] was more persuasive than any arguments that the ablest advocate could use. The Union was an accomplished fact. Any state’s refusal to enter would be so plainly disastrous to {@] its interests that the strongest objections and the 19 Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences? A) In some cities anti-Constitutional riots took place, but several States refused to ratify. B) In some cities anti-Constitutional riots taking place; several States refused to ratify. C) In some cities anti-Constitutional riots took place, and several States refused to ratify. D) Several States refusing to ratify, in some cities, anti-Constitutional riots took place. a) B) which C) whom D) who A) NO CHANGE B) conducted C) piloted D) undertaken in a coordinated manner A) NO CHANGE B) has been C) being D) were A) NO CHANGE B) their C) it’s D) one’smost rooted suspicions had to eventually give way. a Therefore, some States hung back a long time. [J Some did not ratify the Constitution until its machinery was actually working, until the first President had been chosen and the first Congress had met. But all ratified it at last, and before the end of Washington's first Presidency the complement of Stars and Stripes was made up. [1] The choice of a President was a foregone conclusion. [2] Everyone knew that Washington was the man whom the hour and the nation demanded. [3] He was chosen without a contest by the Electoral College and would undoubtedly have been chosen with the same practical unanimity by the people had B we been given the choice. [4] The impulse came mostly from the older and wealthier gentry of his own State—the Lees for example—who tended to look down upon him . as a "new man." [5] So long as he retained his position he retained along 20 A) = NOCHANGE B) In fact, C) Nevertheless, D) As aresult, The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted? A) Kept, because it helps elaborate on which States waited to ratify. B) Kept, because it provides information that supports the assertion in the previous sentence. C) Deleted, because it blurs the focus of the paragraph by introducing loosely related information. D) Deleted, because it repeats information that has already been provided. A) NO CHANGE B) it C) them D) theywith it the virtually unchallenged pre-eminence which all men acknowledged. [6] There had been cabals against him as a general, and there were signs of a revival of these when his Presidency was clearly foreshadowed. [7] Towards the end of his political life he was to some extent the object of attack from the opposite quarter; his fame was assailed by the fiercer and less prudent of the Democratic publicists. [8] But, throughout, the great mass of the American people trusted him as their representative man, as those who abused him or conspired against him did so to their own hurt ©) it sentence 4 should be placed A) where it is now. B) after sentence 2. C) after sentence 5. D) after sentence 6.Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage. Cats of the Past The origin of the cat has puzzled the learned for years, and the stock from whence it sprang is still, in the opinion of some, a mystery for the zoologist to solve. Historians tell us that the feline race came into existence about the same time as the horse. Reference is made to the cat in Sanskrit writings over 2,000 years old, and still earlier records are found in the monumental figures, inscriptions, and cat mummies of ancient Egypt. These carefully-preserved relics of the past . assists us in answering the question as to how this least tamable of animals became’ domesticated. 4 There are many legends concerning the first cat and the manner in which she sprang into existence. A surprising account of the cat's creation is found in the works of an Arabian naturalist. This story took place on Noah’s Ark, and the a realistic conclusion 22 oe A) NO B) C) D) ee CHANGE assist has assisted could have assisted ich choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences? A) B) Cc) D) Eo Which choice most effectively Many legends concerning the first cat and the manner in which she sprang into existence; a surprising account of this is found in the works of an Arabian naturalist. A surprising account of the cat's creation is found in the works of an Arabian naturalist, which is just one of many legends concerning the first cat and the manner in which she sprang into existence. There are many legends concerning the first cat and the manner in which she sprang into existence, including a surprising account in the works of an Arabian naturalist. Many legends exist that concern the first cat and the manner in which she sprang into existence; a surprising account of the cat's creation found in the works of an Arabian naturalist. describes the situation in this sentence? A) B) Cc) D) NO CHANGE somber fanciful predictableincludes a lion sneezing and a cat running out of his nostrils. & So runs the legend, and in an old Italian picture representing the departure from the Ark we may observe a big brindled cat leading the procession of animals with an air of dignity and self-satisfaction. According to the Arabic scholar Damirei, there was no cat in the Garden of Eden. Ge It is a singular fact that nowhere in the canonical books of the Old Testament nor in the New Testament is the cat mentioned. This aa omission is the more striking if we take into consideration the number of books 1B connected with: the life, manners, customs. and religions of the Egyptians. But however much the origin of the feline | tribe is wrapped in mystery, we are certain that more than 3,000 years ago the cat lived and was loved along the banks of the Nile. The ancient city of the Pharaohs paid her homage. 