Unit CourseName

UnitNumbe
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Table of Contents
Summary........................................................UnitNumber-1
Purpose...............................................................UnitNumber-1
Learning Tasks....................................................UnitNumber-1
Resources...........................................................UnitNumber-1
Evaluation...........................................................UnitNumber-1

Learning Task 1 Review Code Requirements for Piping

Materials..........................UnitNumber-3
Piping Material and Fittings.................................UnitNumber-3
Iron Piping...........................................................UnitNumber-4
Copper Pipe and Tubing.................................UnitNumber-6
Stainless Steel Tubing........................................UnitNumber-8
Plastic Pipe Fittings.............................................UnitNumber-9

Learning Task 2 Describe the Factors that Influence Gas

Flow...............................UnitNumber-11

Learning Task 3 Size Low Pressure Piping Systems

.......................................UnitNumber-13
Draw a Sketch...................................................UnitNumber-13
Identify the Pipe Sizing Table...........................UnitNumber-14
Calculate Pipe Sizes........................................UnitNumber-16
Summary...........................................................UnitNumber-18
Example (Imperial)...........................................UnitNumber-19
Example (Metric)..............................................UnitNumber-20

Learning Task 4 Convert Between Metric and Imperial

Units of Measure............UnitNumber-23

Assignment 1................................................UnitNumber-25

Assignment 2................................................UnitNumber-27

Assignment 3................................................UnitNumber-29

Assignment 4................................................UnitNumber-31

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Assignment 5................................................UnitNumber-33

Assignment 6................................................UnitNumber-35

Assignment 7................................................UnitNumber-37

Assignment 8................................................UnitNumber-39

Assignment 9................................................UnitNumber-41

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Summary

Purpose
Your responsibility as a gas fitter is to install piping systems that deliver
enough fuel to allow appliances to operate at the manufacturer’s
specifications (as shown on the rating plate). By installing the pipe to
meet the code book requirements, you will be using the most
cost-effective pipe size for the job.

Learning
Tasks
1. Review code requirements for piping materials.
2. Describe the factors that influence gas flow.
3. Size low pressure piping systems.
4. Convert between metric and Imperial units of measure.

Resources
Required
Attached Learning Tasks and Assignments
Natural Gas and Propane Installation Code B149.1

Optional
Fundamentals of Gas Utilization, Second Edition, by John Dutton

Evaluation
After you have finished all units in this course, you will complete a
written exam. If applicable, you will also complete a practical exam.

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 Learning Task 1
Review Code Requirements
for Piping Materials

Section 6 of the Gas Code details requirements for piping material and
fittings. It also outlines the proper connecting methods and the many
piping practices you must follow.

Piping
Material and
Fittings
Table 1 lists the types of pipe and tubing, the fittings used with them, and
the approved methods for making connections. For a good general
review of this material, look through the table and review the articles in
the Code pertaining to each.

Type of Pipe Type of Fittings Type of Connections

or Tubing

iron pipe malleable iron threaded

steel welded
flanged
compression connector with forged nut
mechanical ring, flange, and bolts

polyethylene hub to hub hot iron socket fusion butt

pipe to pipe fusion
saddle saddle fusion
slip-on compression slip-lock

copper tube copper to copper brazing over 1,000F

flared single 45 flare
compression not ball sleeve

steel tube flared single 45 flare

compression not ball sleeve

Table 1
Pipe or Tubing, Fittings, and their Connections

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Iron Piping
Material
Iron gas piping must conform to ASTM specification A53 as described
in Natural Gas and Propane Installation Code, Section 6.2.1. Black pipe
is most commonly used for gas with pipe fittings of steel or malleable
iron.

Pipe Sizes
Black pipe used for gas systems is sized by the Nominal Pipe Size
(NPS). For any nominal size of pipe, the outside diameter (OD) remains
the same and the inside diameter (ID) changes as the wall thickness
increases. Nominal size is a designation used for the purpose of general
identification. Pipe is threaded on the outside only; therefore, the OD
must remain constant.

