GRADE 11 / SS 2

3RD TERM
1. Rectilinear propagation of light, pinhole camera, shadow and eclipse
2. Reflection of light on plane surface. Laws of reflection.
3. Refraction of light, laws of refraction, action of optical fibres in medicine
and technology
4. Internal and total internal reflection, refraction through glass prism. Real
and apparent depth
5. Refraction through lenses
6. Sound waves; transmission, speed, frequency, echo, compression,
rarefaction, reverberation, noise, effect of temperature on velocity.
7. Resonance, vibration in pipes, string, musical instruments, harmonics and
overtones.
8. Electromagnetic induction, laws of electromagnetic induction. A.C. and
D.C. generators.
9. Transformer, power transmission and distribution.
10. The magnetic effect of a current. Force on a conductor.
11. Revision.
12. Examination.
 WEEK 1
RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION OF LIGHT
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to
i) define rectilinear propagation of light
ii) list five luminous objects
iii) list five non luminous objects
Light is a visible form of energy which is radiated from a source. Light makes it
possible to see things in our environment.
LUMINOUS AND NON-LUMINOUS OBJECT
Luminous Object: These are objects that produce their own light; e.g., the sun,
star, fire flies, glow worm, lamp, candle, electric bulb etc.
Non-luminous object (opaque): These are objects that do not produce their own
light, they are only seen when light from other sources falls on them and is
reflected back into their eyes.
TRANSMISION OF LIGHT
Light is transmitted through vacuum; it needs no material medium for its
propagation. The direction or path along which the light travels is called a light
ray. A beam is a collection of light rays in a particular direction.
There are different types of beams
Convergent beam: These are rays that converges towards a particular point.

Divergent beam: These are light rays that diverges as they come out of a source.
Parallel beam: These are rays that travel parallel to one another

RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION OF LIGHT

This is the phenomenon of light to travel in a straight line.
EXPERIMENT TO SHOW THAT LIGHT TRAVEL IN A STRAIGHT LIGHT
1 An obstacle placed on the path of a light source e.g., candle light, a sharp
shadow is seen on a screen.

2 Three card board screens A, B and C, with holes in their centres are arranged
in a straight line as shown below. This is down by putting a string through the
hole and drawing a string taut. Source of light is then placed behind the first
screen A. As we look through the third screen C, we see the light from the
source. If either is shifted, the light is cut off, showing that light travels in a
straight line.
NATURAL PHENOMENONS AS A RESULT OF RECTILINEAR
PROPAGATION OF LIGHT
1 Shadow
2 Eclipse
SHADOWS
A shadow is an area which light cannot reach because it is been obstructed by
an opaque object
Opaque object is one which does not allow light to pass through it.
Transparent object is on which allows light to pass through it.
A point source (tiny source) produces sharp a shadow. One the order hand a
large source produces shadows that consist of the following;
(i)Umbra, (inner shadow) which is the region of total shadow
(ii)Penumbra, (a partial shadow), which receives only part of the light rays

ECLIPSE
This is a natural phenomenon between the sun, earth and the moon, that results
momentary obstruction of the sun’s rays. This is a periodic event and it occurs
when this cosmic bodies are on a straight line
Eclipse of the sun (solar eclipse)

This occurs when the moon comes between the sun and the earth. Then the
shadow of the moon is cast upon the earth. For people in the umbra, it is total
eclipse while it is partial eclipse for people in the penumbra.
Annular eclipse of the sun
This occurs when the sun and the moon are in positions where the end rays
intersect before reaching the earth. The sun is then cover leaving, a bright ring
round the edge. It is used to study the corona (inner part of the sun).
Eclipse of the moon (Lunar eclipse)
This takes place when the earth is between the sun and the moon which results
in the shadow of the earth been thrown upon the moon.

EVALUATION
1 What do you understand by the term rectilinear propagation of light
2 Name two luminous objects
3 Mention two non-luminous objects
4 Describe the eclipse of the sun

ASSIGNMENT
Write a comprehensive note on The Pin-hole camera
 WEEK 2
REFLECTION OF LIGHT ON PLANE SURFACE
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to
i) define reflection of light
ii) state the laws of reflection
iii) draw simple ray diagrams

Reflection is the bouncing back of wave went it meet a plane surface.

The reflection of light wave of a mirrored surface result in the
formation of an image. One characteristic of wave reflection is that the angle at
which the wave approaches a flat reflecting surface is equal to the angle at
which the wave leaves the surface. This characteristic is observed for water
waves and sound waves. It is also observed for light waves. Light, like any
wave, follows the law of reflection when bouncing off surfaces.
LAWS OF REFLECTION
1. It states that the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie on
the same plain
2. The angle of incidence is the same as the angle of reflection.
In order to view an object, you must sight along a line at that object; and when
you do light will come from that object to your eye along the line of sight.

This very principle can be extended to the task of viewing the image of an
object in a plane (i.e., flat) mirror:
In order to see the image of an object in a mirror, you must sight at the image;
when you sight at the image, light will come to your eye along that line of sight.
The image location is thus located at that position where observers are sighting
when viewing the image of an object. It is the location behind the mirror where
all the light appears to diverge from. In the diagram below, three individuals are
sighting at the image of an object along three different lines of sight.
Each person sees the image due to the reflection of light off the mirror in
accordance with the law of reflection. When each line of sight is extended
backwards, each line will intersect at the same point. This point is the image
point of the object. Locating an Image via Parallax This principle can be
illustrated in a Physics class using a 5-foot plane mirror and a pair of large
cylinders. One cylinder is placed in front of the mirror and students from
different locations in the room are asked to sight at its image. The second
cylinder is then aligned along the line of sight and readjusted until it is in line
with each person's line of sight. Regardless of who is viewing the image and
from where they are viewing the image, each sight line must intersect in the
same location. It is possible that the second cylinder is aligned with one
student's line of sight but not with another student. If this is so, then the cylinder
is not placed at the exact location of the image. This is depicted in the
diagram below. In a case such as this, the cylinder position is adjusted until it is
located at the position where all students in the classroom can see it extending
above the mirror and in line with the image that each student sees when looking
in the mirror. Only, then can we conclude the cylinder is located at the image
position. Who Can See an Image? Since there is only one image for an object
placed in front of a plane mirror, it is reasonable that every sight line would
intersect in a single location.
This location of intersection is known as the image location. The image
location is simply the one location in space where it seems to every observer
that the light is diverging from. Regardless of where the observer is located,
when the observer sights at the image location, the observer is sighting along a
line towards the same location that all other observers are sighting. And as
mentioned in an earlier lesson, the perpendicular distance from this image
location to the mirror is equal to the perpendicular distance from the object
location to the mirror.
Characteristics of images formed by a plain mirror
1. It is a virtual image
2. It is formed at the back of the mirror
 3. It is the same size as the object
4. It is the same distance as the object from the mirror\
APPLICATIONS OF PLAIN MIRROR
1.It is used as shaving mirror
2. it is used for beautification purpose
3. can be used for making telescope
4. it is used in making kaleidoscope