23 At this point, the write is considering adding the following sentence. Creation fables of this type are fundamental to much of naturalist mythology. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it provides an important detail required to understand the topic of the origin of the cat. B) Yes, because it provides additional support to back up the Noah’s Ark conclusion. C) No, because it does not elaborate on other creation fables. D) No, because it distracts from the passage’s focus with irrelevant information. A) NO CHANGE B) Nowhere C) It cannot be argued that anywhere D) It is important to note that nowhere A) NO CHANGE B) blunder C) slip D) lapse A) NO CHANGE B) connected with, the life, manners, customs, and religions C) connected with the life, manners, customs, and religions D) connected with; the life, manners, customs, and religionsShe was admitted into the ranks of sacred a animals, she was worshipped in the temples. Jewels were placed in her ears and necklaces about her neck. Figures of cats were kept in the home and buried in the tomb. Trinkets & represented both the goddess and the cat were worn upon the person, to indicate special devotion on the part of the wearer. @ Meanwhile, there seems little doubt that the ancient and well-loved cat of the Egyptians was a barred or marked animal, answering to some extent to our homely tabby. Paintings and statuettes of this type frequently occur. Therefore, we may take it for granted that B the Egyptians who were true to Nature when dealing with the animal world, would have presented cats of other species had they existed. A) NO CHANGE B) animals, and was C) animals and was D) animals, was NO CHANGE B) representing C) represent D) to represent A) NO CHANGE B) For instance, C) Nevertheless, D) DELETE the underlined portion. A) HANG B) the Egyptians, who were true to Nature C) the Egyptians who were true, to Nature D) the Egyptians who were true to Nature,Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage. The Giant Sunflower Many plants with sun-shaped golden disks and outflashing rays could have been given the B generic name of “sunflower If one- ninth of all flowering plants in the world belong to the composite order, of which over sixteen hundred species are found in North America north of Mexico, surely over half this number are made up after the daisy pattern, and the majority of these are wholly or partly yellow. Bs Most conspicuous of the horde are the sunflowers. They never reach in the wild the gigantic dimensions and weight that cultivated, dark brown centered varieties have attained. B) universal C) all-purpose D) catch-all At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence. The scientific name for the giant sunflower is “Helianthus giganteus,” as helios means sun in Greek and anthos means flower. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it provides additional support to justify the naming of the sunflower. B) Yes, because it provides an important detail required to understand the origins of the sunflower. C) No, because it does not specify who named the flower. D) No, because it distracts from the passage’s focus with irrelevant information. Which choice most effectively combines underlined sentences? A)Most conspicuous of the horde are the sunflowers; never reaching in the wild the gigantic dimensions and weight that cultivated, dark brown centered varieties have attained. B) Sunflowers are the most conspicuous of the horde; never attaining the gigantic dimensions and weight that cultivated, dark brown centered varieties have reached in the wild. C) Most conspicuous of the horde are the sunflowers, which never reach in the wild the gigantic dimensions and weight that cultivated, dark brown centered varieties have attained. D)Most conspicuous of the horde are the sunflowers, these never reach the gigantic dimensions and weight that cultivated, dark brown centered varieties have attained in the wild.For many years the origin of the latter ® flower — which suddenly shone forth in European gardens with unwonted splendor, was in doubt. Only lately it was learned that when Champlain and Segur visited the Indians on Lake Huron's eastern shores about three centuries ago, [2 they observed cultivation of this plant, which must have been brought from its native prairies beyond the Mississippi. The 8 plants stalks furnished them with a textile fiber, and its leaves provided fodder. Its flowers gave a yellow dye, and its seeds, most valuable of all, yielded food and hair-oil. Early settlers in Canada were quick to send home to Europe so decorative and useful an acquisition. Swine, poultry, and parrots were fed on the sunflower’s rich seeds. Biers flowers, even under Indian cultivation, had already reached abnormal size. Of the sixty varied and interesting species of wild sunflowers known to scientists, all are North American. A) NO CHANGE B) flower, which suddenly shone forth C) flower which suddenly shone forth D) flower which, suddenly shone forth A) NO CHANGE B) he C) the explorers D) it was A) NO CHANGE B) plant’s stalks C) plants’ stalks D) plant’s stalks’ A) NO CHANGE B) Their C) Its’ D) ItsFormerly the garden species of sunflower was thought to be a native of Mexico and Peru, for the Spanish conquerors found it employed there as a mystic and sacred symbol. oo In both form and function, this usage was similar to how the Egyptians employed the lotus in their sculpture. In the temples the handmaidens wore upon their breasts plates of gold beaten into the likeness of the sunflower. But not a single one of the eighteen species of sunflower found south of our borders a produces under cultivation the great plants that stand