MATH 2044 CHAPTER 1 1st SEMESTER A.Y.

2023-2024

TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Tangent Function
Tangent Function
& Cotangent Functions
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑎 tan 𝑏𝑡
𝑘𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: ℝ − ; 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
2|𝑏|
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: ℝ
𝜋
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑:
|𝑏|
ℎ=0 No horizontal shift
No amplitude
yy yy

O x O x

If 𝑎 > 0 If 𝑎 < 0
 Example:
𝟏. 𝑓 𝜃 = 3 tan 𝜃
𝑎=3 𝑏=1
𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ −
2|𝑏|
: 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑: = =𝜋
|𝑏| |1|
𝑘𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ − : 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
2|1| ℎ=0 No horizontal shift
𝑘𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ − : 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
2 No amplitude
𝑅𝑎𝑛 𝑓 = ℝ
 𝟏. 𝑓 𝜃 = 3 tan 𝜃
0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 0 𝜋 4 2 4
4 2 4
𝑦 0 3 UND −3 0

3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑓 0 = 3 tan(0) = 3(0) = 0 𝑓 = 3 tan = 3(−1)
4 4
𝜋 𝜋 = −3
𝑓 = 3 tan =3⋅1=3
4 4
𝜋 𝑓 𝜋 = 3 tan(𝜋) = 3(0) = 0
𝑓 is undefined
2 𝜋
So, is a vertical asymptote.
2
 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 0 𝜋
4 2 4
𝑦 0 3 UND −3 0
3

0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
−3 𝜋
4 2 4
 Example:
𝟐. 𝑓 𝜃 = −2 tan 𝜋𝜃
𝑎 = −2 𝑏=𝜋
𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ −
2|𝑏|
: 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑: = =1
|𝑏| |𝜋|
𝑘𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ − : 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
2|𝜋| ℎ=0 No horizontal shift
𝑘
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ − : 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
2 No amplitude
𝑅𝑎𝑛 𝑓 = ℝ
𝟐. 𝑓 𝜃 = −2 tan 𝜋𝜃
0 1 1 3 1
1 1 3
𝑥 0 1 4 2 4
4 2 4
𝑦 0 −2 UND 2 0

𝑓 0 = −2 tan(𝜋 ⋅ 0) = −2 tan 0 = −2(0) = 0

1 1 𝜋
𝑓 = −2 tan 𝜋 ⋅ = −2 tan = −2(1) = −2
4 4 4
1 1
𝑓 is undefined. So, is a vertical asymptote.
2 2
3 3 3𝜋
𝑓 = −2 tan 𝜋 ⋅ = −2 tan = −2(−1) = 2
4 4 4
𝑓 1 = −2 tan(𝜋 ⋅ 1) = −2 tan 𝜋 = −2(0) = 0
 1 1 3
𝑥 0 1
4 2 4
𝑦 0 −2 UND 2 0
2

0
−2 1 1 3 1
4 2 4
Cotangent Function
Cotangent
Tangent & Function
Cotangent
Functions 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑎 cot 𝑏𝑡
𝑘𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: ℝ − ; 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
|𝑏|
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: ℝ
𝜋
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑:
|𝑏|
ℎ=0 No horizontal shift
No amplitude
yy yy

O x O x

If a>0 If a<0
 Example:
𝜃
𝟑. 𝑓 𝜃 = 2 cot
2 1
𝑎=2 𝑏=
2
𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ − ;𝑘 ∈ ℤ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑: = = 2𝜋
|𝑏| |𝑏| |1/2|
𝑘𝜋
=ℝ− ;𝑘 ∈ ℤ ℎ=0 No horizontal shift
|1/2|
= ℝ − 2𝑘𝜋; 𝑘 ∈ ℤ No amplitude
𝑅𝑎𝑛 𝑓 = ℝ
 𝜃
𝟑. 𝑓 𝜃 = 2 cot
2 0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋 2 2
𝑥 0 𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
𝑦 UND 2 0 −2 UND
𝑓 0 is undefined. So, 0 is a vertical asymptote.
𝜋 𝜋/2 𝜋
𝑓 = 2 cot = 2 cot = 2(1)= 2
2 2 4
𝜋
𝑓 𝜋 = 2 cot = 2(0) = 0
2
3𝜋 3𝜋/2 3𝜋
𝑓 = 2 cot = 2 cot = 2(−1) = −2
2 2 4
𝑓 2𝜋 is undefined. So, 2𝜋 is a vertical asymptote.
 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 0 𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
𝑦 UND 2 0 −2 UND
2