EVALUATION
1. What is reflection?
2. State the law of reflection
ASSIGNMENT
Draw a diagram to show how an image can be formed on a plain mirror
 WEEK 3
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to
i) define refraction of light
ii) state Snell’s Law
iii) list two conditions of refraction

Refraction is the change in the direction of light when it is travelling from one
medium to another
A wave doesn't just stop when it reaches the end of the medium. Rather, a wave
will undergo certain behaviors when it encounters the end of the medium.
Specifically, there will be some reflection off the boundary and some
transmission into the new medium.
The transmitted wave undergoes refraction (or bending) if it approaches the
boundary at an angle. If the boundary is merely an obstacle implanted within the
medium, and if the dimensions of the obstacle are smaller than the wavelength of
the wave, then there will be very noticeable diffraction of the wave around the
object.
The passage of the energy from the incident medium into the transmitted
medium was accompanied by a change in speed and wavelength. In the case of
a pulse crossing the boundary from a less dense medium into a denser medium,
the speed and the wavelength are both decreased. On the other hand, if a pulse
crosses the boundary from a denser medium into a less dense medium, the speed
and the wavelength are both increased.
LAWS OF REFRACTION (SNELL’S LAW)
1. The incident ray the reflected ray and the normal all lie on the same plain
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction
in a particular medium is a constant.
N = sin i/ sinr

The Cause of Refraction Boundary Behavior

We have learned that refraction occurs as light passes across the boundary
between two media.
Refraction is merely one of several possible boundary behaviors by which a
light wave could behave when it encounters a new medium or an obstacle in its
path. The transmission of light across a
boundary between two media is accompanied by a change in both the speed and
wavelength of the
wave. The light wave not only changes directions at the boundary, it also speeds
up or slows down and transforms into a wave with a larger or a shorter
wavelength. The only time that a wave can be transmitted across a boundary,
change its speed, and still not refract is when the light wave approaches the
boundary in a direction that is perpendicular to it. As long as the light wave
changes speed and approaches the boundary at an angle, refraction is observed.
The Marching Soldiers But why does light refract? What is the cause of such
behavior? And why is there this one exception to the refraction of light? An
analogy of marching soldiers is often used to address this question. In fact, it is
not uncommon that the analogy be illustrated in a Physics class with a student
demonstration. A group of students forms a straight line (shoulder to shoulder)
and connect themselves to their nearest neighbor using meter sticks. A strip of
masking tape divides the room into two media. In one of the media (on one side
of the tape), students walk at a normal pace. In the other media (or on the other
side of the tape), students walk very slowly using baby steps. The group of
students walk forward together in a straight line towards the diagonal strip of
masking tape. The students maintain the line as they approach the masking tape.
When an individual student reaches the tape, that student abruptly changes the
pace of her/his walk.
The group of students continues walking until all students in the line have
entered into the second medium. The diagram below represents the line of
students approaching the boundary (the masking tape) between the two media.
On the diagram, an arrow is used to show the general direction of travel for the
group of students in both media. Observe that the direction of the students
changes at the "boundary." The fundamental feature of the students' motion that
leads to this change in direction is the change in speed. Upon reaching the
masking tape, each individual student abruptly changes speed. Because the
students approach the masking tape at an angle, each individual student reaches
the tape at a different time. The student who reaches the tape first, slows down
while the rest of the line of students marches ahead. This occurs for every
student in the line of students. Once a student reaches the boundary, that student
slows down while his/her nearest neighbor marches ahead at the original pace.
The result is that the direction that the line of students is heading is altered at the
boundary. The change in speed of the line of students causes a change in
direction.
Conditions of Refraction
Will this refractive behavior always occur? No! There are two conditions that
are required in order to observe the change in direction of the path of the
students: The students must change speed when crossing the boundary. The
students must approach the\ boundary at an angle; refraction will not occur
when they approach the boundary head-on (i.e., heading perpendicular to it).
These are both reasonable enough conditions if you consider the previous
paragraph. If the students do not change speed, then there is no cause factor.
Recall that it was the change in speed of the students that caused the change in
direction. The second condition is also reasonable. If the students approach the
masking tape in a direction that is perpendicular to it, then each student will
reach the tape at the exact same time. Recall that the line of student changed
their direction because they had reached the masking tape at different times. The
first student reached the tape, slowed down, and observed the rest of the
students marching ahead at the original speed. The change in direction of the
line of students only occurs at the boundary when the students change speed and
approach at an angle.
EVALUATION
1. What is refraction?
2. State two applications of refraction

ASSIGNMENT
Describe an experiment to prove Snell’s Law
 WEEK 4
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
i) explain total internal reflection
ii) define critical angle
iii) state two conditions for total internal reflection

Total Internal Reflection

This occurs when light rays are moving from a denser medium to a less medium
and the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle and there is no
refraction but total internal reflection
CONDITIONS FOR TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
1.Light must move from a denser medium to a less dense medium
2.Angle of incidence must be greater than critical angle
APPLICATIONS OF TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
1. Mirrage
2. Periscope
3. Optical fibers

A common Physics lab is to sight through the long side of an isosceles triangle
at a pin or other object held behind the opposite face. When done so, an unusual
observation – a discrepant event - is observed. The diagram on the left below
depicts the physical situation. A ray of light entered the face of the triangular
block at a right angle to the boundary. This ray of light passes across the
boundary without refraction since it was incident along the normal.
The ray of light then travels in a straight line through the glass until it reaches
the second boundary. Now instead of transmitting across this boundary, all of
the light seems to reflect off the boundary and transmit out the opposite face of
the isosceles triangle. This discrepant event bothers many as they spend several
minutes looking for the light to refract through the second boundary. Then
finally, to their amazement, they looked through the third face of the block and
clearly see the ray. What happened? Why did light not refract through the
second face?
The phenomenon observed in this part of the lab is known as total internal
reflection. Total internal reflection, or TIR as it is intimately called, is the
reflection of the total amount of incident light at the boundary between two
media.
CRITICAL ANGLE
This is the angle of incidence when light ray is moving from a denser medium
to a less dense medium and the angle of refraction is 90
gna = sin i / sin r
when i = c , r = 90
gna = sin c / sin 90
gna = sin c
ang = 1 / sin c
EVALUATION
1. Define critical angle
2. Explain total internal reflection.
ASSIGNMENT
1. Find the critical angle if the refractive index of glass is 1.5
2. Calculate the refractive index of a medium, when the angle of incidence
light ray is 40 and the angle of refraction is 55.