Wall Thickness
Steel pipe used for gas systems is Schedule 40 or Schedule 80. Schedule
refers to the wall thickness of the pipe. Schedule 40 pipe is standard and
Schedule 80 is extra heavy. Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 pipe have the
same outside diameter (OD).

Iron Pipe Fittings

Iron pipe fittings must be of malleable iron or steel construction and
approved for use with gas systems. Iron pipe fittings consist of:

 45° and 90° elbows

 straight and reducing couplings
 nipples and unions
 bushings
 normal and reducing tees
 plugs and caps.

Figure 1A shows several types of iron pipe fittings commonly used for
gas systems.

Some types of fittings are not permitted for use with gas systems. These
include:

 fittings with running threads, such as (Figure 1B) thread protectors

 close nipples (Figure 1B)
 fittings with right-hand and left-hand threads.

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Figure 1A
Iron Pipe Fittings

Figure 1B
Prohibited Fittings

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Copper Pipe
and Tubing
Canadian installation codes and regulations permit the use of copper
tubing for interior gas distribution systems. Advantages of copper tube
include:

 flexibility and ease of bending

 low weight
 ease of making connections
 corrosion resistance
 availability in long lengths
 requires fewer and smaller tools to install
 cleaner than steel pipe.

All of these factors combine to make copper systems easier and quicker
to install. In the case of multi-unit and multi-storey buildings, the long
lengths of tubing are safer because they require fewer joints.

Gas tube and fittings are generally identified by their OD (outside

diameter).

Soft and Hard Drawn Tubing

There are two basic kinds of copper tubing:

 soft drawn, or soft temper (annealed)

 hard drawn, or hard temper.

Soft drawn tubing is supplied in coils in various lengths, and is the type
most commonly used for gas systems.

Hard drawn tubing comes in straight lengths. It is used in some gas

system installations, but requires the use of capillary fittings and brazed
joints. It is more practical when larger pipe sizes are required.

Methods of Joining
There are three methods used to join copper tubing:

 brazing with a material having a melting point in excess of 1,000°F

(537°C)
 joining with 45° brass flare connectors (Figure 2A)
 approved compression fittings (Figure 2B).

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Figure 2A
Approved Flare Fittings

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Figure 2B
Approved Compression Fittings

Stainless
Steel Tubing
Flexible stainless steel tubing is approved and available for installation
on gas systems up to 5 psig. It can be purchased in rolls up to 250 ft (70
m) in length and is available in diameters of 3/8 in to 1 in.

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A good example is the Titeflex system, which incorporates corrugated

semi-rigid stainless steel tubing and all metal components including
fittings, valves, and multi-port manifolds. The tubing is manufactured
with a continuous yellow polyethylene coating for easy identification. It
can be field measured, cut, and installed using approved fittings. The
tubing and fittings are more expensive than other approved materials.
However, there can be a substantial labor savings.

Plastic Pipe
Plastic pipe or tubing used for gas distribution systems must conform to
CSA Standard B137.4, Polyethylene Piping systems, and can be used in
exterior underground installations such as:

 distribution mains
 house service lines
 after meter underground.

Polyethylene is a thermoplastic which softens when heated and solidifies

when cooled, without any chemical reaction taking place. Polyethylene
piping can be fused by applying heat and pressure. This is normally done
with heating irons powered by electricity. The heating irons are used to
heat the surfaces of the plastic pipe and fittings until the necessary
temperature is reached. As the surfaces begin to melt, the heating irons
are removed and the surfaces are pressed together and fused.

Markings
In accordance with CSA B137.4, any polyethylene piping shall be clearly
marked in a color which contrasts with the pipe, at intervals not greater
than 4.9 ft (1.5 m), with the following information:

 the manufacturer’s name or trademark

 the generic plastic symbol
 the word “pipe” or “tubing” or the equivalent references “IPS” or
“CTS”
 the minimum wall thickness, Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR), or
Series Number of the pipe
 the date of manufacture or date code
 the nominal size of the pipe (NPS 2)
 the designation B137.4
 the word “Gas.”