0 𝜋
−2 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
 Example:
𝟒. 𝑓 𝜃 = −3 cot 3𝜃
𝑎 = −3 𝑏=3
𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ − ;𝑘 ∈ ℤ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑: = =
|𝑏| |𝑏| |3| 3
𝑘𝜋
=ℝ− ;𝑘 ∈ ℤ ℎ=0 No horizontal shift
|3|
𝑘𝜋 No amplitude
=ℝ− ;𝑘 ∈ ℤ
3
𝑅𝑎𝑛 𝑓 = ℝ
𝟒. 𝑓 𝜃 = −3 cot 3𝜃
0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 12 6 4 3
𝑥 0
12 6 4 3
𝑦 UND −3 0 3 UND

𝑓 0 is undefined. So, 0 is a vertical asymptote.

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 = −3 cot 3 ⋅ = −3 cot = −3(1)= −3
12 12 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 = −3 cot 3 ⋅ = −3 cot = −3(0) = 0
6 6 2
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑓 = −3 tan 3 ⋅ = −3 tan = −3(−1) = 3
4 4 4
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 is undefined. So, is a vertical asymptote.
3 3
 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 0
12 6 4 3
𝑦 UND −3 0 3 UND
3

0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
−3
12 6 4 3
Secant Function
Secant Function
Tangent & Cotangent
Functions 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑎 sec 𝑏𝑡
𝑘𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: ℝ − ; 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
2|𝑏|
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: −∞, − 𝑎 ∪ [ 𝑎 , +∞)
2𝜋
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑:
|𝑏|
ℎ=0 No horizontal shift
 y y

3 3

2 2

1 1

− π2 O π
2
π 3π
2
2π x − π2 O π
2
π 3π
2
2π x

−1 −1

−2 −2

−3 −3

If a>0 If a<0
 Example:
𝟓. 𝑓 𝜃 = 3 sec 𝜃
𝑎=3 𝑏=1
𝑘𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ − : 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑: = = 2𝜋
2|𝑏|
|𝑏| |1|
𝑘𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ − : 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
2|1| ℎ=0 No horizontal shift
𝑘𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ − : 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
2
𝑅𝑎𝑛 𝑓 = −∞, − 𝑎 ∪ [ 𝑎 , +∞)
𝑅𝑎𝑛 𝑓 = −∞, −3 ∪ [3, +∞)
 𝟓. 𝑓 𝜃 = 3 sec 𝜃
0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 0 𝜋 2𝜋 2 2
2 2

𝑦 3 UND −3 UND 3
3𝜋
𝑓 0 = 3 sec(0) = 3(1) = 3 𝑓 is undefined
2
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑓 is undefined So, is a vertical asymptote.
2 𝜋 2
So, is a vertical asymptote.
2 𝑓 2𝜋 = 3 sec(2𝜋) = 3(1) = 3
𝑓 𝜋 = 3 sec(𝜋) = 3(−1) = −3
 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 0 𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
3
𝑦 3 UND −3 UND 3

0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
−3
 Example:
𝟔. 𝑓 𝜃 = −2 sec 𝜋𝜃
𝑎 = −2 𝑏=𝜋
𝑘𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ − : 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑: = =2
2|𝑏|
|𝑏| |𝜋|
𝑘𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ − : 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
2|𝜋| ℎ=0 No horizontal shift
𝑘
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ − : 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
2
𝑅𝑎𝑛 𝑓 = −∞, − 𝑎 ∪ [ 𝑎 , +∞)
𝑅𝑎𝑛 𝑓 = −∞, −2 ∪ [2, +∞)
𝟔. 𝑓 𝜃 = −2 sec 𝜋𝜃
0 1 1 3 2
1 3
𝑥 0 1 2 2 2
2 2