1. The diagram below shows a plane mirror placed at a distance of 400cm in

front of a girl. If the doctor's test card is fixed at 70cm behind the eyes of the
girl, what is the distance of the image from the girl?
a. 470m
b. 800m
c. 870m
d. 940m

2. The diagram shows a ray of light moving from air to plastic. Which ratio is
the refractive index of plastic?

3. The image seen on the translucent screen of a pinhole camera is

a. real and inverted
b. real and upright
c. virtual and inverted
d. virtual and upright

4. An object is placed in front of a pinhole camera. An image is seen at the

centre of the translucent screen when viewed from behind. If the object is now
moved slightly nearer and to the observer's right, the image becomes
a. larger and moves to the observer's right
b. larger and moves to the observer's left
c. smaller and moves to the observer's right
d. smaller and moves to the observer's left

5. A light ray does not undergo refraction at a boundary between two media of
different optical densities if its angle of incidence is
a. zero
b. 45o
c. 90o
d. 180o

6. An object is placed in front of a lens at a distance less than the focal length of
the lens.
The image formed will be
a. real, inverted and diminished
b. real, upright and magnified
c. virtual, inverted and magnified
d. virtual, upright and magnified

7. If the size of the image formed by a converging lens is the same as the object,
the object distance is
a. less than the image distance
b. equal to the image distance
c. less than the focal length of the lens
d. equal to the focal length of the lens

8. Which of the following instruments does not contain lenses?

a. microscope
b. camera
c. binoculars
d. periscope

9. A boy walks at a speed of 5m/s towards a plane mirror. The boy and his
image in the mirror are moving
a. towards each other at a speed of 5m/s
b. away from each other at a speed of 5m/s
c. towards each other at a speed of 10m/s
d. away from each other at a speed of 10m/s

10. The size of an image formed in a pinhole camera may be increased by

a. placing the object nearer to the camera
b. reducing the size of the object
c. decreasing the distance between the pinhole and the screen
d. making the pinhole bigger

11. In total internal reflection, the angle of incidence is

a. less than the critical angle
b. greater than the critical angle
c. less than the angle of reflection
d. greater than the angle of reflection

12. Total internal reflection can take place in glass and not in air because glass
is
a. optically denser than air
b. less transparent than air
c. more transparent than air
d. as optically dense as air

13. The image formed by a slide projector is usually

a. real, inverted and diminished
b. real, inverted and magnified
c. virtual, upright and magnified
d. virtual, inverted and diminished

14. Red light cannot be dispersed by a glass prism because it

a. has a high frequency
b. has a long wavelength
c. does not have component colours
d. is not refracted in glass

15. White light is dispersed using a prism by means of

a. reflection
b. refraction
c. diffraction
d. interference
16. A student uses a converging lens to produce an enlarged virtual image of a
scale she wishes to read accurately. The focal length of the lens is 10cm. What
is a suitable distance between the scale and the lens?
a. 8cm
b. 10cm
c. 15cm
d. 20cm

17. Which of the following is/are optical device(s) that uses a lens to form a real
image of an object?
(1) magnifying glass
(2) pinhole camera
(3) slide projector

a. (3) only
b. (1) and (2) only
c. (1) and (3) only
d. (2) and (3) only
 WEEK 5
REFLECTION OF LIGHT ON CURVED
MIRROR
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to
i) describe curved mirror
ii) state two types of curved mirror
iii) describe image formed by curved mirror

Curved mirrors have spherical shapes. Such mirrors are called spherical
mirrors.
There are two types of spherical mirror:
1.Concave or converging mirror
2.Convex or diverging mirror
Spherical mirrors can be thought of as a portion of a sphere that was
sliced away and then silvered on one of the sides to form a reflecting surface.
Concave mirrors were silvered on the inside of the sphere and convex mirrors
were silvered on the outside of the sphere.
Principal axis
Center of Curvature
Vertex/Pole
Focal Point
Radius of Curvature
Focal Length
If a concave mirror were thought of as being a slice of a sphere, then there
would be a line passing through the center of the sphere and attaching to the
mirror in the exact center of the mirror. This line is known as the principal axis.
The point in the center of the sphere from which the mirror was sliced is known
as the center of curvature and is denoted by the letter C in the diagram below.
The point on the mirror's surface where the principal axis meets the mirror is
known as the vertex and is denoted by the letter A in the diagram below. The
vertex is the geometric center of the mirror. Midway between the vertex and the
center of curvature is a point known as the focal point; the focal point is denoted
by the letter F in the diagram below. The distance from the vertex to the center
of curvature is known as the radius of curvature (represented by R). The radius
of curvature is the radius of the sphere from which the mirror was cut. Finally,
the distance from the mirror to the focal point is known as the focal length
(represented by f). Since the focal point is the midpoint of the line segment
adjoining the vertex and the center of curvature, the focal length would be one-
half the radius of curvature.
The focal point is the point in space at which light incident towards the mirror
and traveling parallel to the principal axis will meet after reflection. In fact, if
some light from the sun were collected by a concave mirror, then it would
converge at the focal point. Because the sun is such a large distance from the
Earth, any light rays from the sun that strike the mirror will essentially be
traveling parallel to the principal axis. As such, this light should reflect and pass
through the focal point. A common Physics demonstration involves using a
large demonstration mirror to set a pencil aflame in a matter of seconds. In the
demonstration, the pencil is placed at the focal point and the concave mirror is
pointed upwards towards the sun. Whatever rays of light from the sun that hit
the mirror are focused at the point where the pencil is located. To the surprise of
many, the heat is sufficient to ignite the pencil.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IMAGE FORMED BY A CONCAVE MIRROR
Depending on the object location, the image could be enlarged or reduced in
size or even the same size as the object; the image could be inverted or upright;
and the image will be located in a specific region along the principal axis. To
understand these relationships between object and image,
USES OF CONCAVE MIRROR
1. It is used as shaving mirror
2. it is used optical instruments
3. It is used in solar collectors
EVALUATION
Mirror having a curved reflecting surface are called as:

a. plane mirror

b. spherical mirrors
c. simple mirror

d. none of the above

How many types of spherical mirrors?

a. 2

b. 4

c. 5

d.3

Spherical mirror with reflecting surface curved inwards is

called ……………

a. convex mirror.

b. concave mirror

c. curved mirror

d. none of the above

Type of spherical mirror are:

a. Concave

b. Convex

c. both A and B

d. none of the above

Pole lies on the surface of ……………….