Specification Numbers
There are many different grades of polyethylene (PE) used in plastic
pipeline systems. Many of these materials are not compatible. As a
result, each pipe is marked with the grade of PE and with a four digit

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code. The first number of the code denotes the density of the pipe, the
second number is the melt index rating, and the last two numbers
indicate the design strength for density.

Plastic Pipe
Fittings
All fittings should be clearly marked with the following information:

 the manufacturer’s name or trademark

 the designation B137.4
 the size of the fitting (for example 4 in)
 the generic plastic type (where applicable).

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 Learning Task 2
Describe the Factors that
Influence Gas Flow

Before you attempt to size pipe, you should clearly understand how the
following six factors affect the flow rate of gas.

Type of gas Propane and natural gas flow through pipe at

different rates because they have different relative
densities. (Relative density is the weight of a gas
compared to the weight of an equal volume of air.
Other terms used to describe relative density are
specific gravity, relative weight, and specific
weight.) The relative density of propane is 1.5
and natural gas is 0.6, meaning that propane is
heavier than natural gas.

Since lighter gases flow through a pipe more

easily than heavier gases, larger volumes of
natural gas can flow through a pipe than propane
(provided all other factors such as pressure
remain the same).

Type of pipe As the gas molecules slide along the walls of the
pipe, an internal resistance is created. Pipes with
smooth interior walls cause less resistance than
pipes with rough interior walls.

For example, copper tubing offers less resistance

(and, therefore, a higher flow rate) than an iron
pipe with the same inside diameter.

Length of pipe The resistance factor also applies to the length of

pipe: the longer the pipe, the greater the
resistance.

Diameter of pipe The larger the pipe diameter, the greater the gas
flow through the system.

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 Number of fittings Each fitting on a piping system adds resistance to
the gas flow. It is important to design a system
with as few fittings as possible.

If the pipe sizing table includes fittings, a 20%

allowance is included in the figures. This
allowance is more than enough for a normal
piping system.

Pressure drop Pressure drop is the pressure difference between

the gas supply (either the gas meter or a system
pressure regulator) and a gas appliance. The
greater the pressure drop, the greater the gas flow
through a pipe.

The Canadian Gas Association (CGA) specifies

the maximum allowable pressure drop in a
system, based on the system pressure. Piping
systems with pressures:

 less than 7" w.c. (1.75 kPa) must be

designed so the pressure drop does not
exceed 0.5" w.c. (125 Pa).

 of 7 to 14" w.c. (1.75 kPa to 3.5 kPa) must

be designed so that the pressure drop does
not exceed 1" w.c. (250 Pa).

To Obtain
Multiply Inches Inches
PSI kPa OSI
WC HG

PSI 1 27.68 2.036 6.895 16

Inches WC 0.0361 1 0.07355 0.2491 0.5776
Inches HG 0.4911 13.6 1 3.386 7.858
kPa 0.1450 4.015 0.2953 1 2.32
OSI 0.0625 1.73 0.127 0.4309 1

Table 2

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 Learning Task 3
Size Low Pressure
Piping Systems

The procedure for sizing pipe depends on whether you are sizing a high
pressure or a low pressure system. Low pressure systems — discussed in
this unit — are those which contain gas pressures up to 0.5 psig
(3.5 kPa).

Sizing a low pressure gas piping system can be broken into three steps:

1. Draw a sketch.
2. Identify the correct pipe sizing table.
3. Calculate the pipe size.

Draw a Sketch
Drawing a sketch of the whole piping system allows you to identify and
locate important system components. Knowing the details about these
system components will help you chose the correct pipe sizing table.

Gas supply The gas supply may be a meter installed by a

local utility company for natural gas or propane.
In other cases, propane may be supplied from a
storage container.

System pressure After carefully considering available gas

pressures, you will choose the pressure that best
suits the job and conforms to local codes.

