Part 1 Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry and the law of conservation of mass

The law of conservation of mass
The law of conservation of mass states that in any isolated system, mass is conserved in physical
transformations and chemical reactions.

State symbols
 All metal oxides are solids at room temperature
 Water is usually liquid
 When it is on the same side with h2o, there’s a good chance that it is aqueous

Problems involving conservation of mass

Mass-mass stoichiometry
As mass is conserved in chemical reactions, the mass of the reactants must equal the mass of the
products.

m(product) = m(reactant)

density = mass/volume
Part 2 Mole concept
The mole concept
One mole refers to 6.022 x 10^23 particles, which is also known as the Avogadro’s number.

number of particles
Number of moles (n) = '
Avogadr o snumber

Molar mass
The mass of one mole of the element

m
n=
MM

Percentage composition and empirical formula

Determining empirical formula:

1. Obtain mass of each element in the compound
2. Calculate the amount of moles of each element
3. Convert moles to whole number ratio
4. Write empirical formula
Part 3 Concentration and molarity
Concentration of solutions
%(w/v) – mass of solute in g present in 100ml of solution

Mg/L = ppm

Molar concentration

C= n(of solute) / v(of solution)

Always turn volume into litres!!!!!

Dilutions
C1 x V1 = C2 x V2

Don’t forget v2 includes v1!!!!!

Part 4 Gas Laws

RTP
100 kPa
25 Celsius
24000 cm3

STP
100 kPa
0 Celsius
24000 cm3

Ideal gas
An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas whose molecules occupy negligible space and which consequently
obeys the gas laws exactly.
1. Ideal gas molecules do not attract or repel each other.
2. Ideal gas molecules have no volume.

Kinetic molecular theory

 Gases are composed of small particles, either atoms or molecules.
 The volume of the particles in a gas is negligible compared with the volume they occupy;
consequently, most of the volume occupied by a gas is empty space.
 Gas particles move rapidly in random, straight-line motion.
 Particles collide with one another and with the walls of the container.
 The forces between particles are negligible.
 In a gas, when particles collide, the kinetic energy of the gas particles can be
 transferred from one particle to another, but the total kinetic energy remains constant.
Therefore, collisions between gas particles are described as elastic collisions—kinetic energy is
conserved.
 The average kinetic energy of the particles increases as the temperature of the gas increases.