a. spherical mirrors

b. simple mirror

c. plane mirror

d.none of the above

View Answer
Spherical mirror with reflecting surface curved outwards is
called ………………

a. spherical mirror

b. curved mirror

c. convex mirror.

d. none of the above

Pole is generally represented by ……………

a. p

b. P

c. both A and B

d. none of the above

The centre of a sphere of which the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror

is a part is called ……………….

a. Pole

b. centre of curvature

c. The radius of Curvature

d. Aperture

Centre of curvature is not a part of the spherical mirror rather it

lies …………. the mirror

a. boundary

b. inside

c.outside
d. none of the above

In the case of concave mirror centre of curvature lies in ………… of the

reflecting surface

a. boundary

b. inside

c. outside

d. front

Spherical mirror with reflecting surface curved ………………… is called a

concave mirror.

a. outwards

b. inwards

c. backwards

d. none of the above

The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is known

as……………

a. Pole

b. Aperture

c. Axis

d. Curvature

Centre of curvature is denoted by letter …..

a. c

b. C

c. o
d. none of the above

The radius of a sphere; of which the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror

is a part; is called the………….

a. centre of curvature

b. The radius of Curvature

c. Poled

d. Aperture

Spherical mirror with a reflecting surface curved …………. is called a

convex mirror.

a. inwards

b. backwards

c. outwards

d. none of the above

The diameter of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is

called …………….

a. centre of curvature

b. The radius of Curvature

c. Pole

d. Aperture

17 The imaginary line passing through the centre of curvature and pole of
a spherical mirror is called the ………….

a. Principal Axis

b. centre of curvature

c. The radius of Curvature

d. Pole

The distance from the pole to focus is called………….

a. Pole

b. Aperture

c. Principal Axis

d. focal length

The focal length is equal to half of the ……………..

a. centre of curvature

b. The radius of Curvature

c. Axis

d. none of the above

The point on the principal axis at which parallel rays; coming from
infinity; coverage after reflection is called the ……………..

a. Principal Focus

b. Aperture

c. Principal Axis

d. focal length

1.What are curved mirrors.

2. State two uses of curved mirror
ASSINGMENT
Write the mirror formula and indicate what each of the terms denotes
 WEEK 6
REFRACTION THROUGH LENS
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to
i) define lens
ii) list three terms used in refraction through lens
iii) explain the terms in ii above

If a piece of glass or other transparent material takes on the appropriate shape, it

is possible that parallel incident rays would either converge to a point or appear
to be diverging from a point. A piece of glass that has such a shape is referred to
as a lens.

A lens is merely a carefully ground or molded piece of transparent material that

refracts light rays in such a way as to form an image. Lenses can be thought of
as a series of tiny refracting prisms, each of which refracts light to produce their
own image. When these prisms act together, they produce a bright image
focused at a point.

Types of Lenses
There are a variety of types of lenses. Lenses differ from one another in terms of
their shape and the materials from which they are made. Our focus will be upon
lenses that are symmetrical across their horizontal axis - known as the principal
axis. In this unit, we will categorize lenses as converging lenses and diverging
lenses. A converging lens is a lens that converges rays of light that are traveling
parallel to its principal axis. Converging lenses can be identified by their shape;
they are relatively thick across their middle and thin at their upper and lower
edges. A diverging lens is a lens that diverges rays of light that are traveling
parallel to its principal axis. Diverging lenses can also be identified by their
shape; they are relatively thin across their middle and thick at their upper and
lower edges.

A double convex lens is symmetrical across both its horizontal and vertical
axis. Each of the lens' two faces can be thought of as originally being part of a
sphere. The fact that a double convex lens is thicker across its middle is an
indicator that it will converge rays of light that travel parallel to its principal
axis. A double convex lens is a converging lens. A double concave lens is also
symmetrical across both its horizontal and vertical axis. The two faces of a
double concave lens can be thought of as originally being part of a sphere. The
fact that a double concave lens is thinner across its middle is an indicator that it
will diverge rays of light that travel parallel to its principal axis. A double
concave lens is a diverging lens. These two types of lenses - a double convex
and a double concave lens will be the only types of lenses that will be discussed
in this unit of The Physics Classroom Tutorial.

The Language of Lenses

As we begin to discuss the refraction of light rays and the formation of images
by these two types of lenses, we will need to use a variety of terms. Many of
these terms should be familiar to you because they have already been discussed
during Unit 13. If you are uncertain of the meaning of the terms, spend some
time reviewing them so that their meaning is firmly internalized in your mind.
They will be essential as we proceed through Lesson 5. These terms describe
the various parts of a lens and include such words as
Principal axis Vertical Plane
Focal Point Focal Length
If a symmetrical lens were thought of as being a slice of a sphere, then there
would be a line passing through the center of the sphere and attaching to the
mirror in the exact center of the lens. This imaginary line is known as the
principal axis. A lens also has an imaginary vertical axis that bisects the
symmetrical lens into halves. As mentioned above, light rays’ incident towards
either face of the lens and traveling parallel to the principal axis will either
converge or diverge. If the light rays converge (as in a converging lens), then
they will converge to a point. This point is known as the focal point of the
converging lens. If the light rays diverge (as in a diverging lens), then the
diverging rays can be traced backwards until they intersect at a point. This
intersection point is known as the focal point of a diverging lens. The focal
point is denoted by the letter F on the diagrams below. Note that each lens has
two focal points - one on each side of the lens. Unlike mirrors, lenses can allow
light to pass through either face, depending on where the incident rays are
coming from. Subsequently, every lens has two possible focal points. The
distance from the mirror to the focal point is known as the focal length
(abbreviated by f). Technically, a lens does not have a center of curvature (at
least not one that has any importance to our discussion). However, a lens does
have an imaginary point that we refer to as the 2F point. This is the point on the
principal axis that is twice as far from the vertical axis as the focal point is.

As we discuss the characteristics of images produced by converging and d

Refraction Rules for a Converging Lens
• Any incident ray traveling parallel to the principal axis of a converging lens
will refract through the lens and travel through the focal point on the
opposite side of the lens.
• Any incident ray traveling through the focal point on the way to the lens
will refract through the lens and travel parallel to the principal axis.
• An incident ray that passes through the center of the lens will in effect
continue in the same direction that it had when it entered the lens.

Refraction Rules for a Diverging Lens

• Any incident ray traveling parallel to the principal axis of a diverging lens
will refract through the lens and travel in line with the focal point (i.e., in a
direction such that its extension will pass through the focal point).
• Any incident ray traveling towards the focal point on the way to the lens
will refract through the lens and travel parallel to the principal axis.
• An incident ray that passes through the center of the lens will in effect
continue in the same direction that it had when it entered the lens.