Appliance location The appliance’s location is usually fixed by the

building design and not the gas fitter.

Appliance inputs Appliance input is defined as the amount of heat

that can be generated in the combustion chamber
every hour. The appliance input, therefore,
determines the amount of gas required by the
appliance. Each appliance’s input is determined
by the manufacturer, then stamped on a rating
plate, and permanently affixed to the equipment.

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 Piping route You must determine the best piping route. The
best piping route is usually the one that uses the
least amount of pipe, fittings, and valves.

Valves and related Every piping system requires valves and other
equipment equipment such as regulators. You must know
where this equipment will be located before
sizing the piping system.

Identify the
Pipe
Sizing Table
There are about thirty pipe sizing tables in each natural gas and propane
code book. Finding the correct table can be a complex undertaking unless
you have the required information. Each table is based on the following
sequence of pipe system criteria.

Type of gas Determine the type of gas, based on availability

and cost. Natural gas is usually the cheapest fuel.

Type of pipe Determine the type of pipe to be used after

considering costs of material and labor, code
restrictions, and job specifications.

System pressures Determine system pressure after considering the

following: available pressures from the Gas
Utility; code restrictions; specifications; and cost
of system installations.

Maximum The maximum is the maximum allowable drop in

pressure drop pressure across a piping system as specified by
the Gas code and the system pressure. You must
thoroughly understand system pressures and
allowable pressure drops before selecting a pipe
sizing table.

Selecting the Table

Now that you clearly understand how to identify a pipe sizing table,
examine Table 3 and identify the criteria used to create the table.

Type of gas Natural gas

Type of pipe Iron pipe
System pressure Less than 7" w.c
Pressure drop Flow rates based on a pressure drop of 0.5" w.c.

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Maximum Capacity in Thousands of Btu/h for Schedule 40 Pipe,

Including Fittings, for Pressures of Less than 7 inches w.c.
Based on a Pressure Drop of 0.5 inches w.c.

Length Pipe Size (NPS)

of Pipe
(feet) ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½ 2 2½
10 156 326 614 1 261 1 890 3 639 5 800
20 107 224 422 867 1 299 2 501 3 986
30 86 180 339 696 1 043 2 008 3 201
40 74 154 290 596 893 1 719 2 740
50 65 137 257 528 791 1 524 2 428
60 59 124 233 478 717 1 380 2 200
70 54 114 214 440 659 1 270 2 024
80 51 106 199 409 613 1 181 1 883
90 48 99 187 384 576 1 109 1 767
100 45 94 177 363 544 1 047 1 669
125 40 83 157 322 482 928 1 479
150 36 75 142 291 437 841 1 340
175 33 69 131 268 402 774 1 233
200 31 64 121 249 374 720 1 147
250 27 57 108 221 331 638 1 017
300 25 52 98 200 300 578 921
350 23 48 90 184 276 532 847
400 21 44 83 171 257 495 788
450 20 42 78 161 241 464 740
500 19 39 74 152 228 438 699
550 18 37 70 144 216 416 664
600 17 36 67 138 206 397 633

Table A.1(I)
Example of (Imperial) Table in Natural Gas and Propane Installation Code

Note that all values in Table A.1(I) are expressed in Imperial units of
measure. In the Canadian Gas Code, both Imperial and metric gas tables
are available. Tables in metric have an (M) beside the title to denote
metric values.

Table A.1(M) was taken from the Natural Gas and Propane Installation
Code and has metric values. Notice that all necessary criteria is included
in the table title: copper tube, system pressure of 1.75 kPa to 3.5 kPa, and
a pressure drop of 250 Pa. The volume of gas flow is expressed in metric
(kilowatts per hour).