like a golden-helmeted phalanx in every old- fashioned garden in the North. Many birds, especially those of the (2 sparrow and finch tribe come to feast on the oily seeds. Certainly there is no more charming a sight than when a . family of goldfinches (® settle upon the huge, top-heavy heads, unconsciously forming a study in sepia and gold. 27 The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted? A) Kept, because it helps draw parallels with the customs of another culture. B) Kept, because it provides context for an ancient practice. C) Deleted, because it does not provide enough detail about the lotus. D) Deleted, because it distracts from the main idea by introducing irrelevant information. A) HANG! B) produce C) had produced D) producing A) NO CHANGE B) sparrow, and finch tribe, come C) sparrow and finch tribe, come D) sparrow, and finch tribe come A) NO CHANGE B) settles C) settling D) settledQuestions 34-44 are based on the following passage. Closing the Sale Tn the sales process the prospect is influenced by facts and reason and also by various sentiments. This necessarily involves a mental conflict. A salesman’s presentation and arguments have created a desire, but the progress of this toward resolve is checked by caution, perhaps doubt, and almost surely by the common tendency to [3M postpone until later. BB These obstacles are boulders in the bed of the stream. They impede, but do not stop, the flow of desire. Using the instrument of motive in the closing stage of the sale, Be the salesman’s entire task consists of removing them. He must play incessantly upon the particular motive that he believes is most likely to By stir the prospect to act. 28 A) NO CHANGE B) put things off until the last minute C) procrastinate D) pause and wait combines the underlined sentences? A) Boulders in the bed of the stream these obstacles are, as they impede but do not stop the flow of desire. B) These obstacles are boulders in the bed of the stream, impeding but not stopping the flow of desire. C) Impeding but not stopping the flow of desire, the bed of the stream contains obstacles that are boulders. D) Boulders in the bed of the stream, impede but do not stop the flow of desire. A) NO CHANGE B) the salesman must fulfill his entire task of removing C) the salesman’s entire task is to remove D) the salesman must remove A) NO CHANGE B) mix C) blend D) mergeHe must make his argument pointed and restricted. (38) Nevertheless, if it were rambling there is danger of his setting up fresh obstacles in place of those he removes. The salesman must bear in mind that with the majority of persons "reasoning" resolves into seeking excuses for doing what they wish. The salesman should encourage this disposition by supplying reasons or excuses, or, better still, by stimulating the prospect to think of them using the power of I suggestion. In the play and counter-play of conflicting considerations, the balance is often turned by a feather-weight, but frequently the feather is dropped into the wrong scale. B) Therefore, C) As a result, D) DELETE the underlined portion. ries Which choice adds the most relevant supporting information to the paragraph? A) suggestion, a hypnotic process often associated with pocket watches. B) suggestion, a persuasive process involving indirect guidance of the thoughts and feelings of another. C) suggestion; this is the first tool taught to apprentice salesmen. D) suggestion; psychology experts have long studied the origins of suggestion in search of clues.Too often the salesman makes the mistake at this stage of returning to the beginning and reviewing his presentation. 4 Therefore, if his work has been done correctly, the desirability of the proposition is no longer in question. The fact that the prospect wants to make a purchase is certain; otherwise the salesman has no business at the closing. [1] Throughout this crucial stage the salesman must maintain an attitude of forceful confidence. [2] Many will conduct a sale to this point in a masterful manner and then fall for lack of force or by reason of over-anxiety. [3] The [22 gathered influence which the salesman has acquired over his prospect in the preceding stages must be maintained in this and : enhanced. [4] The closing stage calls for alert brain work, tact and finesse on the part of the salesman. @ 30 A) NO CHANGE B) Asaresult, C) However, D) Indeed, A) NO CHANGE B) saved C) hoarded D) accumulated To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 4 should be placed A) where it is now. B) before sentence 1. C) after sentence 1. D) after sentence 2.While the close is the critical phase of the sale and the one in which the highest powers are exercised, salesmen are prone to magnify its difficulties. 4%) However, this creates feelings of doubt and dread which, through the action of auto-suggestion, become habitual and seriously impair efficiency. These feelings can be mitigated by behavior modification therapies, which, according to one study, @ \owered negative responses about the close but doubled negative impressions concerning the presentation. Effect of Behavior Therapies i 0 . : £20 | i a i introduction Presentation close Before Therapy After Therapy 31 ) CHANGE B) For example, C) Asa result, D) In contrast, Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of the data in the graphs? A) NO CHANGE B) cut in half the number of negative © D LY responses about the close and slightly reduced the number of negative responses in the other areas. nearly cut in half the number of negative responses about the close, while causing slight increases in the number of negative responses in the other areas. reduced equally the number of negative responses in all three areas.TEST 3 Writing and Language Test 35 MINUTES, 44 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section DIRECTIONS Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied by one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising and editing decisions. Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole. After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option. Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the passage as it is. Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage. The Domesticated Dog in Early Times Co A) NO CHANGE In most parts of the world the dog has been B) However, more or less domesticated from very early C) Thus, D) In fact, | Therefore, it is not until we begin to study the records of such highly civilized peoples as the ancient Assyrians and Egyptians that we find dogs which we can recognize as belonging to distinct breeds. 32The Assyrians had at least two g breeds: the greyhound and the mastiff. The former was much like our modern-day hunting dogs. The latter was a large, heavy-built, powerful 2 beast, however, it was much more active than the mastiffs seen in modern kennels. A bas-relief tablet showing Assurbanipal and his attendants with Assyrian mastiffs straining at the leash may be seen in the Nimrod Gallery of the British Museum. 4 Additional evidence of the breed’s & bouncing nature is found in another tablet showing similar mastiffs hunting wild horses. The ancient Egyptians seem to have been at least as familiar with dogs as we are. Several widely differing breeds |) of dogs are figured ° on the Egyptian monuments of 5,000 years ago, showing that even in those days dogs were used 33 A) NO CHANGE B) breeds; the greyhound C) breeds, these were the D) breeds that were greyhound A) NO CHANGE B) beast, however it was C) beast; however, it was D) beast however, it was At this point, the write is considering adding the following sentence. Assurbanipal was a famed Assyrian king, so his presence among mastiffs confirms their important place within the society. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it provides a key detail required to understand who Assurbanipal was. B) Yes, because it supports the idea that every Assyrian owned a mastiff. C) No, because it does not indicate who trained the dogs. D) No, because it distracts from the passage’s focus with irrelevant information. A) NO CHANGE B) peppy C) sprightly D) energetic A) NO CHANGE B) of domesticated canines C) of dogs from that time D) DELETE the underlined portion.not only in the chase, but as (7 buddies and household pets. [1] This panel proves that the hunting dogs of twenty-five centuries ago were much the same as those of today. [2] Among the ruins of the Assyrian city of Nineveh Ba has been found marble slabs upon which are carved a number of scenes of dogs in action. [3] While many of these scenes are interesting, there is a particular one that seems relevant here. [4] One notable panel shows attendants with nets holding the leashes of the hunting dogs of Assurbanipal, the grand monarch of Assyria. [5] ® Although extremely cruel to his enemies in war, Assurbanipal was a magnificent patron of art and literature and creator of the great library of Nineveh. [i 34 A) NO CHANGE B) companions C) chums D) pals B) finding C) have been found D) was found The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted? A) Kept, because it provides information crucial to put Assurbanipal in context. B) Kept, because it provides information that supports a key point of the paragraph. C) Deleted, because it does not specify which enemies Assurbanipal exposed to his cruelty. D) Deleted, because it blurs the focus of the paragraph by introducing loosely related information. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence | should be placed A) where it is now. B) after sentence 2. C) after sentence 3. D) after sentence 4.a When we arrive at Egyptian greyhounds, it is striking how closely they resemble modern English greyhounds. Another hound kept by the Egyptians was not unlike our Great Dane, and there was a short-legged toy clog which carried its tail curled over its back. It is interesting to note that one kind of hunting dog kept by the ancient Egyptians was called “unsu," or "unsau," meaning "wolves," perhaps indicating a knowledge of its descent from the wild form. 35 A) NO CHANGE B) Regarding C) As it concerns the look of D) Where one looks atQuestions 12-22 are based on the following passage. The Wild Red Raspberry Family Who but the bees and such small visitors care about the raspberry blossoms? Although the nectar secreted in a fleshy ring is for their benefit, comparatively few insects enter the flowers, whose small, rigid petals imply no sociable welcome. B Occasionally a visitor laden with pollen from another plant alights in the center of a blossom. In doing so, it leaves some pollen on the stigmas. Because the petals allow no room for the stamens to spread out and away from the stigmas, it follows that self-fertilization very commonly occurs. Of course, men, children, bears and birds are vastly more interested in the delicious berries ({@ then the fertilization process. As in the case of most berry-bearing species, the raspberry depends upon the birds to drop | their undigested seeds over the country so that new colonies may arise under freer conditions. Indeed, one of the best places for the budding ornithologist to take opera-glasses and note-book is to a raspberry patch early in the morning. 