EVALUATION
1.State two types of lenses
2.Explain the following: i. principal axis
ii. focus
iii. center of curvature
ASSIGNMENT
State Lens Equation
 WEEK 7
IMAGE FORMATION BY LENS
Applying the Three Rules of Refraction
In this section of Lesson 5, we will investigate the method for drawing ray
diagrams for objects placed at various locations in front of a double convex
lens. To draw these ray diagrams, we will have to recall the three rules of
refraction for a double convex lens:
• Any incident ray traveling parallel to the principal axis of a converging lens
will refract through the lens and travel through the focal point on the
opposite side of the lens.
• Any incident ray traveling through the focal point on the way to the lens will
refract through the lens and travel parallel to the principal axis.
• An incident ray that passes through the center of the lens will in effect
continue in the same direction that it had when it entered the lens.
Earlier in this lesson, the following diagram illustrating the path of light from an
object through a lens to an eye placed at various locations was shown.

In this diagram, five incident rays are drawn along with their corresponding
refracted rays. Each ray intersects at the image location and then travels to the
eye of an observer. Every observer would observe the same image location and
every light ray would follow the Snell's Law of refraction. Yet only two of these
rays would be needed to determine the image location since it only requires two
rays to find the intersection point. Of the five incident rays drawn, three of them
correspond to the incident rays described by our three rules of refraction for
converging lenses. We will use these three rays through the remainder of this
lesson, merely because they are the easiest rays to draw. Certainly, two rays
would be all that is necessary; yet the third ray will provide a check of the
accuracy of our process.
Step-by-Step Method for Drawing Ray Diagrams
The method of drawing ray diagrams for double convex lens is described below.
The description is applied to the task of drawing a ray diagram for an object
located beyond the 2F point of a double convex lens.
1. Pick a point on the top of the object and draw
three incident rays traveling towards the lens.
Using a straight edge, accurately draw one ray so
that it passes exactly through the focal point on
the way to the lens. Draw the second ray such
that it travels exactly parallel to the principal
axis. Draw the third incident ray such that it
travels directly to the exact center of the lens. Place arrowheads upon the rays to
indicate their direction of travel.

2. Once these incident rays strike the lens,

refract them according to the three rules of
refraction for converging lenses.
The ray that passes through the focal point on
the way to the lens will refract and travel parallel
to the principal axis. Use a straight edge to
accurately draw its path. The ray that traveled
parallel to the principal axis on the way to the lens will refract and travel
through the focal point. And the ray that traveled to the exact center of the lens
will continue in the same direction. Place arrowheads upon the rays to indicate
their direction of travel. Extend the rays past their point of intersection.

3. Mark the image of the top of the object.

The image point of the top of the object is the
point where the three refracted rays intersect. All
three rays should intersect at exactly the same
point. This point is merely the point where all
light from the top of the object would intersect
upon refracting through the lens. Of course, the
rest of the object has an image as well and it can be found by applying the same
three steps to another chosen point. (See note below.)
4. Repeat the process for the bottom of the
object.
One goal of a ray diagram is to determine the
location, size, orientation, and type of image that
is formed by the double convex lens. Typically,
this requires determining where the image of the
upper and lower extreme of the object is located
and then tracing the entire image. After completing the first three steps, only the
image location of the top extreme of the object has been found. Thus, the
process must be repeated for the point on the bottom of the object. If the bottom
of the object lies upon the principal axis (as it does in this example), then the
image of this point will also lie upon the principal axis and be the same distance
from the mirror as the image of the top of the object. At this point the entire
image can be filled in.

Some students have difficulty understanding how the entire image of an object
can be deduced once a single point on the image has been determined. If the
object is merely a vertical object (such as the arrow object used in the example
below), then the process is easy. The image is merely a vertical line. In theory, it
would be necessary to pick each point on the object and draw a separate ray
diagram to determine the location of the image of that point. That would require
a lot of ray diagrams as illustrated in the diagram below.

Fortunately, a shortcut exists. If the object is a vertical line, then the image is
also a vertical line. For our purposes, we will only deal with the simpler
situations in which the object is a vertical line that has its bottom located upon
the principal axis. For such simplified situations, the image is a vertical line
with the lower extremity located upon the principal axis.
The ray diagram above illustrates that when the object is located at a position
beyond the 2F point, the image will be located at a position between the 2F
point and the focal point on the opposite side of the lens. Furthermore, the
image will be inverted, reduced in size (smaller than the object), and real. This
is the type of information that we wish to obtain from a ray diagram. These
characteristics of the image will be discussed in more detail in the next section
of Lesson 5.
Once the method of drawing ray diagrams is practiced a couple of times, it
becomes as natural as breathing. Each diagram yields specific information about
the image. The two diagrams below show how to determine image location,
size, orientation and type for situations in which the object is located at the 2F
point and when the object is located between the 2F point and the focal point.

It should be noted that the process of constructing a ray diagram is the same
regardless of where the object is located. While the result of the ray diagram
(image location, size, orientation, and type) is different, the same three rays are
always drawn. The three rules of refraction are applied in order to determine the
location where all refracted rays appear to diverge from (which for real images,
is also the location where the refracted rays intersect).

Ray Diagram for Object Located in Front of the Focal Point

In the three cases described above - the case of the object being located beyond
2F, the case of the object being located at 2F, and the case of the object being
located between 2F and F - light rays are converging to a point after refracting
through the lens. In such cases, a real image is formed. As discussed
previously, a real image is formed whenever refracted light passes through the
image location. While diverging lenses always produce virtual images,
converging lenses are capable of producing both real and virtual images. As
shown above, real images are produced when the object is located a distance
greater than one focal length from the lens. A virtual image is formed if the
object is located less than one focal length from the converging lens. To see
why this is so, a ray diagram can be used.
A ray diagram for the case in which the object
is located in front of the focal point is shown in
the diagram at the right. Observe that in this
case the light rays diverge after refracting
through the lens. When refracted rays diverge, a
virtual image is formed. The image location can
be found by tracing all light rays backwards
until they intersect. For every observer, the
refracted rays would seem to be diverging from
this point; thus, the point of intersection of the
extended refracted rays is the image point.
Since light does not actually pass through this
point, the image is referred to as a virtual image. Observe that when the object
in located in front of the focal point of the converging lens, its image is an
upright and enlarged image that is located on the object's side of the lens. In
fact, one generalization that can be made about all virtual images produced by
lenses (both converging and diverging) is that they are always upright and
always located on the object's side of the lens.