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Maximum Capacity in kW for Tubing, Including Fittings,

for Pressures of 1.75 kPa up to 3.50 kPa
Based on a Pressure Drop of 250 Pa

Length Outside Diameter (mm)

of Tube
(m) 9.5 13 16 19 22 29 35
3 10 21 44 76 108 231 415
6 7.1 15 30 52 74 158 285
9 5.7 12 24 42 60 127 229
12 4.9 10 21 36 51 109 196
15 4.3 9 18 32 45 97 174
18 3.9 8.1 17 29 41 87 157
21 3.6 7.5 15 27 38 80 145
24 3.4 6.9 14 25 35 75 135
27 3.2 6.5 13 23 33 70 126
30 3.0 6.2 13 22 31 66 119
35 2.7 5.7 12 20 29 61 110
40 2.6 5.3 11 19 27 57 102
45 2.4 4.9 10 18 25 53 96
50 2.3 4.7 10 17 24 50 91
60 2.1 4.2 8.6 15 21 46 82
70 1.9 3.9 7.9 14 20 42 76
80 1.8 3.6 7.4 13 18 39 70
90 1.6 3.4 6.9 12 17 37 66
100 1.6 3.2 6.5 11 16 35 62
125 1.4 2.8 5.8 10 14 31 55
150 1.2 2.6 5.2 9.2 13 28 50
175 1.1 2.4 4.8 8.4 12 26 46
200 1.1 2.2 4.5 7.8 11 24 43

Table A.1(M)
Example of (Metric) Table in Natural Gas and Propane Installation Code

Calculate Pipe
Sizes
Once you have drawn the sketch and selected the correct table, you are
ready to size the piping system. Sizing the piping system is just a matter
of correctly reading the table.

In order to correctly read a table, you would have to identify the

following information: piping loads, longest measured run, and the code
zone.

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Piping loads This term expresses the volume of fuel that must
pass through a pipe each hour. This volume is
determined by the appliance load connected to
that pipe. Each section of pipe has its own piping
load.

Longest This is the distance from the point of gas

measured run supply(gas meter or system regulator) to the
manifold of the furthest appliance. This
measurement must be the actual length of pipe as
installed. It may be expressed in feet or meters,
depending on the units of measurement in the
pipe sizing table.

Code zone The code zone is a horizontal grouping of flow

values according to the longest measured run.
Choosing the code zone is based on selecting the
length of pipe that is exactly the same, or larger,
than the longest measured run. Only the flow
values in the code zone may be used to size the
piping system.

Example
Using Figure 3 as a guide, assume a longest measured run of 65 feet.
Identify the pipe size required to carry a flow rate of 300,000 Btu/h
(expressed as 300 MBH for the purpose of the table).

1. Look down the Length of Pipe column and identify the code zone
that is exactly the same or larger than the longest measured run. All
load values will be located in the 70 feet code zone.

2. Move across the code zone until an equal or greater value than 300
MBH is located. In this case 440 MBH is located.

3. Move up to the top of the column and identify that a 1¼" NPS iron
pipe size is required.

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Maximum Capacity in Thousands of Btu/h for Schedule 40 Pipe,

Including Fittings, for Pressures of Less than 7 inches w.c.
Based on a Pressure Drop of 0.5 inches w.c.

Figure 3
Reading the Pipe Sizing Table

Summary
The following is a summary of the steps required to size a piping system:

1. Sketch the piping system and dimension all pipe sections.

2. Identify the gas (natural gas, propane, etc.).
3. Identify the piping material (iron pipe or copper tubing).
4. Identify the pressure system and the allowable pressure drop.
5. Select the correct pipe sizing table.
6. Calculate the gas load in Btu/h (or kW) on each section of pipe and
list each load.

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7. Calculate the longest measured run in the system.

8. Locate the appropriate code zone.
9. Size each pipe in the system from the selected code zone.
Note: When branch lines are connected within 2' of the outlet of a
meter or pressure regulator, this section is considered to be a
manifold. All lines connected to the manifold are sized
independent of the rest of the system, each with an individual
longest measured run. A zero length is assumed for the
manifold.

Example
(Imperial)
Refer to Figure 4 for a dimensioned sketch of the piping system for this
example. Go through each step to identify the required pipe size.