36 NO CHANGE B) nice C) hospitable D) kind Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences? A) Occasionally, laden with pollen from another plant, a visitor in the center of a blossom, alights and leaves some pollen on the stigmas. B) A visitor laden with pollen, occasionally from another plant, alights in the center of a blossom, Jeaving some pollen on the stigmas. C) Occasionally a visitor laden with pollen from another plant alights in the center of a blossom, leaving some on the stigmas. D) Occasionally from another plant a visitor laden with pollen alights in the center of a blossom and leaves on the stigmas some pollen. A) NO CHANGE B) then in the fertilization C) than the fertilization D) than in the fertilization[1] The black raspberry, common in the same areas a6 as the red raspberry has very long, smooth, cane-like stems. [2]These are only sparingly armed with small, hooked prickles. [3]The flowers, which are similar to the preceding but clustered more compactly, are §/@ sparingly visited by insects. [4]Nevertheless, when self-fertilized, abundant purplish-black berries ripen in July. a [5] These berries are hollow like a thimble where they drop from the spongy receptacle. [6]These stems often bend low until they root again at the tips. &@ A) NO CHANGE B) as the red raspberry, has C) , as the red raspberry, has D) , as the red raspberry has A) NO CHANGE B) thinly C) parsimoniously D) prudently At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence. Elderberries also ripen in July, a popular month for fruit harvest. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it puts in the raspberry’s ripening in context by utilizing a vital comparison. B) Yes, because it explains the July’s importance to fruit growers. C) No, because it adds an irrelevant detail that blurs the paragraph’s focus. D) No, because it doesn’t indicate the relationship between the elderberry and the raspberry. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 6 should be placed A) where it is now. B) before sentence 1. C) after sentence 1. D) after sentence 4. 37Numerous garden hybrids have been derived from this 9@ high-volume species also. Indeed, its offspring are the easiest raspberries to grow since they form new plants at the tips of the branches. | Thus, even without care, these hybrids yield immense crops. One does not need to move very much around a good raspberry patch to enjoy a transcendental feast from [9 their products. 38 A) NO CHANGE — B) expedient C) inexhaustibly fertile D) prolific A) NO CHANGE B) However, C) In reality, D) Nevertheless,Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage. President Martin Van Buren The extent of Andrew Jackson's more than monarchical power is well exemplified by the fact that Martin Van Buren succeeded him almost as a king is succeeded by his heir. Van Buren was an apt master of electioneering. He had a strong hold upon the democracy of New York. He occupied in the new Democratic Party something of the position which Burr had occupied in the old. But while Burr had sought his own ends and betrayed others, Van Buren was strictly loyal to his chief. He was a sincere democrat and a clever man. a Therefore, no one could credit him with the supreme qualities which the wielding of the immense power created by Jackson seemed to demand. Nevertheless, he easily a got the Presidency as Jackson's nominee. Since the populace, whose will Jackson had made the supreme power in the State, could not vote for Jackson, they were content to vote for the candidate he was known to favor. Indeed, in some ways the coalition that called itself the Whig party was weakened by the substitution of a small for a great man at the head of the Democracy. Antagonism to Jackson was the real cement of the coalition, and some Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences? A) Strongly holding the democracy of New York, Van Buren was an apt master of electioneering. B) Van Buren, an apt master of electioneering, had a strong hold upon the democracy of New York. C) An apt master of electioneering, Van Buren’s hold upon the democracy of New York was strong. D) A strong hold upon the democracy of New York was had by Van Buren, the apt master of electioneering. A) NO CHANG: B) However, C) Consequently, D) In fact, A) NO CHANGE B) appropriated C) obtained D) seizedof i their members did not feel called upon to transfer their antagonism unabated to Van Buren. The most eminent of these was Calhoun, who broke away from the Whigs and appeared prepared to give some independent support to the Administration. Ba He did not, however. throw himself heartily into the Democratic Party or seek to regain the succession to its leadership. From the moment of his quarrel with Jackson the man changes out of recognition: it is one of the most curious transformations in history. ae Political compromises, stratagems, and ambitions drop from him, and he stands out as the enthusiast, almost the fanatic, of a fixed idea and purpose. His one thought is the defense of the type of civilization he finds in his own State against the growing power of the North. He continually 40 A) NO CHANGE B) its C) it’s D) these A) NO CHANGE B) He did not, however throw himself C) He did not; however, throw himself D) He did not however, throw himself The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted? A) Kept, because it provides information that clarifies why Calhoun changed. B) Kept, because it provides details supporting the claim in the previous sentence. C) Deleted, because it does not provide enough detail about the disagreement with Jackson. D) Deleted, because it distracts from the main idea of the paragraph by introducing irrelevant information.maintains the dogma of State Sovereignty in its most extreme form. BS His great speeches belong to the same period. They are wonderful performances, full of restrained eloquence. [1] Van