Ray Diagram for Object Located at the Focal Point

Thus far we have seen via ray diagrams that a real image is produced when an
object is located more than one focal length from a converging lens; and a
virtual image is formed when an object is located less than one focal length
from a converging lens (i.e., in front of F). But what happens when the object is
located at F? That is, what type of image is formed when the object is located
exactly one focal length from a converging lens? Of course, a ray diagram is
always one tool to help find the answer to such a question. However, when a ray
diagram is used for this case, an immediate difficulty is encountered. The
diagram below shows two incident rays and their corresponding refracted rays.
For the case of the object located at the focal point (F), the light rays neither
converge nor diverge after refracting through the lens. As shown in the diagram
above, the refracted rays are traveling parallel to each other. Subsequently, the
light rays will not converge to form a real image; nor can they be extended
backwards on the opposite side of the lens to intersect to form a virtual image.
So how should the results of the ray diagram be interpreted? The answer: there
is no image!! Surprisingly, when the object is located at the focal point, there is
no location in space at which an observer can sight from which all the refracted
rays appear to be coming. An image cannot be found when the object is located
at the focal point of a converging lens.
• Case 1: the object is located beyond the 2F point
• Case 2: the object is located at the 2F point
• Case 3: the object is located between the 2F point and the focal point (F)
• Case 4: the object is located at the focal point (F)
• Case 5: the object is located in front of the focal point (F)

Case 1: The object is located beyond 2F

When the object is located at a location beyond the 2F
point, the image will always be located somewhere in
between the 2F point and the focal point (F) on the other
side of the lens. Regardless of exactly where the object
is located, the image will be located in this specified
region. In this case, the image will be an inverted image. That is to say, if the
object is right side up, then the image is upside down. In this case, the image is
reduced in size; in other words, the image dimensions are smaller than the
object dimensions. If the object is a six-foot tall person, then the image is less
than six feet tall. Earlier in Unit 13, the term magnification was introduced; the
magnification is the ratio of the height of the object to the height of the image.
In this case, the magnification is a number with an absolute value less than 1.
Finally, the image is a real image. Light rays actually converge at the image
location. If a sheet of paper were placed at the image location, the actual replica
or likeness of the object would appear projected upon the sheet of paper.

Case 2: The object is located at 2F

When the object is located at the 2F point, the image will
also be located at the 2F point on the other side of the
lens. In this case, the image will be inverted (i.e., a right
side up object results in an upside-down image). The
image dimensions are equal to the object dimensions. A
six-foot tall person would have an image that is six feet tall; the absolute value
of the magnification is exactly 1. Finally, the image is a real image. Light rays
actually converge at the image location. As such, the image of the object could
be projected upon a sheet of paper.

Case 3: The object is located between 2F and F

When the object is located in front of the 2F point, the
image will be located beyond the 2F point on the other
side of the lens. Regardless of exactly where the object
is located between 2F and F, the image will be located
in the specified region. In this case, the image will be
inverted (i.e., a right side up object results in an upside-down image). The
image dimensions are larger than the object dimensions. A six-foot tall person
would have an image that is larger than six feet tall. The absolute value of the
magnification is greater than 1. Finally, the image is a real image. Light rays
actually converge at the image location. As such, the image of the object could
be projected upon a sheet of paper.

Case 4: The object is located at F

When the object is located at the focal point, no image is
formed. As discussed, earlier in Lesson 5, the refracted
rays neither converge nor diverge. After refracting, the
light rays are traveling parallel to each other and cannot produce an image.

Case 5: The object is located in front of F

When the object is located at a location in front of the
focal point, the image will always be located
somewhere on the same side of the lens as the object.
Regardless of exactly where in front of F the object is
located, the image will always be located on the object's
side of the lens and somewhere further from the lens. The image is located
behind the object. In this case, the image will be an upright image. That is to
say, if the object is right side up, then the image will also be right side up. In
this case, the image is enlarged; in other words, the image dimensions are
greater than the object dimensions. A six-foot tall person would have an image
that is larger than six feet tall. The magnification is greater than 1. Finally, the
image is a virtual image. Light rays diverge upon refraction; for this reason, the
image location can only be found by extending the refracted rays backwards on
the object's side the lens. The point of their intersection is the virtual image
location. It would appear to any observer as though light from the object were
diverging from this location. Any attempt to project such an image upon a sheet
of paper would fail since light does not actually pass through the image
location.

It might be noted from the above descriptions that there is a relationship

between the object distance and object size and the image distance and image
size. Starting from a large value, as the object distance decreases (i.e., the object
is moved closer to the lens), the image distance increases; meanwhile, the image
height increases. At the 2F point, the object distance equals the image distance
and the object height equals the image height. As the object distance approaches
one focal length, the image distance and image height approaches infinity.
Finally, when the object distance is equal to exactly one focal length, there is no
image. Then altering the object distance to values less than one focal length
produces images that are upright, virtual and located on the same side of the
lens as the object. Finally, if the object distance approaches 0, the image
distance approaches 0 and the image height ultimately becomes equal to the
object height. These patterns are depicted in the diagram below. Eight different
object locations are drawn in red and labeled with a number; the corresponding
image locations are drawn in blue and labeled with the identical number.
EVALUATION
1. Identify the means by which you can use a converging lens to form a real
image.
2. Identify the means by which you can use a converging lens to form a virtual
ASSIGNMENT
. A converging lens is sometimes used as a magnifying glass. Explain how this
works; specifically, identify the general region where the object must be placed
in order to produce the magnified effect.

Additional Notes

A wave is a phenomenon in which energy is transferred through vibrations

Properties of waves:
1. The source of any wave is a vibration or oscillation.
2. Waves transfer energy from 1 point to another.
3. In waves, energy is transferred without the medium being transferred.

Transverse waves

• Transverse waves are waves that travel perpendicular to the direction of

motion.
• Examples of such waves include rope waves and water waves.
• The crest is the highest points of the wave whereas the trough is the
lowest points of the wave.

Longitudinal waves

• Longitudinal Waves are waves that travel parallel to the direction of

motion.
• Examples are sound wave and pressure waves.
• They form compressions and rarefactions.
• Compressions are region where the air particles are close together,
creating high pressure.
• Rarefactions are areas where the air particles are far apart, creating low
pressure.

Wavelength

• A wavelength is the shortest distance between any 2 corresponding

points in a wave.
• SI unit: metre.
• Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the rest or centre position
(high of a crest or depth of a trough).
• SI unit: metre.

Period

• This is the time taken for 1 point on the wave to complete 1 oscillation.
• it is the time taken to produce 1 wave.
• The SI Unit is seconds (s).

Frequency

• Frequency (f): It is the number of complete waves per second.

• the number of occurrences within a given time period. When there is a higher
frequency, more waves are produced in 1 second, thus the period will be shorter.
• SI unit: Hertz (Hz).