Figure 4
Sketch of Piping System with Imperial Units of Measure

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Type of gas Natural gas

Type of pipe Black iron pipe

System pressure Less than 7" w.c.

Allowable 0.5" w.c.

pressure drop

Table From information in Steps 1, 2, and 3, Table A.1(I)

in the Natural Gas and Propane Installation Code
is the appropriate table

Calculate loads Line A = 120 MBH

Line B = 65 MBH
Line C (A + B) = 185 MBH

LMR 34 feet (branch “A”)

CZ 40 feet

Size each pipe Start with the furthest appliance and pick up loads
as you approach the meter.

Line A = 120 MBH

Line B = 65 MBH
Line C = 185 MBH

Example
(Metric)
Refer to Figure 5 for a dimensioned sketch of the piping system for this
example.

Type of gas Natural gas

Type of pipe Black iron pipe

System pressure 1.75 kPa

Allowable 250 Pa
pressure drop

Table Table A.2(M) in the Natural Gas and Propane

Installation Code

LMR 20 meters

CZ 21 meters

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Calculate loads Line A = 50 kW

Line B = 20 kW
Line C = 70 kW

Size each pipe Line A = 1 inch

Line B = 1/2 inch
Line C = 1 inch

Figure 5
Sketch of Piping System with Metric Units

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Learning Task 4
Convert Between Metric
and Imperial Units of
Measure

With the installation of new appliances and meters, you may have to mix
Imperial with metric values. For example, an appliance rated in Btu may
be hooked into a meter delivering its gas in cubic meters. Similarly, an
appliance rated in kilowatts may be hooked into an older type of gas
meter, delivering gas in cubic feet.

Pipe sizing cannot be performed unless all values are Imperial or metric.
The following conversion factors are used for converting between
Imperial and metric units of measure.

Important conversion factors:

1 kilowatt = 3,412 Btu

1 Btu = 0.00029295 kilowatts
1 cubic meter = 35.31 cubic feet
1 cubic foot = 0.028317 cubic meters

See Learning Task 2, Table 1 for pressure conversion factors.

Now complete Assignments 1–9.

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Assignment 1

Size the piping system in Figure A1.

Figure A1

Type of gas Pipe sizing table

Type of pipe LMR

System pressure CZ

Pressure drop

Pipe letter Pipe load Pipe size

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Assignment 2

Size the piping system in Figure A2.

Figure A2

Type of gas Pipe sizing table

Type of pipe LMR

System pressure CZ

Pressure drop

Pipe letter Pipe load Pipe size

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Assignment 3

Size the piping system in Figure A3.

Figure A3

Type of gas Pipe sizing table

Type of pipe LMR

System pressure CZ

Pressure drop

Pipe letter Pipe load Pipe size

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Assignment 4

Size the piping system in Figure A4.

Figure A4

Type of gas Pipe sizing table

Type of pipe LMR

System pressure CZ

Pressure drop

Pipe letter Pipe load Pipe size

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Assignment 5

Size the piping system in Figure A5.

Figure A5

Type of gas Pipe sizing table

Type of pipe LMR

System pressure CZ

Pressure drop

Pipe letter Pipe load Pipe size

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Assignment 6

Size the piping system in Figure A6.

Figure A6

Type of gas Pipe sizing table

Type of pipe LMR

System pressure CZ

Pressure drop

Pipe letter Pipe load Pipe size

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Assignment 7

Size the piping system in Figure A7.

Figure A7

Type of gas Pipe sizing table

Type of pipe LMR

System pressure CZ

Pressure drop

Pipe letter Pipe load Pipe size

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Assignment 8

Size the piping system in Figure A8.

Figure A8

Type of gas Pipe sizing table

Type of pipe LMR

System pressure CZ

Pressure drop

Pipe letter Pipe load Pipe size

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Assignment 9

Size the piping system in Figure A9.

Figure A9

Type of gas Pipe sizing table

Type of pipe LMR

System pressure CZ

Pressure drop

Pipe letter Pipe load Pipe size

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