Buren, on the whole, was not an unsuccessful President. [2] He had many difficulties to contend with. [3] (Bo) Some consider this disaster the result of Jackson's action in regard to the Bank, some consider it the result of the work of the Bank itself. [4] He surmounted it successfully but not without a certain loss of popularity. [5] He resisted the temptation a for embroiling his country with England when a rebellion in Canada offered an Al Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences? A) His great speeches belong to the same period, wonderful performances are full of restrained eloquence. B) Belonging to the same period, wonderful performances full of restrained eloquence are his great speeches. C) His great speeches belong to the same period and are wonderful performances, full of restrained eloquence. D) Wonderful performances, full of restrained eloquence, are his great speeches, which belong to the same period. A) NO CHANGE B) While some consider the result of Jackson’s action in regard to the Bank to be this disaster, some consider it the work of the Bank itself. Some consider this disaster the result of Jackson’s action regarding the Bank, but some consider it the result of the work of the Bank itself. D) Some consider this disaster the result of Jackson’s action regarding the Bank; consequently, some consider it the result of the work of the Bank itself. ic Y A) NO CHANGE B) of embroiling C) in embroiling D) to embroilopportunity for war. [6] For example, he had to face a serious financial panic. [7] For the rest, he carried on the government of the country on Jacksonian lines with sufficient (9%) faithful fidelity. 42 A) NO CHANGE B) steadfast fidelity. C) loyal fidelity. D) fidelity. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 6 should be placed A) where it is now. B) after sentence 1. C) after sentence 2. D) after sentence 3.Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage. Viking Exploration For more than two hundred years during the Middle Ages, the Christian countries of Europe were attacked on the southwest by the Saracens of Spain, and on the northwest by the Norsemen, or Northmen. The Northmen were so called because they came into Middle Europe from the north. Sometimes they were called Vikings, or pirates, because they were a adventurous sea-robbers who plundered all countries they could reach by sea. Their ships were long and swift. In the center was placed a single mast, which carried one large sail. For the most part, however, the Norsemen depended on rowing, not on the wind, and sometimes eS their were twenty rowers in one vessel. The Vikings were a terror to all their neighbors. consequently, the two regions that suffered most from their attacks were the faraway Island of Britain and that remote part of Charlemagne's empire in which the Franks were settled. a Nearly fifty times in two hundred years the lands of the Franks were invaded. The Vikings sailed up the large rivers into the heart of the region which we now call France and captured and pillaged cities and towns. Some years after Charlemagne's death 43 A) NO CHANGE B) adventurous and daring sea-robbers C) bold and adventurous sea-robbers D) courageous, adventurous sea- robbers z pe A) NO CHANGE B) they’re C) there D) Delete the underlined portion. B) in fact, C) meanwhile, D) however, a a = se anarom At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence. The Franks were members of a group of Germanic tribes who settled what is now northern France in the 3" century AD. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it gives background information that adds context to the focus of the paragraph. B) Yes, because it explains why the Franks were frequent targets of the Vikings. C) No, because it doesn’t elaborate on the origins of the Germanic tribes. D) No, because it doesn’t include background on the Island of Britain.they went as far as his capital, Aix, took the place, and stabled their horses in the cathedral that the great emperor had built. In the year 860, they discovered Iceland and made a settlement upon its shores. A few years later, they sailed as far as [® Greenland; established settlements that existed for about a century. These Vikings were the first discoverers of North America. Ancient books found in Iceland @ tells the story of the discovery. It is related that a Viking ship was driven during a storm to a strange coast, which is thought to have been that part of North America now known as Labrador. When the captain of the ship returned home, he told what he had seen. His tale so” excited the curiosity of a young Viking prince, called Leif the Lucky, that he sailed to the newly discovered coast. Going ashore, he found that the country abounded in wild grapes, and so he called it Vinland, or the land of Vines. Vinland is thought to have been a part of what is now the Rhode Island @ coast. The © Vikings were not aware that they had found a great unknown continent. (2) Nevertheless, no one in the more civilized parts of Europe knew anything about their discovery, and after awhile the story of the Vinland voyages [72 seem to have been forgotten, even among the Vikings themselves. A) NO CHANGE B) Greenland; establishing C) Greenland and they established D) Greenland and established A) NO CHANGE B) tell C) telling D) has told Which choice adds the most relevant supporting information to the paragraph? A) coast, but at the time, around the year 1000, the land was uninhabited and pristine. B) coast, but for many years there was no evidence to prove this. C) coast, but questions arose about the Norse translations of the name. D) coast, and it is unknown whether the Vikings drank wine. A) NO CHANGE