Wave speed
 • the distance of the wave moved in 1 second in the medium.
• It is dependent of the medium itself.
• For example, for sound, the wave speed is always the same unless the medium is
changed from solid to liquid.
• measured in metre per second.

Wavefront

• an imaginary line on a live that joints all points that are in the same phase.
• It is usually drawn by joining the wave crests.

Reflection of waves

• When water waves get reflected, the only thing that changes are the direction.
• The wavelength, frequency and speed remain the same throughout.
• Sponges are used to absorb the reflections of the water waves.

Refraction of waves

• When water waves get refracted (move from deep to shallow water), the speed and
the wavelength changes.
• The frequency of the wave does not change

Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves. They are electric and magnetic fields
that oscillate at 90° to each other.
• They transfer energy from one place to another.
• They can travel through vacuum (do not require any medium to travel)
• They travel at 3.0 x 108 per second in vacuum. They will slow down when travelling
through water or glass.
• The wave equation is applicable here too.
• They obey the laws of reflection and refraction.
• They carry no electric charge (they are neither positively or negatively charged)
• Their frequencies do not change when travelling from one medium to another. Only
their speeds and wavelength will change.

Most important equation

Speed = frequency x wavelength
 WEEK 8 & 9
SOUND
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to
i) define sound
ii) list five properties of sound
iii) explain ultrasound

• Sound is a form of energy.

• The energy is passed from 1 point to another as a wave.
• Sound is an example of longitudinal wave.
• Sound is produced by vibrating sources placed in a medium (air).
• It travels in air through a series of compressions or rarefactions.
• Compressions: Air molecules are close together, forms high pressure.
• Rarefactions: Air molecules are far apart, forms low pressure.

Speed of sound differs in different medium

Air: 330 - 340m/s

Water: 1500m/s
Glass: 5000m/s

Speed of sound differs because:

• Differences in strength of interatomic forces

• Closeness of atoms in the 3 states
• Temperature

- The Wave Equation can also be used to find the speed of sound
- The speed of sound is solids like metals are so fast that we can assume/ignore
the time it takes to travel a distance.

Echoes

• Echoes refer to the repetition of a sound resulting from reflection of the

sound waves.
• Echoes are formed when a sound is reflected off a hard and flat surface.
 • Reverberation occurs when the surface is too close, causing any reflected
sound to follow closely behind the direct sound and prolonging the
original sound.

Ultrasound

• The range of frequencies which a person can hear is known as the range
of audibility.
o Human: Between 20 Hz and 20 kHz
o Dog: <20 kHz
o Bats: Between 10 kHz and 120 kHz.

• Ultrasound is the sounds with frequencies above the upper limit of the
human range of audibility.
• Its small wavelength means less diffraction and the echo formed is more
precise in direction.
• Applications for ultrasound include:
o Determining depth of seabed
o Locating sunken ships / shoals of fish
o Cleaning small dirt from jewellery
o Quality control (checking for cracks) in concrete
o Medical applications (development of foetus)

Loudness

• a factor distinguishing between various sounds.

• The larger the amplitude of vibration, the louder the sound
• Sound is measured by decibels (dB).

Pitch

• a factor distinguishing various sounds

• The higher the frequency of a note, the higher the pitch
• Pitch is measured in hertz (Hz).

Bonus: Analogue and Digital Signals

Bonus: AM/FM Radio Transmission
EVALUATION

1. Which of the following waves cannot pass through a vacuum?

a. light
b. sound
c. X-rays
d. radio waves

2. The distance between 2 successive wavefronts is equal to

a. half the distance between a crest and a trough
b. the distance between a crest and a trough
c. the distance between two successive crests
d. the distance between three successive crests
3. A ripple tank with a vibration hitting the surface of the water at a frequency
of 50Hz produces 10 complete waves in a distance of 20cm. The velocity of
water wave produced is
a. 0.1 m/s
b. 10 m/s
c. 1 m/s
d. 100 m/s

4. A crest of a water wave travels 40cm in 5s. If the distance between 2

successive crests is 5mm, what is the frequency of the wave?
a. 0.2 Hz
b. 1.6 Hz
c. 8 Hz
d. 16 Hz

5. In a ripple tank, circular waves are reflected from a straight barrier. Which
one of the following shapes best describes the shape of the reflected waves?
a. circular
b. planar
c. parabolic
d. square

6. Which one of the following is changed when the wave is reflected?

a. wavelength
b. frequency
c. speed
d. velocity

7. Which of the following is not changed when the wave is refracted?

a. wavelength
b. frequency
c. speed
d. velocity

8. All electromagnetic waves in vacuum have the same

a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. wavelength
d. velocity

9. Which of the following waves has the longest wavelength?

a. gamma rays
b. infra-red
c. ultraviolet
d. X-rays

10. A dipper dips into the water in a ripple tank at a frequency of 20 Hz

produces plane water waves which travel at a speed of 40cm/s. What is the
wavelength of the waves?
a. 0.02m
b. 2m
c. 40m
d. 800m

11. A wave source of frequency 2000Hz emits waves of wavelength 0.2m. How
long does it take for the waves to travel 4000m?
a. 0.4s
b. 0.5s
c. 2s
d. 10s

12. Two notes are played on a piano. The second note is louder and has a lower
pitch. The second note is
a. higher in amplitude and higher in frequency
b. higher in amplitude and lower in frequency
c. lower in amplitude and higher in frequency
d. lower in amplitude and lower in frequency

13. An instrument on a ship that is used to measure the distance between the
ship and a cliff sends out a pulse of sound and receives an echo 5s later. If the
speed of sound in air is 330m/s, how far is the ship from the cliff?
a. 66m
b. 825m
c. 1650m
d. 3300m

14. During a thunderstorm, an observer sees a lightning flash. 6 s later he hears

the thunder. The speed of sound is 330m/s. Approximately how far away is the
observer from the lightning?
a. 1/20 km
b. 1/3 km
c. 1/2 km
d. 2 km
e. 30km
15. A dolphin emits an ultrasonic wave with a frequency of 150 000Hz. The
speed of the ultrasonic wave in water is 1500m/s. What is the wavelength of this
wave in water.
a. 0.0001m
b. 0.01m
c. 0.1m
d. 10m
e. 100m

16. A marine survey ship sends a sound wave straight to the seabed. It receives
an echo 1.5s later. The speed of sound in seawater is 1500m/s. How deep is the
sea at this position?
a. 500m
b. 1000m
c. 1125m
d. 2250m
e. 4500m

17. Water waves were produced in a ripple tank using a vibrator of frequency
3Hz. Which of the following values of speed and wavelength could the waves
have had?
a. speed = 1cm/s; wavelength = 3cm
b. speed = 2cm/s; wavelength = 1cm
c. speed = 5cm/s; wavelength = 15cm
d. speed = 6cm/s; wavelength = 3cm
e. speed = 12cm/s; wavelength = 4cm

18. A surf board moves at 5m/s on the crest of a wave. The distance between
wave crests is 10m. The frequency of the wave motion is
a. 0.5Hz
b. 1Hz
c. 2Hz
d. 5Hz
e. 10Hz

19. Which of the following cannot travel through glass?

a. ultraviolet waves
b. water waves
c. sound waves
d. light waves

20. Which of the following is a property of electromagnetic waves?

a. they are reflected by mirror only
b. they travel at a speed of 330m/s through air
c. they are deflected by magnet
d they can travel through a vacuum

21. The figure shows a sea-wave that causes a small cork (z) to rise up and
down through one complete oscillation every 4 seconds. Refer to this for
questions 21 to 23.