𝑦 −2 UND 2 UND −2

𝑓 0 = −2 sec(𝜋 ⋅ 0)= −2 sec 0 = −2(1)= −2

1 1
𝑓 is undefined. So, is a vertical asymptote.
2 2
𝑓 1 = −2 sec(𝜋 ⋅ 1) = −2 sec 𝜋 = −2(1) = −2
3𝜋 3
𝑓 is undefined. So, is a vertical asymptote.
2 2
𝑓(2) = −2 sec(𝜋 ⋅ 2) = −2 sec(2𝜋) = −2(1) = −2
 1 3
𝑥 0 1 2
2 2
2
𝑦 −2 UND 2 UND −2

0
1 1 3 2
2 2
−2
Cosecant Function
Cosecant&Function
Tangent Cotangent
Functions 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑎 csc 𝑏𝑡
𝑘𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: ℝ − ; 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
|𝑏|
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: −∞, − 𝑎 ∪ [ 𝑎 , +∞)
2𝜋
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑:
|𝑏|
ℎ=0 No horizontal shift
 Example:
𝜃
𝟕. 𝑓 𝜃 = 2 csc
2 1
𝑎=2 𝑏=
2
𝑘𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ − ;𝑘 ∈ ℤ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑: = = 4𝜋
|𝑏| |𝑏| |1/2|
𝑘𝜋
=ℝ− ;𝑘 ∈ ℤ ℎ=0 No horizontal shift
|1/2|
= ℝ − 2𝑘𝜋; 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
𝑅𝑎𝑛 𝑓 = −∞, − 𝑎 ∪ [ 𝑎 , +∞)
𝑅𝑎𝑛 𝑓 = −∞, −2 ∪ [2, +∞)
 y y

3 3

2 2

1 1

− π2 O π
2
π 3π
2
2π x − π2 O π
2
π 3π
2
2π x

−1 −1

−2 −2

−3 −3

If a>0 If a<0
 𝜃
𝟕. 𝑓 𝜃 = 2 csc
2 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋

𝑥 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋

𝑦 UND 2 UND −2 UND

𝑓 0 is undefined. So, 0 is a vertical asymptote.

𝜋
𝑓 𝜋 = 2 csc = 2(1)= 2
2
𝑓 2𝜋 is undefined. So, 2𝜋 is a vertical asymptote.
3𝜋
𝑓 𝜋 = 2 csc = 2(−1) = −2
2
𝑓 4𝜋 is undefined. So, 4𝜋 is a vertical asymptote.
𝑥 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋

𝑦 UND 2 UND −2 UND 2

0
−2 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋
 Example:
𝟖. 𝑓 𝜃 = −3 csc 3𝜃
𝑎 = −3 𝑏=3
𝑘𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ − ;𝑘 ∈ ℤ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑: = =
|𝑏| |𝑏| |3| 3
𝑘𝜋
=ℝ− ;𝑘 ∈ ℤ ℎ=0 No horizontal shift
|3|
𝑘𝜋
=ℝ− ;𝑘 ∈ ℤ
3
𝑅𝑎𝑛 𝑓 = −∞, − 𝑎 ∪ [ 𝑎 , +∞)
𝑅𝑎𝑛 𝑓 = −∞, −3 ∪ [3, +∞)
𝟖. 𝑓 𝜃 = −3 csc 3𝜃
0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 6 3 2 3
𝑥 0
6 3 2 3
𝑦 UND −3 UND 3 UND

𝑓 0 is undefined. So, 0 is a vertical asymptote.

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 = −3 csc 3 ⋅ = −3 csc = −3(1) = −3
6 6 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 is undefined. So, is a vertical asymptote.
3 3
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑓 = −3 tan 3 ⋅ = −3 tan = −3(−1) = 3
2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 is undefined. So, is a vertical asymptote.
3 3
 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑥 0
6 3 2 3
3
𝑦 UND −3 UND 3 UND

−3
Tangent & Cotangent Functions
Exercise
Sketch the graph of the following:
1. 𝑦 = − tan 4𝑡 5. 𝑦 = − sec 3𝑡
𝑡 𝑡
2. 𝑦 = tan 6. 𝑦 = sec
3 2
3. 𝑦 = 3 cot 2𝑡 7. 𝑦 = 2 csc 4𝑡
4. 𝑦 = −4 cot 𝜋𝑡 8. 𝑦 = csc −2𝑡