B) Furthermore, C) In spite of this, D) For example, A) NO CHANGE B) have seemed C) seems D) seemingSo @® its not to them that we owe the discovery of America, but to Columbus; his > i < ce it’s discovery, though nearly five hundred years C) its’ later than that of the Norsemen, actually made D) it known to all Europe, for all time, the existence of the New World. Question @ asks about the graphic. Estimated Average Viking Height Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of the data in the graph? A) Average Viking height reached its peak in the 10" century before beginning a prolonged and uninterrupted descent. B) The century with the lowest average Viking height took place 300 years before the century with the highest average Viking height. C) The century with the highest 9th 10th 11th «12th «(3th 14th «15th average Viking height took place Century i after the century with the lowest ec acme average Viking height. D) Average Viking height hit its lowest point just 2 centuries after it peaked. 45TEST 4 Writing and Language Test 35 MINUTES, 44 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section DIRECTIONS Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied by one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising and editing decisions. Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole. After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option. Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the passage as it is. Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage. Rembrandt oa A) NO CHANGE B) precise Rembrandt was born in the city of Leyden, C) defined but it is not easy to name the (1 clear-cut year. / D) accurate His troubled journey through life began. sometime between 1604 and 1607, and the A) NO CHANGE - records of his childhood are scanty. His B) stirred by, the sights C) stirred by the sights youthful imagination was surely [2) stirred by: D) stirred; by the sights the sights of the city, the barges moving slowly along the canals, and the windmills that were never at rest. Perhaps he saw these things with 46the large eye of the artist, for he could not have looked anywhere without finding a picture lying ready for treatment. Even when he was a little boy, Rembrandt was not an industrious scholar, likely due in part to the fascination of his surroundings. (§/ However, he looked upon reading and writing as rather troublesome accomplishments, worth less than the labor involved in their acquisition. In any case, it is nearly impossible to make rules for genius. The boy who sits unmoved at the bottom of his class, the horrible example @ to who the teacher turns when he wishes to point a moral, may do [Bj amazing work in the world that no one has ever been able to accomplish. If Rembrandt did not satisfy his teachers, he was at least paving the way for accomplishment that is recognized gratefully today wherever art has found a home. 47 A) NO CHANGE B) Indeed, C) Meanwhile, D) On the other hand, A) NO CHANGE B) which the teacher C) that the teacher D) to whom the teacher A) NO CHANGE B) amazing and unique work. C) amazing work that no one can comprehend or achieve. D) work that is amazing and unprecedented in scope.His family soon knew that he had the Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences? A) We have no record of his authentic Leyden University for the studio of a second- progress in the studio; therefore, it must have been rapid. B) The authentic record of his progress makings of an artist. In 1620, when he could hardly have been more than sixteen, he left rate painter called Jan van Swanenburch. a We have no authentic record of his progress in the in the studio must have been rapid. studio. It must have been rapid. He must have C) There is no authentic record of his ade friend inted pi d d progress in the studio, but it must made friends, painted pictures, and attracte: have been rapid. attention. After working there for three years, D) There is no rapid record of his authentic progress in the studio. a Lastman's studio in Amsterdam was his next destination. Later he returned to Leyden, where g os ~~ A) NO CHANGE he took Gerard Dou as a pupil. A few years B) he next went to Lastman’s studio in later, he went back to Amsterdam and Amsterdam. : a C) his next destination was Lastman’s established himself there because the Dutch Amsterdam studio. capital was very wealthy and held many D) his work led him to Lastman’s Amsterdam studio. patrons of the arts. a It was surprising that these resources were available given the seemingly endless war that Holland was The writer is considering deleting the waging with Spain. underlined sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted? A) Kept, because it helps explain key details concerning the geopolitical background of the time. B) Kept, because it provides information that supports the assertion in the previous sentence. C) Deleted, because it does not elaborate on the causes of the war. D) Deleted, because it blurs the focus of the paragraph by introducing loosely related information. 48[1] Determining timelines for certain events proves difficult. [2] The picture of "St. Paul in Prison" would seem to have been produced about 1627, [fj but Rembrandt's first public appearance is said to have dated from the completion of the famous "Anatomy Lesson," in 1631 or 1632. [3] At this time he was living on the Bloemgracht. [4] Rembrandt had painted many portraits when the picture of the medical men and the cadaver created a great sensation. [5] Even in the days when the painter’s popularity with the general public of Holland had waned, there were always enthusiastic students clamoring for admission to the studio. [6] Given Rembrandt’s age, it is not difficult to understand why Amsterdam was stirred from. @ their usual reserve and greeted the rising star with enthusiasm. [7] In a few weeks the entrance to the painter's studio was besieged by people wishing to sit for their portraits. ad 49 A) NO CHANGE B) and C) so D) for A) NO CHANGE B) they’re © its D) it’s To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 5 should be placed A) where it is now. B) after sentence 2. C) after sentence 6. D) after sentence 7.Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage. Cave Regions of the Ozarks and Black Hills The southern half of the State of Missouri and the Black Hills of South Dakota [i offers exceptionally delightful regions for the study of caves, or Speleology as it has been named. These regions also offer opportunities for study of the sister sciences of geology and geography at the same time. In fact, it is impossible to study either without giving attention to the other two; 4) therefore, instead of being separate sciences, they are the three branches of a great scientific trinity. These regions enjoy the advantage, and at the same time suffer the disadvantage, of being comparatively little known to tourists. A flood of tourists naturally (@4] hail with pleasure the announcement that some easily accessible, and thoroughly charming spot, has emerged. B) has offered. C) will have offered D) offer A) NO CHANGE B) however, C) meanwhile, D) nevertheless, B) hails C) hailing D) have haileda Each of these regions has a unique geological history not repeated anywhere else on Earth. Each is blessed with its own peculiar style of beautiful scenery. Yet it should be understood that the claims are not based on an unworthy spirit of rivalry nor any desire to deny the greatness and beauty of the other. It is simply an announcement that there are many amazing caves. ich choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences? A) Each of these regions has a unique geological history, not repeated anywhere else on Earth, each is blessed with a peculiar style of beautiful scenery. B) Not repeated anywhere else on Earth, a unique geological history is had by each region, blessed with a peculiar style of beautiful scenery. C) Blessed with its own peculiar style of beautiful scenery, a unique geological history is possessed by each of these regions: one that is not repeated anywhere else on Earth. D) Each region has a unique geological history not repeated anywhere else on Earth and is blessed with a peculiar style of beautiful scenery. At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence. Lost River Cave, a fabulous cave known for its underground boat tour, is found in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it supports the idea that there are many amazing caves. B) Yes, because it provides a logical transition from the preceding sentence. C) No, because it distracts from the focus of the paragraph with an example from an unrelated region. D) No, because it does not assess the impact of Lost River Cave on Kentucky’s tourism economy.The geological authorities of both states have for many years mentioned the | loveliness and importance of these regions. But they have been prevented, by the pressure of other duties, from giving more careful study to the caves. We can easily understand the process of cave excavation by the action of percolating acidic water on the limestone and its subsequent removal. ee Consequently, it is not so simple to offer a reason for the varied forms with which the caves are decorated afterwards. It is puzzling why the charmed waters do not leave evidence of i] its slow passage only in plain surfaces of varying widths and stalactites and stalagmites. It is also of mystifying why the deposits do not take the same forms in all caves with only such variations as would naturally result from differences in topography. Yet it is noticeable that those caves with the most [if] delicately fragile and wonderfully varied forms of decoration are those traversed by the most sweeping and changeable currents of air. This might lead to the conclusion that the moisture is sprayed and then deposited in exactly the same manner as the beautiful frostwork at Niagara; the direction and force of the current ® determines the location of the deposits. 52 A) NO CHANGE B) eye-catching charm C) attractive allure D) beauty A) B) In fact, C) Moreover, D) However, A) NO CHANGE B) it’s C) their D) there A) NO CHANGE B) strangely baffling C) impenetrable D) murky A) NO CHANGE B) gently fragile C) brittle, fragile D) fragile A) NO CHANGE B) determining C) determine D) could have been determiningQuestions 23-33 are based on the following passage. Florence Nightingale Everyone knows the popular conception of Florence Nightingale: the saintly, self- sacrificing woman who threw aside the pleasures of a life of ease to aid the afflicted. 8) The vision is familiar to all, but the truth was different. The Miss Nightingale of fact was not as simple as the legend (ZZ painted her. At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence. Known also as “The Lady with the Lamp” for her nightly walks amongst the injured in the hospital at Scutari, Nightingale frequently comforted and. supported the wounded and dying. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it provides support for the assertion that Nightingale was the subject of many paintings. B) Yes, because it provides an important detail relevant to understanding Nightingale’s character. C) No, because it does not specify who gave Nightingale this nickname. D) No, because it distracts from the paragraph’s focus with irrelevant information. A) NO CHANGE B) decorated C) highlighted D) adorned