The amplitude of the wave is

a. 0.5m
b. 1.0m
c. 1.5m
d. 3.0m

22. The horizontal speed of the wave is

a. 0.25m/s
b. 0.75m/s
c. 4m/s
d. 12m/s

23. If the wave is moving to the right, after 4 seconds the cork z will be at
position
a. P
b. Q
c. R
d. S

24. A large ripple tank with a vibrator working at a frequency of 30 Hz

produces 25 complete waves in a distance of 50cm. The velocity of the wave is
a. 1500cm/s
b. 750cm/s
c. 60cm/s
d. 5/3 cm/s

25. A source of frequency 500 Hz emits waves of wavelength 0.2m. How long
does it take the waves to travel 600m?
a. 3s
b. 6s
c. 12s
d. 60s

26. A wave of frequency 1000 Hz travels between two points P and Q with a
velocity of 300m/s. How many wavelengths are there in PQ if the length of PQ
is 600m?
a. 0.3
b. 3.3
c. 600
d. 2000

27. Which one of the following statements about ultraviolet radiation and
visible light is not true?
a. they are emitted by the sun
b. they have the same frequency
c. the vibrate transversely
d. they can be reflected by polished sheets of metal

28. A VHF radio station broadcasts at a frequency of 100 MHz (1.0 x 10 8 Hz).
The speed of radio waves is 3.0 x 108 m/s. What is the wavelength of the waves
broadcast by the station?
a. 0.33m
b. 3.0m
c. 4.0 x 1015m
d. 3.0 x 1015m

29. Which of the following is an example of longitudinal wave?

a. blue light
b. water ripples
c. radio wave
d. sound wave

ASSIGNMENT

30. A boy, using a stopwatch, notes that there is a 3s delay between the flash of
lighting and the sound of thunder. How far is he from the thunderstorm?
Assume speed of sound is 330m/s
a. 990m
b. 110m
c. 3.3km
d. 1.1km
31. Which type of electromagnetic radiation travels at the highest speed through
a vacuum?
a. gamma rays
b. light waves
c. radio waves
d. none - all travel at same speed

32. Sound waves cannot be sent from earth to the moon because
a. sound waves are stationary waves
b. sound travels too slowly
c. the distance between the earth and moon is too far
d. there is a vacuum between the earth and the moon

33. Dolphins communicate with one another mainly by means of sound...

a. travelling through the water
b. travelling through the seabed
c. reflected from the water surface
d. reflected from the sea bed

34. Sound in air causes the formation of

a. rarefactions or compressions
b. rarefactions and compressions
c. crests or troughs
d. crests and troughs

35. Frequencies of sound which can be heard by the human ear are called
a. audible frequencies
b. auxillary frequencies
c. normal frequencies
d. low frequencies

36. We can hear sounds of frequencies between

a. 10 Hz and 10 kHz
b. 10 Hz and 20 kHz
c. 20 Hz and 20 kHz
d. 20 Hz and 10 kHz

37. The minimum frequency of ultrasonic sounds is

a. 10 Hz
b. 20 Hz
c. 10 kHz
d. 20 kHz
38. When sound passes through wood, the particles of the wood oscillate
a. parallel to the direction of the sound
b. perpendicular to the direction of the sound
c. at 45º to the direction of the sound
d. up and down

39. When the amplitude of a sound increases, the

a. wavelength of the sound increases
b. speed of the sound increases
c. pitch of the sound increases
d. loudness of the sound increases

40. Hitting a drum louder produces a louder sound which is caused by the
increased
a. wavelength
b. frequency
c. speed
d. amplitude

41. Noise which is harmful to our ears has levels above

a. 8 dB
b. 80 dB
c. 800 dB
d. 8000 dB

42. A sonar signal is a sound wave having

a. low frequency
b. high frequency
c. a single frequency
d. various frequencies

43. Which one of the following musical instruments produces notes of the
highest quality?
a. violin
b. guitar
c. drum
d. piano

44. The quality of a note depends on its

a. frequency
b. wavelength
c. amplitude
d. waveform
45. A man's voice is usually different from a woman's voice mainly due to the
difference in them
a. pitch
b. quality
c. loudness
d. wavelength

46. Which one of the following quantities of a sound is changed when the sound
is reflected?
a. wavelength
b. period
c. frequency
d. direction of motion

47. A student, using a stopwatch, notes that there is a delay of 4s between the
flash of lightning and the sound of thunder. How far is the student from the
lightning and thunder? (Assume speed of sound in air is 330 m/s)
a. 82.5m
b. 165m
c. 660m
d. 1320m

48. When a teacher is talking in an enclosed air-conditioned room, the students

do not hear echo because
(1) the wall is not big enough
(2) sound travels too fast
(3) the sound energy is absorbed by the students and furniture

a. (1) and (2) only

b. (1) and (3) only
c. (2) and (3) only
d. (1), (2) and (3)

49. Which of the following statements is/are true about sound?

(1) A loud sound travels faster than a soft sound
(2) A high pitch sound travels faster than a low pitch sound
(3) A sound with short wavelength has a high pitch than a sound with a longer
wavelength

a. (3) only
b. (1) and (2) only
c. (1) and (3) only
d. (1), (2) and (3)

50. Ships use sound waves to find the vertical distance to the seabed. A pulse of
sound waves is sent out and the echoes are detected. A ship emits a pulse of
waves lasting 0.50s. The waves have a frequency of 3600Hz. How many
complete wavelengths does the pulse contain?
a. 1800
b. 3600
c. 7200
d. 18 000

51. A sound is played on a flute. A sound of the same pitch is played on a

trumpet. Which of the following correctly compares the two sound waves?
frequency speed
a. different different
b. different same
c. same different
d. same same